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distances, often in excess of 15 km. Such trolleybuses are called, among others, trolleybuses with In-Motion
Charging, hybrid trolleybuses, battery trolleybuses and electric buses with dynamic charging. The main advantages of this technology over conventional battery electric buses are reduced cost and weight of the battery due to its smaller size, no delays for charging at end stops as the vehicle charges while in motion and reduced need for dedicated charging stations that take up public space. This new development allows the extension of trolleybus routes or the electrification of bus routes without the need to build overhead wires along the whole length of the route. Cities that utilize such trolleybuses include
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1259:, trolleybuses have greater difficulties with temporary or permanent re-routings, wiring for which is not usually readily available outside of downtown areas where the buses may be re-routed via adjacent business area streets where other trolleybus routes operate. This problem was highlighted in Vancouver in July 2008, when an explosion closed several roads in the city's downtown core. Because of the closure, trolleys were forced to detour several miles off their route in order to stay on the wires, leaving major portions of their routes not in service and off-schedule.
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will not activate. Some trolleybuses, such as those in
Philadelphia and Vancouver, have a manual "power-coast" toggle switch that turns the power on or off. This allows a switch to be triggered in situations that would otherwise be impossible, such as activating a switch while braking or accelerating through a switch without activating it. One variation of the toggle switch will simulate accelerating by causing a larger power draw (through a resistance grid), but will not simulate coasting and prevent activation of the switch by cutting the power.
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1359:. A simple auxiliary power unit can allow a trolleybus to get around a route blockage or can reduce the amount (or complexity) of overhead wiring needed at operating garages (depots). This capability has become increasingly common in newer trolleybuses, particularly in China, North America and Europe, where the vast majority of new trolleybuses delivered since the 1990s are fitted with at least limited off-wire capability. These have gradually replaced older trolleybuses which lacked such capability. In
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261:, and is credited with developing the under-running trolley current collection system, with two horizontally parallel overhead wires and rigid trolleypoles spring-loaded to hold them up to the wires. Although this system operated only until 1904, Schiemann had developed what is now the standard trolleybus current collection system. In the early days there were many other methods of current collection. The
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315:, under the direction of Charles Owen Silvers, became world-famous for its trolleybus designs. There were 50 trolleybus systems in the UK, London's being the largest. By the time trolleybuses arrived in Britain in 1911, the Schiemann system was well established and was the most common, although the Cédès-Stoll (Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll) system was tried in West Ham (in 1912) and in
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1041:. For regenerative braking to function, there must be another bus on the same circuit needing power, an electric storage system on the vehicle or the wire system, or a method to send the excess power back to the commercial electric power system. Otherwise the braking energy must be dissipated in resistance grids on the bus; this is called "
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viewed trolleybus routes as extensions to tram (streetcar) routes where the cost of constructing or restoring track could not be justified at the time, though this attitude changed markedly (to viewing them as outright replacements for tram routes) in the years after 1918. Trackless trolleys were the dominant form of new post-World War I
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replace them with low-floor trolleybuses. Responses varied, with some systems keeping their high-floor fleets, and others retiring them early but, in many instances, selling them second-hand for continued use in countries where there was a demand for low-cost second-hand trolleybuses, in particular in
Romania and Bulgaria. The
1069:, where several bus lines terminate, is in a tunnel once used by streetcars. Although diesel buses do use the tunnel, there are limitations due to exhaust fumes, which running the trolleybuses through aids in ventilation. Also, the trackless trolleys continue to have popular support. The only trolleybus systems in Japan, the
1706:. Škoda is Western and Central Europe's largest and the second largest in the world, having produced over 14,000 trolleybuses since 1936, mostly for export, and it also supplies trolleybus electrical equipment for other bus builders such as Solaris, SOR and Breda. In Mexico, trolleybus production ended when
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However, because the lifespan of a trolleybus is typically longer than that of a motorbus, the budget allocation and purchase typically factored in the longevity; the introduction of low-floor vehicles applied pressures on operators to retire high-floor trolleybuses that were only a few years old and
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Trolleybuses have been preserved in most of the countries where they have operated. The United
Kingdom has the largest number of preserved trolleybuses with more than 110, while the United States has around 70. Most preserved vehicles are on static display only, but a few museums are equipped with a
1879:, took delivery of its first low-floor trolleybus in March 2003, and by the end of 2009 had renewed its entire fleet with such vehicles. Unlike Europe, where low floor means "100%" low floor from front to back, most "low floor" buses on other continents are actually only low-entry or part-low floor.
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after a few seconds or after the pole shoe passes through and strikes a release lever (in Boston, the resting or "default" position is the "leftmost" position). Triggering is typically accomplished by a pair of contacts, one on each wire close to and before the switch assembly, which power a pair of
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Trolleybus wire switches (called "frogs" in the UK) are used where a trolleybus line branches into two or where two lines join. A switch may be either in a "straight through" or "turnout" position; it normally remains in the "straight through" position unless it has been triggered, and reverts to it
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For a
Fahslabend switch, the trolleybus' turn indicator control (or a separate driver-controlled switch) causes a coded radio signal to be sent from a transmitter, often attached to a trolley pole. The receiver is attached to the switch and causes it to trigger if the correct code is received. This
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A Selectric switch has a similar design, but the contacts on the wires are skewed, often at a 45-degree angle, rather than being lined up. This skew means that a trolleybus going straight through will not trigger the switch, but a trolleybus making a turn will have its poles match the contacts in a
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Multiple branches may be handled by installing more than one switch assembly. For example, to provide straight-through, left-turn or right-turn branches at an intersection, one switch is installed some distance from the intersection to choose the wires over the left-turn lane, and another switch is
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Trolleybuses are quieter than internal combustion engine vehicles. Mainly a benefit, it also provides much less warning of a trolleybus's approach. A speaker attached to the front of the vehicle can raise the noise to a desired "safe" level. This noise can be directed to pedestrians in front of the
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is a common feature of air suspension on the front axle in lieu of springs. In comparison to battery-powered buses, the lack of a specially designed battery or fuel cell (typically with expensive patents) decreases the price and weight, and in locations with a sufficient power delivery network, the
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became the first cities to put trolleybuses into service in Great
Britain, on 20 June 1911. Supposedly, though it was opened on 20 June, the public was not admitted to the Bradford route until the 24th. Bradford was also the last city to operate trolleybuses in the UK; the system closed on 26 March
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have converted entirely to low-floor vehicles, and in 2013 the
Seattle and Dayton systems both placed orders for their first low-floor trolleybuses. Outside São Paulo, almost all trolleybuses currently in service in Latin America are high-floor models built before 2000. However, in 2013, the first
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A power-on/power-off switch is triggered if the trolleybus is drawing considerable power from the overhead wires, usually by accelerating, at the moment the poles pass over the contacts (the contacts are lined up on the wires in this case). If the trolleybus "coasts" through the switch, the switch
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Since the end of 1997, no double-decker trolleybuses have been in service anywhere in the world, but, in the past, several manufacturers made such vehicles. Most builders of double-deck trolleybuses were in the United
Kingdom, but there were a few, usually solitary, instances of such trolleybuses
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still maintain an "all-four" fleet. Some trolleybus lines in the United States (and in
Britain, as noted above) came into existence when a trolley or tram route did not have sufficient ridership to warrant track maintenance or reconstruction. In a similar manner, a proposed tram scheme in Leeds,
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subway and/or elevated lines (metros), as appropriate, for routes ranging from the lightly used to the heaviest trunk line. Buses and trolleybuses in particular were seen as entry systems that could later be upgraded to rail as appropriate. In a similar fashion, many cities in
Britain originally
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With regard to non-passenger aspects of vehicle design, the transition from high-floor to low-floor has meant that some equipment previously placed under the floor has been moved to the roof. Some transit operators have needed to modify their maintenance facilities to accommodate this change, a
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The wires are attached to poles next to the street and carefully stretched and mounted so that they are the same width apart and same height over the road (usually about 18 to 20 feet (~5.7m)). The pair of wires is insulated from the poles and provides about 500 to 600 volts to the bus below.
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suburb. This experiment continued until 13 June 1882, after which there were few developments in Europe, although separate experiments were conducted in the United States. In 1899, another vehicle which could run either on or off rails was demonstrated in Berlin. The next development was when
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With the development of battery technology in recent years, trolleybuses with extended off-wire capability through on-board batteries are becoming popular. The on-board battery is charged while the vehicle is in motion under the overhead wires and then allows off-wire travel for significant
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sometimes come off the wire. Dewirements are relatively rare in modern systems with well-maintained overhead wires, hangers, fittings and contact shoes. Trolleybuses are equipped with special insulated pole ropes which drivers use to reconnect the trolley poles with the overhead wires. When
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Easier traffic avoidance – Unlike trams (where side tracks are often unavailable), an out-of-service vehicle can be moved to the side of the road and its trolley poles lowered. The ability to drive a substantial distance from the power wires allows trackless vehicles to avoid
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Unable to overtake other trolleybuses – Trolleybuses cannot overtake one another in regular service unless two separate sets of wires with a switch are provided or the vehicles are equipped with off-wire capability, with the latter an increasingly common feature of new
1631:), built by the publicly owned operating companies or authorities. Of the defunct or former trolleybus manufacturers, the largest producers in North America and Western Europe – ones whose production totalled more than 1,000 units each – included the U.S. companies
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Less efficient use of right-of-way – Lanes must be wider for unguided buses than for streetcars, since unguided buses can drift side-to-side. The use of guidance rail allows trams running in parallel lanes to pass closer together than drivers could safely
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obstacles, although it also means a possibility that the vehicle may steer or skid far enough that the trolley pole can no longer reach the wire, stranding the vehicle. Trackless trolleys also are able to avoid collisions by manoeuvring around obstacles, similar to
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is right-handed; in left-handed traffic countries such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, the first switch (before the intersection) would be used to access the right-turn lanes, and the second switch (usually in the intersection) would be for the left-turn).
1619:, Greece, on the large Athens-area trolleybus system. The Russian-built ZiU-9 (also known as the ZiU-682), introduced in 1972, is the most numerous trolleybus model in history, with more than 45,000 built. In the 2000s it was effectively rendered obsolete by
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Trailing switches (where two sets of wires merge) do not require action by the operator. The frog runners are pushed into the desired position by the trolley shoe, or the frog is shaped so the shoe is guided onto the exit wire without any moving parts.
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is much higher, due to rail, signals, and other infrastructure. Trolleybuses can pull over to the kerb like other buses, eliminating the need for special boarding stations or boarding islands in the middle of the street, thus stations can be moved as
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Trolleybuses in other countries also began to introduce better access for the disabled in the 1990s, when the first two low-floor trolleybus models were introduced in Europe, both built in 1991, a "Swisstrolley" demonstrator built by Switzerland's
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buses, introduced in 1990, and most were retired in 2005. A limited number of the Breda dual-mode buses had their diesel engines removed, and operated exclusively as trolleybuses until 2016. Since 2004, the MBTA has used dual-mode buses on its
2000:
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1702:, among others. In Russia ZiU/Trolza has historically been the world's largest trolleybus manufacturer, producing over 65,000 since 1951, mostly for Russia/CIS countries, but after its bankruptcy, its facilities were partially loaned out to
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have been expanding their respective systems, with Beijing expanding to a 31-line system operated with a fleet of over 1,250 trolleybuses. Trolleybuses have been long encouraged in North Korea with the newest city to have a network being
1519:) with tramways. This can result in cost savings when trolleybuses are added to a transport system that already has trams, though this refers only to potential savings over the cost of installing and operating trolleybuses alone.
1093:. As the basic construction of buses has not changed much in the last 50 plus years, they can be upgraded such as when air conditioning was retrofitted to many trolleybuses. Such upgrades are often disproportionately expensive.
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in December 2019. Since the year 2022, the city of Prague is constructing a new trolleybus system. Meanwhile, in 2023, plans for a trolleybus line in Berlin were scrapped in favour of a solution with battery-powered vehicles.
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Minimal noise pollution – Unlike trams or gasoline and diesel buses, trolleybuses are almost silent, lacking the noise of a combustion engine or wheels on rails. Most noise comes from auxiliary systems such as
1991:
trolleybus, and it was tested on a 300-metre track in Wong Chuk Hang in that year. Hong Kong decided not to build a trolleybus system, and the testing of this prototype did not lead to any further production of vehicles.
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Longevity and maintenance – Electric motors typically last longer than internal combustion motors, and cause less secondary damage from vibration, so electric buses tend to be very long-lived compared to
375:
1493:, Germany announced plans to build a new trolleybus system with 15 routes and 190 battery trolleybuses. However, in early 2023 it was announced that the planned lines would use battery powered electric buses instead.
393:. Generally trolleybuses occupy a position in usage between street railways (trams) and motorbuses. Worldwide, around 300 cities or metropolitan areas on 5 continents are served by trolleybuses (further detail under
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were sometimes referred to as the "Silent Service". This however can also be seen as a disadvantage, with some pedestrians falling victim to what was known as "Silent Death" (in Britain) or "Whispering Death" (in
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Overhead wires create obstruction – Trolleybus systems employ overhead wires above the roads, often shared with other vehicles. The wires can restrict tall motor vehicles such as delivery trucks
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Of the systems existing as of 2012, the majority are located in Europe and Asia, including 85 in Russia and 43 in Ukraine. However, there are eight systems existing in North America and nine in South America.
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Currently, around 300 trolleybus systems are in operation, in cities and towns in 43 countries. Altogether, more than 800 trolleybus systems have existed, but not more than about 400 concurrently.
1336:, developed "All Service Vehicles"; trackless trolleys capable of operating as gas-electric buses when off wire, and used them successfully between 1935 and 1948. Since the 1980s, systems such as
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There are currently 300 cities or metropolitan areas where trolleybuses are operated, and more than 500 additional trolleybus systems have existed in the past. For an overview, by country, see
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1948:(for Porto, Portugal); in Russia, by the Yaroslavl motor plant (for Moscow) and in Spain, by Maquitrans (for Barcelona). British manufacturers of double-deck trolleybuses included
1304:. The wires also may impede positioning of overhead signage and create a hazard to activities such as road repairs using tall excavators or piling rigs, use of scaffolding, etc.
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Trolleybuses can optionally be equipped either with limited off-wire capability—a small diesel engine or battery pack—for auxiliary or emergency use only, or full
1300:") and double decker buses from using or crossing roads fitted with overhead wires, as such vehicles would hit the wires or pass dangerously close to them, risking damage and
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has the advantage that the driver does not need to be accelerating the bus (as with a power-on/power-off switch) or trying to make a sharp turn (as with a Selectric switch).
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Higher capital cost of equipment – Trolleybuses are often long-lived equipment, with limited market demand. This generally leads to higher prices relative to
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approaching switches, trolleybuses usually must decelerate in order to avoid dewiring, and this deceleration can potentially add slightly to traffic congestion. In 1998, a
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mounted closer to or in the intersection to choose between straight through and a right turn (this would be the arrangement in countries such as the United States, where
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Easier training – The control of trolleybuses is relatively similar to motorbuses; the potential operator pool for all buses is much larger than for trams.
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More training required – Drivers must learn how to prevent dewiring, slowing down at turns and through switches in the overhead wire system, for example.
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emissions in cities, trolleybuses can be an attractive alternative, either as the primary transit mode or as a supplement to rapid transit and commuter rail networks.
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after four years of trials, with a circular route around Lake Daumesnil that carried passengers. Routes followed in six places including Eberswalde and Fontainebleau.
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Trademark of Ohio Brass Co., maker of trolley wire fittings and equipment and trolley poles. The typewriter from IBM bearing that name had not been invented yet.
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Trolleybuses are uncommon today in North America, but their use is widespread in Europe and Russia. They remain common in many countries which were part of the
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955:, both hilly American cities, use trolleybuses partly for this reason. Given their acceleration and braking performance, trolleybuses can outperform diesel
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has, due to its history in the former Soviet Union, the largest trolleybus system in the world in terms of route length while another formerly Soviet city,
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built its first low-floor trolleybus (model AKSM-333) in 1999, and other manufacturers in the former Soviet countries joined the trend in the early 2000s.
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Transit authorities in some cities have reduced or discontinued the use of trolleybuses in recent years, while others, wanting to add or expand use of
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As of the 2010s, at least 30 trolleybus manufacturers exist. They include companies that have been building trolleybuses for several decades, such as
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Smaller trackless trolley systems were built in the US early as well. The first non-experimental system was a seasonal municipal line installed near
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may be seen as unsightly. Intersections often have a "webbed ceiling" appearance, due to multiple crossing and converging sets of trolley wires.
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in 1996–1999, and to Seattle in 2001–2002, but the first low-floor trolleybus was built in 2003, with the first of 28 Neoplan vehicles for the
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matching skew (with one pole shoe ahead of the other), which will trigger the switch regardless of power draw (accelerating versus coasting).
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at street level. Trolleybuses are especially favoured where electricity is abundant, cheap, and renewable, such as hydroelectric. Systems in
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vehicle, as opposed to motor noise which typically comes from the rear of a bus and is more noticeable to bystanders than to pedestrians.
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TrolleyMotion – an international action group to promote modern trolleybus systems, and database of systems in the world
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trolleybus line, allowing trolleybuses to operate for visitors. Museums with operational trolleybus routes include three in the UK –
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Three common types of switches exist: power-on/power-off (the picture of a switch above is of this type), Selectric, and Fahslabend.
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in 2008. This is instead of the trolleys using a conventional diesel drive train or battery-only system for their off-wire movement.
1348:, among others, have bought trolleybuses equipped with batteries to allow them to operate fairly long distances away from the wires.
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Other reports stated that the (electrical) explosion did not affect power supply to the trolleybuses (only implied by this article).
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More control required – Trolleybuses must be driven like motorbuses, requiring directional control by the driver.
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on 10 July 1901 opened the world's fourth passenger-carrying trolleybus system, which operated at Bielatal (Biela Valley, near
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1675:(formerly Uritsky, or ZiU) since 1951, until they declared their bankruptcy in 2017, building over 65000 trolleybuses. Also,
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Well over 200 different trolleybus makers have existed – mostly commercial manufacturers, but in some cases (particularly in
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designs, and by 2012, every existing trolleybus system in Western Europe had purchased low-floor trolleybuses, with the
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Di̇Kmen, İsmail Can; Eki̇Ci̇, Yunus Emre; Karadağ, Teoman; Abbasov, Teymuraz; Hamamci, Serdar Ethem (30 January 2021).
265:(Mercédès-Électrique-Stoll) system was first operated near Dresden between 1902 and 1904, and 18 systems followed. The
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Usable in enclosed space – The absence of exhaust gases allows trolleybuses to operate underground. In
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required that all new transit vehicles placed into service after 1 July 1993 be accessible to such passengers.
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onto a desired wire or across one wire. Occasionally, "frog" has been used to refer to the entire switch assembly).
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on poorly maintained infrastructure killed 5 people and ultimately led to the destruction of the trolleybus network.
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in 2001. In North America, wheelchair lifts were again chosen for disabled access in new trolleybuses delivered to
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Environmentally friendly – Trolleybuses are usually more environmentally friendly in the city than
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engines, electric motors draw power from a central plant and can be overloaded for short periods without damage.
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in an urban environment, have opened new systems or are planning new systems. For example, new systems opened in
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being the last one to do so, and several systems in other parts of the world have purchased low-floor vehicles.
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trolleybuses delivered to Geneva in 1992, which were among the first production-series low-floor trolleybuses
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in 1904; the first year-round commercial line was built to open a hilly property to development just outside
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1972. The last rear-entrance trolleybus in service in Britain was also in Bradford and is now owned by the
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2484:"Trolley with an internal combustion engine. Electric cars of the USSR. Excerpt of a Cargo Trolley Bus"
1714:, which is now that country's largest bus and truck manufacturer, began building trolleybuses in 2013.
334:. In the US, some systems subscribed to the all-four concept of using buses, trolleybuses, streetcars (
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or streetcar, which normally uses the track as the return path, needing only one wire and one pole (or
30:"Trackless trolley" redirects here. For the non-electric buses that resemble historic streetcars, see
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With the re-introduction of hybrid designs, trolleybuses are no longer tied to overhead wires. The
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Difficulties with platform loading – Implementation of level platform loading with
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pumps and air conditioning. Early trolleybuses without these systems were even quieter and in the
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Better hill climbing – Trolleybuses are better than motorbuses on hilly routes, as
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1816:. By 1995, such vehicles were also being made by several other European manufacturers, including
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technology, the disadvantages listed may be applicable only with a specific technology or design.
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than trams' steel wheels on steel rails, giving them better hill-climbing capability and braking.
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1557:, one in each frog with diverging wires ("frog" generally refers to one fitting that guides one
1102:
trolleybus is cheaper and easier to maintain in comparison to those requiring charging stations.
1045:". The use of trolley buses also eliminates pollution during idling, thus improving air quality.
496:, has the largest system in terms of number of routes (which also date back to the Soviet era).
1911:
domestically manufactured low-floor trolleybuses were introduced in both Argentina and Mexico.
1722:
A significant change to trolleybus designs starting in the early 1990s was the introduction of
5428:
5300:
5211:
5025:
4923:
4518:
4184:
4119:
4085:
3710:
3653:
3536:
3412:
3364:
3329:
3305:
3269:
2355:
2330:
2276:
2238:
2176:
2155:
2072:
1988:
1941:
1849:
1640:
1562:
1558:
1405:
1238:, either at design stage or afterwards, is easier and cheaper to implement with rail vehicles.
919:
128:, and two trolley poles, are required to complete the electrical circuit. This differs from a
2577:
1367:
diesel-electric power units for operating short distances off-wire were placed in service by
5397:
5118:
4829:
4745:
4709:
4699:
4656:
4651:
4631:
4626:
4508:
4453:
4423:
3914:
3874:
3812:
3693:
3678:
3673:
3593:
3551:
3503:
3388:
2320:
1790:
1699:
1470:
1242:
1094:
1007:
913:
590:
585:
457:
417:
280:
Throughout this period, trackless freight systems and electric canal boats were also built.
1797:. The first production-series low-floor trolleybuses were built in 1992: 13 by NAW for the
5323:
5123:
5041:
4970:
4913:
4903:
4893:
4824:
4544:
4378:
4214:
4035:
3919:
3889:
3832:
3720:
3705:
1957:
1777:
1746:
1636:
1628:
1318:
1116:
1042:
840:
632:
54:
31:
3340:
Moving the masses: urban public transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880-1912
1836:"Trollino" made its debut in early 2001. In the former Soviet Union countries, Belarus'
1741:
In the United States, some transit agencies had already begun to accommodate persons in
5257:
4955:
4847:
4760:
4661:
4641:
4477:
4398:
4189:
4114:
4043:
3837:
3628:
3248:
Bramley, Rod (November–December 2012). "New Zealand: A 'Roller Coaster' Ride, Part 4".
2706:
1965:
1817:
1707:
1683:
1652:
1399:
1349:
1054:
1050:
1034:
1015:
959:
on flat stretches as well, which makes them better for routes that have frequent stops.
936:
609:
568:
Diagram of a 1947-built Pullman Standard model 800 trolleybus, a type still running in
564:
508:
is the oldest operating system in the world. With a length of 86 km, route #52 of
148:
3168:
Braddock, Andrew (March–April 1995). "Low-floor Trolleybuses – Making Access Easier".
5473:
5179:
5172:
5139:
5066:
4940:
4879:
4810:
4755:
4350:
4335:
4315:
4310:
4053:
3939:
3822:
3782:
3770:
3663:
3529:
2117:
2077:
1984:
1837:
1726:
models, which began only a few years after the first such models were introduced for
1620:
1554:
1429:
1425:
1395:
1379:
1356:
1263:
1223:
Higher rolling resistance – Rubber-tired vehicles generally have more
1085:, and were converted from normal diesel buses specifically for their lack of exhaust.
1023:
1011:
948:
579:
535:
339:
312:
125:
117:
2970:
5459:
5418:
5377:
5309:
5250:
5144:
5113:
5056:
5051:
4960:
4795:
4780:
4580:
4564:
4554:
4523:
4503:
4487:
4448:
4408:
4403:
4388:
4345:
4068:
3847:
3755:
3668:
3583:
3546:
2905:"Yutong: the Chinese leader on worldwide expansion (as electric buses gain ground)"
2829:
2127:
2082:
1515:
Trolleybuses can share overhead wires and other electrical infrastructure (such as
1360:
1324:, the operator uses ropes to guide the trolley poles to contact the overhead wires.
1301:
1270:
1235:
1123:
628:
623:
400:
390:
250:
121:
113:
17:
1536:
3462:
5103:
5098:
5046:
4980:
4908:
4800:
4438:
4300:
4270:
4260:
4048:
4015:
3995:
3852:
3613:
2092:
1501:
With increasing diesel fuel costs and problems caused by particulate matter and
1454:
1321:
1149:
995:
983:
975:
967:
963:
787:
539:
413:
327:
233:
167:
416:
also operate separate trolleybus systems to serve workers. Wuyang Coal Mine in
5413:
5333:
5081:
5076:
5020:
4975:
4935:
4740:
4610:
4330:
4325:
4245:
4147:
4025:
4005:
3957:
3924:
3894:
3859:
3802:
3730:
3725:
3688:
3603:
3578:
3561:
3524:
3380:
2599:
2097:
1961:
1875:
in mid-1999 were the first reported low-floor trolleybuses in Southeast Asia.
1750:
1742:
1731:
1664:
1428:
that run on electric power from overhead wires on a fixed right-of-way and on
1209:
1131:
1078:
497:
308:
62:
2645:[End of the wire: There won't be trolleybuses going through Berlin].
2334:
330:
in 1910. The trackless trolley was often seen as an interim step, leading to
5433:
5194:
5071:
4965:
4443:
4393:
4340:
4255:
4209:
4179:
4169:
4109:
4063:
4020:
4010:
3929:
3899:
3884:
3827:
3683:
3541:
3114:
DeArmond, R. C. (May–June 1985). "The Trolleybus System of Dayton, part 2".
1758:
1723:
1711:
1687:
1544:
1478:
1112:
1003:
595:
3864:
2508:
2325:
2308:
1848:
dealt with this dilemma in the 1990s by purchasing new low-floor passenger
1749:, and early examples of fleets of lift-equipped trolleybuses included 109
1607:
5382:
4275:
4265:
4250:
4240:
4219:
4199:
4164:
4142:
4104:
4095:
4058:
3972:
3745:
3715:
1928:
1829:
1727:
1695:
1660:
1090:
971:
892:
Quietness – Trolleybuses are generally quieter than trams.
878:
740:
421:
323:
316:
299:
224:
The "Elektromote", the world's first trolleybus, in Berlin, Germany, 1882
3457:
2801:
1852:
to be towed by its high-floor trolleybuses, a choice later also made by
5184:
4950:
4945:
4590:
4467:
4305:
4235:
4137:
3977:
3949:
3879:
3869:
3765:
2102:
1969:
1883:
1794:
1616:
1482:
1458:
1409:
1345:
1174: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
999:
979:
952:
812: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
770:
725:
665:
531:
348:
311:
was the first UK city to replace a tram route with trolleybuses, while
254:
192: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
43:
2930:"THE INNOVATIVE TROLLEYBUS: IN MOTION CHARGING IN NEW KNOWLEDGE BRIEF"
2684:
2309:"Electrification in Urban Transport: A Case Study with Real-time Data"
4290:
4285:
4204:
3909:
3735:
3588:
1945:
1672:
1490:
1486:
1417:
940:
874:
865:
Cheaper infrastructure – The initial start up cost of
425:
270:
237:
5269:
2643:"Aus für die Strippe: Durch Berlin werden keine O-Busse mehr fahren"
1489:
are based exclusively on battery trolleybuses. In 2020, the city of
404:
The Shanghai trolleybus system is currently the oldest in the world.
3472:
2669:"Power in downtown Vancouver won't be fully restored until Tuesday"
1935:
was the last one to operate in the United Kingdom; closing in 1972.
1867:
completed the transition to an exclusively low-floor fleet in 2009.
1772:
504:
is the smallest city to be served by trolleybuses. Opened in 1914,
4000:
1999:
1922:
1858:
1771:
1612:
1606:
1543:
1535:
1389:
1373:
1368:
1312:
1297:
1130:
1122:
1106:
918:
903:
839:
695:
680:
563:
548:
407:
399:
382:
295:
282:
219:
81:
68:
53:
38:
3398:(Interurbans Special 59). Los Angeles: Interurbans. LCCN 74-20367
3354:
Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe
372:
United Kingdom, was changed to a trolleybus scheme to cut costs.
5440:
4365:
4320:
3934:
3797:
3300:
Isgar, Carl F. (January–February 2011). "Preservation Update".
1668:
866:
331:
145:
129:
5273:
4843:
3476:
3447:
3442:
2765:
No. 267 (May–June 2006), p. 71. National Trolleybus Assn. (UK).
4870:
3519:
3181:
Turzanski, Bohdan (March–April 2012). "Trollino 500, Part 1".
1671:(approx. 1,700). The largest former trolleybus manufacture is
1502:
1256:
1143:
956:
886:
781:
161:
120:(generally suspended from roadside posts) using spring-loaded
3032:
1127:
Pole bases with springs and pneumatic pole lowering cylinders
108: – in the 1910s and 1920s – or
1432:
power on city streets. Metro used special-order articulated
1289:
buses. The long equipment life may also complicate upgrades.
2830:"上海无轨电车"复兴":全换成新型辫子车 车辆增加两倍-无轨电车 辫子 高油价时代 混搭 上海公交-上海频道-东方网"
943:
at start-up, an advantage for climbing steep hills. Unlike
889:
and other road vehicles, while trams can only change speed.
3268:
No. 292, pp. 78–82. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
1026:
operates its system using hydro power from the city-owned
3467:
3134:
No. 190, pp. 86–87. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
432:
This mode of transport operates in large cities, such as
4839:
3377:. North American Trackless Trolley Association (defunct)
3264:
Box, Roland (July–August 2010). "More about the 2000s".
2985:"BVG Berlin plans implementation of hybrid trolleybuses"
1940:
being built in other countries, including in Germany by
1255:
Difficult to re-route – When compared to
500:
has the smallest system in terms of route length, while
3452:
428:
has the last remaining mine trolleybus system in China.
347:, with extensive systems in among others, Los Angeles,
3304:
No. 295, p. 11. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
3215:
No. 222, p. 122. National Trolleybus Association (UK).
2737:. Seattle Department of Transportation. Archived from
2397:
Lignes Aeriennes et Trolleys pour Automobile sur Route
2233:, pp. "" and "" (in foreword). Coulsdon, Surrey (UK):
1882:
In the Americas, the first low-floor trolleybus was a
2313:
Balkan Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
1227:
than steel wheels, which decreases energy efficiency.
228:
The trolleybus dates back to 29 April 1882, when Dr.
3211:"Low-floor or Long Life?" (November–December 1998).
2945:"De nye Solaris trolleybussene er kommet til Bergen"
1757:
in 1979 and the retrofitting of lifts in 1983 to 64
1679:
built 1,114 trolleybuses based on designs by Brill.
1135:
Insulated poles, contact shoes, and pull–ropes
994:, unlike individual vehicles with exhaust gases and
873:
Better hill climbing – Trolleybuses'
5406:
5359:
5316:
5210:
5132:
5034:
5003:
4886:
4723:
4690:
4619:
4573:
4537:
4496:
4359:
4228:
4128:
4094:
4034:
3986:
3948:
3811:
3627:
3510:
3419:). National Trolleybus Association (UK), bi-monthly
3126:
3124:
2399:(Libraire Polytechnique Ch., 1902, no ISBN), p. 29
1871:Outside Europe, 14 vehicles built by, and for, the
1208:Note: As there are numerous variations of tram and
2146:Joyce, J.; King, J. S.; and Newman, A. G. (1986).
3373:Porter, Harry; and Worris, Stanley F.X. (1979).
3052:
3050:
2625:"Trolleybuses Are Back to Prague After 50 Years"
1352:can be also used to move buses short distances.
3468:Urban Electric Transit - Database/Photo gallery
2175:. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK). Republished 2004 with
1119:trolleybus in Bucharest, Romania, in April 2007
3146:No. 179 (September–October 1991), pp. 100–101.
2434:, (Advertiser Press Ltd, 1964, no ISBN) p. 39
136:). They are also distinct from other kinds of
5285:
4855:
3488:
3207:
3205:
3203:
2802:"NETransit: MBTA Vehicle Inventory Main Page"
1441:route. The last of these were be replaced by
1363:, new trackless trolleys equipped with small
512:is the longest trolleybus line in the world.
257:), Germany. Schiemann built and operated the
27:Electric bus taking power from overhead wires
8:
3425:, Bradford Trolleybus Association, quarterly
3260:
3258:
2636:
2634:
1663:(more than 1,750); and the Italian builders
1217:Like any bus, much less capacity than trams.
2860:"Hybrid trolleybuses in the Czech Republic"
2297:, Siemens History website on 14 August 2015
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
1033:Trolleybuses can generate electricity from
5292:
5278:
5270:
4862:
4848:
4840:
3495:
3481:
3473:
3431:, British Trolleybus Society (UK), monthly
3326:Lombard-Gerin and Inventing the Trolleybus
3291:No. 238 (July–August 2001), pp. 73 and 88.
3284:
3282:
3155:"The Neoplan N6020 Low-Floor Trolleybus".
2374:
2372:
2352:Lombard-Gerin and Inventing the Trolleybus
2194:"Trolley service begins the next 60 years"
1540:Trolleybus wire switch (Type Soviet Union)
1262:Aesthetics – The jumble of
1241:Wear of rubber tires leads to significant
3105:No. 305 (September–October 2012), p. 119.
2879:"Battery powered trolleybuses in Beijing"
2324:
1190:Learn how and when to remove this message
828:Learn how and when to remove this message
394:
208:Learn how and when to remove this message
144:. Power is most commonly supplied as 600-
3375:Trolleybus Bulletin No. 109: Databook II
3086:
3084:
2546:"Marrakech trolleybus route inaugurated"
2382:(Paul Hamlyn Ltd, 1967, no ISBN), p. 81
2346:
2344:
2275:. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks.
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2231:Jane's Urban Transport Systems 2012–2013
374:
3387:(Interurbans Special 58). Los Angeles:
3130:"Getting on board" (July–August 1993).
2139:
2045:– and three in the United States – the
1767:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
1077:lines, both run in tunnels serving the
654:
3385:Transit's Stepchild, The Trolley Coach
1394:Trolleybus with battery pack and full
1065:, trackless trolleys survived because
273:with 5 further installations, and the
2853:
2851:
2824:
2822:
2025:and the related lists indexed there.
464:, as well as in smaller ones such as
245:operated an experimental line at the
7:
3394:Sebree, Mac; and Ward, Paul (1974).
2777:"Farewell to Metro's Breda trolleys"
1330:Public Service Company of New Jersey
1172:adding citations to reliable sources
810:adding citations to reliable sources
641:Trolley pole base and fairing/shroud
190:adding citations to reliable sources
2458:"Plan for city trolleybus comeback"
1793:and an N6020 demonstrator built by
1548:A switch in parallel overhead lines
4667:Transit-oriented development (TOD)
3458:North American trolleybus pictures
3396:The Trolley Coach in North America
3227:No. 230 (March–April 2000), p. 39.
3197:No. 226 (July–August 1999), p. 89.
2641:Neumann, Peter (23 January 2023).
2558:from the original on 19 June 2020.
1037:while braking, a process known as
982:, etc.). Power from a centralized
269:or Bremen system was tried out in
25:
3093:No. 311 (September–October 2013).
3031:. Greenfleet.info. Archived from
2732:"Electric Trolley Bus Fact Sheet"
2554:. Railway Gazette International.
2035:the Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft
1382:operating as a trolleybus in the
5453:
5244:
4994:
4823:
4677:Transportation demand management
3342:(Harvard University Press, 1980)
2877:Wong, Marcus (5 February 2019).
2858:Martin Harák (13 October 2019).
2200:. 16 August 2008. Archived from
2108:List of trolleybus manufacturers
1730:. These have gradually replaced
1603:List of trolleybus manufacturers
1477:. The new trolleybus systems in
1148:
786:
762:
747:
732:
717:
702:
687:
672:
657:
166:
5016:Bombardier Guided Light Transit
3239:No. 249 (May–June 2003), p. 39.
3159:No. 183 (May–June 1992), p. 68.
3058:"Electric Vehicle Technologies"
2535:No. 321 (May–June 2015), p. 90.
1718:Transition to low-floor designs
1643:(1,624); the English companies
1384:Downtown Seattle Transit Tunnel
1159:needs additional citations for
797:needs additional citations for
305:Bradford Trolleybus Association
177:needs additional citations for
3361:World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia
2775:Koch, John (28 October 2016).
2432:Keighley Corporation Transport
2273:World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia
1097:are relatively simple to add;
1:
5011:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
3649:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
3453:Trolleybuses in Latin America
2570:"北京多措并举治理PM2.5 一微克一微克往下抠-新华网"
1649:British United Traction (BUT)
1269:Dewirements –
5393:Passenger information system
4705:Passenger information system
3328:. (2017) Trolleybooks (UK).
2943:T, Tom (25 September 2020).
2600:"PyongyangTimes | home"
2509:"Transport in Kiev, Ukraine"
2196:(Press release). Vancouver:
2039:East Anglia Transport Museum
1944:(for Hamburg); in Italy, by
1083:Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route
506:Shanghai's trolleybus system
287:A double-deck trolleybus in
151:, but there are exceptions.
3843:Demand-responsive transport
3741:Medium-capacity rail system
3347:Buses, Trolleys & Trams
3345:Dunbar, Charles S. (1967).
3003:"Ask an Expert: Trolly bus"
2173:Buses, Trolleys & Trams
2171:Dunbar, Charles S. (1967).
2043:Black Country Living Museum
2019:Trolleybus usage by country
2013:Trolleybus usage by country
1865:Vancouver trolleybus system
1753:trolleybuses built for the
1309:Off-wire power developments
1302:dangerous electrical faults
986:, even taking into account
516:Trolleybus usage by country
116:that draws power from dual
5516:
5373:Automatic vehicle location
4606:Public transport timetable
3637:Passenger rail terminology
2551:Metro Report International
2148:British Trolleybus Systems
2113:List of trolleybus systems
2023:List of trolleybus systems
2010:
1933:Bradford Trolleybus system
1919:Double-decker trolleybuses
1873:Shanghai trolleybus system
1600:
1071:Tateyama Tunnel Trolleybus
679:Van Hool Exquicity 18T in
603:Direction (turning) wheels
534:, Turkey, in 2015; and in
29:
5449:
5307:
5238:
4992:
4877:
4819:
4637:Green transport hierarchy
4374:Automated fare collection
3383:; and Ward, Paul (1973).
2806:roster.transithistory.org
2707:"沈阳1999年"电改汽"的真正原因_沈阳公交网"
2671:. CBC News. 14 July 2008.
2604:www.pyongyangtimes.com.kp
2380:Buses, Trolleys and Trams
2229:Webb, Mary (ed.) (2012).
2055:Shore Line Trolley Museum
1755:Seattle trolleybus system
1745:by purchasing buses with
1615:trolleybus in service in
1099:kneeling front suspension
586:Destination or route sign
80:Video of a trolleybus in
5344:Autonomous Rapid Transit
4672:Transportation authority
3349:. Paul Hamlyn Ltd. (UK)
2989:Urban Transport Magazine
2864:Urban Transport Magazine
2235:Jane's Information Group
2088:Electric-vehicle battery
1886:vehicle supplied to the
1736:La Spezia (Italy) system
1677:Canadian Car and Foundry
1439:Silver Line (Waterfront)
1250:Comparison to motorbuses
1075:Kanden Tunnel Trolleybus
1063:Cambridge, Massachusetts
900:Comparison to motorbuses
247:Paris Exhibition of 1900
140:, which usually rely on
4736:Bus rapid transit creep
4682:Transportation planning
2118:Parallel overhead lines
2051:Seashore Trolley Museum
2047:Illinois Railway Museum
1877:Wellington, New Zealand
1635:(approx. 3,250 total),
739:Solaris Trollino 18 in
724:Youngman JNP6183BEV in
652:Modern design vehicles
580:Parallel overhead lines
275:Cantono Frigerio system
5155:Capacitor electric bus
4434:Manual fare collection
4414:Farebox recovery ratio
3905:Personal rapid transit
3463:Trolleybuses in Europe
3007:www.sciencebuddies.org
2971:"我市第一批双源无轨电车来啦十大亮点抢先看"
2513:www.classicbuses.co.uk
2326:10.17694/bajece.837248
2008:
1936:
1868:
1781:
1624:
1571:traffic directionality
1549:
1541:
1523:The two parallel wires
1447:battery-electric buses
1402:
1387:
1325:
1276:dewirement in Shenyang
1136:
1128:
1120:
930:
924:Underground trolleybus
916:
856:
600:Boarding (entry) doors
573:
524:zero-emission vehicles
429:
405:
386:
292:
225:
85:
66:
51:
5500:Sustainable transport
4929:Lowbridge double-deck
4791:Sustainable transport
4771:Passenger load factor
4586:Clock-face scheduling
4419:Free public transport
4271:Bus turnout (bus bay)
3968:Real-time ridesharing
3761:Platform screen doors
3363:. Trolleybooks (UK).
3359:Murray, Alan (2000).
3252:No. 306, pp. 126–134.
2951:(in Norwegian Bokmål)
2903:Mario (11 May 2020).
2354:(Trolleybooks, 2017,
2271:Murray, Alan (2000).
2150:, pp. 9, 12. London:
2003:
1926:
1888:São Paulo EMTU system
1862:
1775:
1610:
1601:Further information:
1547:
1539:
1393:
1377:
1316:
1134:
1126:
1110:
1020:Pacific river systems
922:
907:
843:
756:Castellón de la Plana
664:Irisbus Cristalis in
617:Retractors/retrievers
567:
530:, Italy, in 2012; in
411:
403:
385:in Soviet Union, 1987
378:
286:
223:
79:
57:
42:
5490:Trolleybus transport
5339:Guided Light Transit
5150:Battery electric bus
4830:Transport portal
4766:Outline of transport
4459:Reduced fare program
4429:Integrated ticketing
4384:Contract of carriage
4195:Personal transporter
3751:Narrow-gauge railway
3599:Rail replacement bus
3448:British Trolleybuses
2152:Ian Allan Publishing
2068:Battery electric bus
1996:Use and preservation
1902:. Subsequently, the
1776:One of the NAW/Hess
1704:PC Transport Systems
1497:Other considerations
1396:dual-mode capability
1357:dual-mode capability
1168:improve this article
1039:regenerative braking
939:provide much higher
806:improve this article
538:, Morocco, in 2017.
395:Use and preservation
230:Ernst Werner Siemens
186:improve this article
5190:Hybrid electric bus
4919:Cutaway van chassis
4806:Transport economics
4601:On-time performance
4596:Night (owl) service
4296:Interchange station
4175:Horse-drawn vehicle
3963:Flexible carpooling
3771:Metro/Rapid Transit
3409:Trolleybus Magazine
3338:Cheape, Charles W.
3302:Trolleybus Magazine
3289:Trolleybus Magazine
3266:Trolleybus Magazine
3250:Trolleybus Magazine
3237:Trolleybus Magazine
3225:Trolleybus Magazine
3213:Trolleybus Magazine
3195:Trolleybus Magazine
3185:No. 302, pp. 28–35.
3183:Trolleybus Magazine
3172:No. 200, pp. 30–37.
3170:Trolleybus Magazine
3157:Trolleybus Magazine
3144:Trolleybus Magazine
3132:Trolleybus Magazine
3118:No. 141, pp. 49–64.
3116:Trolleybus Magazine
3103:Trolleybus Magazine
3091:Trolleybus Magazine
3035:on 12 February 2006
2763:Trolleybus Magazine
2744:on 17 February 2017
2711:www.shenyangbus.com
2649:(in German). Berlin
2533:Trolleybus Magazine
2378:Charles S. Dunbar,
2123:Traction substation
1981:Citybus (Hong Kong)
1908:Philadelphia system
1629:communist countries
1410:Seattle, Washington
1287:internal combustion
1203:Comparison to trams
988:transmission losses
945:internal combustion
860:Comparison to trams
694:AKSM-420 Vitovt in
614:Decorative elements
277:was used in Italy.
243:Louis Lombard-Gérin
18:Trolleybus Magazine
5424:Rubber-tyred metro
5329:Bi-articulated bus
4560:Standing passenger
3823:Auto rickshaw taxi
3793:Suspension railway
3776:Rubber-tyred metro
3699:Heritage streetcar
3604:Share taxi/Taxibus
2781:Metro Matters Blog
2627:. 15 October 2022.
2580:on 16 January 2020
2204:on 1 February 2014
2009:
2006:Crimean Trolleybus
1937:
1915:one-time expense.
1869:
1782:
1659:(1,379); France's
1625:
1550:
1542:
1403:
1398:on the streets of
1388:
1344:in Vancouver, and
1340:in San Francisco,
1326:
1322:Beijing trolleybus
1225:rolling resistance
1137:
1129:
1121:
931:
928:Kurobe Dam Station
917:
877:tyres have better
857:
846:San Francisco Muni
709:New Flyer XT60 in
638:Pole storage hooks
574:
510:Crimean Trolleybus
430:
406:
387:
293:
232:demonstrated his "
226:
86:
67:
52:
5467:
5466:
5429:Rubber-tyred tram
5301:Bus rapid transit
5267:
5266:
5109:Train replacement
4837:
4836:
4529:Transport network
4519:Non-revenue track
4185:Inclined elevator
4120:Inclined elevator
4086:Inclined elevator
3711:Higher-speed rail
3654:Airport rail link
3537:Bus rapid transit
3334:978-0-904235-25-8
3324:Bruce, Ashley R.
3062:Transport 2000 BC
2883:Checkerboard Hill
2574:www.xinhuanet.com
2360:978-0-904235-25-8
2243:978-0-7106-2994-4
2183:or 9780753709702.
2073:Bus rapid transit
1647:(approx. 1,750),
1641:Marmon-Herrington
1406:King County Metro
1200:
1199:
1192:
1030:generating plant.
970:-based vehicles (
852:14TrSF) climbing
838:
837:
830:
650:
649:
345:electric traction
218:
217:
210:
102:trackless trolley
77:
16:(Redirected from
5507:
5460:Buses portal
5458:
5457:
5456:
5398:Proof-of-payment
5294:
5287:
5280:
5271:
5251:Buses portal
5249:
5248:
5247:
4998:
4986:Transit Elevated
4864:
4857:
4850:
4841:
4828:
4827:
4746:Destination sign
4710:Platform display
4700:Destination sign
4657:Transit district
4652:Street hierarchy
4632:Complete streets
4627:Airport security
4509:Cross-city route
4454:Proof-of-payment
4424:Free travel pass
3915:Public light bus
3875:Hackney carriage
3694:Heritage railway
3679:Elevated railway
3674:Cross-city route
3594:Public light bus
3552:Cross-city route
3504:Public transport
3497:
3490:
3483:
3474:
3313:
3298:
3292:
3286:
3277:
3262:
3253:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3173:
3166:
3160:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3068:on 3 March 2006.
3064:. Archived from
3054:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2981:
2975:
2974:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2647:Berliner Zeitung
2638:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2576:. Archived from
2566:
2560:
2559:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2404:
2393:
2387:
2376:
2367:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2328:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2284:
2269:
2246:
2227:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2190:
2184:
2169:
2163:
2144:
1927:A trolleybus in
1904:Vancouver system
1815:
1807:Innsbruck system
1803:Gräf & Stift
1747:wheelchair lifts
1637:Pullman-Standard
1471:Saint Petersburg
1243:rubber pollution
1195:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1175:
1152:
1144:
1095:Wheelchair lifts
833:
826:
822:
819:
813:
790:
782:
766:
751:
736:
721:
706:
691:
676:
661:
591:Rear view mirror
582:(overhead wires)
560:
559:
336:trams, trolleys)
213:
206:
202:
199:
193:
170:
162:
78:
21:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5454:
5452:
5445:
5402:
5361:
5355:
5324:Articulated bus
5312:
5303:
5298:
5268:
5263:
5245:
5243:
5234:
5206:
5128:
5124:Tourist trolley
5030:
4999:
4990:
4882:
4873:
4868:
4838:
4833:
4822:
4815:
4719:
4692:
4686:
4615:
4569:
4545:Checked baggage
4533:
4492:
4379:Bus advertising
4363:
4355:
4224:
4215:Trackless train
4158:Scooter-sharing
4153:Bicycle-sharing
4130:
4124:
4090:
4030:
3982:
3944:
3920:Pulled rickshaw
3890:Motorcycle taxi
3833:Combination bus
3814:
3807:
3721:Inter-city rail
3706:High-speed rail
3623:
3506:
3501:
3438:
3405:
3391:. LCCN 73-84356
3352:McKay, John P.
3321:
3319:Further reading
3316:
3299:
3295:
3287:
3280:
3263:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3167:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2991:. 3 March 2020.
2983:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2909:Sustainable Bus
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2640:
2639:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2370:
2349:
2342:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2291:
2287:
2270:
2249:
2228:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2063:
2015:
1998:
1921:
1894:in 1992–94, to
1846:Lausanne system
1809:
1720:
1686:since 1936 and
1605:
1599:
1534:
1525:
1506:
1499:
1426:dual-mode buses
1350:Supercapacitors
1311:
1252:
1205:
1196:
1185:
1179:
1176:
1165:
1153:
1142:
1105:
1067:Harvard Station
1043:dynamic braking
1014:power from the
972:petrol/gasoline
937:electric motors
902:
862:
834:
823:
817:
814:
803:
791:
780:
773:
767:
758:
752:
743:
737:
728:
722:
713:
707:
698:
692:
683:
677:
668:
662:
633:power collector
610:Traction wheels
558:
502:Mariánské Lázně
324:Nantasket Beach
291:, England, 1966
259:Bielatal system
214:
203:
197:
194:
183:
171:
160:
92:(also known as
69:
35:
32:Tourist trolley
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5513:
5511:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5495:Electric buses
5492:
5487:
5482:
5472:
5471:
5465:
5464:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5331:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5157:
5152:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Bi-articulated
4896:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4844:
4835:
4834:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4761:Land transport
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4662:Transit police
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4642:Rail subsidies
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4514:Network length
4511:
4506:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4478:Ticket machine
4475:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4399:Fare avoidance
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4281:Ferry terminal
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4190:Moving walkway
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4145:
4140:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4117:
4115:Moving walkway
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:Aerial tramway
4040:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3840:
3838:Cycle rickshaw
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3788:Street running
3785:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3437:
3436:External links
3434:
3433:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3378:
3371:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3293:
3278:
3254:
3241:
3229:
3217:
3199:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3136:
3120:
3107:
3095:
3080:
3071:
3046:
3019:
2994:
2976:
2962:
2935:
2921:
2895:
2869:
2847:
2834:sh.eastday.com
2818:
2793:
2767:
2755:
2723:
2698:
2683:Ashley Bruce.
2675:
2660:
2630:
2616:
2591:
2561:
2537:
2525:
2500:
2475:
2464:. 15 June 2007
2449:
2440:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2395:Henry Martin,
2388:
2368:
2350:Ashley Bruce,
2340:
2299:
2285:
2247:
2215:
2185:
2164:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2011:Main article:
1997:
1994:
1987:(#701) into a
1920:
1917:
1765:'s fleet. The
1719:
1716:
1598:
1595:
1555:electromagnets
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1449:in June 2023.
1400:Brest, Belarus
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1279:
1267:
1264:overhead wires
1260:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1156:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1104:
1103:
1086:
1059:
1055:United Kingdom
1051:power steering
1046:
1035:kinetic energy
1031:
1016:Columbia River
960:
932:
908:Trolleybus on
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
890:
882:
871:
861:
858:
836:
835:
794:
792:
785:
779:
776:
775:
774:
769:Trolleybus in
768:
761:
759:
754:Trolleybus in
753:
746:
744:
738:
731:
729:
723:
716:
714:
708:
701:
699:
693:
686:
684:
678:
671:
669:
663:
656:
648:
647:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
626:
621:
618:
615:
612:
607:
604:
601:
598:
593:
588:
583:
575:
557:
556:Vehicle design
554:
488:. As of 2020,
458:St. Petersburg
216:
215:
174:
172:
165:
159:
156:
149:direct current
138:electric buses
118:overhead wires
106:trackless tram
61:trolleybus in
46:trolleybus in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5512:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5480:Buses by type
5478:
5477:
5475:
5462:
5461:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5295:
5290:
5288:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5212:Manufacturing
5209:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Mobile lounge
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5026:Rapid transit
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4971:Single-decker
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4924:Double-decker
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4858:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4818:
4812:
4811:Micromobility
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4756:Hail and ride
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4689:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4352:
4351:Transport hub
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:Train station
4334:
4332:
4331:Taxicab stand
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Park and ride
4314:
4312:
4311:Metro station
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4054:Cable railway
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Regional rail
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:Commuter rail
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3640:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:Intercity bus
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3493:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:0-904235-18-1
3366:
3362:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2973:(in Chinese).
2972:
2966:
2963:
2950:
2949:Bussmagasinet
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2910:
2906:
2899:
2896:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2687:. Tbus.org.uk
2686:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2648:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2447:Dunbar, p. 90
2444:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2281:0-904235-18-1
2278:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:0-7537-0970-8
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2160:0-7110-1647-X
2157:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2078:Dual-mode bus
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:double-decker
1986:
1985:Dennis Dragon
1982:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1931:in 1970. The
1930:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:Boston system
1897:
1893:
1892:San Francisco
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1838:Belkommunmash
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Geneva system
1796:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:Dayton system
1761:E800s in the
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:(2,007), and
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1597:Manufacturing
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:trolley wheel
1556:
1546:
1538:
1532:Wire switches
1531:
1529:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:diesel hybrid
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1381:
1380:dual-mode bus
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1282:trolleybuses.
1280:
1277:
1272:
1271:Trolley poles
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1191:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:This section
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1140:Disadvantages
1139:
1133:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1024:San Francisco
1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:hydroelectric
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
958:
954:
950:
949:San Francisco
946:
942:
941:static torque
938:
934:
933:
929:
925:
921:
915:
911:
906:
899:
894:
891:
888:
883:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
832:
829:
821:
811:
807:
801:
800:
795:This section
793:
789:
784:
783:
777:
772:
765:
760:
757:
750:
745:
742:
735:
730:
727:
720:
715:
712:
705:
700:
697:
690:
685:
682:
675:
670:
667:
660:
655:
653:
643:
640:
637:
634:
630:
629:Trolley poles
627:
625:
624:Contact shoes
622:
619:
616:
613:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
576:
571:
566:
562:
561:
555:
553:
550:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
519:
517:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
402:
398:
396:
392:
384:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
365:San Francisco
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
340:rapid transit
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
313:Wolverhampton
310:
306:
301:
297:
290:
285:
281:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:Max Schiemann
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
222:
212:
209:
201:
191:
187:
181:
180:
175:This section
173:
169:
164:
163:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:trolley poles
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:trolley coach
95:
91:
83:
64:
60:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5485:Trolleybuses
5451:
5419:People mover
5378:Bus priority
5350:
5256:
5242:
5220:Electric bus
5199:
5163:Ground-level
4821:
4796:Timing point
4781:Request stop
4724:Other topics
4581:Bus bunching
4565:Travel class
4524:Radial route
4504:Circle route
4488:Transit pass
4449:Penalty fare
4409:Fare evasion
4404:Fare capping
4389:Dead mileage
4346:Transit mall
4069:Gondola lift
3848:Microtransit
3756:People mover
3669:Circle route
3618:
3584:Open top bus
3547:Circle route
3441:(in German)
3428:
3422:
3408:
3395:
3384:
3374:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3325:
3301:
3296:
3288:
3265:
3249:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3169:
3164:
3156:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3115:
3110:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3074:
3066:the original
3037:. Retrieved
3033:the original
3029:"Greenfleet"
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2988:
2979:
2965:
2953:. Retrieved
2948:
2938:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:
2898:
2886:. Retrieved
2882:
2872:
2863:
2838:. Retrieved
2836:(in Chinese)
2833:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2780:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2746:. Retrieved
2739:the original
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2678:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2646:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:the original
2573:
2564:
2549:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2491:. Retrieved
2487:
2478:
2466:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2443:
2435:
2431:
2430:J. S. King,
2426:
2421:Dunbar p. 83
2417:
2412:Dunbar p. 84
2408:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2363:
2351:
2319:(1): 69–77.
2316:
2312:
2302:
2293:
2288:
2272:
2230:
2206:. Retrieved
2202:the original
2188:
2172:
2167:
2147:
2142:
2128:Trolleytruck
2083:Electric bus
2031:
2027:
2016:
2004:Monument to
1983:converted a
1978:
1976:and others.
1938:
1913:
1881:
1870:
1842:
1832:. The first
1783:
1740:
1721:
1681:
1667:(2,044) and
1655:(1,420) and
1626:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1567:
1551:
1526:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1451:
1404:
1361:Philadelphia
1354:
1334:Yellow Coach
1327:
1207:
1206:
1186:
1180:October 2010
1177:
1166:Please help
1161:verification
1158:
1028:Hetch Hetchy
996:particulates
992:point source
848:trolleybus (
824:
815:
804:Please help
799:verification
796:
651:
521:
513:
431:
391:Soviet Union
388:
369:Philadelphia
353:Rhode Island
335:
321:
294:
279:
267:Lloyd-Köhler
227:
204:
195:
184:Please help
179:verification
176:
153:
114:electric bus
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:
36:
4914:Combination
4894:Articulated
4801:Transit map
4776:Public good
4693:and signage
4550:First class
4464:Smart cards
4439:Money train
4301:Kassel kerb
4261:Bus station
4049:Cable ferry
4016:Ocean liner
3996:Cable ferry
3853:Paratransit
3614:Transit bus
3609:Shuttle bus
3557:Express bus
3512:Bus service
3403:Periodicals
3389:Interurbans
3381:Sebree, Mac
3039:29 November
3027:G. Cebrat.
2716:2 September
2691:29 November
2609:2 September
2294:Elektromote
2208:6 September
2093:Electromote
1810: [
1778:articulated
1743:wheelchairs
1517:substations
1467:Mexico City
1422:Silver Line
1319:articulated
1236:minimal gap
1117:articulated
1058:Australia).
968:hydrocarbon
964:fossil fuel
910:tunnel line
887:motor buses
328:Los Angeles
319:(in 1913).
263:Cédès-Stoll
234:Elektromote
94:trolley bus
5474:Categories
5414:Light rail
5351:Trolleybus
5334:Guided Bus
5230:Trolleybus
5225:School bus
5200:Trolleybus
5087:by country
4976:Snow coach
4956:Multi-axle
4936:High-floor
4751:Dwell time
4741:Crush load
4691:Technology
4611:Short turn
4574:Scheduling
4538:Facilities
4326:Queue jump
4246:Bus garage
4148:Carsharing
4026:Water taxi
4006:Hovercraft
3958:Car jockey
3950:Carpooling
3925:Share taxi
3895:Marshrutka
3860:Dollar van
3803:Tram-train
3731:Light rail
3726:Interurban
3689:Heavy rail
3619:Trolleybus
3579:Marshrutka
3562:Guided bus
3429:Trolleybus
3012:13 October
2955:6 December
2811:17 January
2786:26 January
2685:"Overhead"
2518:20 October
2493:20 October
2488:gtshina.ru
2098:Guided bus
2053:, and the
2041:, and the
1751:AM General
1732:high-floor
1728:motorbuses
1665:Alfa Romeo
1424:have used
1257:motorbuses
1210:light-rail
1091:motorbuses
1079:Kurobe Dam
1018:and other
778:Advantages
644:Bus number
606:Exit doors
596:Headlights
570:Valparaíso
498:Landskrona
414:coal mines
397:, below).
332:streetcars
309:Birmingham
134:pantograph
90:trolleybus
63:Landskrona
5434:Translohr
5388:BRT creep
5180:Fuel cell
5168:Inductive
5159:Charging
5140:Dual-mode
4941:Low-floor
4715:Timetable
4444:Paid area
4394:Exit fare
4361:Ticketing
4341:Tram stop
4256:Bus stand
4229:Locations
4210:Slope car
4180:Hyperloop
4170:Escalator
4131:transport
4110:Escalator
4098:transport
4064:Funicular
4021:Vaporetto
4011:Hydrofoil
3930:Songthaew
3900:Nanny van
3885:Limousine
3828:Boda boda
3684:Funicular
3659:Cable car
3542:Charabanc
3423:Trackless
3417:0266-7452
3310:0266-7452
3274:0266-7452
2362:), p. 88
2335:2147-284X
2198:TransLink
1979:In 2001,
1724:low-floor
1688:New Flyer
1651:(1,573),
1621:low-floor
1479:Marrakesh
1386:, in 1990
1342:TransLink
1113:Rocar DAC
1004:Vancouver
620:Pole rope
536:Marrakesh
514:See also
446:São Paulo
442:Pyongyang
418:Xiangyuan
142:batteries
126:Two wires
84:, Belgium
48:São Paulo
5407:See also
5383:Bus lane
5317:Vehicles
5310:Standard
5258:Category
5173:Overhead
5145:Electric
5114:Training
5057:Campaign
5052:Armoured
4961:Open-top
4731:Boarding
4647:Security
4620:Politics
4483:Transfer
4276:Dry dock
4266:Bus stop
4251:Bus lane
4241:Bus bulb
4220:Vactrain
4200:Robotaxi
4165:Elevator
4143:Airliner
4105:Elevator
4096:Building
4079:tricable
4059:Elevator
3973:Slugging
3815:for hire
3813:Vehicles
3746:Monorail
3716:Horsecar
3642:glossary
2748:29 March
2584:14 March
2556:Archived
2462:BBC News
2061:See also
1958:Crossley
1942:Henschel
1929:Bradford
1906:and the
1850:trailers
1830:Van Hool
1805:for the
1696:Van Hool
1623:designs.
1463:Shanghai
1412:and the
1317:On this
914:Tateyama
879:adhesion
854:Nob Hill
818:May 2010
741:Salzburg
544:Shanghai
486:Salzburg
474:Lausanne
434:Belgrade
422:Changzhi
317:Keighley
300:Bradford
198:May 2010
112:) is an
65:, Sweden
50:, Brazil
5360:Systems
5104:Transit
5099:Sleeper
5094:Shuttle
5062:Express
5047:Airport
5004:Roadway
4981:Trailer
4887:Chassis
4786:Service
4591:Headway
4555:Sleeper
4497:Routing
4472:Calypso
4468:CIPURSE
4306:Layover
4236:Airport
4138:Airline
4074:bicable
3978:Vanpool
3940:Tuk tuk
3880:Jeepney
3870:Gondola
3766:Railbus
2653:30 July
2103:Gyrobus
1974:Sunbeam
1970:Karrier
1966:Leyland
1884:Busscar
1854:Lucerne
1834:Solaris
1801:and 10
1795:Neoplan
1692:Solaris
1657:Sunbeam
1653:Leyland
1617:Piraeus
1483:Baoding
1459:Ostrava
1455:Beijing
1346:Beijing
1332:, with
1298:lorries
1010:, draw
1002:and in
1000:Seattle
980:alcohol
953:Seattle
870:needed.
771:Malatya
726:Beijing
711:Seattle
666:Limoges
572:(Chile)
540:Beijing
532:Malatya
478:Limoges
450:Seattle
357:Atlanta
349:Chicago
289:Reading
255:Dresden
236:" in a
158:History
110:trolley
59:Solaris
44:Busscar
5082:School
5077:Police
5042:Advert
5021:Guided
4291:Harbor
4286:Hangar
4205:Shweeb
3910:Pesero
3865:Dolmuş
3736:Maglev
3589:Pesero
3572:driver
3525:driver
3415:
3367:
3356:(1976)
3332:
3308:
3272:
2914:6 June
2888:6 June
2840:6 June
2468:3 June
2436:et seq
2401:et seq
2384:et seq
2364:et seq
2358:
2333:
2279:
2241:
2179:
2158:
2049:, the
2037:, the
1946:Lancia
1896:Dayton
1828:, and
1826:Ikarus
1698:, and
1673:Trolza
1491:Berlin
1487:Prague
1475:Bergen
1473:, and
1430:diesel
1418:Boston
1365:hybrid
1231:steer.
976:diesel
875:rubber
484:, and
482:Modena
470:Gdynia
466:Dayton
462:Zurich
460:, and
426:Shanxi
367:, and
361:Boston
355:, and
338:, and
271:Bremen
238:Berlin
5195:Solar
5133:Power
5072:Party
4966:Rigid
4909:Coach
4904:Bruck
4871:Buses
4366:fares
4129:Other
4036:Cable
4001:Ferry
2742:(PDF)
2735:(PDF)
2135:Notes
1822:Breda
1818:Skoda
1814:]
1759:Flyer
1684:Škoda
1661:Vétra
1633:Brill
1613:ZiU-9
1434:Breda
1369:SEPTA
1115:217E
984:plant
957:buses
867:trams
696:Minsk
681:Parma
549:Manpo
528:Lecce
494:Minsk
454:Sofia
412:Some
383:ZiU-9
296:Leeds
82:Ghent
5441:Tram
5364:List
5185:Gyro
5119:Tour
5035:Uses
4951:Mini
4946:Midi
4880:List
4364:and
4321:Port
3988:Ship
3935:Taxi
3798:Tram
3629:Rail
3530:list
3413:ISSN
3365:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3306:ISSN
3270:ISSN
3041:2010
3014:2023
2957:2021
2916:2020
2890:2020
2842:2020
2813:2024
2788:2023
2750:2012
2718:2021
2693:2010
2655:2023
2611:2021
2586:2020
2520:2020
2495:2020
2470:2009
2356:ISBN
2331:ISSN
2277:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2210:2012
2177:ISBN
2156:ISBN
1863:The
1791:Hess
1712:Dina
1708:MASA
1700:Hess
1669:Fiat
1563:shoe
1485:and
1445:and
1414:MBTA
1338:Muni
1081:and
1073:and
951:and
542:and
490:Kyiv
438:Lyon
298:and
146:volt
130:tram
3520:Bus
2321:doi
1962:Guy
1954:BUT
1950:AEC
1787:NAW
1645:AEC
1420:'s
1416:in
1408:in
1170:by
966:or
926:at
912:in
850:ETI
808:by
188:by
5476::
4470:,
3281:^
3257:^
3202:^
3123:^
3083:^
3060:.
3049:^
3005:.
2987:.
2947:.
2907:.
2881:.
2862:.
2850:^
2832:.
2821:^
2804:.
2779:.
2709:.
2633:^
2602:.
2572:.
2548:.
2511:.
2486:.
2460:.
2371:^
2343:^
2329:.
2315:.
2311:.
2250:^
2237:.
2218:^
2154:.
1972:,
1968:,
1964:,
1960:,
1956:,
1952:,
1856:.
1824:,
1820:,
1812:de
1694:,
1611:A
1503:NO
1481:,
1469:,
1465:,
1461:,
1457:,
1378:A
1296:("
1111:A
1022:.
1008:BC
1006:,
978:,
974:,
844:A
480:,
476:,
472:,
468:,
456:,
452:,
448:,
444:,
440:,
436:,
424:,
420:,
380:MU
363:,
359:;
351:,
307:.
124:.
104:,
100:,
96:,
88:A
5366:)
5362:(
5293:e
5286:t
5279:v
4863:e
4856:t
4849:v
4474:)
4466:(
3496:e
3489:t
3482:v
3411:(
3312:.
3276:.
3043:.
3016:.
2959:.
2932:.
2918:.
2892:.
2866:.
2844:.
2815:.
2790:.
2752:.
2720:.
2695:.
2657:.
2613:.
2588:.
2522:.
2497:.
2472:.
2438:.
2403:.
2386:.
2366:.
2337:.
2323::
2317:9
2283:.
2245:.
2212:.
2162:.
1789:/
1561:/
1505:x
1245:.
1193:)
1187:(
1182:)
1178:(
1164:.
831:)
825:(
820:)
816:(
802:.
635:)
631:(
518:.
211:)
205:(
200:)
196:(
182:.
34:.
20:)
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