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from leaving the area. Some species of ants construct underground rooms to house the trophobionts and carry them between the host plant and housing area daily. In more complex obligate relationships (where both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival) the ants will nest with the partner trophobionts in silk constructed leaf shelters or in underground colonies. Several species of migratory ants are noted to bring the trophobiont species with them when they move, transporting the trophobionts to new feeding areas and acting as a quick escape method if danger arises. While aphids, mealybugs and other more sedentary hemipterans are most often used as trophobionts, occasional instances of more active hemipterans such as
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are more successful at herding and containment of the leafhoppers. Smaller ant genera have been observed to tend younger or smaller leafhoppers for short periods, and in some cases, small ant genera were observed visiting herds tended by large ant genera. In these cases it is suggested the small
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In mutualistic relationships, the production of honeydew by trophobionts is rewarded by removal of dead hemipterans and protection from a variety of predators by the attendant ants. In some relationships the ants will build shelters for the farmed trophobionts, either to protect them or keep them
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species have been observed carrying a "seed" trophobiont in their mandibles during the mating flight, and it is suggested the seed is then used to start the mealybug colony in the queen's new nest. The level of dependency between
319:"New leafhopper genera and species (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) which feed on Velloziaceae from Southern Africa, with a discussion of their trophobiosis"
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families. A number of ant genera are recorded as tending groups of hemipterans to varying degrees. In most cases the ants collect and transport the
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where food is obtained or provided. The provider of food in the association is referred to as a trophobiont. The name is derived from the
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and their trophobiont is suggested to be such that neither can survive without the other. An experiment using a captive colony of
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secretions from the hemipterans back to the nest for consumption. Not all examples of ant trophobiotic interactions are
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Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale
Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis"
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LaPolla, J. S. (2005). "Ancient
Trophophoresy: A Fossil Acropyga (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Dominican Amber".
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280:"Trophobiosis Between Formicidae and Hemiptera (Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha): an Overview"
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showed that even when the colony was starved the ant refused offered food alternatives.
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Dlussky, G. M. (1997). "Genera of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Baltic amber".
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have been recorded. In such instances in southern Africa, larger ant genera such as
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writings and is noted as one of the oldest instances of biological pest control.
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workers intermingled with a number of aphids. Convergent behavior to that of
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and new queens will also carry a seed mealybug during the mating flight.
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ant genera may have been stealing honeydew droplets from the herd.
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Schriften der
Physikalisch-Okonomischen Gesellschaft zu Konigsberg
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being found preserved with species of the extinct mealybug genus
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204:. Older trophobiotic associations have been suggested for the
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10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2
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Wheeler, W. M. (1915). "The ants of the Baltic amber".
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Contributions of the
American Entomological Institute
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individuals. This interaction has been recorded in
181:This specific behavior has also been documented in
375:Transactions of the American Entomological Society
234:. This species lives in hollow internodes of
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105:Among the more noted trophobiotic groups are
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159:have a noted trophobiotic relationship with
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354:(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of the World".
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153:Ants of the entirely subterranean genus
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96:), which is short for the English word
92:), meaning "nourishment", and -βίωσις (
127:feeding on both the honeydew and the
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192:, with queens of the fossil species
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400:Johnson, C.; et al. (2001).
228:is displayed by the arboreal ant
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300:10.1590/S1519-566X2001000400001
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46:Proposed since February 2024.
109:and members of a number of
67:Electromyrmococcus abductus
29:It has been suggested that
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278:Delabie, J. H. C. (2001).
218:fossil entombing thirteen
418:American Museum Novitates
336:10.11646/zootaxa.3509.1.2
350:LaPolla, J. S. (2004). "
527:Biological pest control
450:Paleontological Journal
211:Ctenobethylus goepperti
190: million years ago
287:Neotropical Entomology
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317:Stiller, M. (2012).
248:Ant–fungus mutualism
231:Tetraponera binghami
185:fossils dating back
80:association between
39:into this article. (
517:Mutualism (biology)
208:fossil ant species
124:Cacopsylla pyricola
201:Electromyrmococcus
195:Acropyga glaesaria
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61:Acropyga glaesaria
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507:Myrmecology
362:(3): 1–130.
214:based on a
141:leafhoppers
129:C. pyricola
119:mutualistic
486:Categories
259:References
175:A. epedana
146:Camponotus
111:hemipteran
512:Symbiosis
497:Hemiptera
329:: 35–54.
161:mealybugs
99:symbiosis
82:organisms
78:symbiotic
435:55067700
404:Acropyga
387:25078875
352:Acropyga
242:See also
225:Acropyga
170:Acropyga
165:Acropyga
156:Acropyga
115:honeydew
502:Ecology
323:Zootaxa
94:-biosis
88:τροφή (
41:Discuss
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408:Azteca
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206:Eocene
90:trophē
37:merged
475:: 91.
431:S2CID
413:(PDF)
383:JSTOR
283:(PDF)
76:is a
492:Ants
406:and
327:3509
107:ants
64:and
423:doi
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