362:: In Scotland there is an online web based service called Vault (short for Scottish Community Apparatus Data Vault), which allows registered users to specify a polygon on a map and immediately obtain an interactive map of all major undertakers owning underground assets, except the principal telecoms operators. In the rest of the UK, there is no dial-before-you-dig service. Instead the onus is on excavators to ensure that they do not damage buried services. This has resulted in a class of locating tools which are simpler to use, and are called Cable Avoidance Tools (CATs), and the associated signal detectors are called Gennys.
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apparatus. A Utility Search is essential for development projects as it provides valuable insight into the presence and location of underground and overhead utility assets. As well as providing a understanding of the networks within the vicinity of a site, this information can help to prevent accidents, disruptions, and costly delays during construction.
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report does not contain every single incident, as stakeholders voluntarily submit underground damages and near-miss reports, but it is the most complete repository of utility damages anywhere in the world. Utility
Locators and other stakeholders depend on data like this to learn about risks and to justify continued investment in the industry.
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In the UK, to follow HSG47 and PAS128 guidelines, it is recommended that a
Desktop Utility Search is carried out. A Utility Search, also known as a C2 Utility Search or PAS128 (D) utility search, is the initial step in identifying utility asset owners and locating their buried and overhead assets and
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Passive locating uses signals that occur naturally on some utility lines. This method often fails to locate 60% or so of utility lines, and misidentifying utilities is an associated risk. Active locating, on the other hand, is more accurate. It makes use of signals that the locators generate through
1723:
Jaufer, Rakeeb M., Amine
Ihamouten, Yann Goyat, Shreedhar S. Todkar, David Guilbert, Ali Assaf, and Xavier DĂ©robert. 2022. "A Preliminary Numerical Study to Compare the Physical Method and Machine Learning Methods Applied to GPR Data for Underground Utility Network Characterization" Remote Sensing
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The main colors based on the convention are used in the same way as in the US: red for electricity, yellow for gas, and blue for water. However, other colors have other meanings. Green is used for telecommunication conduits. White is used as general communication between contractors; white is also
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In
Germany, the colors used for temporary marking of underground utilities are not standardized like in other countries. However, permanent marker signs are used for utilities like hydrants, drinking water lines and natural gas lines. A permanent marking of cables and sewage lines is not usual if
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for lawns or gardens. In this case, each sprinkler head is usually marked, so that landscaping crews will not cover or bury them with soil or sod, or damage them with tractors or other construction equipment while digging holes for trees, shrubs, or other large plants or fenceposts. This is also
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Industry leaders in damage prevention like the Common Ground
Alliance and IR-Saving Lives are the biggest promoters of utility locating, and encourage other stakeholders to take utility locating seriously. The CGA also has published a paper called "Insights into Improving the Delivery of Accurate,
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The Common Ground
Alliance (CGA) publishes the Damage Information Reporting Tool (DIRT report) every year, which gives a fuller picture of the effects of utility locating throughout North America. In recent years, DIRT has demonstrated a trend of greater excavation damage incidents over time. This
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are services that allow construction workers or property owners to contact utility companies, who will then denote where underground utilities are located via color-coded markings typically up to and not past the user's service connection or meter. Utility lines on the other side of the meter or
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are used to identify existing underground utilities in construction areas, to protect them from damage during excavation. Colored lines, flags, or both are used to mark the location and denote the type of underground utility. A special type of spray paint dispenser, which works when the can is
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Pipeline markers, signs, or other indicators may or not be visible to warn of the presence of underground utilities. For various reasons, including security, the precise location of the utilities may not be indicated. The only way an excavator can know the precise location, number, and types of
356:) has been contracted by many utilities and city councils to provide one-call services and corridor access requests. A person planning to dig in the public roadway can lodge a ticket with BeforeUDig and have the utilities in the area notified who in turn will respond with maps of their assets.
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so that markings can be easily restored after the road construction is completed; a few telecommunication companies also use white color for their utility locations. Orange and other colors are used by local authorities to mark improvements and other details not related to utility locations.
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India uses a convention similar to the US, for marking underground utilities such as telephone, gas, water and electricity. The system is based entirely on convention without any written standard. These markings are color-coded, and are painted by contractors onto the pavement.
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Public utility systems are often run underground—some by the very nature of their function, others for convenience or aesthetics. In the United States, it is estimated that subsurface lines amount to over 20,000,000 miles (32,000,000 km) in total. Before digging,
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Because of the many different types of materials that go into manufacturing each of the different types of underground lines, different detection and location methods must be used. The two general methods are called passive locating and active locating.
262:, which improves both accuracy and process transparency. Some of the current locate wands are able to relay their information and sync up with GIS systems to expand and correct the information on the map, which helps to update the map very rapidly.
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Some municipalities use pink paint to make lines and codes on the pavements related to required street improvements such as ramp replacement, asphalt grinding, and form injection. These markings are not directly related to utility location.
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In the US, Canada, Australia, and New
Zealand, many large locate companies handle millions of tickets every dig season, and need a way of managing these tickets and sending them through to a unified call center (for example,
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On-Time
Locates", which has expert information on how to improve the locating industry in the US and Canada (not to be confused with the Canadian Common Ground Alliance (CCGA), a companion organization to CGA in Canada).
243:, electromagnetic profiling locators, and radio frequency pipe locators. These tools are produced by a number of manufacturers, and are widely available throughout the world. Some of the large manufacturers include
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utilities is to contact the underground utilities coordinator, and request that the locations be marked. In most jurisdictions, there is no charge for this service, but advance notification is a legal requirement.
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There are no legal color code requirements for buried utilities and surface markings, however a general convention is used and encouraged by the government health and safety department - Worksafe.
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302:"Call before you dig", "Know What's Below! Dig With Confidence!", "Dial before you dig", "Digger's Hotline", "One-call", "Miss Utility", "Dig Safe", "Click before you dig", or
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346:: In Canada, there is no unified number for the country. However, it has the "Click Before You Dig" website that provides access to the hotline for each of the provinces.
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Failure to call such a number ahead of time may result in a fine or even a criminal charge against a person or company, particularly if such negligence causes a major
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236:. This may be done because of venting requirements, and also serves to indicate the location of underground facilities that are especially hazardous if disturbed.
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A Preliminary
Numerical Study to Compare the Physical Method and Machine Learning Methods Applied to GPR Data for Underground Utility Network Characterization
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Worksafe encourages the use of a 5mm wide or larger colored stripe to indicate the content of the black duct using one of the color codes above.
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213:) may be buried alongside or immediately above the pipe, to aid in locating it. In the absence of such a conductive tracer, other types of
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must be used. Location by these technical means is necessary because maps often lack the pinpoint precision needed to ensure proper
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a transmitter. Then, with the help of a receiver, locators can trace as well as identify what type of utility line lies underground.
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service connection are considered to be part of the customer's property, and will typically not be located by these services.
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255:. With advances in technology, these tools continue to improve, and locators in the field are able to be more accurate.
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As of 2022, utility locators depend primarily on three types of utility locating equipment to do their job, including
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they run in the public right-of-way. The standard for permanent markers in
Germany uses the following colors:
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225:. In older cities, it is especially a problem since maps may be very inaccurate, or may be missing entirely.
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often require that the underground systems' locations be denoted and approved, if it is to be in the public
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Other technologies and equipment are identified in Technology Reports by CGA and in a major study by the
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340:). The national hotline, 1100, has now been converted to a support line to assist with online lodgement.
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Most commonly used for non-potable water on farms however can be an outer duct for roadside utilities.
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A plain black microduct or 2-pair telephone cable is often used by Chorus for premises drop cables.
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color. On flags, a logo often identifies the company or municipal utility which the lines belong to.
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pipe or joint it is mounted on, simply by driving over it, particularly on newly moved soil which is
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Utility location markers for a fire hydrant, a drinking water line and a natural gas line in Germany
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209:. For other types of pipe such as plastic or concrete, a metallic tracer wire or conductive foil (
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important because a vehicle (tractor, truck, or otherwise) can break a sprinkler or the hard-
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1106:– an instrument used for detecting the presence and approximate location of buried services
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The following is a partial list of countries with one-call services for utility location:
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Regional Utility Specific, known to be used by Telstra Saturn Cable Television
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Telecommunications, commonly used by Chorus for copper and fiber optic cables.
352:: Each utility is responsible for marking its own services. A private company (
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1350:. Canadian One-Call Centres Committee and the Canadian Common Ground Alliance
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The national standard for the United Kingdom uses the following color guide:
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994:(APWA) Uniform Color Codes for temporary marking of underground utilities:
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1100:– an alternative method of routing underground utility lines and services
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Flags may also be an advertisement for a company which has installed an
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Regional Utility Specific, commonly used by UFF for fiber optic cables.
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1324:"Report to Congress on Improving Damage Prevention Technology | PHMSA"
1158:"Before digging, call 811 to avoid striking underground utility lines"
336:: Australia has a National online website for lodgement of enquiries (
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The active method is the most suitable for locating conductive metal
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The national standard for Australia uses the following color guide:
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telephone number is used for this purpose across the United States.
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1252:"Locator Spotlight: The Lifecycle of a Locate Request | dp-PRO"
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Many utilities are now mapped out on GIS mapping services like
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mains that are underground. These mains may include lines for
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Regional Utility Specific, known to be used by Telstra Clear
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temporary survey markings, unknown/unidentified facilities
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temporary survey markings, unknown/unidentified facilities
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A few utilities are permanently marked with short posts or
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1492:"What do those squiggles on the pavement actually mean?"
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1517:"Guide for Safety with Underground Services - Page 29"
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Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
1585:"How Do I Interpret Locate Markings/ Documentation?"
1214:"PAS128 D Utility Searches | Utilities Survey"
1182:"Avoiding danger from underground services - HSG47"
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Utility locator tool in use (Perry, Oklahoma, 2011)
1718:"Statement of Need: Utility Locating Technologies"
1673:"COLORS | Underground utility markings and colors"
1744:National Utility Locating Contractors Association
1441:"Dial before you dig - Working near power cables"
1228:"The History of Electromagnetic Utility Scanning"
292:A Study on Improving Damage Prevention Technology
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1740:, an organization of public works professionals
1466:"Was bedeuten die kleinen Schilder an Häusern?"
439:upside-down, is used to mark lines, often in a
430:Permanent water pipeline markers in Switzerland
314:or serious accident, or an evacuation due to a
197:. This process often involves using a piece of
16:"One-call" redirects here. For other uses, see
607:fire services (hydrants, suction points etc.)
1416:"811. Know what's below. Call before you dig"
322:may also trigger local flooding or require a
8:
1538:"UNDERGROUND UTILITY COLOUR CODES EXPLAINED"
368:: As required by law and assigned by the US
1394:"Avoiding danger from underground services"
459:and therefore unsupportive of such weight.
96:is the process of identifying and labeling
672:lines for oil and other flammable liquids
393:indicating below-street gas utility line (
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
1716:Technology Transfer Information Center.
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889:
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414:Telecommunication cable location marking
144:, national defense communication lines,
36:This article includes a list of general
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1468:(in German). t-online.de. 9 June 2021
990:Canada and the United States use the
918:gas, oil, steam, petroleum, or other
7:
1069:proposed excavation limits or route
969:proposed excavation limits or route
1565:. American Public Works Association
1027:Natural Gas, Oil, Steam, Petroleum
1008:, Cables, Conduit, Lighting Cables
1396:. Health and Safety Executive (UK)
422:Colored flags for utility locating
42:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1746:, a utility locating organization
1738:American Public Works Association
992:American Public Works Association
370:Federal Communications Commission
140:pipes. In some locations, major
27:
1490:Cawley, Laurence (2014-02-18).
1088:Subsurface utility engineering
1:
1698:"Street Marking Explanations"
1280:dirt.commongroundalliance.com
655:high-voltage power lines and
354:https://www.beforeudig.co.nz/
1720:. Accessed October 31, 2007.
1374:www.roadworksscotland.gov.uk
690:used to note the details of
232:, mainly for lines carrying
201:equipment, consisting of a
1786:
1631:. Info-Excavation (Quebec)
1540:. Cornerstone Projects Ltd
854:Regional Utility Specific
639:hot water/steam lines for
15:
1560:"APWA Uniform Color Code"
1196:"PAS128 – A new standard"
1162:Duke Energy | News Center
1093:Underground Service Alert
755:
752:
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304:Underground Service Alert
273:Underground Service Alert
18:One-call (disambiguation)
1651:"Color Code Explanation"
1422:. Common Ground Alliance
1304:commongroundalliance.com
978:United States and Canada
910:, alarm or signal lines
550:oils, flammable liquids
219:ground-penetrating radar
177:Technology and equipment
106:electricity distribution
1770:Subterranea (geography)
1607:"FORMS AND SAFETY TIPS"
930:sewage and drain lines
806:Storm Water / Drainage
717:Surface Marking Letter
631:sewage and drain lines
338:https://www.byda.com.au
57:more precise citations.
1700:. City of Fort Collins
1348:"Click Before You Dig"
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714:Surface Marking Color
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604:White with red frame
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1587:. Dig Safe (Ontario)
1300:"Technology Reports"
1006:Electric power lines
897:electric power lines
792:Waste Water / Sewer
324:boil-water advisory
1653:. Alberta One–Call
1276:"2021 DIRT Report"
1110:Utility repair tag
1035:Sewer or Drainage
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949:, irrigation, and
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298:Telephone hotlines
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1609:. BC One Call
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318:. Hitting a
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1702:. Retrieved
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1681:. Retrieved
1679:. 2022-01-10
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731:Electricity
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537:Silver/Gray
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381:Color-coding
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163:right-of-way
155:
146:mass transit
130:storm drains
118:fiber optics
93:
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41:
1760:Color codes
1522:27 November
1501:19 February
1472:20 February
1420:call811.com
835:Light blue
783:Light Grey
699:New Zealand
555:Light blue
479:electricity
457:uncompacted
441:fluorescent
436:color codes
391:spray paint
372:(FCC), the
350:New Zealand
203:transmitter
134:water mains
110:natural gas
55:introducing
1754:Categories
1683:2022-06-30
1657:21 October
1635:21 October
1613:21 October
1591:21 October
1450:1 February
1426:2013-07-24
1379:2017-11-10
1354:21 October
1333:2022-07-10
1309:2022-07-10
1285:2022-11-14
1261:2022-06-30
1256:dp-pro.com
1237:2022-06-30
1167:2022-07-10
1141:October 5,
1117:References
797:Dark Grey
636:Orange or
320:water main
253:Schonstedt
217:or modern
138:wastewater
38:references
1446:. Energex
922:material
920:flammable
652:White or
522:sewerage
463:Australia
334:Australia
223:clearance
63:July 2013
1496:BBC News
1400:24 April
1082:See also
720:Utility
434:Utility
316:gas leak
230:bollards
207:receiver
152:Overview
1544:25 July
1370:"Vault"
1048:Purple
1024:Yellow
1013:Orange
943:Purple
915:Yellow
904:Orange
823:Purple
772:Purple
736:Yellow
725:Orange
659:cables
620:Yellow
583:Germany
527:Purple
485:Yellow
475:Orange
397:, 2007)
389:Yellow
51:improve
1066:White
1032:Green
966:White
953:lines
951:slurry
927:Green
859:Black
769:Green
761:White
756:Water
669:Brown
628:Green
571:Black
547:Brown
519:Cream
501:White
496:water
344:Canada
251:, and
249:RIDGID
205:and a
195:cables
136:, and
40:, but
1704:9 May
1569:7 May
1563:(PDF)
1444:(PDF)
1058:Pink
1040:Blue
958:Pink
935:Blue
847:Pink
800:Pink
764:Blue
750:Blue
747:Blue
681:India
664:Grey
612:Blue
563:Pink
541:steam
493:Blue
374:8-1-1
245:Leica
191:pipes
1706:2014
1659:2014
1637:2014
1615:2014
1593:2014
1571:2014
1546:2019
1524:2021
1503:2014
1474:2022
1452:2018
1402:2017
1356:2014
1143:2013
1135:USDA
1002:Red
893:Red
811:Red
786:Red
742:Gas
647:Red
623:gas
558:air
511:Red
488:gas
260:ESRI
193:and
803:SW
789:SS
453:PVC
275:).
241:GPR
1756::
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1482:^
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20:.
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