1432:
202:
urban dwellings. The use of large central power plants providing electric heating are also less polluting than individual boilers used for winter heating in many northern households. The UHV grid will aid China's plan of electrification and decarbonization, and enable integration of renewable energy by removing the transmission bottleneck that is currently limiting expansions in wind and solar generation capacity whilst further developing the market for long-range electric vehicles in China.
2320:
2356:
2344:
2332:
1446:
131:). Experimental lines of various scales are also found in many countries. However, most of these lines are currently operating at lower voltage due to insufficient power demand or other reasons. There are fewer examples of UHVDC. Although there are plenty of ±500 kV (or below) circuits around the world, the only operative circuits above this threshold are the
201:
Implementation of the UHV grid enables the construction of newer, cleaner, more efficient power generation plants far from population centers. Older power plants along the coast will be retired. This will lower the total current amount of pollution, as well as the pollution felt by citizens within
72:
to 3,426 TWh. China's electricity consumption is expected to reach 6,800–6,900 TWh by 2018 from 4,690 TWh in 2011, with installed capacity reaching 1,463 GW from 1,056 GW in 2011, of which 342 GW is hydropower, 928 GW coal-fired, 100 GW wind, 43 GW
47:
Since 2004, electricity consumption in China has been growing at an unprecedented rate due to the rapid growth of industrial sectors. Serious supply shortage during 2005 had impacted the operation of many
Chinese companies. Since then, China has very aggressively invested in
2145:
35:(DC) electricity over long distances separating China's energy resources and consumers. Expansion of both AC and DC capacity continues in order to match generation to consumption demands while minimizing transmission losses.
80:(covering the period 2011 to 2015) provided for the development of an ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission corridor to increase the integration of renewable energy from the point of generation to its point of consumption.
39:
improvements will result from the replacement of lower efficiency generation, located near the coast, by more modern high-efficiency generation with less pollution near the energy resources.
123:
UHV transmission and a number of UHVAC circuits have already been constructed in different parts of the world. For example, 2,362 km of 1,150 kV circuits were built in the
2109:
1802:
132:
1596:
Li, Jerry (2008), Deployment of
Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformer in China, China Electric Power Yearbook 2008, p. 793–795, China Electric Power Press (In Chinese)
2382:
2295:
186:
is in the northwest, but huge loadings are in the east and south. To reduce transmission losses to a manageable level, UHV transmission is a logical choice. As the
2185:
1617:
Zhao J, Niu L (2007a), Research and
Application of UHVAC Transmission Technologies in Japan Part I, Proceedings of CSU-EPSA, Vol. 19, No. 1, p. 28–33 (In Chinese)
1626:
Zhao J, Niu L (2007b), Research and
Application of UHVAC Transmission Technologies in Japan Part II, Proceedings of CSU-EPSA, Vol. 19, No. 4, P. 1–6 (In Chinese)
1581:
1683:
Li, Jerry (2009), From Strong to Smart: the
Chinese Smart Grid and its relation with the Globe, AEPN, Article No. 0018602, Asia Energy Platform. Available at
60:
at end of 2004 to 793 GW at the end of 2008. The increment in these four years is equivalent to approximately one-third of the total capacity of the
2305:
2061:
151:
to Hoover Dam. For this purpose a short experimental powerline near Celilo
Converter Station was built, but the line to Hoover Dam was never built.
2150:
2140:
2084:
105:
1531:
1724:
1565:
2387:
2089:
2031:
1580:
Li, Jerry (2009), From Strong to Smart: the
Chinese Smart Grid and its relation with the Globe, AEPN, Article No. 0018602. Available at
1608:
Du Z (2008), Study on
Strategic Planning of Ultra High Voltage Grid Development in China, Ph.D Thesis, Shandong University (In Chinese)
2300:
2252:
2247:
1459:
178:
China's focus on UHV transmission is based on the fact that energy resources are far away from the load centers. The majority of the
1806:
1660:
101:
2114:
187:
155:
1904:
2135:
2054:
159:
147:
started in 1978 but it was never finished. In USA at the beginning of the 1970s a 1333 kV powerline was planned from
1750:
2209:
2099:
112:
89:
2242:
2277:
144:
73:
nuclear, and 40 GW natural gas. China is the country with the largest consumption of electricity as of 2011.
2181:
2176:
2119:
2324:
2047:
1979:
148:
93:
77:
166:
and ultra high voltage transmission networks to connect over 80 countries. The idea is supported by
President
2360:
2094:
1954:
1685:
2199:
2104:
2070:
1829:
1644:
2219:
2194:
128:
2257:
1554:
Cooperating for the
Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector
2224:
1641:
The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
1535:
28:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2214:
2204:
2166:
1666:
49:
2034:
1656:
1561:
2267:
1648:
179:
170:
and China in attempting to develop support in various internal forums, including UN bodies.
68:. During the same period of time, annual energy consumption has also risen from 2,197
1879:
728:
679:
534:
53:
36:
2004:
143:. In Russia, construction work on a 2400 km long bipolar ±750 kV DC line, the
1929:
592:
477:
324:
295:
237:
32:
1854:
1585:
198:
600 billion (approximately US$ 88 billion) into UHV development between now and 2020.
2376:
2348:
2262:
2171:
1451:
69:
61:
1788:
2336:
1437:
386:
1711:
444:
136:
124:
1427:
167:
163:
127:, and 427 km of 1,000 kV AC circuits have been developed in Japan (
1557:
1445:
419:
415:
390:
270:
190:
announced at the 2009 International Conference on UHV Power Transmission in
96:
side, the country has focused on expanding capacity and reducing losses by:
1670:
567:
538:
510:
473:
448:
361:
357:
299:
57:
1652:
732:
704:
654:
621:
596:
506:
502:
353:
328:
241:
191:
1751:"Column - Super-grid: China masters long-distance power transmission"
650:
563:
266:
140:
1532:"China electricity industry to reduce coal consumption rate by 2015"
2039:
1725:"China to build new hi-tech power network to help fight pollution"
625:
65:
24:
1689:
1506:
183:
135:
at 735 kV AC (since 1965, 11 422 km long in 2018) and
2043:
52:
in order to fulfil the demand from industries and hence secure
195:
866:
Weifang-Linyi-Zaozhuang-Heze-Shijiazhuang (潍坊-临沂-枣庄-菏泽-石家庄)
1481:
1507:"Homepage - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
162:, a long-term proposal to develop globally integrated
56:. Installed generation capacity has run from 443
1207:
The under-construction/In preparation UHV lines are:
1634:
1632:
2286:
2233:
2159:
2128:
2077:
1905:"China's cross-regional power transmission project"
2296:China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation
1712:http://www.sgcc.com.cn/ztzl/tgyzl/default.shtml
210:As of 2023, the operational UHV circuits are:
133:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
2055:
1710:UHV Corner, State Grid of China Corporation,
8:
1803:"Welcome to State Grid Corporation of China"
1476:
1474:
206:UHV circuits completed or under construction
17:Ultra-high-voltage electricity transmission
2062:
2048:
2040:
1209:
212:
1774:
1772:
2151:State Electricity Regulatory Commission
1470:
2383:Electric power infrastructure in China
2141:National Nuclear Safety Administration
2005:"新能源电量占一半以上！世界首条特高压柔性直流工程开工-北极星太阳能光伏网"
106:ultra-high-voltage alternating current
1547:
1545:
951:Wudongde-Guangxi-Guangdong (昆柳龙直流工程)
174:Reasons for UHV transmission in China
64:, or 1.4 times the total capacity of
7:
2090:China Beijing Environmental Exchange
1604:
1602:
1101:Nanyang-Jingmen-Changsha (南阳-荆门-长沙)
2301:China National Nuclear Corporation
2253:HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong
2248:HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou
1880:"金上—湖北特高压工程、通山抽水蓄能电站开建_滚动新闻_中国政府网"
1639:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
14:
2306:Electric power companies of China
1805:. 27 January 2020. Archived from
102:ultra-high-voltage direct current
2354:
2342:
2330:
2319:
2318:
1556:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The
1444:
1430:
2273:Ultra-high-voltage transmission
1121:Wuhan-Jingmen-Changsha (武汉-荆门)
845:Shijiazhuang–Xiong'an (石家庄-雄安)
188:State Grid Corporation of China
182:resources are in the west, and
156:State Grid Corporation of China
1855:"我国西南地区首个特高压交流工程正式开工-北极星火力发电网"
1:
2136:China Atomic Energy Authority
1980:"阿坝—成都东1000千伏特高压交流工程正式开工-新华网"
1460:Southern Hami–Zhengzhou UHVDC
160:Global Energy Interconnection
84:Transmission and distribution
1930:"哈密—重庆±800千伏特高压直流输电工程开工-新华网"
1686:"Asia Energy Platform (AEP)"
779:Shanghaimiao–Linyi (上海庙-临沂)
113:amorphous metal transformers
27:since 2009 to transmit both
21:UHV electricity transmission
2388:Electric power transmission
1142:Baihetan-Zhejiang (白鹤滩-浙江)
994:Zhumadian-Nanyang (驻马店-南阳)
111:installing high-efficiency
2404:
2146:SASAC of the State Council
1909:transformers-magazine.com/
1828:人民资讯 (22 September 2022).
1586:the author's personal page
1254:Sichuan-Chongqing (四川-重庆)
1079:Baihetan-Jiangsu (白鹤滩-江苏)
1058:Nanchang-Changsha (南昌-长沙)
973:Zhangbei-Xiong'an (张北-雄安)
887:Zhangbei-Xiong'an (张北-雄安)
757:Zhalute–Qingzhou (扎鲁特—青州)
119:UHV transmission worldwide
2314:
1955:"陕北—安徽特高压工程、岳西抽蓄电站开工-新华网"
1552:Lewis, Joanna I. (2023).
1379:Aba-Chengdu East(阿坝-成都东)
1298:Xaoping-Shandong (陇东-山东)
1164:Wuhan-Zhumadian (武汉-驻马店)
801:Dianxi-Guangdong (滇西-广东)
1729:South China Morning Post
1643:. New Haven and London:
1015:Yazhong-Jiangxi (雅中-江西)
908:Mengxi-Jinzhong (蒙西-晋中)
823:Zhundong–Wannan (准东-皖南)
149:Celilo Converter Station
139:±600 kV project in
100:deploying long-distance
2361:Renewable energy portal
1830:"武汉-南昌特高压输电线路（江西段）正式开工"
1400:Gansu-Zhejiang (甘肃-浙江)
1357:Shaanbei-Anhui (陕北-安徽)
1338:Hami-Chongqing (哈密-重庆)
1276:Jinshang-Hubei (金上-湖北)
1233:Wuhan-Nanchang (武汉-南昌)
2243:HVDC Gezhouba–Shanghai
2234:Electricity generation
2115:List of power stations
1789:"蒙西 天津南特高压交流输变电工程正式投运"
1318:Ningxia-Hunan (宁夏-湖南)
1185:Fuzhou-Xiamen (福州-厦门)
1037:Shanbei-Hubei (陕北-湖北)
929:Qinghai-Henan (青海-河南)
2278:Yunnan–Guangdong HVDC
2085:Carbon trading scheme
1645:Yale University Press
145:HVDC Ekibastuz–Centre
1984:www.sc.xinhuanet.com
194:, China will invest
129:Kita-Iwaki powerline
108:(UHVAC) transmission
1653:10.2307/jj.11589102
1538:on 19 October 2013.
29:alternating current
23:) has been used in
2287:State-owned energy
2210:Petroleum industry
2100:Electricity sector
2009:guangfu.bjx.com.cn
1809:on 27 January 2020
1225:Power rating (GW)
682:- Shengli (锡盟-胜利)
228:Power rating (GW)
50:electricity supply
2370:
2369:
1959:www.xinhuanet.com
1567:978-0-262-54482-5
1421:
1420:
1205:
1204:
2395:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2268:Three Gorges Dam
2236:and transmission
2189:
2182:Hydroelectricity
2120:Renewable energy
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1721:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1681:
1675:
1674:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1534:. Archived from
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1486:www.stats.gov.cn
1478:
1454:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1417:
1395:
1374:
1293:
1271:
1249:
1210:
1201:
1180:
1159:
1137:
1116:
1096:
1074:
1053:
1032:
1010:
989:
968:
946:
924:
903:
882:
861:
840:
818:
796:
774:
752:
723:
698:
674:
645:
616:
587:
558:
529:
497:
468:
439:
410:
381:
348:
319:
290:
261:
213:
76:China's Twelfth
2403:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2310:
2288:
2282:
2258:HVDC Tian–Guang
2235:
2229:
2187:
2155:
2124:
2110:Energy security
2073:
2071:Energy in China
2068:
2028:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1859:news.bjx.com.cn
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1692:on 24 July 2011
1684:
1682:
1678:
1663:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1450:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1393:
1372:
1291:
1269:
1247:
1213:Name (Chinese)
1199:
1178:
1157:
1135:
1114:
1094:
1072:
1051:
1030:
1008:
987:
966:
944:
922:
901:
880:
859:
838:
816:
794:
772:
750:
729:Xilingol League
721:
696:
680:Xilingol League
672:
643:
614:
585:
556:
535:Xilingol League
527:
495:
466:
437:
408:
379:
346:
317:
288:
259:
231:Year Completed
216:Name (Chinese)
208:
176:
121:
86:
54:economic growth
45:
37:Decarbonization
12:
11:
5:
2401:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2188:power stations
2186:Hydroelectric
2179:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2095:Climate change
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:Grid map, 2001
2027:
2026:External links
2024:
2022:
2021:
1996:
1971:
1946:
1921:
1896:
1871:
1846:
1820:
1794:
1780:
1768:
1757:. 19 June 2014
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1299:
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1277:
1273:
1272:
1270:September 2022
1267:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1248:September 2022
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1065:
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1059:
1055:
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1038:
1034:
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1028:
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1022:
1019:
1016:
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1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
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991:
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593:Inner Mongolia
589:
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586:September 2016
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481:
470:
469:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
451:West (溪洛渡-浙西)
441:
440:
435:
432:
429:
426:
423:
412:
411:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
383:
382:
380:September 2013
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
350:
349:
344:
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335:
332:
321:
320:
315:
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292:
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286:
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120:
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85:
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78:Five-Year Plan
44:
41:
33:direct current
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2400:
2389:
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2349:Energy portal
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2291:
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2279:
2276:
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2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:HVDC Zhoushan
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2223:
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2218:
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2208:
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2203:
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2105:Energy policy
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2101:
2098:
2096:
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2091:
2088:
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2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1897:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1860:
1856:
1850:
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1824:
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1798:
1795:
1790:
1784:
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1775:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1731:. 14 May 2014
1730:
1726:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1707:
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1662:9780300266900
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1452:Energy portal
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1297:
1296:
1292:February 2023
1290:
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1259:
1256:
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1246:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:Year started
1227:
1224:
1221:
1219:Voltage (kV)
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1200:December 2023
1198:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1179:November 2023
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1158:December 2022
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:December 2022
1134:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
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1090:
1087:
1084:
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1078:
1077:
1073:December 2021
1071:
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1060:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:December 2020
1007:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:December 2020
986:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
967:December 2020
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
945:December 2020
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
921:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
906:
900:
898:
895:
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885:
879:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
864:
858:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
839:December 2018
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
821:
817:December 2017
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
799:
795:December 2017
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
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773:December 2017
771:
768:
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762:
759:
756:
755:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
727:
726:
720:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
702:
701:
695:
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690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
677:
671:
668:
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662:
659:
656:
652:
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648:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
623:
620:
619:
615:December 2016
613:
610:
607:
604:
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528:November 2016
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496:December 2014
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347:December 2012
345:
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268:
265:
264:
258:
255:
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249:
246:
243:
239:
235:
234:
230:
227:
224:
222:Voltage (kV)
221:
218:
215:
214:
211:
205:
203:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
158:proposed the
157:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
114:
110:
107:
103:
99:
98:
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95:
91:
83:
81:
79:
74:
71:
67:
63:
62:United States
59:
55:
51:
42:
40:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
2359:
2347:
2337:China portal
2335:
2323:
2272:
2012:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:
1874:
1862:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1839:23 September
1837:. Retrieved
1833:
1823:
1811:. Retrieved
1807:the original
1797:
1783:
1778:Reference 11
1759:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1728:
1719:
1714:(In Chinese)
1706:
1696:29 September
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1679:
1640:
1622:
1613:
1592:
1582:Researchgate
1576:
1553:
1536:the original
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1438:China portal
1352:August 2023
1222:Length (km)
1206:
1115:October 2022
923:October 2020
881:January 2020
751:October 2017
438:January 2014
260:January 2009
244:(晋东南-南阳-荆门)
225:Length (km)
209:
200:
177:
153:
122:
104:(UHVDC) and
94:distribution
90:transmission
87:
75:
46:
20:
16:
15:
2195:Natural gas
1934:www.news.cn
1889:16 February
1671:jj.11589102
1511:www.eia.gov
1313:March 2023
1052:August 2021
902:August 2020
722:August 2017
697:August 2017
513:(淮南-南京-上海)
364:(淮南-浙北-上海)
327:– Southern
236:Jindongnan–
164:smart grids
125:former USSR
2377:Categories
2177:Geothermal
1884:www.gov.cn
1466:References
1373:March 2024
1333:June 2023
296:Xiangjiaba
180:hydropower
168:Xi Jinping
43:Background
2289:companies
2215:Shale gas
2205:Oil shale
2167:Bioenergy
1864:1 October
1834:k.sina.cn
1558:MIT Press
1416:July 2024
1394:July 2024
1095:July 2022
1031:June 2021
860:June 2019
673:July 2017
644:June 2017
599:(蒙西-天津南)
557:July 2016
467:July 2014
420:Zhengzhou
393:(糯扎渡-广东)
391:Guangdong
318:July 2010
302:(向家坝-上海)
289:June 2010
271:Guangdong
154:In 2015,
31:(AC) and
2325:Category
2129:Agencies
2032:Grid map
1964:16 March
1939:15 March
1424:See also
1388:2x371.7
1242:2x456.6
982:2×319.9
896:2×319.9
875:2×823.6
854:2×222.6
735:(锡盟-江苏)
707:(榆横-潍坊)
691:2x236.8
657:(晋北-江苏)
628:(酒泉-湖南)
570:(灵州-绍兴)
568:Shaoxing
564:Lingzhou
541:(锡盟-山东)
539:Shandong
511:Shanghai
480:(浙北-福州)
476:North -
474:Zhejiang
449:Zhejiang
422:(哈密-郑州)
409:May 2015
362:Shanghai
358:Zhejiang
331:(锦屏-苏南)
300:Shanghai
273:(云南-广东)
2200:Nuclear
2184: (
2160:Sources
2014:29 July
1989:29 July
1755:Reuters
1482:"国家统计局"
733:Jiangsu
716:2×1050
705:Weifang
703:Yuheng–
655:Jiangsu
622:Jiuquan
597:Tianjin
595:West -
507:Nanjing
503:Huainan
445:Xiluodu
387:Nuozadu
354:Huainan
329:Jiangsu
325:Jinping
242:Jingmen
238:Nanyang
192:Beijing
88:On the
2078:Topics
1914:2 June
1813:10 May
1761:10 May
1735:10 May
1669:
1659:
1564:
1516:10 May
1491:10 May
1263:2x658
1194:2x238
1173:2x287
1130:2x233
1067:2×341
1003:186.6
917:2x304
829:±1100
653:North–
651:Shanxi
608:2×608
550:2×730
522:2×780
489:2×603
478:Fuzhou
373:2×649
360:North–
267:Yunnan
141:Brazil
137:Itaipu
2220:Solar
1667:JSTOR
1409:2370
1406:±800
1403:HVDC
1385:1000
1366:1069
1363:±800
1360:HVDC
1347:2290
1344:±800
1341:HVDC
1327:1634
1324:±800
1321:HVDC
1304:±800
1301:HVDC
1285:1901
1282:±800
1279:HVDC
1260:1000
1239:1000
1216:Type
1191:1000
1170:1000
1151:2193
1148:±800
1145:HVDC
1127:1000
1107:1000
1088:2087
1085:±800
1082:HVDC
1064:1000
1046:1127
1043:±800
1040:HVDC
1024:1711
1021:±800
1018:HVDC
1000:1000
979:1000
960:1489
957:±800
954:HVDC
938:1587
935:±800
932:HVDC
914:1000
893:1000
872:1000
851:1000
832:3293
826:HVDC
810:1959
807:±800
804:HVDC
788:1238
785:±800
782:HVDC
766:1234
763:±800
760:HVDC
744:1620
741:±800
738:HVDC
713:1000
688:1000
666:1119
663:±800
660:HVDC
637:2383
634:±800
631:HVDC
626:Hunan
605:1000
579:1720
576:±800
573:HVDC
547:1000
519:1000
486:1000
460:1680
457:±800
454:HVDC
431:2210
428:±800
425:HVDC
402:1413
399:±800
396:HVDC
370:1000
340:2059
337:±800
334:HVDC
311:1907
308:±800
305:HVDC
282:1438
279:±800
276:HVDC
250:1000
219:Type
66:Japan
25:China
2225:Wind
2172:Coal
2016:2024
1991:2024
1966:2024
1941:2024
1916:2024
1891:2023
1866:2022
1841:2022
1815:2023
1763:2023
1737:2023
1698:2009
1657:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1518:2023
1493:2023
1307:926
1091:8.0
492:6.8
416:Hami
376:8.0
343:7.2
314:6.4
256:5.0
253:654
184:coal
92:and
1649:doi
1584:or
1382:AC
1266:24
1257:AC
1236:AC
1188:AC
1167:AC
1124:AC
1104:AC
1061:AC
997:AC
976:AC
911:AC
890:AC
869:AC
848:AC
835:12
791:10
769:10
747:10
710:AC
685:AC
602:AC
544:AC
516:AC
483:AC
367:AC
247:AC
196:RMB
70:TWh
2379::
2007:.
1982:.
1957:.
1932:.
1907:.
1882:.
1857:.
1832:.
1771:^
1753:.
1727:.
1665:.
1655:.
1647:.
1631:^
1601:^
1560:.
1544:^
1509:.
1484:.
1473:^
1412:8
1369:8
1330:8
1310:8
1288:8
1154:8
1027:8
963:8
941:8
813:5
669:8
640:8
611:5
582:8
566:-
553:9
537:-
463:8
447:-
434:8
418:–
405:5
389:-
285:5
269:-
58:GW
2191:)
2063:e
2056:t
2049:v
2018:.
1993:.
1968:.
1943:.
1918:.
1893:.
1868:.
1843:.
1817:.
1791:.
1765:.
1739:.
1700:.
1673:.
1651::
1570:.
1520:.
1495:.
731:–
624:–
509:–
505:–
356:–
298:–
240:–
19:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.