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the process of increasing societal productivity. It is possible for a society to have Pareto efficiency while also have high levels of inequality. Consider the following scenario: there is a pie and three persons; the most equitable way would be to divide the pie into three equal portions. However, if the pie is divided in half and shared between two people, it is considered Pareto efficient – meaning that the third person does not lose out (despite the fact that he does not receive a piece of the pie). When making judgments, it is critical to consider a variety of aspects, including social efficiency, overall welfare, and issues such as diminishing marginal value.
3672:
market failure, it is a circumstance in which the conclusion of the first fundamental theorem of welfare is erroneous; that is, when the allocations made through markets are not efficient. In a free market, market failure is defined as an inefficient allocation of resources. Due to the fact that it is feasible to improve, market failure implies Pareto inefficiency. For example, excessive consumption of depreciating items (drugs/tobacco) results in external costs to non-smokers, as well as premature death for smokers who do not quit. An increase in the price of cigarettes could motivate people to quit smoking while also raising funds for the treatment of smoking-related ailments.
53:
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4523:"The main difficulty is that, in contrast to the single-objective case where there is a total order relation between solutions, Pareto dominance is a partial order, which leads to solutions (and solution sets) being incomparable" Li, M., López-Ibáñez, M., & Yao, X. (Accepted/In press). Multi-Objective Archiving. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.
4022:
Therefore, the significance of the two welfare theorems of economics is in their ability to generate a framework that has dominated neoclassical thinking about public policy. That framework is that the welfare economics theorems allow the political economy to be studied in the following two situations: "market failure" and "the problem of redistribution".
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equitable, because none of the recipients could be made better off without decreasing someone else's share; and there are many other such distribution examples. An example of a Pareto-inefficient distribution of the pie would be allocation of a quarter of the pie to each of the three, with the remainder discarded.
996:. Each option is first assessed, under multiple criteria, and then a subset of options is identified with the property that no other option can categorically outperform the specified option. It is a statement of impossibility of improving one variable without harming other variables in the subject of
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Analysis of "the problem with redistribution" deals with the observed political question of how income or commodity taxes should be utilized. The theorem tells us that no taxation is Pareto-efficient and that taxation with redistribution is Pareto-inefficient. Because of this, most of the literature
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An example is of a setting where individuals have private information (for example, a labor market where the worker's own productivity is known to the worker but not to a potential employer, or a used-car market where the quality of a car is known to the seller but not to the buyer) which results in
3330:
is a weakening of Pareto optimality, accounting for the fact that a potential planner (e.g., the government) may not be able to improve upon a decentralized market outcome, even if that outcome is inefficient. This will occur if it is limited by the same informational or institutional constraints as
1051:
Formally, a state is Pareto-optimal if there is no alternative state where at least one participant's well-being is higher, and nobody else's well-being is lower. If there is a state change that satisfies this condition, the new state is called a "Pareto improvement". When no Pareto improvements are
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can be Pareto-efficient. A simple example is the distribution of a pie among three people. The most equitable distribution would assign one third to each person. However, the assignment of, say, a half section to each of two individuals and none to the third is also Pareto-optimal despite not being
3662:
Although an outcome may be a Pareto improvement, this does not imply that the outcome is equitable. It is possible that inequality persists even after a Pareto improvement. Despite the fact that it is frequently used in conjunction with the idea of Pareto optimality, the term "efficiency" refers to
1848:
A society may be Pareto efficient but have significant levels of inequality. The most equitable course of action would be to split the pie into three equal portions if there were three persons and a pie. The third person does not lose out (even if he does not partake in the pie), hence splitting it
4021:
However, because the Pareto-efficient outcome is difficult to assess in the real world when issues including asymmetric information, signalling, adverse selection, and moral hazard are introduced, most people do not take the theorems of welfare economics as accurate descriptions of the real world.
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Some commentators contest that Pareto efficiency could potentially serve as an ideological tool. With it implying that capitalism is self-regulated thereof, it is likely that the embedded structural problems such as unemployment would be treated as deviating from the equilibrium or norm, and thus
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In order to fully understand market failure, one must first comprehend market success, which is defined as the ability of a set of idealized competitive markets to achieve an equilibrium allocation of resources that is Pareto-optimal in terms of resource allocation. According to the definition of
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Any strong Pareto improvement is also a weak Pareto improvement. The opposite is not true; for example, consider a resource allocation problem with two resources, which Alice values at {10, 0}, and George values at {5, 5}. Consider the allocation giving all resources to Alice, where the
1055:
In other words, Pareto efficiency is when it is impossible to make one party better off without making another party worse off. This state indicates that resources can no longer be allocated in a way that makes one party better off without harming other parties. In a state of Pareto
Efficiency,
4025:
Analysis of "market failure" can be understood by the literature surrounding externalities. When comparing the "real" economy to the complete contingent markets economy (which is considered efficient), the inefficiencies become clear. These inefficiencies, or externalities, are then able to be
4005:
Modern microeconomic theory has drawn heavily upon the concept of Pareto efficiency for inspiration. Pareto and his successors have tended to describe this technical definition of optimal resource allocation in the context of it being an equilibrium that can theoretically be achieved within an
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concept, which is a matter of interpretation that typically would account for the consequence of degrees of inequality of distribution. An example would be the interpretation of one school district with low property tax revenue versus another with much higher revenue as a sign that more equal
3343:
and a sub-optimal outcome. In such a case, a planner who wishes to improve the situation is unlikely to have access to any information that the participants in the markets do not have. Hence, the planner cannot implement allocation rules which are based on the idiosyncratic characteristics of
1844:
A Pareto improvement may be seen, but this does not always imply that the result is desirable or equitable. After a Pareto improvement, inequality could still exist. However, it does imply that any change will violate the "do no harm" principle, because at least one person will be worse off.
1760:. Here, in this simple economy, "feasibility" refers to an allocation where the total amount of each good that is allocated sums to no more than the total amount of the good in the economy. In a more complex economy with production, an allocation would consist both of consumption
3513:
The opposite is not true: ex-ante PE is stronger that ex-post PE. For example, suppose there are two objects – a car and a house. Alice values the car at 2 and the house at 3; George values the car at 2 and the house at 9. Consider the following two lotteries:
1852:
On a frontier of production possibilities, Pareto efficiency will happen. It is impossible to raise the output of products without decreasing the output of services when an economy is functioning on a basic production potential frontier, such as at point A, B, or C.
3414:
As an example, consider an item allocation problem with two items, which Alice values at {3, 2} and George values at {4, 1}. Consider the allocation giving the first item to Alice and the second to George, where the utility profile is (3, 1):
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However, it is not fractionally Pareto-efficient, since it is Pareto-dominated by the allocation giving to Alice 1/2 of the first item and the whole second item, and the other 1/2 of the first item to George – its utility profile is
4891:
Moore, J. H., Hill, D. P., Sulovari, A., & Kidd, L. C., "Genetic
Analysis of Prostate Cancer Using Computational Evolution, Pareto-Optimization and Post-processing", in R. Riolo, E. Vladislavleva, M. D. Ritchie, & J. H. Moore (eds.),
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acts to push highly expressed genes towards the Pareto frontier for resource use and translational efficiency. Genes near the Pareto frontier were also shown to evolve more slowly (indicating that they are providing a selective advantage).
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formalizes the idea of an outcome being "better in every possible way". A change is called a Pareto improvement if it leaves everyone in a society better-off (or at least as well-off as they were before). A situation is called
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is defined as a situation in which all agents are strictly better-off (in contrast to just "Pareto improvement", which requires that one agent is strictly better-off and the other agents are at least as good). A situation is
3310:
But it is not a strong PO, since the allocation in which George gets the second resource is strictly better for George and weakly better for Alice (it is a weak Pareto improvement) – its utility profile is
985:: a set of outputs of goods is Pareto-efficient if there is no feasible re-allocation of productive inputs such that output of one product increases while the outputs of all other goods either increase or remain the same.
3410:
if it is not Pareto-dominated even by an allocation in which some items are split between agents. This is in contrast to standard Pareto efficiency, which only considers domination by feasible (discrete) allocations.
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3385:, then they get a subsidy of ten dollars, and nothing otherwise". If there exists no allowed rule that can successfully improve upon the market outcome, then that outcome is said to be "constrained Pareto-optimal".
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is focused on finding solutions where given there is a tax structure, how can the tax structure prescribe a situation where no person could be made better off by a change in available taxes.
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if all possible Pareto improvements have already been made; in other words, there are no longer any ways left to make one person better-off, without making some other person worse-off.
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1039:: Pareto's concept more closely aligns with an idea of "efficiency", because it does not identify a single "best" (optimal) outcome. Instead, it only identifies a set of outcomes that
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professor Ben
Lockwood argues, one possible reason is that any other efficiency criteria established in the neoclassical domain will reduce to Pareto efficiency at the end.
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Pareto efficiency does not require a totally equitable distribution of wealth, which is another aspect that draws in criticism. An economy in which a wealthy few hold the
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Ledyard, J. O. (1989). Market
Failure. In: Eatwell, J., Milgate, M., Newman, P. (eds.) Allocation, Information and Markets. The New Palgrave. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
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is an adaptation of Pareto efficiency to settings in which players report only rankings on individual items, and we do not know for sure how they rank entire bundles.
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and production vectors, and feasibility would require that the total amount of each consumed good is no greater than the initial endowment plus the amount produced.
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Paulsen, M. B., "The
Economics of the Public Sector: The Nature and Role of Public Policy in the Finance of Higher Education", in M. B. Paulsen, J. C. Smart (eds.)
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shows that when people have preferences about what other people do, the goal of Pareto efficiency can come into conflict with the goal of individual liberty.
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For instance, excessive use of negative commodities (such as drugs and cigarettes) results in expenses to non-smokers as well as early mortality for smokers.
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A special case of a state is an allocation of resources. The formal presentation of the concept in an economy is the following: Consider an economy with
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is essentially the reverse of the first welfare theorem. It states that under similar, ideal assumptions, any Pareto optimum can be obtained by some
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3993:) is the set of choices that are Pareto-efficient. By restricting attention to the set of choices that are Pareto-efficient, a designer can make
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Emmerich, M.T.M., Deutz, A.H. A tutorial on multiobjective optimization: fundamentals and evolutionary methods. Nat Comput 17, 585–609 (2018).
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With probability 1, give car to Alice, then with probability 1/3 give the house to Alice, otherwise give it to George. The expected utility is
3526:
for George. Both allocations are ex-post PE, since the one who got the car cannot be made better-off without harming the one who got the house.
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With probability 1/2, give car to Alice and house to George; otherwise, give car to George and house to Alice. The expected utility is
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utilities. That is: no other lottery gives a higher expected utility to one agent and at least as high expected utility to all agents.
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is an adaptation of Pareto efficiency to settings in which players have incomplete information regarding the types of other players.
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is Pareto-efficient: since all weights are positive, any Pareto improvement would increase the sum, contradicting the definition of
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with probability 1/3 each is not ex-ante PE, since it gives an expected utility of 1/3 to each voter, while the lottery selecting
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Nicola. (2013). Efficiency and Equity in
Welfare Economics (1st ed. 2013). Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer.
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Lastly, it is proposed that Pareto efficiency to some extent inhibited discussion of other possible criteria of efficiency. As
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While both lotteries are ex-post PE, the lottery 1 is not ex-ante PE, since it is Pareto-dominated by lottery 2.
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1783:. However, the result only holds under the assumptions of the theorem: markets exist for all possible goods, there are no
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2051:. In this case, various solutions can be "incomparable" as there is no total order relation to facilitate the comparison
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It is a weak PO, since no other allocation is strictly better to both agents (there are no strong Pareto improvements).
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The notion of Pareto efficiency has been used in engineering. Given a set of choices and a way of valuing them, the
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Efficiency is an important criterion for judging behavior in a game. In a notable and often analyzed game known as
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In the absence of perfect information or complete markets, outcomes will generally be Pareto-inefficient, per the
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if no other outcome gives all agents at least the same utility, and one agent a utility at least (1 +
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It is Pareto-efficient, since any other discrete allocation (without splitting items) makes someone worse-off.
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4388:; Whinston, Michael D.; Green, Jerry R. (1995), "Chapter 16: Equilibrium and its Basic Welfare Properties",
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It would be incorrect to treat Pareto efficiency as equivalent to societal optimization, as the latter is a
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4928:"Selection-driven cost-efficiency optimization of transcripts modulates gene evolutionary rate in bacteria"
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https://global.oup.com/academic/product/manual-of-political-economy-9780199607952?cc=ca&lang=en&
4752:
Negishi, Takashi (1960). "Welfare
Economics and Existence of an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy".
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may help individuals stop smoking while also raising money to address ailments brought on by smoking.
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Besides economics, the notion of Pareto efficiency has also been applied to selecting alternatives in
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abstract model of market competition. It has therefore very often been treated as a corroboration of
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leads to a Pareto-efficient outcome. This result was first demonstrated mathematically by economists
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Sandomirskiy, Fedor; Segal-Halevi, Erel (2022). "Efficient Fair
Division with Minimal Sharing".
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Bendor, Jonathan; Mookherjee, Dilip (April 2008). "Communitarian versus
Universalistic norms".
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Ex-post Pareto efficiency means that any outcome of the random process is Pareto-efficient.
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1829:. Given that there is room for improvement, market failure implies Pareto inefficiency.
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Pareto efficiency is mathematically represented when there is no other strategy profile
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3600:. All five outcomes are PE, so every lottery is ex-post PE. But the lottery selecting
2463:{\displaystyle \exists j\in {1,\dots m}:{\vec {y}}_{j}^{(1)}<{\vec {y}}_{j}^{(2)}.}
2354:{\displaystyle \forall i\in {1,\dots m}:{\vec {y}}_{i}^{(1)}\leq {\vec {y}}_{i}^{(2)}}
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Pareto originally used the word "optimal" for the concept, but this is somewhat of a
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643:
633:
603:
593:
498:
401:
4042:
were shown to be either inexpensive to make (resource-efficient) or easier to read (
7784:
7725:
7313:
7308:
7163:
6738:
6301:
6246:
6141:
6131:
6126:
6051:
5896:
5421:
5349:
5174:
4283:
4167:
3981:
3370:). Essentially, only anonymous rules are allowed (of the sort "Everyone pays price
3336:
1761:
884:
798:
743:
638:
628:
623:
548:
96:
17:
4584:
4560:
4258:
1269:
is not Pareto-efficient. Furthermore, neither of the remaining strategy profiles,
5178:
4739:
4390:
3695:) higher. This captures the notion that improvements smaller than (1 +
8167:
7930:
7869:
7789:
7685:
7430:
7233:
7228:
7208:
7004:
6989:
6798:
6768:
6703:
6693:
6523:
6458:
6434:
6276:
6266:
6056:
5935:
5879:
5354:
5151:
5093:
4585:
Why economic theory has little to say about the causes and effects of inequality
4089:
4038:
Pareto optimisation has also been studied in biological processes. In bacteria,
2022:
1810:
1784:
989:
773:
763:
553:
188:
4423:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1849:
in half and giving it to two individuals would be considered Pareto efficient.
7940:
7876:
7560:
7059:
6713:
6186:
5986:
5763:
4978:
4824:
4704:
4485:"Externalities in economies with imperfect information and incomplete markets"
4007:
3968:
683:
483:
4712:
8177:
8172:
6964:
6884:
6708:
6036:
5966:
5413:
5331:
5323:
5103:
4953:
4849:
4539:
4060:
3997:
within this set, rather than considering the full range of every parameter.
3994:
1118:, this concept of efficiency can be observed, in that the strategy profile (
1021:
533:
464:
44:
4662:
4627:
EC '18: Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Conference on Economics and Computation
4462:
5226:
Mathur, Vijay K. (Spring 1991). "How well do we know Pareto optimality?".
4435:
3620:
with probability 1/2 each gives an expected utility of 1/2 to each voter.
2762:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}_{1})\prec {\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}_{2})}
867:
7997:
7399:
6899:
5815:
5143:
4853:
4224:
4026:
addressed by mechanisms, including property rights and corrective taxes.
2770:
1814:
1036:
6402:
5075:
Pareto, V (1906). Manual of Political Economy. Oxford University Press.
4801:
7859:
7120:
7110:
6788:
5285:
5247:
5021:
Farm to Fingers: The Culture and Politics of Food in Contemporary India
5004:
The Finance of Higher Education: Theory, Research, Policy, and Practice
4524:
4510:
3944:
proved that, under certain assumptions, the opposite is also true: for
993:
959:) prefers A to B, society as a whole also non-strictly prefers A to B.
3699:) are negligible and should not be considered a breach of efficiency.
1825:
An ineffective distribution of resources in a free market is known as
8147:
4820:
4444:
2131:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}({\vec {x}}^{*})\geq {\vec {f}}({\vec {x}})}
7604:
5277:
5239:
4501:
4484:
4653:
4622:
7476:
6889:
3845:
be an allocation that maximizes the welfare over all allocations:
3463:
determined by the process is Pareto-efficient with respect to the
3056:
2919:
1787:, markets are perfectly competitive, and market participants have
4779:
Varian, Hal R. (1976). "Two problems in the theory of fairness".
4684:
Bogomolnaia, Anna; Moulin, Hervé; Stong, Richard (June 1, 2005).
3374:") or rules based on observable behavior; "if any person chooses
973:, the concept of Pareto efficiency also arises in the context of
4817:
Introduction to Optimization Analysis in Hydrosystem Engineering
4064:
distribution occurs with the help of government redistribution.
4039:
7608:
7480:
6406:
5296:
2644:
in any goal but is better (since smaller) in at least one goal
2910:{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{1}\prec _{\vec {f}}{\vec {x}}_{2}}
5292:
1056:
resources are allocated in the most efficient way possible.
4014:" notion. More specifically, it motivated the debate over "
3402:
is a strengthening of Pareto efficiency in the context of
1914:) exist, combined into a vector-valued objective function
5183:. Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
3828:{\displaystyle W_{a}(x):=\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}u_{i}(x).}
3212:
in the Pareto order (which seeks to minimize the goals
2999:
in the Pareto order (which seeks to minimize the goals
2533:{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}^{(1)}\prec {\vec {y}}^{(2)}}
5209:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 6–7,
3854:
3749:
3245:
3218:
3180:
3142:
3104:
3066:
3032:
3005:
2967:
2929:
2851:
2815:
2779:
2681:
2650:
2608:
2566:
2546:
2476:
2367:
2261:
2204:
2147:
2057:
2031:
2021:
becomes challenging. This is due to the absence of a
1991:
1920:
1894:
1867:
1746:
1671:
1627:
1552:
1532:
1505:
1447:
1397:
1345:
1325:
1305:
4815:
Goodarzi, E., Ziaei, M., & Hosseinipour, E. Z.,
4591:, Australia, 21 February 2013, RePEc:qld:uq2004:476.
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
3283:
is a situation that cannot be strictly improved for
2248:{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}^{(2)}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
2191:{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}^{(1)}\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}}
8186:
8140:
8044:
8011:
7958:
7923:
7890:
7817:
7808:
7659:
7584:
7545:
7514:
7408:
7367:
7149:
7093:
6875:
6777:
6684:
6542:
6441:
6322:
5964:
5698:
5447:
5412:
5330:
4844:Jahan, A., Edwards, K. L., & Bahraminasab, M.,
4621:Barman, S., Krishnamurthy, S. K., & Vaish, R.,
4290:, 5th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017),
3537:
for George. Again, both allocations are ex-post PE.
5180:Welfare economics towards a more complete analysis
4389:
3908:
3827:
3736:as the weighted sum of utilities of all agents in
3344:individuals; for example, "if a person is of type
3258:
3231:
3204:
3166:
3128:
3090:
3045:
3018:
2991:
2953:
2909:
2837:
2801:
2761:
2656:
2636:
2594:
2552:
2532:
2462:
2353:
2247:
2190:
2130:
2043:
2013:
1978:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}=(f_{1},\dots f_{n})^{T}}
1977:
1906:
1880:
1752:
1732:
1657:
1613:
1538:
1518:
1491:
1425:
1383:
1331:
1311:
4686:"Collective choice under dichotomous preferences"
4551:Mock, William B. T. (2011). "Pareto Optimality".
5201:; Osborne, Martin J. (1994), "Introduction", in
3909:{\displaystyle x_{a}\in \arg \max _{x}W_{a}(x).}
3875:
3432:When the decision process is random, such as in
5040:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006),
5023:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018),
4534:
4532:
2141:Consider a vector-valued minimization problem:
1043:be considered optimal, by at least one person.
4950:Essays on Economic Decisions Under Uncertainty
1614:{\displaystyle u_{i}(x_{i}')\geq u_{i}(x_{i})}
7620:
7492:
6418:
5308:
4380:
4378:
3491:. Then, by moving some probability mass from
1733:{\displaystyle u_{i}(x_{i}')>u_{i}(x_{i})}
966:consists of all Pareto-efficient situations.
904:
8:
8077:Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives
5038:Economic Foundations of Law and Organization
4315:(2nd ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
4160:, when a market result is not Pareto-optimal
3572:and 6 voters. The voters' approval sets are
1652:
1634:
1486:
1448:
1378:
1346:
969:In addition to the context of efficiency in
4870:
4868:
4866:
3479:: suppose that one of the ex-post outcomes
3475:is ex-ante PE, then it is also ex-post PE.
1052:possible, the state is a "Pareto optimum".
947:, the same concept is sometimes called the
7814:
7627:
7613:
7605:
7499:
7485:
7477:
6425:
6411:
6403:
5315:
5301:
5293:
5163:Journal of Social and Economic Development
4419:"Valuation Equilibrium and Pareto Optimum"
3703:Pareto-efficiency and welfare-maximization
3487:is Pareto-dominated by some other outcome
3408:fractionally Pareto-efficient (fPE or fPO)
911:
897:
31:
5262:(January 1984). "Pareto inferior trade".
4894:Genetic Programming Theory and Practice X
4800:
4652:
4583:Markey‐Towler, Brendan and John Foster. "
4540:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11047-018-9685-y
4500:
4452:
4434:
4371:(3rd ed.). W. W. Norton and Company.
4128:Fundamental theorems of welfare economics
3888:
3878:
3859:
3853:
3807:
3797:
3787:
3776:
3754:
3748:
3459:Ex-ante Pareto efficiency means that the
3299:if it has no strong Pareto improvements.
3250:
3244:
3223:
3217:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3037:
3031:
3010:
3004:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2901:
2890:
2889:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2829:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2750:
2739:
2738:
2723:
2722:
2710:
2699:
2698:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2649:
2622:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2580:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2545:
2518:
2507:
2506:
2490:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2445:
2440:
2429:
2428:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2395:
2377:
2366:
2339:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2306:
2301:
2290:
2289:
2271:
2260:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2098:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2030:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1969:
1959:
1943:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1893:
1872:
1866:
1745:
1721:
1708:
1689:
1676:
1670:
1626:
1602:
1589:
1570:
1557:
1551:
1531:
1510:
1504:
1477:
1455:
1446:
1441:if there is no other feasible allocation
1426:{\displaystyle x_{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{k}}
1417:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1396:
1372:
1353:
1344:
1324:
1304:
1024:, who used the concept in his studies of
4975:The Elgar Companion to Law and Economics
4880:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
4623:"Finding Fair and Efficient Allocations"
4369:Strategy: An Introduction to Game Theory
4313:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics
3406:. An allocation of indivisible items is
1492:{\displaystyle \{x_{1}',\dots ,x_{n}'\}}
1136:
8072:Independence of irrelevant alternatives
7850:Sequential proportional approval voting
4216:
3919:It is easy to show that the allocation
2138:. Only the Pareto order is applicable:
1813:system, although it may also require a
1103:represents the utility or benefit, and
43:
5131:Quarterly Journal of Political Science
4911:Introduction to Evolutionary Computing
1985:, generally, finding a unique optimum
1384:{\displaystyle \{x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}\}}
27:Weakly optimal allocation of resources
4913:(Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2003),
4896:(Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, 2013),
2560:is the Pareto order. This means that
1296:, every outcome is Pareto-efficient.
7:
4525:https://arxiv.org/pdf/2303.09685.pdf
4362:
4360:
4334:
4332:
3667:Pareto efficiency and market failure
1821:Pareto efficiency and market failure
7882:Indirect single transferable voting
5392:Agent-based computational economics
4194:Social Choice and Individual Values
4188:Pareto-efficient envy-free division
3709:Pareto-efficient envy-free division
1658:{\displaystyle i\in \{1,\dots ,n\}}
6474:First-player and second-player win
4909:Eiben, A. E., & Smith, J. E.,
4766:10.1111/j.1467-999X.1960.tb00275.x
2368:
2262:
25:
5228:The Journal of Economic Education
5006:(New York: Agathon Press, 2001),
4197:for the "(weak) Pareto principle"
3967:. A shorter proof is provided by
3952:, there exists a positive vector
3319:to get to a weak Pareto optimum.
3303:utility profile is (10, 0):
2809:Pareto dominates the alternative
2672:(neither non-strict nor strict).
1137:
1099:represents the strategy profile,
6581:Coalition-proof Nash equilibrium
5850:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
4926:Seward, E. A., & Kelly, S.,
4878:. In: Palgrave Macmillan (eds.)
4846:Multi-criteria Decision Analysis
3548:. There are 5 possible outcomes
3444:, there is a difference between
2637:{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}^{(2)}}
2595:{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}^{(1)}}
1221:Using the definition above, let
878:
866:
51:
7524:The Rise and Fall of the Elites
2773:in the search space and we say
2664:. The Pareto order is a strict
1277:, is a Pareto improvement over
153:Concepts, theory and techniques
7993:Mixed ballot transferable vote
6591:Evolutionarily stable strategy
5265:The Review of Economic Studies
4553:Encyclopedia of Global Justice
4489:Quarterly Journal of Economics
3900:
3894:
3819:
3813:
3766:
3760:
3717:is assigned a positive weight
3506:that ex-ante Pareto-dominates
3499:, one attains another lottery
3323:Constrained Pareto efficiency
3199:
3193:
3187:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3085:
3079:
3073:
2986:
2980:
2974:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2895:
2881:
2859:
2838:{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{2}}
2823:
2802:{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}_{1}}
2787:
2756:
2744:
2734:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2694:
2688:
2629:
2623:
2616:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2484:
2452:
2446:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2401:
2346:
2340:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2295:
2225:
2219:
2212:
2168:
2162:
2155:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2070:
2064:
2014:{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}^{*}}
1999:
1966:
1936:
1927:
1727:
1714:
1698:
1682:
1608:
1595:
1579:
1563:
1:
6519:Simultaneous action selection
5786:Critique of political economy
5205:; Osborne, Martin J. (eds.),
4882:. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
4561:10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5_341
4118:Arrow's impossibility theorem
3684:> 0, an outcome is called
3676:Approximate Pareto efficiency
3328:Constrained Pareto efficiency
3205:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}(x)}
3167:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}(y)}
3129:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}(y)}
3091:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}(x)}
2992:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}(y)}
2954:{\displaystyle {\vec {f}}(x)}
1767:Under the assumptions of the
1261:is a Pareto improvement over
8194:Comparison of voting systems
8036:Satisfaction approval voting
8021:Single non-transferable vote
7840:Proportional approval voting
7451:List of games in game theory
6631:Quantal response equilibrium
6621:Perfect Bayesian equilibrium
6556:Bayes correlated equilibrium
5102:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
4793:10.1016/0047-2727(76)90018-9
4740:10.1007/978-1-349-20215-7_19
4606:Theory of Incomplete Markets
4178:Multi-objective optimization
3948:Pareto-efficient allocation
3658:Pareto efficiency and equity
3400:Fractional Pareto efficiency
3395:Fractional Pareto efficiency
3389:Fractional Pareto efficiency
1840:Pareto efficiency and equity
1499:where, for utility function
998:multi-objective optimization
7800:Graduated majority judgment
6920:Optional prisoner's dilemma
6651:Self-confirming equilibrium
4781:Journal of Public Economics
4396:, Oxford University Press,
4344:Corporate Finance Institute
1012:The concept is named after
8288:
8052:Condorcet winner criterion
7743:First-past-the-post voting
7385:Principal variation search
7101:Aumann's agreement theorem
6764:Strategy-stealing argument
6676:Trembling hand equilibrium
6606:Markov perfect equilibrium
6601:Mertens-stable equilibrium
5924:Real business-cycle theory
4958:Cambridge University Press
4693:Journal of Economic Theory
4078:vast majority of resources
3706:
3644:
3627:
3624:Bayesian Pareto efficiency
3442:fractional approval voting
3392:
3315:A market does not require
1796:Greenwald–Stiglitz theorem
1339:goods. Then an allocation
1126:) is more efficient than (
8267:Electoral system criteria
8262:Mathematical optimization
8207:
8199:Voting systems by country
8102:Mutual majority criterion
8057:Condorcet loser criterion
8003:Vote linkage mixed system
7915:Largest remainders method
7642:
7593:Italian school of elitism
7421:Combinatorial game theory
7080:Princess and monster game
6636:Quasi-perfect equilibrium
6561:Bayesian Nash equilibrium
6364:
4705:10.1016/j.jet.2004.05.005
4288:A Dictionary of Economics
4073:neglected or discounted.
3652:Ordinal Pareto efficiency
3647:Ordinal Pareto efficiency
3641:Ordinal Pareto efficiency
3544:Another example involves
3450:ex-ante Pareto efficiency
3428:Ex-ante Pareto efficiency
3292:strong Pareto improvement
1194:
1169:
1162:
1157:
8092:Majority loser criterion
7978:Additional member system
7936:Hagenbach-Bischoff quota
7855:Single transferable vote
7780:Positional voting system
7716:Minimax Condorcet method
7674:Combined approval voting
7436:Evolutionary game theory
7169:Antoine Augustin Cournot
7055:Guess 2/3 of the average
6852:Strictly determined game
6646:Satisfaction equilibrium
6464:Escalation of commitment
4589:University of Queensland
4587:", School of Economics,
4109:Admissible decision rule
3136:in the Pareto order and
1016:(1848–1923), an Italian
976:efficiency in production
141:JEL classification codes
8117:Resolvability criterion
8107:Participation criterion
8082:Later-no-harm criterion
7898:Highest averages method
7441:Glossary of game theory
7040:Stackelberg competition
6666:Strong Nash equilibrium
5564:Industrial organization
5387:Computational economics
5207:A course in game theory
5055:Rationality and Freedom
4417:Gerard, Debreu (1959).
4148:Kaldor–Hicks efficiency
3724:. For every allocation
3546:dichotomous preferences
3331:are individual agents.
1807:competitive equilibrium
1107:represents the player.
327:Industrial organization
184:Computational economics
8158:First-preference votes
8097:Monotonicity criterion
8067:Independence of clones
7770:Simple majoritarianism
7466:Tragedy of the commons
7446:List of game theorists
7426:Confrontation analysis
7136:Sprague–Grundy theorem
6656:Sequential equilibrium
6576:Correlated equilibrium
5769:Modern monetary theory
5434:Experimental economics
5404:Pluralism in economics
5377:Mathematical economics
4663:10.1287/opre.2022.2279
3910:
3829:
3792:
3434:fair random assignment
3281:Weak Pareto efficiency
3276:Weak Pareto efficiency
3267:
3260:
3233:
3206:
3168:
3130:
3092:
3054:
3047:
3020:
2993:
2955:
2911:
2839:
2803:
2769:, then this defines a
2763:
2658:
2638:
2596:
2554:
2553:{\displaystyle \prec }
2534:
2464:
2355:
2255:if and only if: :
2249:
2192:
2132:
2045:
2044:{\displaystyle n>1}
2015:
1979:
1908:
1907:{\displaystyle i>1}
1882:
1861:If multiple sub-goals
1803:second welfare theorem
1754:
1734:
1659:
1615:
1540:
1520:
1493:
1427:
1385:
1333:
1313:
1139:The Prisoner's Dilemma
1114:, depicted below as a
179:Experimental economics
8062:Consistency criterion
7983:Alternative vote plus
7748:Instant-runoff voting
7554:Circulation of elites
7239:Jean-François Mertens
5154:(January–June 2005).
4936:, Vol. 19, 2018.
4436:10.1073/pnas.40.7.588
4367:Watson, Joel (2013).
4311:Lockwood, B. (2008).
4229:economics.utoronto.ca
4173:Maxima of a point set
4055:Common misconceptions
3911:
3830:
3772:
3297:weak Pareto-efficient
3261:
3259:{\displaystyle f_{2}}
3234:
3232:{\displaystyle f_{1}}
3207:
3169:
3131:
3093:
3060:
3048:
3046:{\displaystyle f_{2}}
3021:
3019:{\displaystyle f_{1}}
2994:
2956:
2923:
2912:
2840:
2804:
2764:
2668:, though it is not a
2659:
2639:
2597:
2555:
2535:
2465:
2356:
2250:
2193:
2133:
2046:
2016:
1980:
1909:
1883:
1881:{\displaystyle f_{i}}
1769:first welfare theorem
1755:
1735:
1660:
1616:
1541:
1521:
1519:{\displaystyle u_{i}}
1494:
1428:
1386:
1334:
1314:
1289:is Pareto-efficient.
951:, which says that if
8132:Seats-to-votes ratio
7903:Webster/Sainte-Laguë
7534:The Mind and Society
7368:Search optimizations
7244:Jennifer Tour Chayes
7131:Revelation principle
7126:Purification theorem
7065:Nash bargaining game
7030:Bertrand competition
7015:El Farol Bar problem
6980:Electronic mail game
6945:Lewis signaling game
6489:Hierarchy of beliefs
5643:Social choice theory
5399:Behavioral economics
5382:Complexity economics
5144:10.1561/100.00007028
4555:. pp. 808–809.
4392:Microeconomic Theory
4261:on February 26, 2020
4143:Highest and best use
4001:Use in public policy
3852:
3747:
3438:random social choice
3404:fair item allocation
3243:
3216:
3178:
3140:
3102:
3064:
3030:
3003:
2965:
2927:
2849:
2813:
2777:
2679:
2648:
2606:
2564:
2544:
2474:
2365:
2259:
2202:
2145:
2055:
2029:
1989:
1918:
1892:
1865:
1817:transfer of wealth.
1744:
1669:
1625:
1550:
1530:
1503:
1445:
1395:
1343:
1323:
1303:
945:social choice theory
406:Social choice theory
8112:Plurality criterion
7711:Kemeny–Young method
7416:Bounded rationality
7035:Cournot competition
6985:Rock paper scissors
6960:Battle of the sexes
6950:Volunteer's dilemma
6822:Perfect information
6749:Dominant strategies
6586:Epsilon-equilibrium
6469:Extensive-form game
5727:American (National)
5427:Economic statistics
5260:Stiglitz, Joseph E.
5256:Newbery, David M.G.
4874:Lockwood B. (2008)
4641:Operations Research
4608:, MIT Press, 2002,
4340:"Pareto Efficiency"
4225:"Martin J. Osborne"
4138:Economic efficiency
4123:Bayesian efficiency
3713:Suppose each agent
3635:Bayesian efficiency
3630:Bayesian efficiency
2456:
2423:
2350:
2317:
1789:perfect information
1697:
1578:
1485:
1463:
1265:, which means that
1141:
1095:. In this equation
1030:income distribution
1026:economic efficiency
1002:Pareto optimization
949:unanimity principle
873:Business portal
194:Operations research
174:National accounting
18:Unanimity criterion
8153:Election threshold
8087:Majority criterion
7763:Supplementary vote
7395:Paranoid algorithm
7375:Alpha–beta pruning
7254:John Maynard Smith
7085:Rendezvous problem
6925:Traveler's dilemma
6915:Gift-exchange game
6910:Prisoner's dilemma
6827:Large Poisson game
6794:Bargaining problem
6699:Backward induction
6671:Subgame perfection
6626:Proper equilibrium
5156:"Pareto's revenge"
5019:Bhushi, K. (ed.),
4600:Magill, M., &
4282:, Hashimzade, N.,
3975:Use in engineering
3906:
3883:
3825:
3317:local nonsatiation
3268:
3256:
3229:
3202:
3174:does not dominate
3164:
3126:
3098:does not dominate
3088:
3055:
3043:
3016:
2989:
2951:
2907:
2835:
2799:
2759:
2654:
2634:
2602:is not worse than
2592:
2550:
2530:
2460:
2427:
2394:
2351:
2321:
2288:
2245:
2188:
2128:
2041:
2011:
1975:
1904:
1878:
1773:competitive market
1750:
1730:
1685:
1655:
1611:
1566:
1536:
1516:
1489:
1473:
1451:
1423:
1381:
1329:
1309:
1112:Prisoner's Dilemma
929:Pareto improvement
204:Industrial complex
199:Middle income trap
8257:Management theory
8252:Welfare economics
8247:Law and economics
8237:Pareto efficiency
8224:
8223:
8122:Reversal symmetry
8031:Cumulative voting
8013:Semi-proportional
7988:Mixed single vote
7954:
7953:
7830:Mixed single vote
7738:Exhaustive ballot
7701:Copeland's method
7696:Condorcet methods
7636:Electoral systems
7602:
7601:
7568:Pareto efficiency
7474:
7473:
7380:Aspiration window
7349:Suzanne Scotchmer
7304:Oskar Morgenstern
7199:Donald B. Gillies
7141:Zermelo's theorem
7070:Induction puzzles
7025:Fair cake-cutting
7000:Public goods game
6930:Coordination game
6804:Intransitive game
6734:Forward induction
6616:Pareto efficiency
6596:Gibbs equilibrium
6566:Berge equilibrium
6514:Simultaneous game
6400:
6399:
5931:New institutional
5203:Rubinstein, Ariel
5199:Rubinstein, Ariel
4973:Backhaus, J. G.,
4876:Pareto Efficiency
4570:978-1-4020-9159-9
4403:978-0-19-510268-0
4322:978-1-349-95121-5
4206:Welfare economics
4048:Natural selection
3874:
3689:-Pareto-efficient
3524:(2/2 + 9/2) = 5.5
3520:(2/2 + 3/2) = 2.5
3359:, they pay price
3355:, but if of type
3348:, they pay price
3341:adverse selection
3190:
3152:
3114:
3076:
2977:
2939:
2898:
2884:
2862:
2826:
2790:
2747:
2731:
2707:
2691:
2657:{\displaystyle j}
2619:
2577:
2515:
2487:
2437:
2404:
2331:
2298:
2215:
2198:Pareto dominates
2158:
2122:
2107:
2083:
2067:
2002:
1930:
1753:{\displaystyle i}
1539:{\displaystyle i}
1332:{\displaystyle k}
1312:{\displaystyle n}
1219:
1218:
1075:for every player
925:welfare economics
921:
920:
16:(Redirected from
8279:
8163:Liquid democracy
7815:
7795:Two-round system
7706:Dodgson's method
7629:
7622:
7615:
7606:
7595:
7577:
7575:Pareto principle
7570:
7563:
7556:
7538:
7528:
7501:
7494:
7487:
7478:
7461:Topological game
7456:No-win situation
7354:Thomas Schelling
7334:Robert B. Wilson
7294:Merrill M. Flood
7264:John von Neumann
7174:Ariel Rubinstein
7159:Albert W. Tucker
7010:War of attrition
6970:Matching pennies
6611:Nash equilibrium
6534:Mechanism design
6499:Normal-form game
6454:Cooperative game
6427:
6420:
6413:
6404:
5604:Natural resource
5439:Economic history
5365:Mechanism design
5317:
5310:
5303:
5294:
5289:
5251:
5219:
5194:
5170:
5160:
5147:
5121:
5070:
5051:
5045:
5034:
5028:
5017:
5011:
5000:
4994:
4971:
4965:
4962:pp. 358–364
4943:
4937:
4924:
4918:
4907:
4901:
4889:
4883:
4872:
4861:
4848:, 2nd ed. (
4842:
4836:
4833:pp. 111–148
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4787:(3–4): 249–260.
4776:
4770:
4769:
4749:
4743:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4690:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4656:
4647:(3): 1762–1782.
4636:
4630:
4619:
4613:
4598:
4592:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4548:
4542:
4536:
4527:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4504:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4438:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4395:
4382:
4373:
4372:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4336:
4327:
4326:
4308:
4295:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4257:. Archived from
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4221:
4183:Nash equilibrium
4153:Marginal utility
4018:" in the 1930s.
4016:market socialism
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3864:
3863:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3812:
3811:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3759:
3758:
3599:
3571:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3521:
3504:
3471:If some lottery
3265:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3255:
3254:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3154:
3153:
3145:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3078:
3077:
3069:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3014:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2978:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2819:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2621:
2620:
2612:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2559:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2517:
2516:
2508:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2390:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2324:
2316:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2284:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2159:
2151:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1713:
1712:
1693:
1681:
1680:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1606:
1594:
1593:
1574:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1490:
1481:
1459:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1358:
1357:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1148:
1142:
1116:normal-form game
1091:for some player
934:Pareto efficient
913:
906:
899:
885:Money portal
883:
882:
881:
871:
870:
367:Natural resource
159:Economic systems
55:
32:
21:
8287:
8286:
8282:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8277:
8276:
8272:Vilfredo Pareto
8227:
8226:
8225:
8220:
8203:
8182:
8136:
8127:Smith criterion
8040:
8007:
7968:Parallel voting
7950:
7946:Imperiali quota
7919:
7886:
7804:
7758:Contingent vote
7721:Nanson's method
7679:Unified primary
7669:Approval voting
7655:
7638:
7633:
7603:
7598:
7591:
7580:
7573:
7566:
7559:
7552:
7541:
7531:
7521:
7510:
7508:Vilfredo Pareto
7505:
7475:
7470:
7404:
7390:max^n algorithm
7363:
7359:William Vickrey
7319:Reinhard Selten
7274:Kenneth Binmore
7189:David K. Levine
7184:Daniel Kahneman
7151:
7145:
7121:Negamax theorem
7111:Minimax theorem
7089:
7050:Diner's dilemma
6905:All-pay auction
6871:
6857:Stochastic game
6809:Mean-field game
6780:
6773:
6744:Markov strategy
6680:
6546:
6538:
6509:Sequential game
6494:Information set
6479:Game complexity
6449:Congestion game
6437:
6431:
6401:
6396:
6393:Business portal
6360:
6359:
6358:
6318:
6082:von Böhm-Bawerk
5970:
5969:
5960:
5732:Ancient thought
5710:
5709:
5703:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5443:
5408:
5360:Contract theory
5345:Decision theory
5326:
5321:
5278:10.2307/2297701
5254:
5240:10.2307/1182422
5225:
5217:
5197:
5191:
5173:
5158:
5150:
5127:
5118:
5090:Fudenberg, Drew
5088:
5085:
5083:Further reading
5073:
5052:
5048:
5035:
5031:
5018:
5014:
5001:
4997:
4983:Northampton, MA
4972:
4968:
4944:
4940:
4925:
4921:
4908:
4904:
4898:pp. 87–102
4890:
4886:
4873:
4864:
4843:
4839:
4814:
4810:
4778:
4777:
4773:
4751:
4750:
4746:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4720:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4678:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4620:
4616:
4599:
4595:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4530:
4522:
4518:
4502:10.2307/1891114
4481:Stiglitz, J. E.
4475:
4474:
4470:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4384:
4383:
4376:
4366:
4365:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4310:
4309:
4298:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4164:Maximal element
4133:Deadweight loss
4113:decision theory
4105:
4086:liberal paradox
4070:
4057:
4036:
4003:
3991:Pareto frontier
3977:
3965:
3942:Takashi Negishi
3931:
3924:
3884:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3843:
3803:
3793:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3722:
3711:
3705:
3678:
3669:
3660:
3649:
3643:
3632:
3626:
3573:
3549:
3534:
3530:
3523:
3519:
3502:
3430:
3397:
3391:
3383:
3365:
3354:
3325:
3278:
3273:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3176:
3175:
3138:
3137:
3100:
3099:
3062:
3061:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2963:
2962:
2925:
2924:
2888:
2871:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2737:
2697:
2677:
2676:
2646:
2645:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2542:
2541:
2505:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2363:
2362:
2257:
2256:
2233:
2205:
2200:
2199:
2176:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2073:
2053:
2052:
2027:
2026:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1965:
1955:
1939:
1916:
1915:
1890:
1889:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1842:
1834:Cigarette taxes
1823:
1742:
1741:
1717:
1704:
1672:
1667:
1666:
1623:
1622:
1598:
1585:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1528:
1527:
1526:for each agent
1506:
1501:
1500:
1443:
1442:
1411:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1368:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1321:
1320:
1301:
1300:
1250:
1242:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1088:
1084:
1072:
1068:
1049:
1014:Vilfredo Pareto
1010:
917:
879:
877:
865:
858:
857:
828:
818:
817:
816:
815:
579:von Böhm-Bawerk
467:
456:
455:
217:
209:
208:
164:Economic growth
154:
146:
145:
87:
85:classifications
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8285:
8283:
8275:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8229:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8208:
8205:
8204:
8202:
8201:
8196:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8026:Limited voting
8023:
8017:
8015:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7927:
7925:
7921:
7920:
7918:
7917:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7905:
7894:
7892:
7888:
7887:
7885:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7821:
7819:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7766:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7753:Coombs' method
7745:
7740:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7731:Schulze method
7728:
7723:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7693:
7691:Bucklin voting
7688:
7683:
7682:
7681:
7676:
7665:
7663:
7657:
7656:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7634:
7632:
7631:
7624:
7617:
7609:
7600:
7599:
7597:
7596:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7578:
7571:
7564:
7557:
7549:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7529:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7506:
7504:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7481:
7472:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7412:
7410:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7324:Robert Axelrod
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7299:Olga Bondareva
7296:
7291:
7289:Melvin Dresher
7286:
7281:
7279:Leonid Hurwicz
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7214:Harold W. Kuhn
7211:
7206:
7204:Drew Fudenberg
7201:
7196:
7194:David M. Kreps
7191:
7186:
7181:
7179:Claude Shannon
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7116:Nash's theorem
7113:
7108:
7103:
7097:
7095:
7091:
7090:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6975:Ultimatum game
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6955:Dollar auction
6952:
6947:
6942:
6940:Centipede game
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6895:Infinite chess
6892:
6887:
6881:
6879:
6873:
6872:
6870:
6869:
6864:
6862:Symmetric game
6859:
6854:
6849:
6847:Signaling game
6844:
6842:Screening game
6839:
6834:
6832:Potential game
6829:
6824:
6819:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6785:
6783:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6759:Mixed strategy
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6690:
6688:
6682:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6641:Risk dominance
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6552:
6550:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6484:Graphical game
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6341:
6336:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5858:
5853:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5796:Disequilibrium
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5713:
5711:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Organizational
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5372:Macroeconomics
5369:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5340:Microeconomics
5336:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5291:
5290:
5252:
5234:(2): 172–178.
5223:
5215:
5195:
5189:
5171:
5148:
5125:
5116:
5084:
5081:
5072:
5071:
5067:pp. 92–94
5046:
5029:
5012:
4995:
4991:pp. 10–15
4979:Cheltenham, UK
4966:
4938:
4933:Genome Biology
4919:
4902:
4884:
4862:
4858:pp. 63–65
4837:
4808:
4771:
4760:(2–3): 92–97.
4754:Metroeconomica
4744:
4727:
4718:
4699:(2): 165–184.
4676:
4631:
4614:
4593:
4576:
4569:
4543:
4528:
4516:
4495:(2): 229–264.
4468:
4429:(7): 588–592.
4409:
4402:
4386:Mas-Colell, A.
4374:
4356:
4328:
4321:
4296:
4272:
4255:www.cenaero.be
4251:"Pareto Front"
4241:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4161:
4158:Market failure
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4104:
4101:
4097:Wharton School
4088:elaborated by
4069:
4066:
4056:
4053:
4035:
4034:Use in biology
4032:
4012:invisible hand
4002:
3999:
3976:
3973:
3963:
3929:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3887:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3720:
3704:
3701:
3677:
3674:
3668:
3665:
3659:
3656:
3645:Main article:
3642:
3639:
3628:Main article:
3625:
3622:
3539:
3538:
3533:for Alice and
3527:
3522:for Alice and
3469:
3468:
3457:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:(3.5, 2).
3420:
3393:Main article:
3390:
3387:
3381:
3368:Lindahl prices
3363:
3352:
3324:
3321:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3253:
3249:
3226:
3222:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3040:
3036:
3013:
3009:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2883:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2832:
2825:
2822:
2796:
2789:
2786:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2696:
2690:
2687:
2653:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2615:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2576:
2573:
2549:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2470:We then write
2459:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2157:
2154:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2008:
2001:
1998:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1875:
1871:
1858:
1855:
1841:
1838:
1827:market failure
1822:
1819:
1749:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1535:
1513:
1509:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1439:Pareto-optimal
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1328:
1308:
1294:zero-sum games
1287:Both Cooperate
1279:Both Cooperate
1259:Both Cooperate
1248:
1240:
1235:Both Cooperate
1217:
1216:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1086:
1082:
1070:
1066:
1048:
1045:
1018:civil engineer
1009:
1006:
982:x-inefficiency
955:in a society (
938:Pareto optimal
919:
918:
916:
915:
908:
901:
893:
890:
889:
888:
887:
875:
860:
859:
856:
855:
850:
840:
835:
829:
824:
823:
820:
819:
814:
813:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
470:
469:
468:
462:
461:
458:
457:
454:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Organizational
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
216:By application
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
109:
104:
99:
94:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
76:
75:
70:
65:
57:
56:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8284:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8145:
8143:
8139:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8018:
8016:
8014:
8010:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7896:
7895:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7664:
7662:
7661:Single-winner
7658:
7654:
7652:
7648:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7625:
7623:
7618:
7616:
7611:
7610:
7607:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:Miscellaneous
7583:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7565:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7519:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7502:
7497:
7495:
7490:
7488:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7413:
7411:
7409:Miscellaneous
7407:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7344:Samuel Bowles
7342:
7340:
7339:Roger Myerson
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Robert Aumann
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7284:Lloyd Shapley
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7269:Kenneth Arrow
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7249:John Harsanyi
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7219:Herbert Simon
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7020:Fair division
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6995:Dictator game
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6882:
6880:
6878:
6874:
6868:
6867:Zero-sum game
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6837:Repeated game
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6754:Pure strategy
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6719:De-escalation
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6661:Shapley value
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6529:Succinct game
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6428:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6414:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6331:
6327:
6325:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5977:de Mandeville
5975:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5963:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5919:New classical
5917:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5875:Malthusianism
5873:
5867:
5864:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5836:Institutional
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5640:
5639:Public choice
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:Participation
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5574:Institutional
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5524:Expeditionary
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5514:Environmental
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5452:
5450:
5446:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5311:
5306:
5304:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5222:
5221:Book preview.
5218:
5216:9780262650403
5212:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5190:9780333971215
5186:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5175:Ng, Yew-Kwang
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5123:Book preview.
5119:
5117:9780262061414
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5068:
5064:
5063:Belknep Press
5060:
5059:Cambridge, MA
5056:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5036:Wittman, D.,
5033:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4775:
4772:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4572:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4477:Greenwald, B.
4472:
4469:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4370:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4273:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4242:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:, concept in
4165:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4046:-efficient).
4045:
4041:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3936:Japanese neo-
3934:
3932:
3925:
3903:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3822:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3728:, define the
3727:
3723:
3716:
3710:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3688:
3683:
3675:
3673:
3666:
3664:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3648:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3542:
3535:(9 × 2/3) = 6
3531:(2 + 3/3) = 3
3528:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3427:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3311:(10, 5).
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3270:
3251:
3247:
3224:
3220:
3196:
3184:
3158:
3146:
3120:
3108:
3082:
3070:
3059:
3038:
3034:
3011:
3007:
2983:
2971:
2945:
2933:
2922:
2918:
2902:
2892:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2856:
2845:and we write
2830:
2820:
2794:
2784:
2772:
2751:
2741:
2725:
2719:
2711:
2701:
2685:
2673:
2671:
2670:product order
2667:
2666:partial order
2651:
2626:
2613:
2584:
2571:
2547:
2522:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2481:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2431:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2343:
2335:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2292:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2240:
2230:
2222:
2209:
2183:
2173:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2116:
2101:
2095:
2087:
2077:
2061:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2025:relation for
2024:
2006:
1996:
1970:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1924:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1873:
1869:
1856:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1785:externalities
1782:
1781:Gérard Debreu
1778:
1777:Kenneth Arrow
1774:
1770:
1765:
1763:
1747:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1677:
1673:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1603:
1599:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1533:
1511:
1507:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1440:
1436:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1326:
1306:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1244:
1236:
1232:
1231:s' = (-1, -1)
1228:
1224:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1183:
1174:
1168:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1074:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1000:(also termed
999:
995:
991:
986:
984:
983:
978:
977:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
939:
935:
930:
926:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
895:
894:
892:
891:
886:
876:
874:
869:
864:
863:
862:
861:
854:
851:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
827:
822:
821:
812:
811:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
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572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
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550:
547:
545:
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537:
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532:
530:
527:
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512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
474:de Mandeville
472:
471:
466:
460:
459:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
403:
402:Public choice
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Participation
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Institutional
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Expeditionary
285:
283:
280:
278:
277:Environmental
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
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142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
108:
107:International
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:Branches and
80:
79:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
54:
50:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
8215:
8209:
7825:Mixed-member
7810:Proportional
7785:Score voting
7726:Ranked pairs
7645:Part of the
7644:
7567:
7532:
7522:
7314:Peyton Young
7309:Paul Milgrom
7224:Hervé Moulin
7164:Amos Tversky
7106:Folk theorem
6817:-player game
6814:
6739:Grim trigger
6615:
6388:Publications
6344:Publications
6311:
5907:Neoclassical
5897:Mercantilism
5806:Evolutionary
5668:Sociological
5641: /
5539:Geographical
5519:Evolutionary
5494:Digitization
5459:Agricultural
5422:Econometrics
5350:Price theory
5269:
5263:
5231:
5227:
5206:
5179:
5166:
5162:
5152:Kanbur, Ravi
5138:(1): 33–61.
5135:
5129:
5098:
5094:Tirole, Jean
5074:
5054:
5049:
5037:
5032:
5020:
5015:
5003:
4998:
4987:Edward Elgar
4974:
4969:
4949:
4941:
4931:
4922:
4910:
4905:
4893:
4887:
4879:
4875:
4845:
4840:
4816:
4811:
4802:1721.1/64180
4784:
4780:
4774:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4730:
4721:
4696:
4692:
4679:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4629:, June 2018.
4626:
4617:
4605:
4596:
4579:
4552:
4546:
4519:
4492:
4488:
4471:
4426:
4422:
4412:
4391:
4368:
4349:December 10,
4347:. Retrieved
4343:
4312:
4287:
4280:Black, J. D.
4275:
4263:. Retrieved
4259:the original
4254:
4249:proximedia.
4244:
4234:December 10,
4232:. Retrieved
4228:
4219:
4192:
4168:order theory
4111:, analog in
4094:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4058:
4037:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4004:
3990:
3986:
3982:Pareto front
3980:
3978:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3935:
3927:
3920:
3918:
3839:
3837:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3714:
3712:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3661:
3651:
3650:
3634:
3633:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3540:
3512:
3507:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3431:
3413:
3407:
3399:
3398:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3337:moral hazard
3333:
3327:
3326:
3314:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:Formally, a
3289:
3287:individual.
3284:
3280:
3279:
2674:
2140:
1860:
1857:Pareto order
1851:
1847:
1843:
1831:
1824:
1800:
1793:
1766:
1438:
1434:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1223:s = (-2, -2)
1222:
1220:
1138:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1034:
1011:
1001:
987:
980:
975:
970:
968:
964:Pareto front
961:
957:non-strictly
952:
948:
942:
937:
933:
928:
922:
843:Publications
808:
431:Sociological
404: /
302:Geographical
282:Evolutionary
257:Digitization
222:Agricultural
126:Mathematical
97:Econometrics
29:
8242:Game theory
8168:Spoilt vote
7931:Droop quota
7870:Schulze STV
7845:Rural–urban
7790:STAR voting
7686:Borda count
7431:Coopetition
7234:Jean Tirole
7229:John Conway
7209:Eric Maskin
7005:Blotto game
6990:Pirate game
6799:Global game
6769:Tit for tat
6704:Bid shading
6694:Appeasement
6544:Equilibrium
6524:Solved game
6459:Determinacy
6442:Definitions
6435:game theory
6182:von Neumann
5951:Supply-side
5936:Physiocracy
5880:Marginalism
5569:Information
5509:Engineering
5489:Development
5484:Demographic
5355:Game theory
5332:Theoretical
5272:(1): 1–12.
5106:. pp.
5099:Game Theory
5025:p. 222
4915:pp. 166–169
4602:Quinzii, M.
4292:p. 459
4090:Amartya Sen
4044:translation
3680:Given some
2023:total order
1811:free market
1319:agents and
1267:Both Defect
1263:Both Defect
1227:Both Defect
1085:(s') > u
990:engineering
679:von Neumann
332:Information
272:Engineering
252:Development
247:Demographic
189:Game theory
131:Methodology
8231:Categories
8187:Comparison
7941:Hare quota
7891:Allocation
7877:Spare vote
7865:Hare-Clark
7835:Party-list
7561:Ophelimity
7075:Trust game
7060:Kuhn poker
6729:Escalation
6724:Deterrence
6714:Cheap talk
6686:Strategies
6504:Preference
6433:Topics of
6339:Economists
6212:Schumacher
6117:Schumpeter
6087:von Wieser
6007:von Thünen
5967:Economists
5866:Circuitism
5831:Humanistic
5826:Historical
5801:Ecological
5791:Democratic
5764:Chartalism
5754:Behavioral
5717:Mainstream
5678:Statistics
5673:Solidarity
5594:Managerial
5559:Humanistic
5554:Historical
5499:Ecological
5464:Behavioral
5169:(1): 1–11.
5061:/ London:
5042:p. 18
5008:pp. 95–132
4825:Heidelberg
4654:1908.01669
4265:October 8,
4212:References
4008:Adam Smith
3995:trade-offs
3987:Pareto set
3969:Hal Varian
3960:maximizes
3956:such that
3940:economist
3707:See also:
2961:dominates
1283:-5 < -1
1063:such that
971:allocation
838:Economists
709:Schumacher
614:Schumpeter
584:von Wieser
504:von Thünen
465:economists
441:Statistics
436:Solidarity
357:Managerial
322:Humanistic
317:Historical
262:Ecological
227:Behavioral
121:Mainstream
8178:Unseating
8173:Sortition
7775:Plurality
7651:Economics
7259:John Nash
6965:Stag hunt
6709:Collusion
6257:Greenspan
6222:Samuelson
6202:Galbraith
6172:Tinbergen
6112:von Mises
6107:Heckscher
6067:Edgeworth
5946:Stockholm
5941:Socialist
5841:Keynesian
5821:Happiness
5781:Classical
5742:Mutualism
5737:Anarchist
5722:Heterodox
5619:Personnel
5579:Knowledge
5544:Happiness
5534:Financial
5504:Education
5479:Democracy
5414:Empirical
5324:Economics
5104:MIT Press
5065:, 2004),
5053:Sen, A.,
4989:, 2005),
4960:, 1987),
4954:Cambridge
4946:Drèze, J.
4856:, 2013),
4850:Amsterdam
4831:, 2014),
4713:0022-0531
4671:247922344
4284:Myles, G.
4068:Criticism
4061:normative
3938:Walrasian
3872:
3866:∈
3774:∑
3378:at price
3188:→
3150:→
3112:→
3074:→
2975:→
2937:→
2896:→
2882:→
2873:≺
2860:→
2824:→
2788:→
2745:→
2729:→
2720:≺
2705:→
2689:→
2617:→
2575:→
2548:≺
2513:→
2503:≺
2485:→
2435:→
2402:→
2385:…
2375:∈
2369:∃
2329:→
2319:≤
2296:→
2279:…
2269:∈
2263:∀
2231:∈
2213:→
2174:∈
2156:→
2120:→
2105:→
2096:≥
2088:∗
2081:→
2065:→
2007:∗
2000:→
1953:…
1928:→
1740:for some
1644:…
1632:∈
1583:≥
1468:…
1409:∈
1363:…
1171:Cooperate
1159:Cooperate
1124:Cooperate
1120:Cooperate
1022:economist
754:Greenspan
719:Samuelson
699:Galbraith
669:Tinbergen
609:von Mises
604:Heckscher
564:Edgeworth
382:Personnel
342:Knowledge
307:Happiness
297:Financial
267:Education
242:Democracy
136:Political
102:Heterodox
45:Economics
8045:Criteria
7998:Scorporo
7647:politics
7546:Concepts
7400:Lazy SMP
7094:Theorems
7045:Deadlock
6900:Checkers
6781:of games
6548:concepts
6368:Category
6348:journals
6334:Glossary
6287:Stiglitz
6252:Rothbard
6232:Buchanan
6217:Friedman
6207:Koopmans
6197:Leontief
6177:Robinson
6062:Marshall
5912:Lausanne
5816:Georgism
5811:Feminist
5759:Buddhist
5749:Austrian
5648:Regional
5624:Planning
5599:Monetary
5529:Feminist
5474:Cultural
5469:Business
5177:(2004).
5096:(1991).
4854:Elsevier
4829:Springer
4483:(1986).
4463:16589528
4286:(eds.),
4103:See also
3465:expected
3271:Variants
2771:preorder
2540:, where
1815:lump-sum
1695:′
1621:for all
1576:′
1483:′
1461:′
1433:for all
1391:, where
1281:, since
1253:for all
1237:). Then
1153:Player 1
1147:Player 2
1069:(s') ≥ u
1047:Overview
1037:misnomer
953:everyone
847:journals
833:Glossary
784:Stiglitz
749:Rothbard
729:Buchanan
714:Friedman
704:Koopmans
694:Leontief
674:Robinson
559:Marshall
463:Notable
411:Regional
387:Planning
362:Monetary
292:Feminist
237:Cultural
232:Business
37:a series
35:Part of
8217:Project
7908:D'Hondt
7860:CPO-STV
7818:Systems
7152:figures
6935:Chicken
6789:Auction
6779:Classes
6383:Outline
6354:Schools
6346: (
6307:Piketty
6302:Krugman
6167:Kuznets
6157:Kalecki
6132:Polanyi
6022:Cournot
6017:Bastiat
6002:Ricardo
5992:Malthus
5982:Quesnay
5885:Marxian
5776:Chicago
5706:history
5701:Schools
5688:Welfare
5658:Service
5449:Applied
5286:2297701
5248:1182422
4511:1891114
3730:welfare
3461:lottery
3446:ex-post
3366:" (see
1762:vectors
1285:. Thus
1275:(-5, 0)
1271:(0, -5)
1257:. Thus
1008:History
994:biology
853:Schools
845: (
804:Piketty
799:Krugman
664:Kuznets
654:Kalecki
629:Polanyi
519:Cournot
514:Bastiat
499:Ricardo
489:Malthus
479:Quesnay
451:Welfare
421:Service
92:Applied
68:Outline
63:History
8211:Portal
8148:Ballot
7924:Quotas
7653:series
7537:(1916)
7527:(1900)
6292:Thaler
6272:Ostrom
6267:Becker
6262:Sowell
6242:Baumol
6147:Myrdal
6142:Sraffa
6137:Frisch
6127:Knight
6122:Keynes
6097:Fisher
6092:Veblen
6077:Pareto
6057:Menger
6052:George
6047:Jevons
6042:Walras
6032:Gossen
5956:Thermo
5634:Public
5629:Policy
5584:Labour
5549:Health
5284:
5246:
5213:
5187:
5114:
4821:Berlin
4711:
4669:
4610:p. 104
4567:
4509:
4461:
4454:528000
4451:
4443:
4400:
4319:
4201:TOTREP
3339:or an
1888:(with
1229:) and
1196:Defect
1164:Defect
1132:Defect
1128:Defect
789:Thaler
769:Ostrom
764:Becker
759:Sowell
739:Baumol
644:Myrdal
639:Sraffa
634:Frisch
624:Knight
619:Keynes
594:Fisher
589:Veblen
574:Pareto
554:Menger
549:George
544:Jevons
539:Walras
529:Gossen
397:Public
392:Policy
347:Labour
312:Health
169:Market
8141:Other
7960:Mixed
7515:Books
6890:Chess
6877:Games
6378:Lists
6373:Index
6324:Lists
6297:Hoppe
6282:Lucas
6247:Solow
6237:Arrow
6227:Simon
6192:Lange
6187:Hicks
6162:Röpke
6152:Hayek
6102:Pigou
6072:Clark
5987:Smith
5902:Mixed
5861:Post-
5683:Urban
5663:Socio
5653:Rural
5282:JSTOR
5244:JSTOR
5159:(PDF)
5108:18–23
4689:(PDF)
4667:S2CID
4649:arXiv
4507:JSTOR
4445:89325
4441:JSTOR
4040:genes
3946:every
3503:'
3477:Proof
3285:every
1809:, or
1665:with
1437:, is
1245:>
1041:might
826:Lists
794:Hoppe
779:Lucas
744:Solow
734:Arrow
724:Simon
689:Lange
684:Hicks
659:Röpke
649:Hayek
599:Pigou
569:Clark
484:Smith
446:Urban
426:Socio
416:Rural
116:Macro
112:Micro
73:Index
7649:and
6571:Core
6313:more
6037:Marx
6027:Mill
6012:List
5890:Neo-
5846:Neo-
5211:ISBN
5185:ISBN
5112:ISBN
4709:ISSN
4565:ISBN
4459:PMID
4398:ISBN
4351:2022
4317:ISBN
4267:2018
4236:2022
4084:The
4010:'s "
3985:(or
3838:Let
3448:and
3239:and
3026:and
2425:<
2361:and
2036:>
1899:>
1801:The
1779:and
1771:, a
1702:>
1243:(s')
1079:and
1028:and
1020:and
992:and
979:vs.
962:The
927:, a
810:more
534:Marx
524:Mill
509:List
7973:MMP
7150:Key
6277:Sen
5997:Say
5856:New
5589:Law
5274:doi
5236:doi
5140:doi
4797:hdl
4789:doi
4762:doi
4736:doi
4701:doi
4697:122
4659:doi
4557:doi
4497:doi
4493:101
4449:PMC
4431:doi
3989:or
3876:max
3869:arg
3732:of
3495:to
3483:of
3440:or
3436:or
2675:If
1292:In
1273:or
1251:(s)
1134:).
1089:(s)
1073:(s)
1004:).
943:In
936:or
923:In
774:Sen
494:Say
352:Law
8233::
8214:—
6885:Go
5280:.
5270:51
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5258:;
5242:.
5232:22
5230:.
5165:.
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5110:.
5092:;
5079:.
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4981:/
4956::
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4930:,
4865:^
4852::
4827::
4795:.
4783:.
4758:12
4756:.
4707:.
4695:.
4691:.
4665:.
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4645:70
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4505:.
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4299:^
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3933:.
3770::=
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3550:(
3508:L
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849:)
20:)
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