264:; continuous revelation, with the view that scripture was written by divinely inspired humans. The Reform movement upholds the autonomy of the individual to form their own Jewish beliefs, and to be the final arbiter of their own spiritual practices. At the same time, Reform Judaism stresses Jewish learning in order to gain insights into the tradition and make informed choices. The Reform movement also encourages its members to participate in synagogue and communal Jewish life. Reform Judaism draws a distinction between the moral and ethical imperatives of Judaism and traditional ritual requirements and practices, which, it believes may be altered or renewed to better fulfill Judaism's higher function. Another central tenet of Reform Judaism is the belief that it is the universal mission of Jews to spread God's message, to be a light unto the nations. Reform Judaism foresees a future Messianic Age of peace, but without the coming of an individual Messiah or the restoration of the Third Temple and sacrificial cult in Jerusalem. Reform Judaism rejects the notion of bodily resurrection of the dead at the end of days, while affirming, at most, immortality of the soul.
299:
prevalent toward the end of the 20th
Century. In 1979, the URJ adopted a policy of embracing the intermarried and their spouses, in the hope the latter would convert. In 1983, in the United States, it recognized Judaism based on patrilineal descent, affirming that offspring of a single Jewish parent (whether father or mother) would be accepted as inheriting his status if they would demonstrate affinity to the faith. Children of a Jewish mother who will not commit to Judaism were not to be considered Jewish. These measures made Reform the most hospitable to non-Jewish family members among major American denominations: in 2006, 17% of synagogue-member households had a converted spouse, and 26% an unconverted one. These policies also raised great tensions with the more traditional movements. Orthodox and Conservatives rejected the validity of Reform conversions already before that, though among the latter, the greater proclivity of CCAR rabbis to perform the process under
685:) was also annulled, and civil divorce confirmed as sufficient, one of the first steps towards abandonment of most ritual traditions. While American Jews, even the nominally Orthodox, were scarcely observant, Reform began to officially dispose of practices still upheld. Its doctrine was well received by the immigrants and especially their assimilated children. Of 200 synagogues in the United States in 1860, there were a handful of Reform ones. Twenty years later, almost all of the existing 275 were part of the movement. On 8 July 1873, representatives from 34 congregations met in Melodeon Hall,
794:, a Reform rabbinical college founded in 1922 by Rabbi Stephen Wise. The selective "return to tradition" encouraged many Americanized Eastern-European-descended Jews to flock to Reform congregations in the postwar years, rapidly swelling the membership ranks of the UAHC. This factor, along with the URJ's commitment to Outreach, diversity ("big tent Judaism"), and a welcoming attitude labeled "Audacious Hospitality" by URJ president, Rabbi Richard Jacobs, have all contributed to the Reform Movement's emergence as the largest Jewish religious denomination in North America.
751:"Classical Reform" soon faced a more pressing challenge. The massive immigration from Eastern Europe, bringing over two million Jews who had strong traditional sentiments in matters of religion even when personally lax, dwarfed the UAHC constituency within a generation. In the 1910s and 1920s, the CCAR rabbis gradually reintroduced many elements once discarded in an effort to appeal to the newcomers. The influx, and the growth of interwar antisemitism, also brought a renewed stress on Jewish particularism and
273:), favoring a more rationalistic, universalist view of religious life. "New Reform", from the 1937 Columbus Declaration of Principles and onwards, sought to reincorporate such elements and emphasize Jewish particularism, though still subject to personal autonomy. Concurrently, the denomination prioritized inclusiveness and diversification. This became especially pronounced after the adoption of "Big Tent Judaism" policy in the 1970s. Old ritual items became fashionable again, as were ceremonies, such as
325:
550:
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277:. The liturgy, once abridged and containing much English, had more Hebrew and traditional formulae restored, though not due to theological concerns. In contrast with "Classical", "New Reform" abandoned the drive to equate religious expression with one's actual belief. Confirmation ceremonies in which the young were examined to prove knowledge in the faith, once ubiquitous, were mostly replaced by
912:
500:
and one represents all those affiliated with the
Canadian Council for Reform Judaism. The URJ is led by a board of trustees, consisting 253 lay members. This board is overseen by the 5,000-member General Assembly, which convenes biennially. It was first assembled in Cleveland on 14 July 1874, and the most recent biennial was held in
512:, the Reform movement's seminary. The CCAR has a publishing arm and oversees various committees, such as those focusing on Ritual, Responsa, and Prayerbooks. Synagogue prayers are conducted mainly by members of the CCAR and of the American Conference of Cantors. The political and legislative outreach of the URJ is performed by the
40:
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a demented faith, no longer relevant, and that
America was "the Promised Land of Scripture." They fully seceded by their second anniversary, after continued rebuffs on the part of the wardens, forming their own prayer group. The three leaders authored a prayerbook in which they completely excised any
730:
on 19 November. Embodying the spirit of "Classical Reform", it added virtually nothing to the theoretical foundation of the movement but elucidated it clearly. It was declared that "to-day we accept as binding only the moral laws, and maintain only such ceremonies as elevate and sanctify our lives."
563:
The URJ Camp & Israel
Programs is the largest Jewish camping system in the world, comprising 14 summer camps across North America, including specialty camps in science & technology, creative arts, and sports, and programs for youth with special needs. Many of the camps have long provided the
895:
and sponsored the
Argentina Ambassadors trip. KESHER also hosted a Leadership Training Seminar during the spring semester, coordinated by members of the KESHER Student Leadership Council. This council was made of 6-7 junior and senior students who applied each year for one or two terms (a school
499:
The URJ incorporates 846 congregations in the United States and 27 in Canada. The Union consists of four administrative districts, West, East, South and
Central, which in turn are divided into a total of 35 regional communities, comprising groups of local congregations; 34 are in the United States
646:
arrived from Europe. In a country where Jewish immigrants lacked an organized and established religious leadership, Wise quickly rose to prominence. While far from traditional belief, he was disinterested in offering a comprehensive new approach, focusing on pragmatic compromises. Wise introduced
531:
The URJ has an estimated constituency of 850,000 in the United States, 760,000 Jews and further 90,000 non-converted gentile spouses. A greater number identifies with Reform
Judaism without affiliating with a synagogue. The 2013 Pew survey assessed that 35% of Jews in the United States consider
298:
Another key aspect of
American Reform, which it shares with sister movements in the WUPJ, is its approach to Jewish identity. Interfaith marriage, once a taboo – the CCAR penalized any involvement by its clergy in such ceremonies by ordinances passed in 1909, 1947 and 1962 – were becoming more
879:
Its directors included Paul
Reichenbach (–1995), David Terdiman (1995–1997), Rabbi Jonathan Klein (1997–2000), Rabbi Andrew Davids, Rabbi Marc Israel, Lisa David (–2006); Nicole Rand was the latest acting director. There had been two program associates and an Israeli
540:
estimated there were 1,154,000 identifying non-member adults in addition to those registered, not including children. There are further 30,000 affiliated congregants in Canada. Citing those findings, the URJ claims to represent a total of 2.2 million individuals.
837:, and other organizations, Mandela apologized for offending the Jewish-American establishment, expressed appreciation for South African Jews who opposed apartheid, praised certain Israeli leaders, and agreed that the State of Israel had a right to exist.
678:
were abolished, as the rebuilding of the Temple was no longer anticipated; belief in the
Messiah and Resurrection was denied. Michael Meyer regarded the document as the denominational "declaration of independence." The need for religious divorce
599:. Standing in opposition to a more stringent establishment, formed from English-born immigrants, Harby and his followers were mainly concerned with decorum. They demanded English-language sermons, synagogue affairs handled in English rather than
697:. Yet his attempts to maintain a moderate façade failed. In a famous incident, on 11 July 1883, during the banquet celebrating the first graduation from HUC, non-kosher food such as shrimps and crabs was served. The so-called
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820:
said that "We are hoping to clear the air and defuse the situation so that Mandela's visit...is what it ought to be: a great welcome for a liberation hero without a lot of marginal controversy." In a meeting in
762:
expressed by Classicists – emanating both from their rejection of old Messianic belief, involving a restoration of the sacrificial cult in Jerusalem, and commitment to emancipation – many new clergymen, like
1690:
1740:
486:
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then formulated in Germany. Many other German rabbis crossed the ocean to the land where their religious outlook, free from state intervention or communal pressures, could be expressed purely.
639:, which lacked reference to Resurrection of the Dead and the Messiah. He also instituted various ritual reforms. Supported by many of the former secessionists, he eventually resigned in 1847.
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802:
560:
exists to supplement and support Reform youth groups at the synagogue level. About 750 local youth groups affiliate themselves with the organization, comprising over 8,500 youth members.
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1612:
2030:
2246:
267:
During its "Classical" era, roughly between the Civil War and the 1930s, American Reform rejected many ceremonial aspects of Judaism and the authority of traditional jurisprudence (
303:
standards allowed for many such to be approved. Patrilineal descent caused a growing percentage of Reform constituency to be regarded as non-Jewish by the two other denominations.
2092:
2067:
623:
The Society, numbering several dozens, dissipated and merged back into Beth Elohim during 1833, but they did not cease being a factor. In 1836, the reunified congregation hired
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1720:
1035:"Zionism-Israel Information Center Historical Source Documents - Pittsburgh Platform of 1885 - Declaration of Principles - Columbus Platform 1937 - Reform Judaism and Zionism"
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1826:
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through the program Yallah! Israel during the summer. The Union offers various Israel programs for seminarians and students. Including a youth convention every other year.
635:. Traditional at first, Poznanski soon followed a different course. In 1843 he attempted to abolish the Second Day of Festivals and later published his own version of the
408:
2077:
1725:
1277:
707:, who remained outside the UAHC. Several conservative members later claimed to have exited the room with repulsion, though little is factually known about the incident.
703:, while apparently the decision of the Jewish caterer and not of Wise himself (who observed dietary laws), prompted protests from the few American traditionalists, like
509:
479:
213:
1392:
2087:
2059:
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1438:
798:
231:, including many who are not synagogue members, state affinity with Reform, making it the largest Jewish denomination. The UAHC was a founding member of the
2187:
1778:
472:
418:
450:
403:
227:
The URJ has an estimated constituency of some 880,000 registered adults in 819 congregations. It claims to represent 2.2 million, as over a third of adult
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291:(Repair of the World); it became a rallying cry for participation in various initiatives pursuing social justice and other progressive agendas, like the
1084:
2486:
2433:
2231:
1993:
1700:
2655:
2004:
1970:
1811:
607:), and so forth. However, they also arrived at more principled issues. On their first anniversary, Harby delivered an oratory in which he declared
430:
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2052:
771:, were enthusiastic and influential Zionists. These tendencies were codified in the 1937 Columbus Declaration of Principles, influenced by rabbis
670:
Einhorn gradually gained the upper hand, though the conflict-laden synergy between him and Wise would lay the foundation of American Reform. The
2012:
732:
690:
2026:
740:
596:
505:
217:
76:
1974:
1856:
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413:
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on 11–15 December 2019. The board directs the Senior Leadership Team, headed by the URJ President. Spiritual guidance is provided by the
1966:
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370:
314:
232:
90:
2016:
1909:
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Israel trips, under the brand "URJ Kesher" for several more years. There are no longer any official college programs run by the URJ.
805:, believing them to be a Communist group. In 1953, the council issued a statement that the Rosenberg Committee's accusation that the
722:, attacked the UAHC for abandoning traditional Judaism. A series of heated exchanges between him and Reform's chief ideologue, Rabbi
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1715:
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saw the radicals' victory, and the adoption of a platform which summarized the theory concocted in Germany in the previous decades.
435:
671:
655:. Relations between them, wrought with suspicion from the beginning, were terminated after Wise agreed to Leeser's demands in the
2530:
1980:
389:
1574:
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1876:
1315:
1270:
731:
A small group of conservatives withdrew from the UAHC in protest, joining Kohut, Morais, and their supporters in founding the
2450:
2251:
1999:
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year). Through its website, the group disseminated many documents describing the connection between Reform Judaism and North
285:) between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. A unique aspect of Reform was its interpretation to the old rabbinic concept of
1198:
693:(UAHC) under Wise's auspices. The name reflected his hope to unite all Jews under a single roof. In 1875, Wise also founded
595:, Abraham Moise, and David Nunes Carvalho, who represented the younger, Americanized, and religiously lax generation in the
1989:
1960:
1773:
1340:
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family pews for the first time in known synagogue history (by random, when his congregation bought a church) in Albany on
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2192:
791:
780:
651:, 3 October 1851. His attempts to forge a single American Judaism motivated him to seek agreement with the conservative
616:. It was published in 1830. Far more moderate alterations along these lines, in the first liturgy considered Reformed,
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1735:
384:
2703:
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892:
588:
344:
2333:
1938:
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based in Washington D.C. The RAC advocates policy positions based upon religious values, and is associated with
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1904:
1831:
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873:
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Reform-like ideas in the United States were first expressed by the Reformed Society of Israelites, founded in
1540:
812:
In 1990, the Union of American Hebrew Congregations and other major Jewish-American organizations asked that
1942:
1816:
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525:
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2281:
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1952:
1948:
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1750:
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847:
KESHER should not be confused with various U.S. synagogues incorporating the word Kesher into their names.
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69:
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clarify his pro-Palestinian views prior to his visit to New York City. The UAHC's senior vice president
660:
292:
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256:, also known as Liberal or Progressive Judaism, embraces several basic tenets, including a belief in a
17:
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1099:
888:
736:
719:
694:
600:
324:
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2008:
1851:
768:
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508:, which has some 2,300 clergy members who convene annually. Most CCAR members have been trained at
278:
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2108:
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and others from Eastern Europe. Anti-Zionist Reform rabbis broke away during WWII to found the
524:. Tikkun Olam in Hebrew means “repairing the world.” The denomination is also supported by the
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1821:
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to create Reform Jewish programs on campuses across North America. They were a member of the
752:
715:
659:
and then retracted when the latter left. Wise was soon outflanked by the radical Reform rabbi
604:
423:
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806:
776:
772:
723:
711:
537:
1224:
1112:"Nearly 2.2 million Americans and Canadians identify as Reform Jews": The Reform Movement
2537:
1597:
1439:"How Orthodox Groups Are Taking Over Birthright, and Using It to Target Young U.S. Jews"
2286:
2172:
1985:
1956:
917:
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632:
577:
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253:
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58:
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1628:
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704:
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228:
209:
119:
100:
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was motivated by antisemitism was causing public panic within the Jewish community.
735:. At first unifying almost all non-Reform currents, it developed into the center of
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2724:
2564:
2480:
2156:
992:
897:
825:
that included representatives from the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, the
652:
261:
115:
663:, who espoused a dogmatic, rigid line demanding conformity with the principles of
1202:
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1257:
1111:
784:
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287:
2800:
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2729:
2127:
907:
949:
2627:
2383:
1094:
549:
1174:
1393:"URJ Kesher Group 561: Taglit-Birthright Israel Journey From LA To Israel"
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2613:
1899:
1894:
1836:
865:
269:
257:
2404:
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2208:
2204:
759:
501:
339:
282:
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1806:
1537:
822:
628:
565:
104:
1082:
Members and Motives: Who Joins American Jewish Congregations and Why
1010:
872:. It was formally disbanded in 2009, though it continued to operate
39:
2790:
2742:
1414:"Birthright Israel allows students to connect with their heritage"
1316:"Mandela Regrets Offending Jews, Says He is Ready to Visit Israel"
726:, encouraged the latter to convene an assembly which accepted the
675:
548:
714:
in 1885 which forced an unambiguous stance. Kohut, a follower of
612:
mention of the Messiah, restoration of sacrifices, and return to
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2137:
2132:
2121:
2113:
1783:
1488:
613:
557:
334:
1601:
1152:
1063:
1741:
Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism
1558:
1511:
1466:
281:, yet many adolescents still undergo Confirmation (often at
528:(formerly, the National Federation of Temple Sisterhoods).
1726:
Jewish Institute for National Security of America (JINSA)
1696:
Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law (LDB)
1594:
2018 archive of Union of Reform Judaism college life page
1529:(formerly the North American Federation of Temple Youth)
1127:
1526:
1199:"URJ Camp & Israel Programs Special Needs Programs"
212:. The other two arms established by Rabbi Wise are the
1532:
1506:
1483:
1271:
Wertheimer, J. "What Does Reform Judaism Stand For?",
235:, of which the URJ is the largest constituent by far.
171:
1494:
1095:
As Reform Jews Gather, Some Good News in the Numbers
864:'linkage', 'connection') is the now-defunct college
631:. He spent time in Hamburg and knew the rite of the
2814:
2783:
2717:
2686:
2554:
2347:
2326:
2319:
2260:
2224:
2217:
2165:
2101:
2040:
1923:
1885:
1797:
1764:
1666:
1635:
1368:"Campus Life 202: Making Your Jewish Way On Campus"
967:
553:
Entrance sign for Camp Swig in Saratoga, California
166:
156:
148:
135:
125:
110:
96:
86:
75:
64:
54:
46:
32:
1516:
1517:Hebrew Union College Jewish Institute of Religion
510:Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion
214:Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion
2138:North American Federation of Temple Youth (NFTY)
1812:American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC)
564:opportunity for high school pupils to travel to
1491:—Comprehensive information about Reform Judaism
1248:"Reform Judaism Group Decides to Update Name".
27:Organization of Reform Judaism in North America
1011:"URJ Congregations | Union for Reform Judaism"
1613:
1341:"U.S. Jews Go to Geneva To Meet With Mandela"
799:National Community Relations Advisory Council
480:
8:
1175:"Youth & Teen Programs | Reform Judaism"
859:
672:Philadelphia Conference of 3–6 November 1869
220:. The current president of the URJ is Rabbi
2882:Religious organizations established in 1873
1711:Jewish Community Relations Councils (JCRCs)
783:, which declined in activity following the
2323:
2221:
1620:
1606:
1598:
487:
473:
310:
1533:Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism
1484:Union for Reform Judaism Official Website
536:poll cited 38%); based on these figures,
2005:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
1971:Reconstructionist Rabbinical Association
868:arm and campus student organization for
1495:RJ.org±—The Blog of the Reform Movement
941:
352:
313:
200:) until 2003, founded in 1873 by Rabbi
2114:B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO)
1527:NFTY: The Reform Jewish Youth Movement
931:– the Union's former official magazine
887:KESHER worked with organizations like
691:Union of American Hebrew Congregations
194:Union of American Hebrew Congregations
29:
18:Union of American Hebrew Congregations
2252:World Union of Jewish Students (WUJS)
2027:Central Conference of American Rabbis
1929:(and associated rabbinical membership
1629:Jews and Judaism in the United States
1538:URJ Youth: Go Kesher Official Website
1507:Central Conference of American Rabbis
954:Central Conference of American Rabbis
758:In contrast with the coolness toward
741:Central Conference of American Rabbis
597:Congregation Kahal Kadosh Beth Elohim
591:, on 21 November 1824. It was led by
506:Central Conference of American Rabbis
218:Central Conference of American Rabbis
7:
1857:Middle East Media Research Institute
1756:Jewish Democratic Council of America
1122:
1120:
1967:Jewish Reconstructionist Federation
1653:Jewish Federations of North America
860:
295:, women's equality and gay rights.
233:World Union for Progressive Judaism
91:World Union for Progressive Judaism
1731:National Jewish Democratic Council
1575:"College Life | ReformJudaism.org"
25:
1716:Jewish Council for Public Affairs
1570:2011 archive of KesherCollege.org
1225:"Yallah! Israel | Reform Judaism"
2840:
2839:
1669:(not exclusively Israel-focused)
1252:. November 8, 2003. p. B8.
968:"URJ | Union for Reform Judaism"
910:
323:
38:
2173:College Jewish studies programs
1886:Major domestic and neighborhood
1877:Zionist Organization of America
399:Australia, New Zealand and Asia
204:, is the congregational arm of
2872:Jews and Judaism in Cincinnati
2451:Jewish News of Greater Phoenix
2000:Society for Humanistic Judaism
1512:American Conference of Cantors
1060:"URJ BIENNIAL 2019 is a wrap!"
249:Reform Judaism § Practice
245:Reform Judaism § Theology
1:
2699:Jewish Life Television (JLTV)
1990:Rabbinical Council of America
1774:American Jewish World Service
1374:. College Research Associates
1284:, (accessed February 2, 2009)
1149:"URJ 6 Points Sports Academy"
993:"Leadership & Governance"
790:In 1950, HUC merged with the
578:Reform Judaism § History
162:600,000–1,150,000 identifying
2148:United Synagogue Youth (USY)
2078:Orthodox and Modern Orthodox
1784:Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society
1779:Joint Distribution Committee
1667:Major advocacy organizations
1636:Major communal organizations
1581:. 2018-12-30. Archived from
1557:. 2011-07-25. Archived from
1372:www.collegeresourceassoc.com
1295:"Julius and Ethel Rosenberg"
797:The HUC, as a member of the
792:Jewish Institute of Religion
781:American Council for Judaism
739:. In 1889, Wise founded the
710:It was the arrival of Rabbi
545:Youth group and summer camps
532:themselves Reform (the 2001
520:, as part of the vision for
2694:Jewish Broadcasting Service
2510:Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle
1736:Republican Jewish Coalition
1721:Jewish environmental groups
733:Jewish Theological Seminary
618:caused an uproar at Hamburg
2898:
2704:National Jewish Television
1931:and policy body; seminary)
1746:White House Jewish Liaison
1087:December 22, 2015, at the
720:Positive-Historical School
589:Charleston, South Carolina
575:
242:
2835:
2827:Super Sunday phone-a-thon
2815:Major communal activities
2334:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1939:Agudath Israel of America
1872:Tzofim Friendship Caravan
1676:American Jewish Committee
1320:Jewish Telegraphic Agency
1092:, S3K Report, Fall 2006;
831:American Jewish Committee
755:, ritual, and tradition.
192:), formerly known as the
37:
2867:Union for Reform Judaism
2642:San Diego Jewish Journal
2188:See template for schools
2023:Union for Reform Judaism
1924:Major religious movement
1905:Secure Community Network
1888:assistance organizations
1832:Israeli-American Council
1691:Conference of Presidents
1681:American Jewish Congress
1658:Local Jewish Federations
1648:Jewish Community Centers
1280:August 29, 2008, at the
997:Union for Reform Judaism
835:American Jewish Congress
603:(as was prevalent among
307:Organizational structure
186:Union for Reform Judaism
33:Union for Reform Judaism
2247:Orthodox student groups
2218:Major university groups
1943:Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah
1817:Americans for Peace Now
1701:Religious Action Center
1579:Union of Reform Judaism
893:Israel Campus Coalition
526:Women of Reform Judaism
518:political progressivism
514:Religious Action Center
2877:Reform Judaism in Ohio
2749:Jewish Virtual Library
2649:San Diego Jewish World
2524:Washington Jewish Week
2517:St. Louis Jewish Light
2503:New Jersey Jewish News
2363:Baltimore Jewish Times
2282:Sigma Alpha Epsilon Pi
1953:Vaad Rabonei Lubavitch
1949:Agudas Chasidei Chabad
1847:Jewish Women's Archive
1842:Jewish Voice for Peace
1751:Jewish Labor Committee
1686:Anti-Defamation League
1551:"KESHER - KESHER Home"
827:Anti-Defamation League
554:
2377:Cleveland Jewish News
2370:Charlotte Jewish News
2339:Jewish News Syndicate
552:
293:Civil Rights Movement
2600:Jewish Sports Review
2496:New York Jewish Week
1798:Major Israel-focused
1789:United Israel Appeal
1706:Jewish Future Pledge
1297:. My Jewish Learning
1100:Jewish Daily Forward
737:Conservative Judaism
695:Hebrew Union College
657:1855 Cleveland Synod
642:A year before that,
601:Early Modern Spanish
2607:Jewish World Review
2427:The Jewish Exponent
2412:The Jewish Advocate
2102:Youth organizations
2009:Rabbinical Assembly
1957:Tomchei Tmimim-U.S.
1852:Masa Israel Journey
1418:The Brown and White
1273:Commentary Magazine
1250:The Washington Post
1205:on February 4, 2012
1155:on January 15, 2012
950:"Board of Trustees"
803:Rosenberg Committee
728:Pittsburgh Platform
676:Priestly privileges
353:Regional affiliates
317:Progressive Judaism
279:Bar and Bat Mitzvah
239:Belief and practice
160:~880,000 affiliates
2709:The Jewish Channel
2545:Yeshiva World News
2435:The Jewish Journal
2356:Algemeiner Journal
2109:Jewish summer camp
2041:List of synagogues
1765:Major humanitarian
1543:2019-10-22 at the
1500:2005-11-25 at the
1346:The New York Times
1102:, 5 November 2015.
1039:zionism-israel.com
765:Abba Hillel Silver
625:Gustavus Poznanski
555:
2854:
2853:
2779:
2778:
2677:We Are in America
2443:The Jewish Ledger
2315:
2314:
2277:Alpha Epsilon Phi
2242:Masorti on Campus
2183:Jewish day school
2083:Reconstructionist
1932:
1822:Birthright Israel
1555:KesherCollege.org
1489:ReformJudaism.org
1229:reformjudaism.org
1179:reformjudaism.org
874:Taglit Birthright
716:Zecharias Frankel
689:, and formed the
637:Maimonides' Creed
605:Western Sephardim
497:
496:
371:Reconstructionist
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
2889:
2843:
2842:
2458:The Jewish Press
2324:
2272:Alpha Epsilon Pi
2232:Chabad on Campus
2222:
2045:
1928:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1471:
1470:
1465:. Archived from
1463:"Kesher College"
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1291:
1285:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1201:. Archived from
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1171:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1151:. Archived from
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1062:. Archived from
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1007:
1001:
1000:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
964:
958:
957:
946:
920:
915:
914:
913:
863:
862:
687:Cincinnati, Ohio
644:Isaac Mayer Wise
609:Rabbinic Judaism
489:
482:
475:
327:
311:
202:Isaac Mayer Wise
178:
175:
173:
167:Official website
143:Cincinnati, Ohio
130:Isaac Mayer Wise
42:
30:
21:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2831:
2810:
2775:
2765:Tablet Magazine
2713:
2682:
2593:Jewish Currents
2586:Emunah Magazine
2550:
2473:The Jewish Star
2465:Jewish Standard
2343:
2311:
2302:Tau Epsilon Phi
2292:Sigma Delta Tau
2263:
2256:
2213:
2161:
2097:
2043:
2042:
2036:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1915:Tomchei Shabbos
1887:
1881:
1867:New Israel Fund
1862:Nefesh B'Nefesh
1799:
1793:
1766:
1760:
1668:
1662:
1631:
1626:
1588:
1586:
1573:
1564:
1562:
1549:
1545:Wayback Machine
1502:Wayback Machine
1480:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1423:
1421:
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1411:
1407:
1398:
1396:
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1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1323:
1322:. 20 March 2015
1314:
1313:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1282:Wayback Machine
1269:
1265:
1247:
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1242:
1233:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1218:
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1183:
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1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1089:Wayback Machine
1077:Steven M. Cohen
1075:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1009:
1008:
1004:
991:
990:
986:
977:
975:
966:
965:
961:
948:
947:
943:
938:
916:
911:
909:
906:
898:American Jewish
843:
807:Rosenberg trial
777:Solomon Freehof
773:Samuel S. Cohon
749:
724:Kaufmann Kohler
712:Alexander Kohut
585:
580:
574:
547:
538:Steven M. Cohen
493:
441:
395:
379:United Kingdom
376:
316:
315:World Union for
309:
251:
243:Main articles:
241:
170:
161:
141:Melodeon Hall,
140:
82:Rabbi Ron Segal
28:
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15:
12:
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5:
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2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:Sigma Alpha Mu
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2264:and sororities
2258:
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2255:
2254:
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2239:
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2228:
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2219:
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2198:Torah Umesorah
2195:
2190:
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2169:
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2163:
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2160:
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2105:
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2095:
2090:
2085:
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2075:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2044:(by movements)
2038:
2037:
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2020:
2002:
1997:
1986:Orthodox Union
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1492:
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1479:
1478:External links
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:on 2007-12-20.
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1066:on 2020-03-09.
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927:Reform Judaism
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918:Judaism portal
905:
902:
870:Reform Judaism
850:
849:
842:
839:
818:Albert Vorspan
814:Nelson Mandela
801:, opposed the
748:
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665:Reform Judaism
649:Shabbat Shuvah
633:Hamburg Temple
584:
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576:Main article:
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59:Reform Judaism
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2806:SawYouAtSinai
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2538:Vos Iz Neias?
2535:
2533:
2532:
2531:Yated Ne'eman
2528:
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2307:Zeta Beta Tau
2305:
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2297:Tau Delta Phi
2295:
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2227:
2225:Organizations
2223:
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2203:
2199:
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2178:Hebrew school
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2143:Tzivos Hashem
2141:
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1926:organizations
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1611:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1585:on 2018-12-30
1584:
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1572:
1561:on 2011-07-25
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1395:. 7 July 2015
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1349:. 8 June 1990
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700:trefa banquet
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2398:Di Tzeitung
2017:AJU-Ziegler
1275:, June 2008
785:Six-Day War
593:Isaac Harby
522:Tikkun Olam
419:Netherlands
288:Tikkun Olam
222:Rick Jacobs
2861:Categories
2801:Matzo Ball
2771:Yeshiva.co
2754:Kosher.com
2730:Chabad.org
2687:Television
2579:Commentary
2327:News wires
2128:Bnei Akiva
2073:Humanistic
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1565:2021-11-29
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1133:January 9,
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1044:20 October
1020:2024-06-17
978:2024-06-17
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2556:Magazines
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2193:Schechter
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1895:Chaverim
1837:J Street
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760:Zionism
572:History
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