306:
394:
170:
Two papers from 2008 have suggested that transitions between hermaphroditism and gonochorism or vice versa have occurred in animals between 10 and 20 times. In a 2017 study involving 165 taxon groups, more evolutionary transitions from gonochorism to hermaphroditism were found than the reverse.
270:, individual flowers may be hermaphroditic (i.e. with both stamens and ovaries) or dioecious (unisexual), having either no stamens (i.e. no male parts) or no ovaries (i.e. no female parts). Among flowering plants with unisexual flowers, some also produce
1340:
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1667:"Gonochorism vs. hermaphroditism: relationship between life history and fitness in three species of Ophryotrocha (Polychaeta: Dorvilleidae) with different forms of sexuality"
137:
multiple times. It is very evolutionarily stable in animals. Its stability and advantages have received little attention. Gonochorism owes its origin to the evolution of
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Transitions
Between Sexual Systems: Understanding the Mechanisms of, and Pathways Between, Dioecy, Hermaphroditism and Other Sexual Systems
274:
flowers, and the three types may occur in different arrangements on the same or separate plants. Plant species can thus be hermaphrodite,
438:
694:
1324:
1025:"The Role of Androdioecy and Gynodioecy in Mediating Evolutionary Transitions Between Dioecy and Hermaphroditism in the Animalia"
121:
1745:
Afonso P, Morato T, Santos RS (2008). "Spatial patterns in reproductive traits of the temperate parrotfish
Sparisoma cretense".
1362:
1513:
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622:
1282:
649:
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82:. However, in gonochoric species individuals remain either male or female throughout their lives. Species that reproduce by
869:
317:
are gonochoric. The narrow female can be seen emerging from the thicker male's gynecophoral canal below his ventral sucker.
907:
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65:
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In animals, sex is most often genetically determined, but may be determined by other mechanisms. For example,
299:
1787:
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161:
61:. The term gonochorism is usually applied in animal species, the vast majority of which are gonochoric.
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1095:
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134:
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78:
141:, but it is unclear if the evolution of anisogamy first led to hermaphroditism or gonochorism.
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913:
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291:
160:. Gonochorism is thought to be ancestral in hermaphroditic fishes because it is widespread in
31:
1608:"Correlates of monoicy and dioicy in hornworts, the apparent sister group to vascular plants"
1754:
1686:
1637:
1627:
1254:
1162:
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995:
984:"Phylogenetic perspectives on the evolution of functional hermaphroditism in teleost fishes"
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1147:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
1099:
1642:
1607:
1235:"Hermaphroditism in fishes: an annotated list of species, phylogeny, and mating system"
1167:
1142:
1118:
1083:
755:
728:
399:
184:
The term is most often used with animals, in which the species are usually gonochoric.
95:
1771:
1691:
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1040:
563:
361:. Closely related taxa can have differing sexual strategies – for example, the genus
358:
271:
46:
545:
1056:
370:
The sex of an individual may also change during its lifetime – this
363:
295:
149:
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83:
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17:
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1176:
1158:
1127:
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1009:
816:
783:"Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems"
764:
1143:"Epigenetics drive the evolution of sex chromosomes in animals and plants"
367:
contains species that are gonochoric and species that are hermaphrodites.
1000:
983:
799:
782:
153:
283:
247:
38:
1440:
334:
279:
259:
251:
196:
188:
127:
58:
195:
species, 99% of which are gonochoric. 98% of fishes are gonochoric.
326:
304:
214:
200:
164:
1402:
Reproductive and
Developmental Strategies: The Continuity of Life
479:
Kliman RM (2016). "Hermaphrodites". In Schärer L, Ramm S (eds.).
436:
King RC, Stansfield WD, Mulligan PK (2006-07-27). "Gonochorism".
105:'to separate'. The term gonochorism originally came from German
1233:
Kuwamura T, Sunobe T, Sakai Y, Kadota T, Sawada K (2020-07-01).
982:
Erisman BE, Petersen CW, Hastings PA, Warner RR (October 2013).
204:
157:
54:
1084:"A reconstruction of sexual modes throughout animal evolution"
112:
Gonochorism is also referred to as unisexualism or gonochory.
50:
86:
and do not have males can still be classified as gonochoric.
1720:
Florida Museum of
Natural History, Ichthyology Department
540:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–3.
531:(2020). "Gonochorism". In Vonk J, Shackelford TK (eds.).
68:
but it may be hard to tell if a species is gonochoric or
1480:. Vol. 4. Academic Press. 2016-04-14. p. 50.
1141:
Muyle A, Bachtrog D, Marais GA, Turner JM (June 2021).
250:
which have single-sex individuals are typically called
27:
State of having just one sex in any individual organism
1512:
Giribet, Gonzalo; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2020-03-03).
1665:
Prevedelli D, N'Siala GM, Simonini R (January 2006).
1606:
Villarreal, Juan Carlos; Renner, Susanne S. (2013).
1399:
Kobayashi K, Kitano T, Iwao Y, Kondo M (June 2018).
144:
Gonochorism is thought to be the ancestral state in
333:. In these plants the male plant that supplies the
729:"Sex determination: why so many ways of doing it?"
437:
187:Gonochorism has been estimated to occur in 95% of
321:Examples of species with gonochoric or dioecious
627:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.
512:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1542:Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans
868:Barnes, R. S. K.; Hughes, R. N. (1999-06-02).
776:
774:
534:Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior
8:
1361:Muehlenbein MP (2010-07-29). Jones J (ed.).
1195:"Evolution of Sex Determining Genes in Fish"
906:Dubinsky, Zvy; Stambler, Noga (2010-12-02).
474:
472:
1518:. Princeton University Press. p. 249.
1367:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
495:. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28
224:are gonochoric. For example a majority of
1690:
1641:
1631:
1437:Thorp, James H.; Covich, Alan P. (2010).
1258:
1166:
1117:
1107:
999:
912:. Springer Science & Business Media.
798:
754:
744:
600:. Princeton University Press. p. 1.
1197:. In Pan Q, Guiguen Y, Herpin A (eds.).
444:. Oxford University Press. p. 187.
349:Gonochorism stands in contrast to other
1539:Subramoniam, Thanumalaya (2016-09-27).
909:Coral Reefs: An Ecosystem in Transition
428:
237:temperature-dependent sex determination
167:of fish and other vertebrate lineages.
126:For evolution of dioecy in plants, see
53:and each individual organism is either
944:Schmidt-Rhaesa, Andreas (2013-12-18).
874:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 202.
727:, Ashman TL, et al. (July 2014).
505:
213:are almost always gonochoric. 75% of
7:
1477:Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology
1082:Sasson DA, Ryan JF (December 2017).
482:Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology
988:Integrative and Comparative Biology
787:Integrative and Comparative Biology
651:Dictionary of Biological Psychology
1545:. Academic Press. pp. 57–58.
1023:Weeks, Stephen C. (18 June 2012).
25:
1063:from the original on 15 June 2022
871:An Introduction to Marine Ecology
621:Fusco G, Minelli A (2019-10-10).
128:Dioecy § Evolution of dioecy
1692:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01040.x
1581:(2 ed.). Richmond, Surrey:
1041:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01714.x
781:Leonard, Janet L. (2013-10-01).
392:
122:Evolution of sexual reproduction
1559:from the original on 2024-04-17
1494:from the original on 2024-04-17
1457:from the original on 2024-04-17
1443:. Academic Press. p. 468.
1419:from the original on 2024-04-17
1381:from the original on 2024-04-17
1343:from the original on 2024-04-17
1326:Genetics: A Conceptual Approach
1305:from the original on 2024-04-17
1215:from the original on 2024-04-17
1201:. Academic Press. p. 168.
964:from the original on 2023-04-19
926:from the original on 2023-04-19
888:from the original on 2024-04-17
850:from the original on 2024-04-17
697:from the original on 2021-09-29
668:from the original on 2024-04-17
573:from the original on 2021-04-26
546:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_305-1
485:. Vol. 2. Academic Press.
458:from the original on 2021-06-11
374:can, for example, be found in
191:species. It is very common in
1:
1759:10.1016/j.fishres.2007.09.029
1671:The Journal of Animal Ecology
1515:The Invertebrate Tree of Life
345:Other reproductive strategies
1199:Encyclopedia of Reproduction
746:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001899
266:) instead of gonochoric. In
66:simultaneous hermaphroditism
687:"Definition of GONOCHORISM"
648:Winn, Philip (2003-09-02).
624:The Biology of Reproduction
84:thelytokous parthenogenesis
70:sequentially hermaphroditic
64:Gonochorism contrasts with
1804:
1583:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1364:Human Evolutionary Biology
1260:10.1007/s10228-020-00754-6
654:. Routledge. p. 698.
372:sequential hermaphroditism
125:
119:
29:
1405:. Springer. p. 290.
1329:. Macmillan. p. 75.
1288:Sex Determination in Fish
1109:10.1186/s12862-017-1071-3
830:Leonard JL (2019-05-21).
94:The term is derived from
1633:10.1186/1471-2148-13-239
1612:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1291:. CRC Press. p. 8.
1088:BMC Evolutionary Biology
440:A Dictionary of Genetics
30:Not to be confused with
1239:Ichthyological Research
691:www.merriam-webster.com
351:reproductive strategies
239:during egg incubation.
207:are solely gonochoric.
1716:"Stoplight parrotfish"
1579:The Kew Plant Glossary
1577:Beentje, Henk (2016).
1159:10.1098/rstb.2020.0124
337:is referred to as the
318:
950:. Walter de Gruyter.
308:
156:, and hermaphroditic
135:evolved independently
355:asexual reproduction
49:where there are two
1683:2006JAnEc..75..203P
1624:2013BMCEE..13..239V
1251:2020IchtR..67..341K
1100:2017BMCEE..17..242S
1747:Fisheries Research
1726:on 6 December 2009
1323:Pierce BA (2012).
1153:(1826): 20200124.
1001:10.1093/icb/ict077
800:10.1093/icb/ict088
319:
288:polygamomonoecious
175:Use across species
79:Patella ferruginea
1592:978-1-84246-604-9
1552:978-0-12-809606-2
1525:978-0-691-19706-7
1487:978-0-12-800426-5
1450:978-0-12-374855-3
1412:978-4-431-56609-0
1374:978-0-521-87948-4
1336:978-1-4292-3252-4
1298:978-1-4398-7919-1
1208:978-0-12-815145-7
1035:(12): 3670–3686.
957:978-3-11-027425-7
919:978-94-007-0114-4
881:978-0-86542-834-8
843:978-3-319-94139-4
661:978-1-134-77815-7
634:978-1-108-49985-9
607:978-1-4008-3201-9
555:978-3-319-47829-6
492:978-0-12-800426-5
451:978-0-19-976957-5
292:polygamodioecious
228:are gonochoric.
32:sexual dimorphism
16:(Redirected from
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1722:. Archived from
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268:flowering plants
217:are gonochoric.
133:Gonochorism has
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359:hermaphroditism
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296:andromonoecious
256:vascular plants
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131:
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118:
101:'generation' +
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1297:
1285:(2011-09-02).
1283:Pandian, T. J.
1274:
1245:(3): 341–360.
1225:
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1193:(2018-06-29).
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793:(4): 671–688.
770:
719:, Peichel CL,
707:
678:
660:
640:
633:
613:
606:
597:Sex Allocation
594:(2009-09-28).
583:
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529:Shackelford TK
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400:Biology portal
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120:Main article:
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1677:(1): 203–12.
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226:crustaceans
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139:anisogamy
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