1247:. In other words, when a vowel-preceded consonant is followed by a vowel-succeeded consonant, the schwa inherent in the first consonant is deleted. However, this formalization is inexact and incomplete (i.e. sometimes deletes a schwa when it shouldn't or, at other times, fails to delete it when it should), and can yield errors. Schwa deletion is computationally important because it is essential to building
33:
134:
2803:... Without the appropriate deletion of schwas, any speech output would sound unnatural. Since the orthographical representation of Devanagari gives little indication of deletion sites, modern TTS systems for Hindi implemented schwa deletion rules based on the segmental context where schwa appears ...
2531:
Transliteration between the three scripts can be complicated, particularly when transliterating between
Devanagari and Persian scripts. One obstacle to this is that multiple different letters in one script often all correspond to the same letter in the other script. So, simple substitution often does
431:. In certain contexts, such as at the end of words, there is no vowel, a phenomenon called the schwa syncope. Other vowels are written with a diacritic on the consonant letter. Devanagari is written from left to right, with a top-bar connecting the letters together.
2740:... The implicit /a/ is not read when the symbol appears in word-final position or in certain other contexts where it is obligatorily deleted (via the so-called schwa-deletion rule which plays a crucial role in Hindi word phonology ...
1234:
The schwa (अ or 'ə', sometimes written 'a') implicit in each consonant of the
Devanagari script is "obligatorily deleted" in Hindi at the end of words and in certain other contexts. This phenomenon has been termed the
2707:... Hindi literature fails as a reliable indicator of the actual pronunciation because it is written in the Devanagari script ... the schwa syncope rule which operates in Hindi ...
1254:
As a result of schwa syncope, the correct Hindi pronunciation of many words differs from that expected from a literal rendering of
Devanagari. For instance, राम is
1314:. Urdu is written from right to left, and most letters link together. This leads to variations in the form of a letter depending on its position in a word. Most
133:
355:
2770:... schwa deletion is an important issue for grapheme-to-phoneme conversion of IAL, which in turn is required for a good Text-to-Speech synthesizer ...
2639:
50:
1318:
are omitted in generic texts, although they may be written for disambiguation or for pedagogical purposes. Urdu is primarily written in a
329:
97:
2733:
2700:
116:
69:
2523:
romanization schemes have been employed primarily for usage by non-native speakers who are more familiar with the Latin alphabet.
2630:
not written in some environments, while for Urdu
Braille in Pakistan, it seems that vowels may be optional as they are in print.
2922:
1344:
2644:
76:
2815:
244:
54:
2894:
2927:
341:
170:
142:
83:
348:
253:
2478:
2468:
65:
2486:
390:
324:
43:
2450:
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2419:
2415:
2388:
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2334:
2307:
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2299:
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2241:
2214:
2187:
2160:
2133:
2106:
2079:
2052:
2025:
1998:
1971:
1944:
1917:
1890:
1863:
1836:
1809:
1782:
1755:
1728:
1701:
1674:
1647:
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1539:
1512:
1485:
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1431:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1218:
1203:
1188:
1184:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1056:
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1004:
999:
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989:
952:
947:
942:
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932:
888:
883:
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873:
868:
824:
819:
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760:
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623:
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601:
597:
594:
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585:
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570:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
2692:
A history of the Hindi grammatical tradition: Hindi-Hindustani grammar, grammarians, history and problems
1301:
2785:
Naim R. Tyson; Ila Nagar (2009), "Prosodic rules for schwa-deletion in hindi text-to-speech synthesis",
2498:
319:
296:
2654:
2649:
310:
177:
90:
369:
291:
150:
2766:
Proceedings of the
Workshop of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology (SIGPHON)
405:
has been used in these languages for technological or internationalization reasons. Historically,
386:
2659:
282:
1222:
1207:
1192:
2729:
2696:
382:
2794:
2489:. It is most commonly used by young native speakers for technological applications, such as
1307:
1248:
398:
301:
263:
258:
193:
2623:
2615:
268:
209:
2856:
2932:
2574:
is also often shown as
English T, but is different to the other two Urdu letters, see
381:) has been written in several different scripts. Most Hindi texts are written in the
2937:
2916:
2758:
2607:
2597:
2520:
2477:
has been used to write
Hindustani for technological or internationalization reasons.
1311:
1295:
406:
394:
198:
2619:
2611:
2601:
2474:
402:
187:
182:
1323:
2723:
2690:
2490:
1319:
32:
17:
2798:
2482:
2464:
418:
214:
427:, as written consonants have an inherent vowel, which in Standard Hindi is a
2516:
203:
424:
220:
2504:
230:
225:
401:. Hindustani has been written in both scripts. In recent years, the
2759:"A Diachronic Approach for Schwa Deletion in Indo Aryan Languages"
2664:
2508:
2494:
1315:
1243:" of Hindi. One formalization of this rule has been summarized as
428:
374:
159:
2512:
378:
164:
2864:
Proceedings of the
Conference on Language & Technology 2009
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
26:
2757:
Monojit
Choudhury; Anupam Basu; Sudeshna Sarkar (July 2004),
2893:
Bhatia, Tej K.; Khoul, Ashok; Koul, Ashok (27 August 2015).
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2857:"Hindi to Urdu Conversion: Beyond Simple Transliteration"
2722:
Larry M. Hyman; Victoria
Fromkin; Charles N. Li (1988),
2587:
are both ≈ H but are sometimes regarded as distinct.
2895:"Colloquial Urdu: The Complete Course for Beginners"
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2540:Some sets of Urdu letters have matching sounds.
2728:, vol. 1988, Part 2, Taylor & Francis,
2626:conventions. Hindi Braille is an alphabet with
2752:
2750:
2748:
349:
8:
2768:, Association for Computations Linguistics,
2684:
2682:
2680:
2780:
2778:
2717:
2715:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1065:Modified consonants for non-native phonemes
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
980:
973:
966:
959:
923:
916:
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902:
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852:
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838:
831:
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724:
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710:
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667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
528:
512:
505:
498:
491:
484:
477:
470:
463:
456:
449:
442:
2787:International Journal of Speech Technology
2582:
2569:
2563:
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2433:
2426:
2402:
2395:
2375:
2368:
2348:
2341:
2321:
2314:
2282:
2275:
2255:
2248:
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2221:
2201:
2194:
2174:
2167:
2147:
2140:
2120:
2113:
2093:
2086:
2066:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2012:
2005:
1985:
1978:
1958:
1951:
1931:
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1904:
1897:
1877:
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1843:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1789:
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1762:
1742:
1735:
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1708:
1688:
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1661:
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1627:
1607:
1600:
1580:
1573:
1553:
1546:
1526:
1519:
1499:
1492:
1472:
1465:
1445:
1438:
1418:
1411:
1393:
1386:
1358:
1351:
1210:) (Irregular shape, regular pronunciation)
1195:) (Irregular shape, regular pronunciation)
356:
342:
128:
2575:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1328:
1068:
635:
438:
2855:Jawaid, Bushra; Ahmed, Tafseer (2009).
2676:
2640:Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation
309:
281:
243:
149:
1225:) (Irregular shape and pronunciation)
393:. Most Urdu texts are written in the
7:
55:adding citations to reliable sources
2606:Three braille alphabets are used:
2583:
2570:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2532:not produce the correct spellings.
2427:
2396:
2369:
2342:
2315:
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2222:
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2168:
2141:
2114:
2087:
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1979:
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1871:
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1817:
1790:
1763:
1736:
1709:
1682:
1655:
1628:
1601:
1574:
1547:
1520:
1493:
1466:
1439:
1412:
1387:
1352:
1306:The Urdu alphabet is based on the
25:
2825:. Center for Language Engineering
2536:Urdu letters with similar sounds
132:
31:
42:needs additional citations for
2568:are both ≈ T (a third letter
171:Regional or dialectal variants
1:
423:The Devanagari script is an
385:, which is derived from the
2614:braille in India, based on
1322:style of the script called
2954:
2725:Language, speech, and mind
2645:Hindi–Urdu transliteration
2595:
2469:Devanagari transliteration
2462:
1299:
1293:
416:
2816:"Urdu Phonetic Inventory"
2799:10.1007/s10772-009-9040-x
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
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967:
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839:
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661:
654:
647:
640:
529:
513:
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492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
457:
450:
443:
2515:(and the near-identical
66:"Hindustani orthography"
397:, which comes from the
2923:Hindustani orthography
2689:Tej K. Bhatia (1987),
2622:in Pakistan, based on
274:Hindustani orthography
254:Hindi–Urdu controversy
2576:#retroflex consonants
2655:Hindustani phonology
2650:Hindustani etymology
2487:basic Latin alphabet
1251:software for Hindi.
1174:Irregular ligatures:
409:has also been used.
330:Phonological history
51:improve this article
2928:Hindustani language
1241:schwa deletion rule
151:Hindustani language
2660:Hindustani grammar
1237:schwa syncope rule
311:Linguistic history
2618:conventions, and
2456:
2455:
1245:ə -> ø | VC_CV
1171:
1170:
1062:
1061:
629:
628:
413:Devanagari script
383:Devanagari script
377:and standardized
366:
365:
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2945:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2890:
2875:
2874:
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2861:
2852:
2835:
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2323:
2318:
2317:
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2230:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2203:
2198:
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2176:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2135:
2122:
2117:
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2108:
2095:
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2068:
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2054:
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2014:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1973:
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1657:
1649:
1636:
1631:
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1609:
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1603:
1595:
1582:
1577:
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1528:
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1501:
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1487:
1474:
1469:
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1433:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1329:
1302:Nastaʿlīq script
1220:
1205:
1190:
1186:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
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1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1015:
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1006:
1001:
996:
991:
984:
983:
977:
976:
970:
969:
963:
962:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
927:
926:
920:
919:
913:
912:
906:
905:
899:
898:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
863:
862:
856:
855:
849:
848:
842:
841:
835:
834:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
799:
798:
792:
791:
785:
784:
778:
777:
771:
770:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
735:
734:
728:
727:
721:
720:
714:
713:
707:
706:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
671:
670:
664:
663:
657:
656:
650:
649:
643:
642:
636:
625:
616:
610:
606:
603:
599:
596:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
531:
516:
515:
509:
508:
502:
501:
495:
494:
488:
487:
481:
480:
474:
473:
467:
466:
460:
459:
453:
452:
446:
445:
439:
399:Persian alphabet
358:
351:
344:
264:Hindi literature
259:Persian and Urdu
136:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
18:Urdu orthography
2953:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2838:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2736:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2703:
2688:
2687:
2678:
2673:
2636:
2624:Persian Braille
2616:Bharati braille
2604:
2596:Main articles:
2594:
2538:
2529:
2527:Transliteration
2471:
2463:Main articles:
2461:
1312:Arabic alphabet
1304:
1298:
1292:
1278:) and नमकीन is
1232:
1067:
634:
437:
421:
415:
362:
269:Urdu literature
237:
236:
219:
208:
192:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
48:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2951:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2876:
2836:
2823:www.cle.org.pk
2807:
2774:
2744:
2734:
2711:
2701:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2632:
2593:
2592:Braille script
2590:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2560:
2551:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2311:
2310:
2293:
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2280:
2272:
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2266:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1804:
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1780:
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1740:
1732:
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1723:
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1699:
1696:
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1686:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1651:
1650:
1645:
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1637:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1583:
1578:
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1564:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1543:
1542:
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1534:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1489:
1488:
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1475:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1369:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1338:Name of letter
1336:
1333:
1310:, which is an
1294:Main article:
1291:
1290:Persian script
1288:
1249:text-to-speech
1231:
1230:Schwa deletion
1228:
1227:
1226:
1223:wiktionary:ज्ञ
1217:is pronounced
1213:ज्ञ (ज and ञ)
1211:
1208:wiktionary:त्र
1202:is pronounced
1198:त्र (त and र)
1196:
1193:wiktionary:क्ष
1183:is pronounced
1179:क्ष (क and ष)
1169:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
985:
978:
971:
964:
956:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
929:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
892:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
865:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
801:
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
764:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
737:
736:
729:
722:
715:
708:
700:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
665:
658:
651:
644:
633:
630:
627:
626:
621:
618:
612:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
533:
526:
523:
520:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
461:
454:
447:
436:
433:
414:
411:
373:(standardized
364:
363:
361:
360:
353:
346:
338:
335:
334:
333:
332:
327:
322:
314:
313:
307:
306:
305:
304:
299:
294:
286:
285:
279:
278:
277:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
248:
247:
241:
240:
239:
238:
235:
234:
228:
223:
217:
212:
206:
201:
196:
190:
185:
180:
173:
169:
167:
162:
154:
153:
147:
146:
138:
137:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2950:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2824:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2735:0-415-00311-3
2731:
2727:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2702:90-04-07924-6
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2598:Hindi Braille
2591:
2580:
2577:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2521:Harvard-Kyoto
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:do chashmī he
2352:
2347:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2312:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2254:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1761:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1579:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1491:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1341:Transcription
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1296:Urdu alphabet
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1009:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
987:
979:
972:
965:
958:
957:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
930:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
893:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
866:
858:
851:
844:
837:
830:
829:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
794:
787:
780:
773:
766:
765:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
738:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
701:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
674:
666:
659:
652:
645:
638:
637:
631:
622:
619:
613:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
535:
527:
524:
521:
518:
511:
504:
497:
490:
483:
476:
469:
462:
455:
448:
441:
440:
434:
432:
430:
426:
420:
412:
410:
408:
407:Kaithi script
404:
400:
396:
395:Urdu alphabet
392:
391:Ancient India
388:
387:Brāhmī script
384:
380:
376:
372:
371:
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
328:
326:
325:Kinship terms
323:
321:
318:
317:
316:
315:
312:
308:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
284:
280:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
249:
246:
242:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
218:
216:
213:
211:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
175:
174:
172:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
135:
131:
130:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2899:. Retrieved
2867:. Retrieved
2863:
2827:. Retrieved
2822:
2810:
2802:
2790:
2786:
2769:
2765:
2739:
2724:
2706:
2691:
2627:
2620:Urdu Braille
2605:
2602:Urdu Braille
2559:are all ≈ S
2550:are all ≈ Z
2539:
2530:
2503:
2475:Latin script
2472:
2459:Latin script
2438:
2407:
2380:
2353:
2326:
2287:
2260:
2233:
2206:
2179:
2152:
2125:
2098:
2071:
2044:
2017:
1990:
1963:
1936:
1909:
1882:
1855:
1828:
1801:
1774:
1747:
1720:
1693:
1666:
1639:
1612:
1585:
1558:
1531:
1504:
1477:
1450:
1423:
1398:
1363:
1320:calligraphic
1305:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1274:(incorrect:
1271:
1267:
1266:(incorrect:
1263:
1259:
1258:(incorrect:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1214:
1199:
1180:
1173:
1172:
422:
403:Latin script
368:
367:
273:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2897:. Routledge
2479:Roman Hindi
1282:(incorrect
1262:), रचना is
2917:Categories
2671:References
2581:2 letters
2562:2 letters
2553:3 letters
2544:4 letters
2483:Roman Urdu
2465:Roman Urdu
2292:v, o, or ū
2261:nūn ghunna
1399:alif madda
1300:See also:
1270:), वेद is
1239:" or the "
632:Consonants
419:Devanagari
417:See also:
370:Hindustani
320:Vocabulary
297:Declension
215:Judeo-Urdu
210:Hyderabadi
77:newspapers
2793:: 15–25,
2695:, BRILL,
2517:ISO 15919
2485:uses the
1335:Nasta‘liq
1324:Nasta'liq
1284:Namakeena
2634:See also
2327:choṭī he
292:Numerals
204:Hinglish
199:Dhakaiya
143:a series
141:Part of
107:May 2020
2578:below.)
2547:ز ذ ض ظ
2519:), and
2443:ai or e
2439:barī ye
2376:ئ, ۓ, ؤ
1613:baṛī he
1368:a, i, u
1308:Persian
1280:Namkeen
1268:Rachanā
425:abugida
283:Grammar
245:History
221:Kauravi
194:Deccani
178:Andaman
91:scholar
2901:19 May
2869:19 May
2829:19 May
2732:
2699:
2505:ITRANS
2495:emails
1332:Letter
1316:vowels
1264:Rachnā
435:Vowels
231:Urdish
226:Rekhta
188:Bombay
183:Bihari
145:on the
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2933:Hindi
2860:(PDF)
2819:(PDF)
2762:(PDF)
2665:Nukta
2608:Hindi
2556:س ص ث
2509:ISCII
2449:, or
2381:hamza
2045:ghain
1937:zu'ād
1910:su'ād
1594:/t͡ʃ/
1567:/d͡ʒ/
1406:/ɑː/
1204:/t̪ɾ/
429:schwa
375:Hindi
302:Verbs
160:Hindi
98:JSTOR
84:books
2938:Urdu
2903:2020
2871:2020
2831:2020
2730:ISBN
2697:ISBN
2612:Urdu
2610:and
2600:and
2513:IAST
2497:and
2491:chat
2481:and
2473:The
2467:and
2451:/eː/
2447:/ɛː/
2420:/iː/
2412:y, i
2308:/uː/
2300:/oː/
2288:vā'o
2018:‘ain
1991:zo'e
1964:to'e
1883:shīn
1675:/d̪/
1486:/t̪/
1364:alif
1276:Véda
1260:Rāma
1219:/ɡj/
1185:/kʂ/
756:d͡ʒʱ
746:t͡ʃʰ
593:m /
379:Urdu
165:Urdu
70:news
2795:doi
2584:ہ ح
2565:ت ط
2499:SMS
2418:or
2416:/j/
2389:/ʔ/
2362:/ʰ/
2335:/h/
2306:or
2304:/ɔ/
2296:/ʋ/
2269:/~/
2242:/n/
2234:nūn
2215:/m/
2207:mīm
2188:/l/
2180:lām
2161:/ɡ/
2153:gāf
2134:/k/
2126:kāf
2107:/q/
2099:qāf
2080:/f/
2053:/ɣ/
2026:/ʔ/
1999:/z/
1972:/t/
1945:/z/
1918:/s/
1891:/ʃ/
1864:/s/
1856:sīn
1837:/ʒ/
1829:zhe
1810:/z/
1783:/ɽ/
1756:/r/
1729:/z/
1721:zāl
1702:/ɖ/
1694:ḍāl
1667:dāl
1648:/x/
1640:khe
1621:/h/
1586:che
1559:jīm
1540:/s/
1513:/ʈ/
1459:/p/
1432:/b/
1380:/ʊ/
1376:/ɪ/
1372:/ə/
1345:IPA
1286:).
1272:Véd
1256:Rām
1189:/x/
1187:or
884:d̪ʱ
874:t̪ʰ
751:d͡ʒ
741:t͡ʃ
567:r̩
522:अः
519:अं
389:of
53:by
2919::
2879:^
2862:.
2839:^
2821:.
2801:,
2791:12
2789:,
2777:^
2764:,
2747:^
2738:,
2714:^
2705:,
2679:^
2511:,
2507:,
2501:.
2493:,
2434:ے
2408:ye
2403:ی
2349:ھ
2322:ہ
2302:,
2298:,
2283:و
2256:ں
2229:ن
2202:م
2175:ل
2148:گ
2121:ک
2094:ق
2072:fe
2067:ف
2049:gh
2040:غ
2013:ع
1986:ظ
1959:ط
1941:z̤
1932:ض
1905:ص
1887:sh
1878:ش
1851:س
1833:zh
1824:ژ
1802:ze
1797:ز
1775:ṛe
1770:ڑ
1748:re
1743:ر
1725:dh
1716:ذ
1689:ڈ
1662:د
1644:kh
1635:خ
1608:ح
1590:ch
1581:چ
1554:ج
1532:se
1527:ث
1505:ṭe
1500:ٹ
1478:te
1473:ت
1451:pe
1446:پ
1424:be
1419:ب
1394:آ
1378:,
1374:,
1359:ا
1326:.
1215:jñ
1200:tr
1181:kṣ
1156:ɽʱ
1123:क़
1116:फ़
1109:ढ़
1102:ड़
1095:झ़
1088:ज़
1081:ग़
1074:ख़
948:bʱ
938:pʰ
879:d̪
869:t̪
820:ɖʱ
810:ʈʰ
692:ɡʱ
682:kʰ
620:æ
617:h
611:n
607:/
600:/
586:ɔː
581:oː
576:ɛː
571:eː
563:uː
553:iː
543:aː
525:ॲ
2905:.
2873:.
2833:.
2797::
2628:a
2571:ٹ
2428:ے
2397:ی
2385:'
2370:ء
2358:h
2343:ھ
2331:h
2316:ہ
2277:و
2265:n
2250:ں
2238:n
2223:ن
2211:m
2196:م
2184:l
2169:ل
2157:g
2142:گ
2130:k
2115:ک
2103:q
2088:ق
2076:f
2061:ف
2034:غ
2022:'
2007:ع
1995:ẓ
1980:ظ
1968:t
1953:ط
1926:ض
1914:ṣ
1899:ص
1872:ش
1860:s
1845:س
1818:ژ
1806:z
1791:ز
1779:ṛ
1764:ڑ
1752:r
1737:ر
1710:ذ
1698:ḍ
1683:ڈ
1671:d
1656:د
1629:خ
1617:h
1602:ح
1575:چ
1563:j
1548:ج
1536:s
1521:ث
1509:ṭ
1494:ٹ
1482:t
1467:ت
1455:p
1440:پ
1428:b
1413:ب
1403:ā
1388:آ
1353:ا
1235:"
1221:(
1206:(
1191:(
1166:q
1161:f
1151:ɽ
1146:ʒ
1141:z
1136:ɣ
1131:x
1057:ɦ
1052:s
1047:ʂ
1042:ʃ
1034:ह
1027:स
1020:ष
1013:श
1005:ʋ
1000:l
995:ɾ
990:j
982:व
975:ल
968:र
961:य
953:m
943:b
933:p
925:म
918:भ
911:ब
904:फ
897:प
889:n
861:न
854:ध
847:द
840:थ
833:त
825:ɳ
815:ɖ
805:ʈ
797:ण
790:ढ
783:ड
776:ठ
769:ट
761:ɲ
733:ञ
726:झ
719:ज
712:छ
705:च
697:ŋ
687:ɡ
677:k
669:ङ
662:घ
655:ग
648:ख
641:क
624:ɒ
615:ə
609:ə
605:ŋ
602:ə
598:ɳ
595:ə
591:ə
558:ʊ
548:ɪ
538:ə
530:ऑ
514:औ
507:ओ
500:ऐ
493:ए
486:ऋ
479:ऊ
472:उ
465:ई
458:इ
451:आ
444:अ
357:e
350:t
343:v
233:)
176:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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