114:, Project MAC’s Director at the time, felt it would only be fair for the AI Group to share in this cutback thereby reducing the pain on Project MAC. Marvin and I with the support of IPTO felt that this was unwarranted. When Lick appeared too hesitant about leaving our budget alone, Marvin and I pushed for and received authorization from the MIT administration to split off from Project MAC and form the AI Lab. This is how I became a co-founder with Prof. Marvin Minsky of the
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Egendorf (counsel); Bernard
Greenberg; John T. Holloway (CTO); Dr. Thomas F. Knight; James E. Kulp; Dr. John L. Kulp, Jr. (VP of R&D); Michael McMahon; David A Moon; Russell Noftsker (principal founder, became President just before 1st VC closing); Robert L. South; Dr. Christopher J. Terman; Minoru (Min) Tonai (CFO); Daniel L. Weinreb; and Robert Williams. Twelve of the founders were MIT AI Lab affiliates & alumni and another seven were MIT graduates.
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to the VAX, writing a version of Lisp for this VAX Unix, and porting
Macsyma to his VAX Lisp. With this done, Fateman began distributing Macsyma in the famous Berkeley tape distributions which included VAX Unix. It was through this path that the academic world got its hands on a shared re-distributable Unix and ultimately ported it to numerous other platforms
129:. Since I had managed the AI Lab under Marvin’s direction, I offered the new Director his choice of my staying on as his manager, going back to engineering or leaving. He asked me to turn management over to his designated replacement and to stay on as a research staff engineer until I found something else interesting to do inside or outside the Lab.
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the MIT Lisp
Machine, would sell, design and build what at the time would have been the first commercial software development workstation. These computers would initially exploit tagged architectures designed to efficiently execute object oriented software and the Lisp language, and would incorporate hardware assisted garbage collection.
107:. Late in 1966, we received a funding commitment of approximately $ 700,000. This enabled us to build up a staff, expand inside Project MAC space, and take on a significant number of undergraduate and graduate students to conduct research on computer vision and manipulation. I mainly performed management and engineering tasks.
34:). Hard as those authors may have worked to get everything right, details were inevitably scrambled if only in minor ways. Hopefully this article offers answers to those who wondered. Some of the Lisp Machine development details were told to me and may require editing by those with first hand knowledge of that project.
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a deal with one of the commodity microcomputer chip manufacturers that would persuade them to integrate our tagged architecture requirements into commodity chips before the end of the 1980 decade. This was our only chance to get onto the Moore’s Law rocket. Unfortunately three of our VC’s didn't buy into that vision.
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in the design of artillery systems and extended range ammunitions, based on gun technology research and development conducted mainly at the company's aeroballistic laboratory and 10,000 acre range straddling the Quebec-Vermont border and also at its
Barbados range and its Antigua field artillery test
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He practiced law in Boston for ten years during which he formed the antitrust committee of the Boston Bar
Association. In 1960, at the request of Royal Little, Chairman of Textron, lnc., and a trustee of Memorial Drive Trust (MDT), de Valpine undertook the management of MDT, the profit sharing trust
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Egendorf, Noftsker and Robert Adams incorporated
Symbolics, Inc. in Delaware on April 9, 1980. AI enables computers to emulate many aspects of human cognitive processing including reasoning and decision making, and has become an integral part of computer technology today. On March 15, 1985, Symbolics
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None of the other interested parties were willing to accept
Greenblatt’s demands and he wasn't willing to compromise so we agreed to give him a year at the end of which time if he hadn't made progress in launching a spin-off, we would do it our way. By the summer of 1979 I had become acquainted with
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who designed and built a disk controller and wrote a virtual memory manager for the processor which as it evolved was re-named the CADR. Tom Knight and/or Jack
Holloway and Dave Moon designed, built and wrote the software to control a bit mapped display attached directly to the CADR. Another student,
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Jean E. de
Valpine was a 1943 field artillery ROTC and engineering science graduate of Harvard College, and of the Tank Destroyer School at Camp Hood (later Fort Hood), Texas. He served as forward observer and battery commander in the 25th Infantry Division in the Philippines and Japan, where, - as
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Fateman persuaded Bell Labs to license Unix to him along with a re-distribution license in exchange for porting Unix from the DEC 16 bit machines which Bell Labs was using at the time to the DEC VAX, one of the first powerful 32 bit computers. Fateman and his
Berkeley group succeeded in porting Unix
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Symbolics grew to annual sales of over $ 100 million by 1986, raised $ 90 million in equity financing and reached close to 1,000 employees before Moore’s Law passed us by. Commodity chips passed our products’ computing power before we could make the switch to commodity architectures. I retired early
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By early June 1981 we had raised and borrowed just under $ 500K from founders, friends, interested parties and a bank, had licensed the Lisp Machine technology from MIT, re-engineered the MIT Lisp Machine and begun its production in Woodland Hills, CA, had opened an R&D Lab in Cambridge, MA, had
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In December 1979, because Greenblatt did not appear to be making headway, Jack Holloway and I met in LA to sketch out a business plan. Interestingly, Holloway said we needed a stand-alone full-custom single-chip 10 MIPS workstation to sell for $ 5,000 by the summer of 1984 and that we had to strike
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as he was leaving on a sabbatical to Cal Tech for the academic year. During the course of various engineering consulting jobs in Southern California I started a company, Pertron Controls, with Kirk Mathews and Tom McMahon to design and manufacture the first production computer control for resistance
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but happened to be back at MIT the weekend we met. Marvin asked me to tackle an engineering project for him. I did so in my spare time. After a few weeks he asked me (by phone) to join his AI Group in order to help organize and expand it. I accepted. Dick Mills, manager of Project MAC under Director
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the first one of which was shipped to a customer in November 1951. As one of a handful of surviving people who actually programmed the machine, Egendorf helped fact-check information on the 409 line of computers for the recent book on the history of computing. Egendorf now is actively involved with
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Andy Egendorf had been a summer research student employee in the AI Lab while I managed it. After graduating from MIT, he enrolled at Harvard Business School and worked with the University to set up a join degree program with Harvard Law School and Harvard Business School, becoming the first person
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During allocation of Symbolics' founders’ stock, there was an offer made to Richard Greenblatt to receive the same share as the other senior technical founders. That offer was held open up to the point equity allocation became locked up in the final negotiation with the Venture Capital investors.
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In February 1979, all the key parties involved in the MIT Lisp Machine development met with me in the Project MAC conference room. Knowing how capital intensive a computer system manufacturing operation could be, I offered to try to set up and raise financing for an organization that, starting with
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Starting with early cable television operators, this asset portfolio grew over the years to include an array of armaments, electronics, cryogenic technology, computer, communications and software companies. Jean de Valpine served as a director of many of these companies as they evolved from small
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Unfortunately, at that February 1979 meeting, Greenblatt insisted on having control of and the biggest stake in any spin-off venture to produce Lisp Machines. He intended for the founders to construct the Lisp Machines, defer their compensation until full collection for deliveries, and to purchase
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In his efforts to boost the number of the now stand-alone Lisp Machines for AI researchers, Greenblatt and his associates had contacted various potential manufacturers and had started in-lab production of Lisp Machines. As requests from other AI research facilities came in, the number they were to
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My employer at the time was the Tech Rep Division of Philco/Ford working on an Air Force Backup Interceptor Control “BUIC” management project. Unfortunately I did not get to work on the SR-71 Blackbird as reported in "The Brain Makers" by H. P. Newquist. It seems likely that Harvey or his editors
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designed and built the microcoded Lisp execution engine which they called the CONS machine. Holloway connected it to the AI Lab’s main computer, a time shared DEC PDP-10, using an early base-band collision detection network, the Chaos Net, which he had developed and with which he and others later
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Since 1994 he has served from time to time as director of several asset management firms and as chairman of MDT Funds, a mutual fund family now known as Federated MDT Funds. He is currently a director of Tradecraft Corporation. Netcraft Corporation, a subsidiary of Tradecraft Corporation, is a
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Founders: Robert P. Adams (initial President); Clark Baker; Dr. Henry G. Baker (founding head of Marketing & Sales); John V. Blankenbaker (head of Manufacturing Engineering); Howard I. Cannon; Robert Chisum (VP Marketing hired as condition of VC funding); David Dyer; Bruce E. Edwards; Andrew
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Richard Greenblatt wrote the CONS microcode to enable Lisp execution as a back-end processor attached to the DEC PDP-10. It provided significant improvements in execution speed over Lisp programs run on the ITS time sharing system which had initially been written by Greenblatt for the PDP-6 then
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Most printed references to me contain errors. For anyone who cares, the following biographical sketch will provide a first hand source. Numerous references to the beginnings of the MIT AI Lab, the development of the Lisp Machine (one of the first workstations), and Symbolics, Inc. have been the
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Egendorf showed an early aptitude for invention, science and math, and in Junior High School, as a science project, designed and launched a weather balloon – purchased from Edmund Scientific - which brought him to the attention of the Science Faculty at Cheltenham High School and Norm Edmund of
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Jean England de Valpine (born 1921 in St. Louis, Missouri) became the chief executive officer of Memorial Drive Trust in 1960 and immediately began providing new venture financing. In 1973 he helped organize the National Venture Capital Association which he served for many years as a founding
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In the early 90s, Egendorf became interested in patent law as applied to the emerging field of electronic commerce, and subsequently registered with the Patent Office in 2001 and was granted numerous patents worldwide dealing with e-commerce. He currently is President and CEO of Tradecraft
184:, wrote his “Flavors” multiple inheritance object oriented extension to the CADR Lisp. With Flavors (after it was turned into a production tool by Dave Moon) he wrote the world's first object oriented windows system. Around this time the CADR became more widely know as the MIT
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Andrew Egendorf (born 1945 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was instrumental in establishing "Nader's Raiders" (1968), in creating Harvard University's JD/MBA (law/business) Joint Degree Program (1968), and in the founding of the first dot-com company, Symbolics, Inc. (1980).
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On April 9, 1980, just after the lapse of our stand-in-place agreement with Greenblatt, Bob Adams as President and I as Secretary incorporated Symbolics, Inc. in Delaware with the help of Andy Egendorf (see below) our legal counsel, then immediately started raising money..
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In 1977, Egendorf joined the law firm of Widett, Slater & Goldman, a major general-practice firm in downtown Boston. In 1983 he left his position as a senior partner to become General Counsel of Symbolics. Symbolics became a public company in 1984 and traded on the
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Rowayton Connecticut, in its efforts to accurately present the history of the earliest commercially-available computers, particularly since most of the history has been lost, and these machines have been eclipsed in the popular press and the popular mind by the
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and Bill Martin in the MIT AI Lab. It was written in Lisp and may still be the most extensive application program written in that language. Moses used DEC PDP-10 computers under ARPA and NSF support. One of the graduate students who contributed to that project,
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He was active in financing the development of the cable television industry between 1965 and 1990, including American Television and Communications, later merged into Time, Inc., and Continental Cablevision, which ultimately became part of Comcast's systems.
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the dean of practicing VC’s at the time; American Research and Development represented by Gene Pettinelli, the US’s first VC firm started by Harvard Prof. General Doriot; and Patricof Associates represented by John Baker, brother of our co-founder Henry.
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produce in-house rose to more than two dozen. After evidently having been turned down by IBM, DEC and Xerox, and contemplating how they could otherwise get Lisp machines produced, I was asked about the feasibility of setting up a manufacturing company.
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at Berkeley advocating the building of large address space computer architectures optimized for the execution of specific higher level languages. Greenblatt and Tom Knight decided to explore this concept targeting the AI research programming language
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and Warren Teitleman had or were just graduating and leaving so by the end of the summer of 1965, Marvin, his secretary Faith Dilworth and I were the only staff or faculty members of his AI Group although a number of undergrads came back that fall.
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magazine selected "Aftermath", a work by Linda Egendorf, for the cover of its October, 2001 issue, which was "Dedicated to those who lost their lives on 9/11", and in 2005 she was the only woman sculptor accepted from the United States into the
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to Fairchild Semiconductor AI Lab in early June 1981. A few days later on June 24th three Venture Capital firms invested $ 1.5 million in Symbolics. The three VC’s were Memorial Drive Trust represented by Dan Alexander and managed by
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offering to work with him that summer if he would consider working with students. Egendorf convinced Nader that there was a huge reserve of available "student power", and as a result Nader established the student task forces which
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I did as he requested but because demands on my time were no longer so pressing, after a short hand-over period, I took my accumulated 72 days of vacation time. During that time I went to Southern California with MIT Prof.
602:, Inc. de Valpine immediately began investing part of the Trust assets in real estate development and early stage ventures, an investment category then called "risk capital," later to become known as "venture capital".
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in Project MAC's offices by one of Marvin's undergraduate students, Robert L. South, a childhood friend of mine. My undergraduate thesis on AI had referenced work reported in a book edited by Professor Minsky.
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commanding officer of Battery A, 89th FA - he was assigned occupational military police responsibility for approximately one third of the city of Nagoya. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1949.
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material out of 50% deposits required with each order. I proposed a more conventional venture capital funded organization employing standard pay-as-you-go employment and billing-on-delivery practices.
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while at Harvard Business School, in March 1970 Egendorf wrote the first electronic spreadsheet program for the use of his classmates on the school's teletype-input-output, time-shared IBM computer.
52:(Las Cruces) after my Junior year of high school and graduated with a BSEE (Scientific Option) in June 1964. During my undergraduate years I participated as a co-op student employee of the on-campus
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Not wishing to abandon his MBA degree, Egendorf fought for the establishment of a dual-degree program at Harvard, and in 1968 Egendorf was selected as the first entrant for Harvard's newly-created
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startups to mature public enterprises. Inter alia, he was chairman of Realty Income Trust, the first publicly traded REIT, and in 1964-66 served as Assistant Attorney General of Massachusetts.
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director. de Valpine played a key role in changing Venture Capital into an industry. His own venture capital activities helped launched the cable TV and Artificial Intelligence industries.
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In an agreement with two of the VC’s who declined to invest with Bob Adams in charge, I took over the presidency of Symbolics in the spring of 1981. Symbolics shipped its first four
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satellite tracking research project. This project proved the science and initiated development of the technology which grew into today’s GPS position location and navigation system.
661:, first commercialized by Symbolics, Inc. on Symbolics workstations and DEC VAXes, and finally ported to the rapidly evolving Wintel PC standard under MS Windows by Macsyma, Inc.
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and in March 1969 testified before Congress. Nader suggested to Egendorf that he obtain a law degree as a better means of effecting social change than obtaining a business degree.
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Edmund Scientific Co. Egendorf subsequently was asked by Edmund to make crystal models for the introduction by Edmund in its 1960 catalog of the scientific modeling tool D-Stix.
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and Jack Holloway, two of the undergraduate students who had become senior research staff members while I was there, were inspired by a lecture delivered by
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There were no stand-alone programming workstations at this time and DEC VAX 32 bit minicomputers which cost well over $ 150,000 were barely 1 MIPS if that.
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later moved to the PDP-10. Greenblatt’s Lisp machine project attracted the efforts of a number of talented computer science and other interested students.
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in Philadelphia on the results of a magnetism experiment he performed with equipment he designed and built, following which he was invited to attend a
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and as a Junior in High School was offered the opportunity by the Penn Mutual Life Insurance company of attending an actuarial training course.
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Pertron was such a success that I decided not to return to MIT. Also, raising funding was faster and less painful in business than in academia.
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489:, Inc., the company which manufactured and sold one of the earliest workstations and the first computer built specifically to run AI software.
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which had been authored by John McCarthy when he was at MIT. Greenblatt managed the project and obtained a small grant for support from IBM.
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accidentally linked my 1965 job with a consultation I did in the mid 70s concerning a metallurgy problem at the SR-71 engine factory.
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worked out employment arrangements with all 19 active founders and had introduced our company to numerous venture capital investors.
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and his colleagues on DEC timesharing computers, ported to DEC minicomputer Unix platforms (along with Unix) by Berkeley Prof.
436:(MIT) on a Merit Scholarship, where he earned a Bachelor's Degree in Earth & Planetary Sciences in 1967. He then entered
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In 1973, together with a number of other nationally prominent venture capitalists, he worked on the organization of the
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of Harvard, wanted a copy of Macsyma to take with him when he graduated and joined the Berkeley Math faculty.
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Bob Adams, one of the entrepreneur founders of the successful venture capital funded minicomputer company
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After a few years there was a general ARPA cutback imposed on Project MAC but not on the AI Group. Prof.
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software product from the collapse of Symbolics. Macsyma had started as the PhD thesis work of
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After graduation from Cheltenham High School in 1963, Egendorf continued his education at the
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In the 1980's he supported the emergence of Al technology based enterprises out of the
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J. Kirk Mathews and Dirk Gates founded Xircom, Inc. after Pertron was sold to Square D.
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I was born February 1942 and attended public school in Carlsbad, New Mexico, entered
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Marvin was on sabbatical at that time as a guest of Stanford Prof. John McCarthy's
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In the spring of 1965 while employed in Lexington, MA, I was introduced to Prof.
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and other research institutions. The most notable of these enterprises was
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chosen for the joint program. He graduated in 1971 with JD and MBA degrees.
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Robert Fano, put me on the Project MAC payroll as a research staff member.
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Egendorf's wife is Linda Egendorf, an internationally-recognized sculptor.
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from which he graduated in 1971 with honors. As a programming project for
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I helped Marvin prepare and submit his first research funding proposal to
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In January, 1968, Egendorf and a friend wrote to famed consumer advocate
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Penn Mutual previously had given Egendorf the opportunity to program its
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When I joined the AI Group, Dan Edwards previous manager of the group,
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April 2007 ___________________________________________________________
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A few years later in 1973 Prof. Marvin Minsky, Director, and Prof.
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SDS was eventually sold to Xerox for close to a billion dollars.
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site. Principal projects included gun launched satellites and “
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As a High School freshman, Egendorf presented a paper at the
641:, Inc., the first dotcom. Later he became associated with
248:, I helped Dr. Richard Petti save the symbolic math solver
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564:, a film by Henriette Mantel and Steve Skrovan, 2006 See:
560:; Nader: Crusader, Spoiler, Icon, by Justin Martin, 2002;
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in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in the same house as actor
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which he served for many years as a founding director.
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first dotcom and first registered domain on the Internet.
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In 1967, while at MIT, Egendorf joined AI Lab Prof.
550:"Hall of Fame"/"Biographies"/"Andrew Egendorf, '63"
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International Sculpture Biennale in Toyamura, Japan
672:patent licensing firm managed by Andrew Egendorf.
477:’s Summer (computer) Vision Project where he met
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341:Sept. 30, 1980, LISP SYSTEM LICENSE AGREEMENT
294:Jack Holloway founded Epigram after Symbolics.
240:In April 1992, with help and investments from
176:Howard Cannon, inspired by a demonstration of
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81:Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
566:Andrew Egendorf at Internet Movie Database
414:the world's first mass-produced computer,
99:Information Processing Technology Office
609:From 1969 until 1977 he was chairman of
56:in the Office of Naval Research funded,
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635:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
483:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
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17:subject of discussion in case studies
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666:National Venture Capital Association
493:was assigned "Symbolics.com" as the
464:joint Law-Business (JD-MBA) program,
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144:After my departure from the AI Lab,
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399:National Science Foundation
304:Greenblatt never accepted.
50:New Mexico State University
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611:Space Research Corporation
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504:under the symbol SMBX.
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19:], thesis’s and books (
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468:Professor Ralph Zani
410:Remington Rand 409-2
562:An Unreasonable Man
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69:Project MAC
67:at the MIT
655:Joel Moses
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182:Xerox PARC
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639:Symbolics
624:Paris Gun
487:Symbolics
237:in 1988.
178:Smalltalk
173:Dave Moon
620:Supergun
73:AI Group
651:Macsyma
250:Macsyma
58:Transit
23:Hackers
502:NASDAQ
427:UNIVAC
101:(IPTO)
97:ARPA's
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548:see:
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244:and
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180:at
520:.
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