68:
constitutional framework of law to which the government is subordinate and that guarantees equal rights." "A well-established democracy is one for which enough time has passed since its inception for peace-sufficient democratic procedures to become accepted and democratic culture to settle in. Around three years seems to be enough for this."
488:
on the scene distrusted everything republican and despite the unexpected resistance launched an attack and conquered Rome without a mandate from the French assembly. The news of this caused violent uprisings in France. The critics called the military repression of these the "the Roman expedition into the interior".
704:
retained most of the power. All the appointments to the bureaucracy, the armed forces, and the diplomatic forces were made at his sole discretion. It was common knowledge that the army strongly supported him and would would arrest his opponents if he so desired. Open criticisms could and was punished
487:
needed support from the conservative
Catholics and the military. The young French assembly was led to believe that the French expedition was a simple police action in order to restore order in a chaotic regime and to protect Rome from foreign monarchies that planned an intervention. The army officers
1068:
broadcasts. Electoral manipulation including: massive double voting, "voting" of persons being permanently absent or deceased, the pressure on employees by the management of "socially owned companies", organised planting of already prepared voting ballots into the polling boxes, forging of electoral
450:
would be responsible for the educational system. This was perceived as evidence that
Lucerne was now a regime under the thumb of the autocratic Pope. A private expedition of volunteers tried to "liberate" Lucerne but failed. The perceptions of nondemocracy was strengthened when the Catholic Cantons
120:
Note that the following article discusses specific conflicts that may be exceptions to the claim of no wars between liberal democracies. It does not discuss possible explanations for this peace, if the peace is statistically significant, or whether it is possible statistically to show support for
1069:
records and election board records, alteration of the election results made by electoral commissions, the large-scale annulment of the election results by courts rulings, and changing the number of participating voters in order to fulfil the legal requirements for the validity of the elections.
161:
Russett finds no wars between liberal democracies in modern times but uses different definitions for democracy and war for
Ancient Greece. He finds several wars between Athens and other democracies. Still, he argues that some of these may have been caused by misperception caused by the poor
67:
states that "By democracy is meant liberal democracy, where those who hold power are elected in competitive elections with a secret ballot and wide franchise (loosely understood as including at least 2/3rds of adult males); where there is freedom of speech, religion, and organization; and a
34:. Critics argue that here are many historic examples of wars between democracies. Supporters argue that closer examination shows that none of these conflicts were wars between democracies. These and other possible counter-examples have been discussed in great detail in the literature.
602:). This is one of Gowa's two claimed exceptions to the democratic peace. She notes that Spain received a score of 6 out of 10 for democracy in the Polity data set which in this data set is categorized as "democratic". Ray and Weart argue that Spain was not a liberal democracy. In
721:, explaining that he served at the discretion of the Kaiser alone. The Reichstag was not consulted regarding the declaration of war, but only informed after the fact that its support was required to approve the allocation of funds for the defence against the Tsarist Russia.
442:. The Catholic Cantons restricted the suffrage to Catholic men and in many also to a group that descended from the original inhabitants. Still, a majority of the males had the vote in some of them. The Protestants and liberals attempted a rebellion in Catholic
967:
seized the presidential palace and installed a provisional president, Rafael Molina Ureña. Followed by civil war. The new regime was less than 3 years old and not democratically elected when the United States intervened, fearing a
Communist takeover.
618:
was feared if Spain would compromise in the negotiations. Another argument for Spain being a democracy may be that the failed war caused a change in leadership. But this has happened in undisputed dictatorships, like in
Argentina that was ruled by a
651:
was declared president without elections. He was suspected of killing two of his main political rivals and nearly all foreign observers saw no chance for genuine self-government, but only different regional groups and bandits. US president
1170:
and he forced the Chief
Justice out of office. He also passed laws removing the legal possibilities to dismiss him from office and stating that party leaders could dismiss any of their legislators if they failed to vote as they were told.
102:, requires that at least 50% of the adult population is allowed to vote and that there has been at least one peaceful, constitutional transfer of executive power from one independent political party to another by means of an election.
389:
that in theory had many democratic rights. However, the nation allowed slaveholding and become increasingly authoritarian, in the end beating, censoring and even murdering those advocating a voluntary removal. The state of
854:
raid on German-run mining operations. The
British were not attacking Finns. The formal declaration meant nothing but some financial restrictions and the seizure of shipping. Another argument is that Finland lost 69
256:
group. Weart argues that the most important difference to states was the lack effective control of personal raids against non-kinship groups which eventually escalated by involving relatives and friends to
1547:
516:
were censored and imprisoned even before
Lincoln was elected and he was not on the ballot in most parts of the South. In the first elections in the confederacy, voters in many areas again had no choice of
734:
limited the powers of the House of Lords to reject bills. Also, if the United
Kingdom was not a liberal democracy at this time, then this is another reason for WWI not being a war between democracies.
508:
was less than 3 years old at the start of the war. Less than 2/3 of the adult male population could vote in the
Confederacy. The state was created in order to continue the suppression of the black
185:
and thus did not have to worry about being elected or re-elected. Ray therefore argues that these states had little resemblance to modern liberal democracies and did not fulfill the criteria above.
49:
can be defined in different ways. Quantitative research on international wars usually define war as a military conflict with more than 1000 killed in battle. This is the definition used in the
1024:
in Cyprus. Both the later formally democratic regime in Cyprus and that in Turkey was less than 3 years old. The military retained significant influence in both. Less than 1000 battle deaths.
863:, who had previously attacked the nation. Using a formal declaration of war as the definition of war would mean that there have been very few wars after WWII. For example, there has been no
1056:
did not fulfill the criteria for a liberal democracy. Frequent and arbitrary changes of election laws and districts, even retroactively after elections. Press freedom greatly restricted.
647:. The Philippine regime was less than 3 years old. One group of Filipinos had proclaimed a constitution which explicitly gave the power to a small group of landowners and professionals.
162:
communications. He also finds much textual evidence that democracies and oligarchies were reluctant to attack and frequently allied with states that had the same political arrangement.
534:
discussed other presidential candidates. All final votes, from approving documents to electing officers, were to be unanimous in order to impress the Union and the border states.
194:
instead argues that Athens was a borderline democracy but that the opposing states did not fulfill the criteria above or that the conflicts caused no or very few battle deaths.
610:
system where corrupt officials manipulated the elections to return to office as many of their own party as they wished, dissidents were jailed, 1/4 of the members of the
216:
had large numbers of non-voting slaves, former slaves, Italian allies, and foreigners. Roman citizens had different political rights based on heredity and wealth. The
726:
One argument against the above is claiming that Germany was every bit as democratic as the United Kingdom. Only approximately 60% of British males could vote and the
480:
those that took part in the elections, leaving only inexperienced radicals in the Roman government during the few months it existed. The French President and later
750:). The Irish state was less than 3 years old. The initial violence involved rebels acting on their own outside democratic control. Later democratic control of the
730:
was (and is) not democratically elected. However, this ignores that the House of Lords and the Monarchy had lost most real power during the previous century. The
838:). This is one of Gowa's two claimed exceptions to the democratic peace. Five months after the start of the war, the United Kingdom reluctantly issued a formal
337:
which used troops against the opposition, closed down opposing newspapers, cancelled election results, and condemned hundreds of opponents to exile or death.
84:
uses somewhat similar definitions. One difference is that Weart defines war as more than 200 battle deaths. This book also proposes a related peace between
864:
1036:). Far less than 1000 battle deaths. Both young democracies less than 3 years old. Lacking democratic control over the military on both nations.
620:
575:
95:, political scientist Bruce Russett also uses somewhat similar definitions for modern wars but has different definitions for Ancient Greece.
656:
stated that it would be immoral to withdraw and leave the Filipinos to fight one another or be occupied by an European power or Japan.
578:. The new Boer state was less than 3 years old and the Black population was excluded from the franchise. Less than 1000 battle deaths.
1158:, suppressed opposition-led demonstrations, arrested opposition activists, curtailed civil liberties, and persecuted independent
522:
Ray argues that there was never a competitive presidential election in the confederacy. There was no choice of candidates in the
1954:
122:
1460:
1404:
476:). Both young democracies less than 3 years old where the leaders were not accustomed to compromise. The Pope had promised to
1612:
1359:
1340:
1321:
1295:
505:
469:
451:
refused to comply with the majority of the Swiss Federal Council and turned for aid to foreign Catholic powers like the
1268:. Not a liberal democratic state but rather tribes having some similarity to the earlier mentioned Iroquois and Hurons.
309:
retained important powers, in particular regarding the appointment of colonial officials and the power to declare war.
2157:
2132:
1972:
1659:
1130:
before the war. Authoritarian regime not respecting civil and political liberties. Poorly functioning democracy in
1013:
872:
266:
181:. At most half of the adult males in Athens could vote. Many of the government leaders in Athens were selected by
1167:
248:. Both had some democratic elements such as voting and assemblies. Were not liberal democratic states but rather
614:
were appointed by the King or had hereditary positions, the monarchy retained important powers, and a military
1383:
See the section INTERNAL HISTORY.--THE GRACCHI. " In practice, however, the constitution became an oligarchy."
859:
outside the Baltic Sea. But neutral Sweden lost 200. Finland spent WWII fighting a totalitarian opponent, the
459:
had once gained independence from autocratic Habsburg rulers and had also later fought several wars with them.
960:
632:
27:
606:
all males could vote and the constitution in theory protected many civil liberties. However, there was the
2038:
1857:
1188:-). The democracy was less than 3 years old when the elected leaders were killed in an attempted military
1115:
763:
465:
439:
1852:
Nedovic, Slobodanka; et al. (2000). "Guide Through Electoral Controverseries in Serbia" (Document).
807:
754:
was doubtful and immediately after the war one part of the IRA tried to overthrow the government in the
751:
718:
531:
2033:
Wayman, Frank (2002). "Incidence of Militarized Disputes Between Liberal States, 1816-1992" (Document).
1739:
1749:
993:
940:
595:
527:
403:
391:
282:
110:
1929:
904:
795:
731:
700:
was elected by all adult males and it did vote overwhelmingly to fund the war. However, the German
446:
but were defeated. Some fled what they called a Catholic "reign of terror". Lucerne announced that
147:
57:
1166:. The judiciary at first tried to check the Sharif, but later gave up. His supporters stormed the
810:, and an election campaign where the Nazis used threats and violence. A voting coalition with the
512:
population. Wealthy planters played on racial fears in order to avoid criticism from poor whites.
398:
which was before three years had passed since the creation of the constitution. No battle deaths.
1057:
956:
850:. However, the United Kingdom's only significant act of war happened prior to the declaration, a
839:
672:). Only males from the minority White population had the right to vote in the Boer states. White
539:
493:
143:
2089:
2015:
1608:
1355:
1336:
1317:
1291:
1181:
1029:
121:
causality between democracy and peace. Nor is other claims discussed, like that there are few
50:
31:
1743:
Vallerö, Rolf (1963). "Svenska handelsflottans krigsförluster under det andra världskriget".
1249:
1205:
1099:
997:
827:
653:
648:
583:
326:
114:
81:
17:
1248:-). The current conflict started before 3 years had passed since the first elections after
867:
since WWII despite involvement in several large scale conflicts causing many battle deaths.
2075:
2063:
2051:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1688:
1672:
1008:
was perceived as turning into a Communist dictatorship. Far less than 1000 battle deaths.
851:
755:
739:
661:
415:
2107:
1478:
1422:
1241:
1228:. Arafat's regime ignored many civil liberties and ruled autocratically. Elections in
1189:
1079:
1021:
1001:
948:
912:
892:
884:
856:
803:
727:
615:
563:
484:
419:
378:
366:
362:
357:, many new urban areas had no representation, the ballot was not secret, many seats in
354:
334:
298:
294:
289:, many new urban areas had no representation, the ballot was not secret, many seats in
286:
213:
170:
1213:
1041:
624:
513:
477:
278:
1379:
988:
at beginning of the war. No battle deaths. Poorly functioning democracy in Lebanon.
230:
to determine the exact form of government there at the start of each of these wars.
1147:
860:
847:
815:
791:
779:
706:
285:
but was less than three years old. Only a few percent had the right to vote in the
222:
220:
had the real power and was dominated by noble families. See also the discussion in
217:
190:
73:
1375:
1381:
1200:. Still some fighting from a guerilla group that tried to disrupt the elections.
1997:
1377:
1163:
1075:
973:
685:
644:
526:
presidential election. Only in some districts were there two candidates for the
456:
342:
166:
85:
60:
1086:
was not a liberal democracy for similar reasons as those mentioned for Serbia.
1261:
1253:
1155:
1139:
1091:
1061:
822:
were dissolved. There were no free elections and civil liberties were ignored.
710:
673:
427:
358:
306:
290:
201:
130:
1265:
1103:
916:
799:
697:
677:
452:
434:). Far less than 1000 battle deaths. Democracy was less than 3 years old in
314:
182:
126:
78:
1787:
1622:
1151:
1131:
924:
876:
258:
245:
227:
1127:
1083:
981:
843:
818:. Thereafter they ruled by decree and all political parties except the
481:
447:
443:
253:
1236:
following Arafat's death but the new regime is less than 3 years old.
1053:
985:
875:. Both states less than 3 years old. Poorly functioning democracy in
701:
611:
435:
249:
241:
209:
205:
178:
174:
155:
151:
105:
A well-known critic is political scientist Joanne Gowa and her book
1257:
1252:'s coup d'etat. Democracy still functions poorly in Pakistan. In
1082:
would be excluded as both sides were less than 3 years old. Also,
1065:
1005:
819:
607:
603:
551:
509:
1384:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1143:
1123:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1049:
1045:
1033:
1017:
977:
964:
952:
944:
932:
928:
915:. Far less than 1000 battle deaths. The United States perceived
908:
896:
888:
835:
831:
811:
787:
783:
771:
767:
747:
743:
714:
693:
689:
669:
665:
640:
636:
599:
587:
571:
567:
555:
547:
543:
523:
501:
497:
473:
431:
411:
407:
395:
386:
382:
370:
350:
346:
330:
322:
318:
302:
274:
270:
1196:. Followed by ethnic massacres and civil war. New elections in
1159:
1110:
and took on dictatorial powers. Less than 1000 battle deaths.
530:. On the other hand, the delegates from the six states at the
240:
The frequent raids on and eventual destruction of most of the
125:
between liberal democracies, that liberal democracies conduct
53:
which has also supplied the data for many studies on war.
385:). The Cherokees had created a republican constitution in
325:). Far less than 1000 battle deaths. The franchise in the
2133:"Country Report 2002 : Israeli-Occupied Territories"
798:. The Nazis gained the largest minority vote in the 1933
2016:"Pakistan: Feudalism: root cause of Pakistan's malaise"
899:
was perceived as turning into a Communist dictatorship.
329:
was restricted to a minority of wealthy Frenchmen. In
26:
One of the disputed findings from the research on the
1192:
a few months after the first democratic election in
226:
regarding whether there is enough information about
109:. Regarding possible exceptions, she finds two: The
361:were appointed or openly bought from the owners of
353:). Only a few percent had the right to vote in the
293:were appointed or openly bought from the owners of
1605:Ballots and Bullets: The Elusive Democratice Peace
373:all laws. The monarchy retained important powers.
212:) Both states usually considered oligarchies. The
129:differently, or that liberal democracies have few
1288:Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence
574:). Britan was not a liberal democracy before the
65:Power Kills: Democracy as a Method of Nonviolence
1654:"Encyclopedia Britannica". (11 ed.). 1911.
281:can be considered a liberal democracy after the
1000:'s regime but was not directly involved in the
98:Political scientist James Lee Ray, in his book
394:decreed that the government was dissolved in
8:
1256:many decisions in tribal life are made by a
1701:Weart, 1998, p. 142-145, 191-195, 311-312.
30:is that there have been no wars between
1497:Weart, 1998, p. 135-138, 184-186, 306.
1278:
996:. The United States tried to undermine
865:declaration of war by the United States
794:lost the 1932 presidential election to
550:). Only one man in fifty could vote in
2071:
2059:
2047:
2036:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1855:
1684:
1680:
1668:
1657:
1335:. University of South Carolina Press.
2158:"Country Report 2005 : Pakistan"
1788:"Country Studies: Dominican Republic"
1600:Weart, 1998, p. 141-2, 204-205, 311.
919:as a nascent Communist dictatorship.
576:Representation of the People Act 1884
7:
1973:"Country Report 2002 : Eritrea"
1955:"Country Report 2002 : Eritrea"
1333:Democracy and International Conflict
1220:but new elections were postponed in
676:were excluded from the franchise in
100:Democracy and International Conflict
1998:"World Report 1999 : Pakistan"
418:was a general that took power in a
2108:"World Report 2006 : Burundi"
2090:"World Report 1995 : Burundi"
1719:Weart, 1998, p. 164-171, 312-313.
1642:Weart, 1998, p. 207-210, 308-309.
1533:Weart, 1998, p. 156-160, 310-311.
1515:Weart, 1998, p. 201-204, 207, 214
643:). No democratic elections in the
24:
1548:"Creating the Anti-United States"
438:which was the leading Protestant
1524:Weart, 1998, p. 26-27, 309-310.
1506:Weart, 1998, p. 225-226, 306-7.
895:. Less than 1000 battle deaths.
173:had large numbers of non-voting
1930:"World Report 1994 : Peru"
1060:'s regime controlled the state
1020:). Initial hostilities after a
123:Militarized Interstate Disputes
1745:Statens Offentliga Utredningar
1651:Weart, 1998, p. 124-128, 308.
1607:. Princeton University Press.
1544:Weart, 1998, p. 114-119, 311.
1316:. Princeton University Press.
1:
1768:Weart, 1998, p. 221-224, 314
1483:The United Kingdom Parliament
1427:The United Kingdom Parliament
1314:Grasping the Democratic Peace
506:Confederate States of America
470:Roman Republic (19th century)
305:all laws. The monarchy under
93:Grasping the Democratic Peace
1461:"The Struggle for Democracy"
1405:"The Struggle for Democracy"
891:). British and US supported
1877:Explicit use of et al. in:
1286:Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997).
911:). United States supported
2190:
1350:Weart, Spencer R. (1998).
1290:. Transaction Publishers.
1224:. The Infifada started in
1014:Turkish Invasion of Cyprus
873:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
267:American Revolutionary War
1919:Weart, 1998, p. 316-318.
1842:Weart, 1998, p. 70, 316.
1833:Weart, 1998, p. 314-315.
1580:Weart, 1998, p. 307-308.
1450:Weart, 1998, p. 305-306.
1441:Weart, 1998, p. 304-305.
1394:Weart, 1998, p. 253-254.
1354:. Yale University Press.
1216:was elected president in
1168:Supreme Court of Pakistan
814:allowed them to pass the
504:). Weart argues that the
56:The early researcher and
51:Correlates of War Project
1822:Weart, 1998, p. 227-228
1150:, the prime minister of
623:before the unsuccessful
2046:Cite document requires
1865:Cite document requires
1831:Ray, 1995, p. 120-121.
1598:Ray, 1995, p. 111-115.
1542:Ray, 1995, p. 110-111.
1495:Ray, 1995, p. 106-107.
1439:Ray, 1995, p. 106-107.
1331:Ray, James Lee (1995).
1312:Russett, Bruce (1993).
633:Philippine-American War
252:formed by the extended
28:Democratic peace theory
1813:Russett, 1993, p. 18.
1116:Eritrean-Ethiopian War
1098:). Peruvian President
764:Occupation of the Ruhr
466:French Second Republic
146:. Most notable is the
1777:Weart, 1998, p. 315.
1728:Weart, 1998, p. 313.
1710:Weart, 1998, p. 312.
1603:Gowa, Joanne (1999).
1589:Weart, 1998, p. 311.
1479:"The U.K. Parliament"
1465:The National Archives
1423:"The U.K. Parliament"
1409:The National Archives
935:). No battle deaths.
846:due to pressure from
808:Reichstag Fire Decree
774:). No battle deaths.
752:Irish Republican Army
719:vote of no confidence
590:). No battle deaths.
532:Montgomery Convention
414:). Mexican President
1571:Weart, 1998, p. 67.
1260:of elders. Frequent
994:Chilean coup of 1973
941:Operation Power Pack
596:Spanish-American War
528:Confederate Congress
464:The war between the
404:Mexican-American War
283:Continental Congress
111:Spanish-American War
1811:Ray, 1995, p. 120.
1792:Library of Congress
1759:Ray, 1995, p. 120.
1730:Gowa, 1999, p. 48.
1623:"Polity IV Project"
1366:p. 24-37, 298-300.
1154:at the time of the
1126:). No elections in
905:Operation Pbsuccess
802:election after the
796:Paul von Hindenburg
732:Parliament Act 1911
148:Sicilian Expedition
142:Wars involving the
107:Ballots and Bullets
58:political scientist
32:liberal democracies
2112:Human Rights Watch
2094:Human Rights Watch
2070:Unknown parameter
2058:Unknown parameter
2002:Human Rights Watch
1934:Human Rights Watch
1901:Unknown parameter
1889:Unknown parameter
1058:Slobodan Milosevic
957:Dominican Republic
840:declaration of war
540:War of the Pacific
494:American Civil War
188:Weart in his book
144:Athenian democracy
1679:More than one of
1667:Missing or empty
1660:cite encyclopedia
1552:American Heritage
1182:Burundi Civil War
1074:In addition, the
1030:Paquisha Incident
963:. An uprising in
47:liberal democracy
2181:
2173:
2172:
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1309:
1303:
1301:
1283:
1250:Pervez Musharraf
1206:Al-Aqsa Intifada
1100:Alberto Fujimori
998:Salvador Allende
959:took power from
828:Continuation War
654:William McKinley
649:Emilio Aguinaldo
584:Fashoda Incident
327:French Directory
115:Continuation War
82:Spencer R. Weart
18:User:Ultramarine
2189:
2188:
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2139:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2069:
2057:
2045:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1900:
1888:
1876:
1864:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1754:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1678:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
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1566:
1556:
1554:
1546:
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1543:
1541:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
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1487:
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1477:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1178:
984:sent jets into
852:Royal Air Force
756:Irish Civil War
740:Anglo-Irish War
662:Second Boer War
416:Mariano Paredes
363:rotten boroughs
295:rotten boroughs
237:
139:
40:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2174:
2149:
2124:
2081:
2072:|version=
1989:
1946:
1921:
1912:
1903:|version=
1844:
1835:
1824:
1815:
1804:
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1732:
1721:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1681:|article=
1644:
1635:
1613:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1452:
1443:
1396:
1387:
1368:
1360:
1341:
1322:
1304:
1296:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1242:Waziristan War
1238:
1237:
1202:
1201:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1136:
1135:
1112:
1111:
1088:
1087:
1080:War in Croatia
1071:
1070:
1038:
1037:
1026:
1025:
1010:
1009:
990:
989:
970:
969:
937:
936:
921:
920:
901:
900:
885:Operation Ajax
881:
880:
869:
868:
857:merchant ships
824:
823:
804:Reichstag fire
776:
775:
760:
759:
736:
735:
728:House of Lords
723:
722:
696:). The German
682:
681:
658:
657:
629:
628:
621:military junta
592:
591:
580:
579:
564:First Boer War
560:
559:
536:
535:
519:
518:
490:
489:
485:Louis Napoleon
461:
460:
424:
423:
400:
399:
379:Trail of Tears
375:
374:
367:House of Lords
355:United Kingdom
339:
338:
311:
310:
299:House of Lords
287:United Kingdom
263:
262:
236:
233:
232:
231:
214:Roman Republic
198:
197:
196:
195:
186:
171:Ancient Greece
163:
138:
135:
39:
36:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2186:
2163:
2162:Freedom House
2159:
2153:
2150:
2138:
2137:Freedom House
2134:
2128:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2040:
2039:cite document
2021:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1978:
1977:Freedom House
1974:
1960:
1959:Freedom House
1956:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1879:|author=
1872:
1859:
1858:cite document
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1808:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1725:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1674:
1661:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1616:
1610:
1606:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1447:
1444:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1302:Appendix 1.1
1299:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Yasser Arafat
1211:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:Yugoslav Wars
1040:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
972:
971:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
939:
938:
934:
930:
926:
923:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
883:
882:
878:
874:
871:
870:
866:
862:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
826:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
778:
777:
773:
769:
765:
762:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
720:
716:
712:
709:. The German
708:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
660:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
631:
630:
626:
625:Falklands war
622:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
594:
593:
589:
585:
582:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:Abolitionists
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
491:
486:
483:
479:
478:excommunicate
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
458:
454:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
401:
397:
393:
388:
384:
380:
377:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
341:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:United States
276:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
234:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
199:
193:
192:
187:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:
136:
134:
132:
128:
124:
118:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
96:
94:
89:
87:
83:
80:
76:
75:
69:
66:
62:
59:
54:
52:
48:
44:
37:
35:
33:
29:
19:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2136:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2111:
2097:. Retrieved
2093:
2084:
2025:February 14,
2023:. Retrieved
2019:
2007:February 14,
2005:. Retrieved
2001:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1915:
1847:
1838:
1827:
1818:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1791:
1782:
1773:
1764:
1755:
1744:
1735:
1724:
1715:
1706:
1697:
1685:|entry=
1669:|title=
1647:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1604:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1488:February 14,
1486:. Retrieved
1482:
1470:February 14,
1468:. Retrieved
1464:
1455:
1446:
1432:February 14,
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:February 14,
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1399:
1390:
1371:
1352:Never at War
1351:
1347:p. 103-105.
1332:
1313:
1307:
1287:
1281:
1148:Nawaz Sharif
1102:had made an
947:). Military
861:Soviet Union
848:Soviet Union
816:Enabling Act
792:Adolf Hitler
780:World War II
707:lese majesty
333:there was a
223:Never at War
221:
218:Roman Senate
191:Never at War
189:
119:
106:
104:
99:
97:
92:
91:In his book
90:
74:Never at War
72:
70:
64:
63:in the book
55:
46:
42:
41:
25:
2020:News Weekly
1687:specified (
1262:blood feuds
1190:coup d'etat
1164:journalists
1076:Ten-Day War
1022:coup d'etat
1002:coup d'etat
974:Six-Day War
949:coup d'etat
913:coup d'etat
893:coup d'etat
686:World War I
645:Philippines
616:coup d'etat
517:candidates.
457:Switzerland
420:coup d'etat
343:War of 1812
335:coup d'etat
167:city states
86:oligarchies
61:R.J. Rummel
38:Definitions
2060:|url=
1891:|url=
1747:(1963:60).
1614:0691002568
1361:0300070179
1342:1570030413
1328:p. 41-62
1323:0691033463
1297:0765805235
1254:Waziristan
1156:Kargil War
1140:Kargil War
1092:Cenepa War
1062:television
961:Juan Bosch
717:ignored a
711:Chancellor
674:Uitlanders
428:Sonderbund
365:, and the
359:Parliament
307:George III
297:, and the
291:Parliament
202:Punic Wars
131:civil wars
2074:ignored (
2062:ignored (
1939:March 27,
1905:ignored (
1893:ignored (
1797:March 31,
1266:vendettas
1104:auto-coup
917:Guatemala
800:Reichstag
698:Reichstag
678:Transvaal
453:Habsburgs
315:Quasi-War
261:and wars.
259:vendettas
183:allotment
127:diplomacy
79:historian
71:The book
2167:March 4,
2142:March 4,
2117:March 4,
2099:March 4,
1982:March 7,
1964:March 5,
1628:March 4,
1557:March 4,
1152:Pakistan
1132:Ethiopia
1078:and the
925:Cod Wars
877:Pakistan
468:and the
246:Iroquois
228:Carthage
113:and the
1619:p. 50.
1176:Ongoing
1128:Eritrea
1084:Croatia
982:Lebanon
955:in the
844:Finland
482:Emperor
448:Jesuits
444:Lucerne
392:Georgia
277:). The
254:kinship
244:by the
137:Ancient
77:by the
1611:
1358:
1339:
1320:
1294:
1054:Serbia
986:Israel
806:, the
702:Kaiser
612:Cortes
440:Canton
436:Zurich
369:could
301:could
250:tribes
242:Hurons
235:Modern
210:146 BC
206:264 BC
179:metics
175:slaves
156:413 BC
152:415 BC
1273:Notes
1258:Jirga
1066:radio
1006:Chile
820:NSDAP
608:Turno
604:Spain
552:Chile
510:slave
430:War (
16:<
2169:2006
2144:2006
2119:2006
2101:2006
2076:help
2064:help
2052:help
2027:2006
2009:2006
1984:2006
1966:2006
1941:2006
1907:help
1895:help
1883:help
1871:help
1799:2006
1689:help
1683:and
1673:help
1630:2006
1609:ISBN
1559:2006
1490:2006
1472:2006
1434:2006
1416:2006
1356:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1318:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1264:and
1246:2004
1234:2006
1232:and
1230:2005
1226:2000
1222:1998
1218:1996
1212:-).
1210:2000
1198:2005
1194:1993
1186:1993
1162:and
1160:NGOs
1144:1999
1124:2000
1120:1998
1108:1992
1096:1995
1064:and
1050:1999
1046:1991
1034:1981
1018:1974
978:1967
965:1965
953:1963
945:1965
933:1976
929:1958
909:1954
897:Iran
889:1953
836:1944
832:1941
812:DNVP
788:1945
784:1939
772:1924
768:1923
748:1921
744:1919
715:1913
694:1918
690:1914
670:1902
666:1899
641:1913
637:1899
600:1898
588:1898
572:1881
568:1880
556:Peru
554:and
548:1884
544:1879
524:1861
502:1865
498:1861
474:1849
432:1847
412:1848
408:1846
396:1828
387:1827
383:1838
371:veto
351:1815
347:1812
331:1797
323:1800
319:1798
303:veto
275:1783
271:1775
177:and
165:The
45:and
1146:).
1106:in
1052:).
980:).
951:in
842:on
790:).
713:in
705:as
455:.
169:in
158:).
133:.
43:War
2160:.
2135:.
2110:.
2092:.
2068:;
2056:;
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1975:.
1957:.
1932:.
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680:.
558:.
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88:.
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2146:.
2121:.
2103:.
2078:)
2066:)
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2050:(
2029:.
2011:.
1986:.
1968:.
1943:.
1909:)
1897:)
1885:)
1881:(
1873:)
1869:(
1801:.
1691:)
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1671:(
1632:.
1617:.
1561:.
1492:.
1474:.
1436:.
1418:.
1364:.
1345:.
1326:.
1300:.
1244:(
1208:(
1184:(
1142:(
1122:-
1118:(
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1016:(
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931:-
927:(
907:(
887:(
834:-
830:(
786:-
782:(
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766:(
746:-
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688:(
668:–
664:(
639:–
635:(
627:.
598:(
586:(
570:-
566:(
546:-
542:(
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496:(
472:(
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321:–
317:(
273:–
269:(
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204:(
154:-
150:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.