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systems in the respective languages developed during the Middle Ages, e.g. Danish started to use a vigesimal system in the 13th/14th century. Therefore, the French system cannot be the result of Celtic influence. Kudlek proposes that the Celtic and Danish systems are loans from French. Brigitte Bauer, too, rejects substratal influence. She suggests that intrasocietal developments, e.g. in the monetary system, may explain the adoption of vigesimal systems.
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According to Lutz
Reichardt the hypothesis is based on the assumption that "settlement continuity exists and that this means continuity of names throughout all languages being spoken in that settlement". Furthermore, he criticizes the methodology applied by those who support the Vasconian hypothesis:
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Eine eigene
Dynamik entfaltet Th. Vennemann. Er bezieht Baskisch und Hamito-Semitisch in seine Theorien zur sprachlichen Vorgeschichte Europas mit ein und rechnet mit einem alten Nebeneinander von vaskonischen, atlantischen und indogermanischen Sprachen. Seine Hypothesen sind allesamt reich an nicht
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Peter
Anreiter noted that toponymy with an unknown meaning can be "interpreted" in almost any language. To demonstrate his point, he then "interprets" the Vasconisms proposed by Vennemann as Turkish words. Nonetheless, he states that words with plausible Indo-European etymology should be considered
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Abstract: In this review article we evaluate Theo
Vennemann's provocative theories on the role of Afroasiatic and Vasconic (e.g. Basque) languages in the pre-historic development of Indo-European languages in Europe as presented in the volume Europa Vasconica-Europa Semitica, a collection of 27 of
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Vennemann argues that the vigesimal numerical systems in the modern Celtic languages, in French and Danish are a remnant of the
Vasconic vigesimal counting system. According to Manfred Kudlek, Old Irish and Gallic did not have vigesimal counting systems and neither did Old Norse. The vigesimal
592:
Hayim Y. Sheynin, an expert on
Semitic languages, reviewed the work of Vennemann and concluded that his reasoning is based on outdated data and scientific works rejected by critics. He states that much of the evidence presented for an Afro-Asiatic stratum is objectable and based on mere sound
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Dieterlen and
Bengtson find the distribution of blood factors and haploid groups is convincing evidence for Basque settlement in Western Europe before the Indo-Europeans settled there in line with Vennemann's hypothesis. They note that similarity between the distributions in Basque areas and
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Piotr GÄ…siorowski cautioned that it is unclear whether or not an Old
European Hydronymy exists at all. According to him it is mere speculation to postulate an etymology for similarly appearing toponymy from a vast area without being able to show that they are indeed from the same substratum.
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are segmented arbitrarily and some segments are explained poorly, others are not explained at all. In addition, the elements -ingen, -hûsen, -dorf, -bach etc. are supposed to have been added to the toponymy at a later date although there is no proof for this assumption in historical
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Vennemann, Theo (2003). "Basken, Semiten, Indogermanen: Urheimatfragen in linguistischer und anthropologischer Sicht" [Basques, Semites, Indo-Europeans: Questions about the
Urheimat from a linguistic and an anthropological point of view]. In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
618:
Manfred Kayser and Lutz Roewer, both experts on genetics, commented in 2013 that genetics do not reveal anything about the languages spoken by the individuums. Furthermore, the information genetics can deliver on population historical hypothesis is limited.
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JĂĽrgen Udolph shows that some of the assumed
Vasconic roots are in fact Indo-European like Vennemann's *muna, especially since Proto-Basque lacked word initial /m/. Stefan Georg adds, that some roots do not exist in Basque or Proto-Basque.
80:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
314:, spreading their language. They gave names to the rivers and places. This toponymy mostly persisted after the Vasconic language was replaced by Indo-European languages in most of their area, of which the present Basque area in
777:
Vennemann, Theo (2003). "Zur Frage der vorindogermanischen Substrate in Mittel- und Westeuropa" [On the question of Pre-Indo-European substrata in Central and Western Europe]. In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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Harald Bichlmeier points out that Vennemann compares the etymological roots of the toponymy with modern Basque words. This is incoherent, as the comparison should be done using the reconstructed forms of Proto-Basque.
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main axiom": Once places are given a name, they keep it, and languages that newly arrive at such a place take over the already existing toponymy. He concludes that most place names in Europe must therefore be
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523:& Richard (2006), who pointed out that most linguists see unusual European hydronyms as more likely to have Indo-European roots of some kind, and the Indo-European linguist Michael Meier-BrĂĽgger.
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Udolph, JĂĽrgen (2013). "Vaskonisches und Semitisches in Europa aus namenkundlicher Sicht" [Vasconic and Semitic elements in Europe from an onomastic point of view]. In Udolph, JĂĽrgen (ed.).
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The Bascologist Joseba Lakarra rejects Vennemann's Vasconic etymologies, as he considers them to be incompatible with the current state of research on historical phonology and morphology of Basque.
1316:"Analyse und Bewertung der sprachwissenschaftlichen Standards aktueller Forschungen traditioneller Art zur 'alteuropäischen Hydronymie' aus der Perspektive der heutigen Indogermanistik"
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The hypothesis has been largely rejected by historical linguists. Vennemann's theories on "Vasconic" toponymy and hydronymy were opposed by linguists such as P. R. Kitson (1996), and
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Kudlek, Manfred (2010). "Vigesimale Zahlensysteme : in Sprachen Europas und benachbarter Gebiete". In Bachmann, Armin R.; Himstedt, Katja; El Mogharbel, Christliebe (eds.).
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The area of the hydronymy substrate language covers the Iberic Peninsula, which he postules to be non-Indo-European during the time the hydronymy developed according to Krahe.
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Vennemann, Theo (2003) . "Etymologische Beziehungen im Alten Europa" [Etymological relations in Old Europe]. In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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Gąsiorowski, Piotr (2012). "Against Old European: Why we need to be more specific". In Løye Hejl, Christina; Bahs Jacquet, Janus; Heide, Marie (eds.).
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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Steinbauer, Dieter H. (2005). "Vaskonisch - Ursprache Europas?" [Vasconic - The original language of Europe?]. In Hauska, GĂĽnter (ed.).
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Vennemann, Theo (2003). "German Eisvogel, Greek halkyon, English alder. A study in Old European Etymology". In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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Anreiter, Peter (2013). "Gedanken zum Buch von Theo Vennemann" [Thoughts on the book of Theo Vennemann]. In Udolph, JĂĽrgen (ed.).
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Georg, Stefan (1 September 2014). "Europa Semitica? Kritische Beiträge zur Frage nach dem baskischen und semitischen Substrat in Europa".
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1232:]. Schriftenreihe der Universität Regensburg (in German). Vol. 29. Regensburg: Universitätsverlag Regensburg. pp. 53–67.
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1071:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (in German). Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 453–472.
1045:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (in German). Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 753–802.
872:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (in German). Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 203–298.
782:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (in German). Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 517–590.
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Europa vasconica - Europa semitica? : kritische Beiträge zur Frage nach dem baskischen und semitischen Substrat in Europa
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Europa vasconica - Europa semitica? : kritische Beiträge zur Frage nach dem baskischen und semitischen Substrat in Europa
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Europa vasconica - Europa semitica? : kritische Beiträge zur Frage nach dem baskischen und semitischen Substrat in Europa
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Europa vasconica - Europa semitica? : kritische Beiträge zur Frage nach dem baskischen und semitischen Substrat in Europa
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Europa vasconica - Europa semitica? : kritische Beiträge zur Frage nach dem baskischen und semitischen Substrat in Europa
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Vennemann, Theo (2003). "Languages in prehistoric Europe north of the Alps". In Bammesberger, Alfred; Vennemann, Theo (eds.).
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According to Vennemann, Vasconic languages were once widespread on the European continent before they were mostly replaced by
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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several methodological flaws, concluding that "a scientific discourse with Vennemann must face insurmountable obstacles".
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language, which is the origin of the Old European hydronymy, but proposes that it is of Vasconic origin. Vasconic is a
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1495:. 14th Fachtagung of the Indogermanische Gesellschaft, 17–22 September 2012. University of Copenhagen. pp. 47–48.
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Sheynin, Hayim Y. (2013) . "Indo-European, Old European, and Afrasian, or contra Vennemann". In Udolph, JĂĽrgen (ed.).
1020:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 479–516.
995:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 315–342.
970:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 138. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. XV–XXII.
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assuming that a Vasconic substratal language would necessarily share with Basque a feature of root words with initial
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1582:[Confirmation on the former extension of the Basque through the study of Western European Romance dialects].
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Vennemann, Theo (2012) . "Languages in prehistoric Europe north of the Alps". In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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concludes that Vennemann found an agglutinating language unrelated to Basque, which could e.g. be Indo-European.
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share physical characteristics with old populations throughout Western and Central Europe, especially in likely
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Lakarra, Joseba A. (2013). "On Ancient European and Reconstruction of Proto-Basque". In Udolph, JĂĽrgen (ed.).
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Gens, languages and their evolution: How closely related are humans - How closely related are their languages?
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Udolph, JĂĽrgen; Kayser, Manfred; Roewer, Lutz (2013). "Fragen an die Genforschung". In Udolph, JĂĽrgen (ed.).
924:. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs. Vol. 259. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 257–268.
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German linguist Dieter H. Steinbauer argued that it is difficult to argue on the basis of Basque because:
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means that there is insufficient historical data for the reconstruction of the substratal language and;
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Vennemann, Theo (2003). "Volksetymologie und Ortsnamenforschung". In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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Gene, Sprachen und ihre Evolution: Wie verwandt sind die Menschen - wie verwandt sind ihre Sprachen?
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uniform population, which can only exist within a small area. He therefore proposes that during the
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Vennemann, Theo (2003). "Remarks on some British place names". In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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719:] (in German). Wiesbaden/Mainz: Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Mainz.
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Vennemann developed his ideas in a series of papers which were collected in a book called
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Bauer, Brigitte (2004). "Vigesimal numerals in Romance: an Indoeuropean perspecitve".
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Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (2003). "Introduction". In Noel Aziz Hanna, Patrizia (ed.).
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903:. Indogermanische Bibliothek (2 ed.). Heidelberg: Winter. pp. 319–332.
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is a proposal that several Western European languages contain remnants of an old
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retreated, the Vasconics began moving to the north and south, settling most of
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is the only surviving member. The proposal was made by the German linguist
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1322:(in German) (101/102). Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag: 397–438.
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Vennemann rejected the classification. He gives the following reasons:
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
302:, the Vasconic people lived in the modern region of Aquitania. As the
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Vennemann, Theo (1995). "Etymologische Beziehungen im Alten Europa".
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Form und Struktur in der Sprache : Festschrift fĂĽr Elmar Ternes
1191:(in German) (9 ed.). Berlin/New York: De Gruyter. p. 166.
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proposed by Vennemann encompassing Basque (its only extant member),
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Some hydronyms survived for a long time. This led Vennemann to the "
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Kitson, P.R. (November 1996). "British and European River-Names".
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Basque itself has adopted many words from Indo-European languages.
391:) that are similar to their respective Basque counterparts; i.e.,
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1094:"Ursprache: Drei Viertel unserer Gene stammen von den Urbasken"
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209:). He classified the substratum language as Indo-European.
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Der Ginkgo-Baum: Germanistisches Jahrbuch fĂĽr Nordeuropa
745:"Ursprache: Vaskonisch war die Ursprache des Kontinents"
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to this template: there are already 953 articles in the
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Dieterlen, Florent; Bengtson, John (1 January 2017).
1396:(4). Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter: 398–406.
1187:(2010). Fritz, Matthias; Mayrhofer, Manfred (eds.).
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and maritime terminology, noted by scholars such as
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Theo Vennemann based his hypothesis on the works of
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a machine-translated version of the Spanish article.
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Origin of the vigesimal numerical systems in Europe
263:He accepts Krahe's theory that there was a uniform
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743:Vennemann, Theo; Hamel, Elisabeth (1 May 2002).
1513:(in German). Tübingen: Narr. pp. 221–240.
1092:Peter, Forster; Hamel, Elisabeth (1 May 2002).
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127:{{Translated|es|TeorĂa del sustrato vascĂłnico}}
1557:(in German). Hamburg: Baar. pp. 361–386.
330:In support of this argument, Vennemann cites,
290:Vennemann proposes that this uniform Vasconic
115:accompanying your translation by providing an
60:Click for important translation instructions.
47:expand this article with text translated from
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1620:Theo Vennemann's page at University of Munich
1362:(in German). Hamburg: Baar. pp. 211–32.
223:-statistical point of view, the dominance of
27:Proposal regarding Western European languages
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2514:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1470:(in German). Hamburg: Baar. pp. 11–64.
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855:(39–115). Helsinki: University of Helsinki.
658:Neolithic Europe § Language in the Neolithic
171:, but has been rejected by other linguists.
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717:The structure of the Old European hydronymy
713:Die Struktur der alteuropäischen Hydronymie
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1590:(1–2). Piscataway: Gorgias Press: 1–28.
1159:Transactions of the Philological Society
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556:seems more closely related to western
552:ignoring indications that the ancient
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597:as toponymy of Indo-European origin.
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1124:Zeitschrift fĂĽr celtische Philologie
668:Origin of the Basques § Old European
252:Proposed area of Vasconic substratum
178:. Relics of these languages include
1615:Personal homepage of Theo Vennemann
1439:. Hamburg: Baar. pp. 181–210.
431:the similarity of names containing
182:across Central and Western Europe.
1627:Europa Vasconica - Europa Semitica
1493:Etymology and the European Lexicon
1410:Sheynin, Hayim Y. (21 June 2004).
1265:. Hamburg: Baar. pp. 65–150.
1189:Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft
1171:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1996.tb01178.x
1130:(1). Berlin: De Gruyter: 294–299.
653:Indo-European substrate hypotheses
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1069:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
1043:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
1018:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
993:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
968:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
870:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
780:Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica
1640:Europa Vasconica-Europa Semitica
1584:Journal of Language Relationship
1100:(in German). Heidelberg: 41–45.
751:(in German). Heidelberg: 32–40.
258:Europa Vasconica–Europa Semitica
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901:Languages in prehistoric Europe
338:cultural similarities noted by
244:The hypothesis and its evidence
201:as the origin of the European
125:You may also add the template
1:
406:the similarity of names like
322:is postulated to be a relic.
153:Vasconic substrate hypothesis
1390:Beiträge zur Namensforschung
1320:Namenkundliche Informationen
827:10.1016/j.lingua.2005.03.011
633:Atlantic (Semitic) languages
2539:Pre-Indo-European languages
1638:Review of Theo Vennemann's
1314:Bichlmeier, Harald (2013).
450:Vigesimal numerical systems
326:Evidence cited by Vennemann
138:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
97:will aid in categorization.
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2334:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
345:parallels in geographical
72:Machine translation, like
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2222:
1597:10.31826/jlr-2017-141-204
1098:Spektrum der Wissenschaft
749:Spektrum der Wissenschaft
49:the corresponding article
1647:and B. Richard Page, in
688:Dené–Caucasian languages
443:"valley," "river mouth".
349:that may be relics of a
2511:have no living members.
2394:East and Southeast Asia
1634:15.1878 (June 21, 2004)
1630:, by Hayim Sheynin via
369:West Germanic languages
359:numerous examples from
186:Basis of the hypothesis
176:Indo-European languages
136:For more guidance, see
2549:Historical linguistics
1212:beweisbarer Phantasie.
1185:Meier-BrĂĽgger, Michael
663:Old European hydronymy
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494:shows that the modern
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361:Old European hydronymy
253:
227:and the sparseness of
207:Old European hydronymy
1293:. London: Routledge.
1291:The history of Basque
1197:10.1515/9783110251449
1136:10.1515/zcph.2014.028
930:10.1515/9783110301090
832:Vennemann's essays...
418:to (for example) the
251:
109:copyright attribution
648:Bronze Age in Europe
194:, who postulated an
2152:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1936:Northwest Caucasian
1931:Northeast Caucasian
1536:General Linguistics
1422:on January 20, 2021
643:Aquitanian language
638:Atlantic Bronze Age
593:similarities only.
558:Anatolian languages
2417:Austronesian–Ongan
2216:Proposed groupings
547:consonant clusters
254:
239:pre-Indo-European.
161:Vasconic languages
117:interlanguage link
18:Vasconic substrate
2554:Linguistic strata
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2427:Sino-Austronesian
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1686:Language families
1564:978-3-935536-06-6
1477:978-3-935536-06-6
1446:978-3-935536-06-6
1416:The LINGUIST List
1369:978-3-935536-06-6
1272:978-3-935536-06-6
1206:978-3-11-025144-9
921:Germania Semitica
821:(12): 2183–2220.
554:Etruscan language
530:its status as an
515:General criticism
351:pre-Indo-European
294:must come from a
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57:
16:(Redirected from
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1277:
1276:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1119:
1110:
1109:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1013:
1007:
1006:
988:
982:
981:
963:
954:
950:
948:
946:
914:
893:
887:
883:
864:
841:
835:
834:
805:
794:
793:
774:
761:
760:
740:
729:
728:
704:
128:
122:
96:
95:|topic=
93:, and specifying
78:Google Translate
59:
55:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2544:Basque language
2529:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2521:
2498:
2489:Paleo-Laplandic
2484:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2431:
2388:
2352:Greater Siangic
2338:
2324:Uralic–Yukaghir
2274:Ibero-Caucasian
2269:Elamo-Dravidian
2207:
2166:
2117:
2081:
2006:
1942:
1925:North Caucasian
1905:
1815:
1754:Paleo-Sardinian
1692:
1683:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1565:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1508:
1507:
1500:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1370:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1342:
1340:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1287:Trask, R. Larry
1285:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1240:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1207:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1121:
1120:
1113:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1003:
990:
989:
985:
978:
965:
964:
957:
953:
944:
942:
940:
917:
911:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
867:
846:
842:
838:
807:
806:
797:
790:
776:
775:
764:
742:
741:
732:
707:
705:
701:
696:
629:
616:
607:
517:
512:
504:mountain ranges
502:areas, such as
484:
452:
420:Standard Basque
340:Marija Gimbutas
328:
320:southern France
285:Proto-Sardinian
279:, and possibly
269:language family
246:
188:
157:language family
145:
144:
143:
126:
120:
62:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2348:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2319:Uralo-Siberian
2316:
2311:
2306:
2304:Serbi–Mongolic
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2264:Dravido-Korean
2261:
2259:Dené–Yeniseian
2256:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2247:Dené–Caucasian
2244:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2090:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1921:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1865:Hurro-Urartian
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1747:Paleo-Corsican
1743:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1635:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1609:External links
1607:
1604:
1603:
1570:
1563:
1545:
1526:
1519:
1498:
1483:
1476:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1406:
1399:
1375:
1368:
1350:
1329:10.58938/ni496
1306:
1299:
1278:
1271:
1253:
1238:
1216:
1205:
1176:
1149:
1111:
1084:
1077:
1058:
1051:
1033:
1026:
1008:
1001:
983:
976:
955:
952:
951:
938:
915:
909:
895:
888:
885:
884:
878:
865:
843:
836:
795:
788:
762:
730:
698:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
628:
625:
615:
612:
606:
603:
565:
564:
561:
550:
539:
538:
535:
516:
513:
511:
508:
486:Evidence from
483:
480:
464:number systems
451:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
429:
404:
343:
327:
324:
316:northern Spain
312:Central Europe
296:linguistically
245:
242:
241:
240:
232:
231:is noteworthy.
217:
187:
184:
169:Theo Vennemann
147:
146:
142:
141:
134:
123:
101:
98:
86:adding a topic
81:
70:
63:
44:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2566:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Eskimo–Uralic
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:Paleosiberian
2129:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2028:Austroasiatic
2025:
2023:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1978:Austroasiatic
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:Indo-European
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1830:Indo-European
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1707:Indo-European
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1632:LINGUIST List
1629:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1593:
1589:
1586:(in French).
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:9783823362869
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1392:(in German).
1391:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1300:9780415867801
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1239:3-930480-46-8
1235:
1231:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1165:(2): 73–118.
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1126:(in German).
1125:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1078:3-11-017054-X
1074:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1052:3-11-017054-X
1048:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:3-11-017054-X
1023:
1019:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1002:3-11-017054-X
998:
994:
987:
984:
979:
977:3-11-017054-X
973:
969:
962:
960:
956:
941:
939:9783110300949
935:
931:
927:
923:
922:
916:
912:
910:3-8253-1449-9
906:
902:
897:
896:
892:
889:
881:
879:3-11-017054-X
875:
871:
866:
862:
858:
854:
851:(in German).
850:
845:
844:
840:
837:
833:
828:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
809:Baldi, Philip
804:
802:
800:
796:
791:
789:3-11-017054-X
785:
781:
773:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
735:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
703:
700:
693:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
620:
613:
611:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
570:
562:
559:
555:
551:
548:
544:
543:
542:
536:
533:
529:
528:
527:
524:
522:
514:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
496:Basque people
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
442:
438:
434:
430:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
389:
384:
380:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
355:
352:
348:
344:
341:
337:
336:
335:
333:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
259:
250:
243:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
215:
214:
213:
210:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
185:
183:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
139:
135:
132:
124:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
92:
91:main category
88:
87:
82:
79:
75:
71:
68:
65:
64:
58:
52:
50:
45:You can help
41:
32:
31:
19:
2515:
2508:
2507:Families in
2473:
2464:Pre-Goidelic
2459:Pre-Germanic
2289:Indo-Semitic
2284:Indo-Pacific
2279:Indo-Hittite
2194:
2187:
2180:
2110:
2087:Indian Ocean
2054:
2049:Austronesian
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2021:Sino-Tibetan
2019:
1998:
1976:
1971:Sino-Tibetan
1969:
1962:
1955:
1923:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1775:North Picene
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1648:
1645:Philip Baldi
1639:
1626:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1510:
1492:
1486:
1467:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1420:the original
1415:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1359:
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1319:
1309:
1290:
1281:
1262:
1256:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1210:
1188:
1179:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1127:
1123:
1097:
1087:
1068:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1017:
1011:
992:
986:
967:
943:. Retrieved
920:
900:
891:
869:
852:
848:
839:
830:
818:
812:
779:
748:
716:
712:
702:
678:Proto-Basque
621:
617:
608:
599:
595:
591:
586:
581:
577:
573:
566:
540:
525:
518:
485:
458:("base-20")
454:Elements of
453:
432:
423:
398:
392:
386:
376:
356:, including
331:
329:
300:last Ice Age
289:
265:Old European
262:
257:
255:
236:toponomastic
211:
196:Old European
189:
173:
152:
150:
113:edit summary
104:
84:
56:(March 2022)
54:
46:
2314:Ural-Altaic
2294:Indo-Uralic
2106:Sentinelese
1837:Afroasiatic
1803:Eteocypriot
1426:26 December
1343:26 December
945:26 December
709:Krahe, Hans
569:Larry Trask
492:blood types
428:('valley');
163:, of which
2533:Categories
2454:Pre-Celtic
2422:East Asian
2412:Austro-Tai
2402:Andamanese
2252:Eurasiatic
2173:North Asia
2123:North Asia
2035:Hmong–Mien
1989:Burushaski
1948:South Asia
1919:Kartvelian
1886:Philistine
1796:Eteocretan
1740:Tartessian
694:References
623:Sardinia.
588:documents.
408:Val d'Aran
365:Hans Krahe
354:substratum
332:inter alia
273:Aquitanian
225:a-vocalism
192:Hans Krahe
51:in Spanish
2479:Pre-Vedic
2469:Pre-Greek
2441:Substrata
2344:Arunachal
2242:Nostratic
2227:Alarodian
2162:Yeniseian
2012:East Asia
1964:Dravidian
1821:West Asia
1789:Tyrsenian
1338:164307908
1248:0171-7529
1144:164830023
1106:0170-2971
861:0359-7210
757:0170-2971
560:, and for
510:Reception
456:vigesimal
385:" (Dutch
375:" (Dutch
292:substrate
203:hydronymy
199:substrate
131:talk page
83:Consider
2474:Vasconic
2449:Atlantic
2203:Eskaleut
2157:Yukaghir
2072:Koreanic
2067:Tungusic
2062:Mongolic
2000:Harappan
1911:Caucasus
1893:Sumerian
1768:Ligurian
1542:: 21–46.
1289:(1997).
711:(1963).
627:See also
614:Genetics
488:genetics
482:Genetics
460:counting
347:toponyms
304:glaciers
277:Ligurian
229:plosives
180:toponyms
107:provide
2509:italics
2407:Austric
2384:Kho-Bwa
2379:Hrusish
2357:Siangic
2299:Karasuk
2199: ?
2112:Kenaboi
2077:Japonic
2042:Kra–Dai
2003: ?
1994:Kusunda
1900:Elamite
1872:Kassite
1858:Kaskian
1761:Camunic
1733:Iberian
1690:Eurasia
725:4872207
532:isolate
500:refugia
416:Arendal
412:Arundel
381:) and "
308:Western
281:Iberian
221:phoneme
219:From a
129:to the
111:in the
53:.
2369:Mijiic
2362:Digaro
2309:Pontic
2237:Borean
2232:Altaic
2196:Rouran
2189:Turkic
2182:Uralic
2171:Other
2056:Turkic
1984:Nihali
1879:Gutian
1851:Hattic
1844:Turkic
1810:Minoan
1782:Sicani
1727:Basque
1721:Turkic
1714:Uralic
1698:Europe
1649:Lingua
1561:
1517:
1474:
1443:
1366:
1336:
1297:
1269:
1246:
1236:
1203:
1142:
1104:
1075:
1049:
1024:
999:
974:
936:
907:
876:
859:
814:Lingua
786:
755:
723:
683:Urbian
476:French
472:Danish
468:Celtic
437:Basque
414:, and
394:itsaso
165:Basque
2147:Nivkh
2101:Ongan
1643:, by
1334:S2CID
1228:[
1140:S2CID
715:[
521:Baldi
435:with
433:Eber-
425:haran
422:word
400:izotz
371:for "
74:DeepL
2516:bold
2374:Miju
2142:Ainu
1559:ISBN
1515:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1428:2022
1364:ISBN
1345:2022
1295:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1244:ISSN
1234:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1102:ISSN
1073:ISBN
1047:ISBN
1022:ISBN
997:ISBN
972:ISBN
947:2022
934:ISBN
905:ISBN
874:ISBN
857:ISSN
784:ISBN
753:ISSN
721:OCLC
706:See
490:and
474:and
462:and
441:ibar
397:and
318:and
310:and
283:and
151:The
105:must
103:You
67:View
2089:rim
1688:of
1592:doi
1324:doi
1193:doi
1167:doi
1132:doi
926:doi
823:doi
819:116
388:ijs
383:ice
378:zee
373:sea
159:of
76:or
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1588:14
1540:41
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1458:^
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1378:^
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1138:.
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798:^
765:^
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470:,
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410:,
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275:,
260:.
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1678:e
1671:t
1664:v
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205:(
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