540:. A single family may be an isolate. In the case of the non-Austronesian indigenous languages of Papua New Guinea and the indigenous languages of Australia, there is no published linguistic hypothesis supported by any evidence that these languages have links to any other families. Nevertheless, an unknown Urheimat is implied. The entire Indo-European family itself is a language isolate: no further connections are known. This lack of information does not prevent some professional linguists from formulating additional hypothetical nodes (
558:
3316:
Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roth, Christina; Szécsényi-Nagy, Anna; Wahl, Joachim; Meyer, Matthias; Krause, Johannes; Brown, Dorcas; Anthony, David; Cooper, Alan; Alt, Kurt Werner; Reich, David (11 June 2015).
238:
176:
150:), which states that the most likely candidate for the last homeland of a language family can be located in the area of its highest linguistic diversity. This presupposes an established view about the internal subgrouping of the language family. Different assumptions about high-order subgrouping can thus lead to very divergent proposals for a linguistic homeland (e.g.
766:, which ruled the southern two-thirds of the Korean peninsula between the 7th and 10th centuries. Evidence for the earlier linguistic history of the peninsula is extremely sparse. The orthodox view among Korean social historians is that the Korean people migrated to the peninsula from the north, but no archaeological evidence of such a migration has been found.
1822:
Sergey I.; Gubina, Marina; Damba, Larisa D.; Bermisheva, Marina; Reisberg, Tuuli; Dibirova, Khadizhat; Evseeva, Irina; Nelis, Mari; Klovins, Janis; Metspalu, Andres; Esko, TÔnu; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovska, Elena; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Voevoda, Mikhail; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Mait (December 2018).
364:(relative to the duration of the Upper Paleolithic) within a few millennia (roughly between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago), but their genetic relationship has become completely obscured over the more than ten millennia which have passed between their separation and their first written record in the early modern period. Similarly, the
496:
are hybrids of languages that are sometimes unrelated. Similarities arise from the creole formation process, rather than from genetic descent. For example, a creole language may lack significant inflectional morphology, lack tone on monosyllabic words, or lack semantically opaque word formation, even
1873:
Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.; Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Solnik, Anu; Reisberg, Tuuli; Parik, JĂŒri; Saag, Lauri; Metspalu, Ene; Rootsi, Siiri; Montinaro,
1821:
Tambets, Kristiina; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Hudjashov, Georgi; IlumĂ€e, Anne-Mai; Rootsi, Siiri; Honkola, Terhi; Vesakoski, Outi; Atkinson, Quentin; Skoglund, Pontus; Kushniarevich, Alena; Litvinov, Sergey; Reidla, Maere; Metspalu, Ene; Saag, Lehti; Rantanen, Timo; Karmin, Monika; Parik, JĂŒri; Zhadanov,
352:
Over a sufficient period of time, in the absence of evidence of intermediary steps in the process, it may be impossible to observe linkages between languages that have a shared
Urheimat: given enough time, natural language change will obliterate any meaningful linguistic evidence of a common genetic
1734:
Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Valeev, Albert; Litvinov, Sergei; Valiev, Ruslan; Akhmetova, Vita; Balanovska, Elena; Balanovsky, Oleg; Turdikulova, Shahlo; Dalimova, Dilbar; Nymadawa, Pagbajabyn; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Sahakyan, Hovhannes; Tambets, Kristiina; Fedorova, Sardana;
476:
For example, in places where language families meet, the relationship between a group that speaks a language and the
Urheimat for that language is complicated by "processes of migration, language shift and group absorption are documented by linguists and ethnographers" in groups that are themselves
138:
There are several methods to determine the homeland of a given language family. One method is based on the vocabulary that can be reconstructed for the proto-language. This vocabulary â especially terms for flora and fauna â can provide clues for the geographical and ecological environment in which
845:
is widely held to be the oldest family in mainland
Southeast Asia, with its current discontinuous distribution resulting from the later arrival of other families. The various branches share a great deal of vocabulary concerning rice cultivation, but few related to metals. Identification of the
3315:
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; BĂĄnffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael
121:
Depending on the age of the language family under consideration, its homeland may be known with near-certainty (in the case of historical or near-historical migrations) or it may be very uncertain (in the case of deep prehistory). Next to internal linguistic evidence, the reconstruction of a
485:
have been observed to be closely related to each other but genetically distinct from neighboring
Afroasiatic-speaking populations. This is a reflection of the fact that the Daasanach, like the Nyangatom, originally spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, with the ancestral Daasanach later
1434:. In Ruhlen 1994a, pp. 277â336. This approach has been criticized as flawed by Campbell and Poser (2008) who used the same criteria employed by Bengtson and Ruhlen to identify "cognates" in Spanish known to be false. Campbell, Lyle, and William J. Poser. 2008.
1735:
Barashkov, Nikolay; Khidiyatova, Irina; Mihailov, Evelin; Khusainova, Rita; Damba, Larisa; Derenko, Miroslava; Malyarchuk, Boris; Osipova, Ludmila; Voevoda, Mikhail; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Kivisild, Toomas; Khusnutdinova, Elza; Villems, Richard (21 April 2015).
162:). The linguistic migration theory has its limits because it only works when linguistic diversity evolves continuously without major disruptions. Its results can be distorted e.g. when this diversity is wiped out by more recent migrations.
1874:
Francesco; Remm, Maido; MĂ€gi, Reedik; D'Atanasio, Eugenia; Crema, Enrico
Ryunosuke; DĂez-del-Molino, David; Thomas, Mark G.; Kriiska, Aivar; Kivisild, Toomas; Villems, Richard; Lang, Valter; Metspalu, Mait; Tambets, Kristiina (May 2019).
688:
also points to this area. Genetic studies suggest that most of the expansion of the language family was due to language replacement rather than migration, but have identified shared elements originating from the South
Siberia-Mongolia
1004:, who were gradually pushed north, bringing maize cultivation with them, during the period of roughly 4,500 to 3,000 years ago, the geographic diffusion of speakers corresponding to the breakup of linguistic unity.
991:
homeland in the border region between the USA and Mexico, namely the upland regions of
Arizona and New Mexico and the adjacent areas of the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua, roughly corresponding to the
1061:, with this area generally being considered more probable because of least movements needed and language diversity. Proto-Afroasiatic is estimated to have begun to break up in the 8th millennium BCE.
2213:
139:
the proto-language was spoken. An estimate for the time-depth of the proto-language is necessary in order to account for prehistorical changes in climate and the distribution of flora and fauna.
776:
is much less developed than for other major families, so its higher-level structure and time depth remain unclear. Proposed homelands and periods include: the upper and middle reaches of the
419:
again became more mobile, and most of the prehistoric spread of the world's major linguistic families seem to reflect the expansion of population cores during the
Mesolithic followed by the
430:
theory is the best-known attempt to expand the deep prehistory of the main language families of
Eurasia (excepting Sino-Tibetan and the languages of Southeast Asia) to the beginning of the
434:. First proposed in the early 20th century, the Nostratic theory still receives serious consideration, but it is by no means generally accepted. The more recent and more speculative
306:
view of the development of languages. This assumption is often reasonable and useful, but it is by no means a logical necessity, as languages are well known to be susceptible to
477:"transient and plastic." Thus, in the contact area in western Ethiopia between languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic families, the Nilo-Saharan-speaking
680:
lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna and subsistence point to a homeland in the taiga-steppe zone of southern
Siberia and Mongolia around the
248:
1448:
Poloni, Estella S.; Naciri, Yamama; Bucho, Rute; Niba, Régine; Kervaire, Barbara; Excoffier, Laurent; Langaney, André; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (November 2009).
3536:
407:(LGM) has imposed linguistic separation lasting several millennia on many Upper Paleolithic populations in Eurasia, as they were forced to retreat into "
561:
Map showing the present-day distribution of Indo-European languages in Eurasia (light green) and the likely Proto-Indo-European homeland (dark green)
651:
terms for flora and fauna support the idea that Dravidian is indigenous to India. Proponents of a migration from the northwest cite the location of
2471:
Potter, Ben A. (2010). "Archaeological Patterning in Northeast Asia and Northwest North America: An Examination of the Dene-Yeniseian Hypothesis".
3085:
Bouckaert, Remco R.; Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin D. (April 2018). "The origin and expansion of PamaâNyungan languages across Australia".
1366:
Bowern, Claire; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). "Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan". Language. 84 (4): 817â845.
1157:
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3488:
3470:
3451:
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3256:
3237:
3181:
3015:
2905:
2790:
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2726:
2690:
2662:
2370:
2294:
2233:
2112:
2081:
2056:
2031:
1982:
1943:
1804:
1691:
1299:
2980:
3032:
2916:
711:. Uralic speakers are not genetically distinguished from their neighbours, but do share a genetic component that is of Siberian origin.
1200:
303:
115:
3541:
3412:
3042:
2974:
2266:
1717:
1630:
283:
219:
78:
186:
872:, since nine of its ten branches are found there, with all Austronesian languages found outside Taiwan belonging to the remaining
696:
1530:
McWhorter, John H. (1999), "The Afrogenesis Hypothesis of Plantation Creole Origin", in Huber, Magnus; Parkvall, Mikael (eds.),
908:
780:
about 4â8 kya, associated with the hypothesis of a top-level branching between Chinese and the rest (most likely); southwestern
347:
3531:
365:
3059:
457:. Time depths involved in the deep prehistory of all the world's extant languages are of the order of at least 100,000 years.
3069:
2129:
Handel, Zev (May 2008). "What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux: Sino-Tibetan: a Snapshot".
453:", finally, is almost completely detached from linguistic reconstruction, instead surrounding questions of phonology and the
1427:
1120:, somewhere to the North of 16° or even 18° of Northern latitude and between 3° and 12° of Western longitude." That is now
509:. That is to say, they have no well accepted language family connection, no nodes in a family tree, and therefore no known
446:, in a "mega-phylum" that would unite most languages of Eurasia, with a time depth going back to the Last Glacial Maximum.
1708:
Janhunen, Juha (2003). "Ethnicity and language in prehistoric Northeast Asia". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).
606:
602:
1934:(2008). "The uses of Ryukyuan in understanding Japanese language history". In Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John (eds.).
1000:(2001) proposes instead a homeland further south, making the assumed speakers of Proto-Uto-Aztecan maize cultivators in
570:
408:
2808:"Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East"
2102:
984:
873:
890:
201:
517:
of Northern Spain and southwest France. Nevertheless, it is a scientific fact that all languages evolve. An unknown
1205:
361:
357:
2584:
Bakker, Peter (2013). "Diachrony and typology in the history of Cree". In Folke Josephson; Ingmar Söhrman (eds.).
1080:
578:
197:
114:. A proto-language is the reconstructed or historically-attested parent language of a group of languages that are
3150:
Anthony, David; Ringe, Don (2015), "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives",
966:
660:
592:
1315:
O'Rourke, Dennis H.; Raff, Jennifer A. (2010), "The Human Genetic History of the Americas: The Final Frontier",
795:
2249:"Kra-dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution WEERA OSTAPIRAT".
2214:"Stratification in the peopling of China: How far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?"
1147:
962:
648:
353:
source. This general concern is a manifestation of the larger issue of "time depth" in historical linguistics.
265:
497:
if these features are found in all of the parent languages of the languages from which the creole was formed.
3400:
842:
376:
2160:; Jin, Li (2019). "Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the Late Neolithic".
3143:
The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World
2743:
1799:. Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia. Vol. 258. Helsinki: Finno-Ugrian Society. pp. 57â78.
1135:
865:
846:
homeland of the family has been hampered by the lack of progress on its branching. The main proposals are
400:
159:
31:
3267:
1495:
McWhorter, John H. (December 1998). "Identifying the Creole Prototype: Vindicating a Typological Class".
825:
439:
2549:
Yanovich, Igor (16 September 2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland".
2098:
1017:
858:(the area of maximal diversity; most likely) and southern China (based on claimed loanwords in Chinese).
636:
403:
of the first "peopling of the world", but they are no longer amenable to linguistic reconstruction. The
311:
2681:
Porkhomovsky, Victor (2020). "Afro-Asiatic Overview". In Vossen, Rainer; Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (eds.).
1824:"Genes reveal traces of common recent demographic history for most of the Uralic-speaking populations"
1615:
557:
3339:
3279:
3094:
2868:
2503:
2425:
2169:
2101:(1995). "The Politics of Ethnicity in Prehistoric Korea". In Kohl, Philip L.; Fawcett, Clare (eds.).
1887:
1377:
1324:
1100:
1046:
974:
912:
741:
640:
598:
582:
528:
Sometimes relatives are found for a language originally believed to be an isolate. An example is the
450:
420:
404:
396:
335:
323:
1368:
Kayser, Manfred (2010), "The Human Genetic History of Oceania: Near and Remote Views of Dispersal",
945:
are distributed from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast of North America. It is suggested that
916:
644:
632:
618:
427:
343:
3329:
3303:
3213:
3118:
2708:
2631:
2566:
2193:
1512:
1477:
1403:
1350:
749:
685:
681:
392:
388:
327:
1876:"The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East"
752:
were still spoken in central and southern parts of the Korean peninsula several centuries later.
621:, indicating that they were spoken in close proximity at least three to four thousand years ago.
368:
are divided into some 28 families and isolates for which no genetic relationship can be shown.
302:
The concept of a (single, identifiable) "homeland" of a given language family implies a purely
3526:
3502:
3484:
3466:
3447:
3408:
3386:
3378:
3365:
3295:
3252:
3233:
3177:
3110:
3065:
3038:
3011:
2995:
2970:
2961:
2901:
2837:
2786:
2759:
2722:
2686:
2658:
2650:
2531:
2453:
2366:
2330:
2290:
2262:
2229:
2185:
2108:
2077:
2052:
2027:
1978:
1939:
1913:
1855:
1800:
1768:
1713:
1687:
1626:
1469:
1395:
1342:
1295:
1096:
1070:
1029:
988:
574:
529:
506:
443:
384:
111:
2216:. In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.).
1973:
3355:
3347:
3287:
3159:
3102:
3007:
3003:
2960:
2913:
2876:
2827:
2819:
2806:
Kitchen, Andrew; Ehret, Christopher; Assefa, Shiferaw; Mulligan, Connie J. (7 August 2009).
2751:
2714:
2623:
2558:
2521:
2511:
2443:
2433:
2356:
2320:
2254:
2221:
2177:
2138:
1968:
1903:
1895:
1845:
1835:
1758:
1748:
1582:
1504:
1461:
1419:
Bengtson and Ruhlen (1994) offered a list of 27 "global etymologies". Bengtson, John D. and
1385:
1332:
1058:
1025:
1021:
950:
898:
673:
664:
614:
537:
533:
482:
478:
454:
435:
339:
331:
49:
3164:
676:
are today spoken across an area stretching from northwest China to the edge of Europe, but
3438:(1997), "The homelands of the Indo-Europeans", in Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.),
2920:
2614:
Hill, Jane H. (2001). "Proto-Uto-Aztecan: A Community of Cultivators in Central Mexico?".
1960:
1431:
1113:
1109:
942:
851:
785:
652:
514:
493:
297:
127:
87:
2965:. In Bray, Francesca; Coclanis, Peter A.; Fields-Black, Edda L.; SchÀfer, Dagmar (eds.).
3343:
3283:
3098:
2872:
2507:
2429:
2334:
2173:
1891:
1381:
1328:
919:
of Central Siberia share a common ancestor. Suggested homelands for this family include
784:
around 9 kya, associated with the hypothesis that Chinese and Tibetan form a subbranch;
3360:
3317:
2832:
2807:
2526:
2491:
1908:
1875:
1850:
1823:
1787:
1763:
1736:
1420:
1167:
1125:
993:
958:
954:
855:
799:
745:
700:
635:
are now concentrated in southern India, isolated pockets further north, placenames and
487:
107:
3318:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
2938:
1682:
Golden, Peter B. (2011). "Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks".
1450:"Genetic Evidence for Complexity in Ethnic Differentiation and History in East Africa"
613:. There is extensive evidence for contact between the Caucasian languages, especially
383:
or later. It is undisputed that fully developed languages were present throughout the
3520:
3268:"Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin"
3225:
3122:
2570:
2448:
2413:
2197:
2142:
1465:
1062:
894:
811:
803:
763:
737:
708:
307:
2881:
2856:
2755:
2718:
1354:
3479:
Pereltsvaig, Asya; Lewis, Martin W. (2015), "Searching for Indo-European origins",
3422:
2348:
2282:
1931:
1481:
1407:
997:
970:
920:
807:
777:
773:
677:
656:
522:
151:
147:
3307:
2780:
2516:
2285:(2015). "Austroasiatic Classification". In Jenny, Mathias; Sidwell, Paul (eds.).
1753:
532:, which, even though only partially understood, is believed to be related to the
3463:
The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world
2311:
Rau, Felix; Sidwell, Paul (12 September 2019). "The Munda Maritime Hypothesis".
1424:
1185:
1084:
1053:
or adjacent regions is considered most likely. Other proposed locations are the
1001:
996:. The proto-language would have been spoken by foragers, about 5,000 years ago.
946:
847:
815:
123:
3435:
3106:
2627:
2181:
1899:
1840:
1737:"The Genetic Legacy of the Expansion of Turkic-Speaking Nomads across Eurasia"
1449:
1390:
1337:
1210:
1189:
1121:
470:
412:
254:
155:
3204:
Blust, Robert (1984). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective".
2438:
2258:
1156:
The original homeland of Central Sudanic speakers is likely somewhere in the
1150:
as a likely candidate for its homeland from around the start of the Holocene.
1138:
remains controversial. Proponents of the family view the border area between
1116:
homeland at the second half of the 4th millennium BC was located in Southern
2157:
1066:
924:
833:
541:
380:
3369:
3299:
3114:
3031:
Andah, Bassey; Okpoko, Alex; Shaw, Thurstan; Sinclair, Paul (22 May 2014).
2962:"Rice and Rice Farmers in the Upper Guinea Coast and Environmental History"
2841:
2823:
2535:
2189:
1917:
1859:
1772:
1587:
1570:
1473:
1399:
1346:
609:(Nakh-Daghestanian) language families are presumed to be indigenous to the
2562:
2457:
2225:
1710:
Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses
2387:
1088:
932:
759:
704:
610:
586:
431:
416:
92:
3351:
3291:
3217:
17:
3379:"Linguistics and Ideology in 19th and 20th Century Studies of Language"
3230:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
2898:
The African Frontier: The Reproduction of Traditional African Societies
2325:
928:
781:
725:
2635:
2361:
1794:
1516:
1087:â where the greatest diversity is found â soon after the start of the
122:
prehistoric homeland makes use of a variety of disciplines, including
2649:
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna; Cabral, Ana Suelly Arruda CĂąmara (2012).
2492:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
1532:
Spreading the Word: The Issue of Diffusion among the Atlantic Creoles
1117:
1054:
1050:
935:, but there is currently not enough evidence to resolve the question.
869:
829:
729:
469:
only applies to populations speaking a proto-language defined by the
110:
is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different
101:
2072:
Yi, Seonbok (2014). "Korea: archaeology". In Bellwood, Peter (ed.).
703:. The internal branching of the family suggests an area between the
204:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
3334:
2857:"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara"
1508:
1143:
1092:
733:
556:
525:, and may be supported by archaeological and historical evidence.
3383:
Language and Ideology: Volume 1: theoretical cognitive approaches
2355:(revised ed.). Australian National University. p. 749.
3427:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth
2655:
The Indigenous Languages of South America: A Comprehensive Guide
1139:
1024:
of South America, was probably spoken in the region between the
1571:"Languages of the Caucasus and contact-induced language change"
1091:. Its expansion may have been associated with the expansion of
810:
rivers, but speakers of these languages may have migrated from
581:
in the late 5th millennium BCE. The leading alternative is the
3381:. In Dirven, René; Hawkins, Bruce; Sandikcioglu, Esra (eds.).
231:
169:
55:
3174:
Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago: Revised Edition
411:" before the advancing ice sheets. After the end of the LGM,
67:
2744:"15 Levant and North Africa: Afroasiatic linguistic history"
1049:, though based on current evidence somewhere in the eastern
1684:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
1290:
Renfrew, Colin; McMahon, April; Trask, Larry, eds. (1999).
643:
indicate that they were once spoken more widely across the
61:
2603:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 256.
1534:, London: Westminster University Press, pp. 111â152
2812:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
360:
are believed to be descended from a relatively "rapid"
261:
193:
3002:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 364â382.
2104:
Nationalism, Politics and the Practice of Archaeology
79:
2676:
2674:
1083:
has become controversial. It probably originated in
850:(favoured by those who assume an early branching of
70:
3061:
The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation
64:
58:
52:
2473:Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
2313:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
379:typically estimate separation times dating to the
3034:The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals and Towns
2998:. In Rainer Vossen; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (eds.).
1796:The Quasquicentennial of the Finno-Ugrian Society
1438:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 370â372.
1166:The homeland of Khoe-Kwadi was likely the middle
736:around 700 to 300 BCE by wet-rice farmers of the
490:an Afroasiatic language around the 19th century.
2855:Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (October 2014).
2653:. In Campbell, Lyle; Grondona, VerĂłnica (eds.).
2586:Diachronic and typological perspectives on verbs
2107:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218â231.
655:, a hypothesized connection to the undeciphered
3465:(Repr. ed.), Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press,
3385:. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 253â276.
3266:Gray, Russell D.; Atkinson, Quentin D. (2003).
2490:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (12 March 2014).
2418:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
748:. There is fragmentary placename evidence that
2588:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 223â260.
521:may still be hypothesized, such as that for a
399:). These languages would have spread with the
2685:. Oxford University Press. pp. 269â274.
1045:There is no consensus on the location of the
762:varieties are descended from the language of
544:) and additional homelands for the speakers.
8:
3251:(3rd ed.), Edinburgh University Press,
2939:"On the Problem of the Proto-Mande Homeland"
1963:(2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language".
1686:. Editura Academiei RomĂąne. pp. 17â63.
1669:
1657:
1645:
1601:
1556:
1544:
99:
90:
40:
3444:Theoretical and Methodological Orientations
2969:. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
2287:The Handbook of the Austroasiatic Languages
1965:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1436:Language Classification: History and Method
1020:, the reconstructed common ancestor of the
973:, which was the center of dispersal of the
27:Region in which a proto-language was spoken
2748:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
2710:The Encyclopedia of Global Human Migration
1625:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 11â12.
577:is now widely accepted, placing it in the
3501:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
3359:
3333:
3163:
2880:
2831:
2525:
2515:
2447:
2437:
2360:
2324:
2026:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
1972:
1907:
1849:
1839:
1762:
1752:
1586:
1389:
1336:
824:Most scholars locate the homeland of the
788:(the area of maximal diversity) 9â10 kya.
284:Learn how and when to remove this message
220:Learn how and when to remove this message
3197:
3000:The Oxford Handbook of African Languages
2683:The Oxford Handbook of African Languages
2074:The Global Prehistory of Human Migration
2022:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011).
1277:
1253:
1241:
1101:desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE
695:Inherited tree names seem to indicate a
573:has been debated for centuries, but the
3249:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
2967:Rice: Global Networks and New Histories
2782:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa
2657:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 495â574.
1788:"Proto-Uralic â what, where, and when?"
1575:STUF â Language Typology and Universals
1222:
1073:representing its earliest known branch.
983:Some authorities on the history of the
249:not related to the topic of the article
3165:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812
2047:Lee, Iksop; Ramsey, S. Robert (2000).
1974:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277
1065:is thought to have been spoken in the
868:is widely accepted by linguists to be
740:, spreading from there throughout the
3008:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199609895.013.15
2914:Igbo Language Roots and (Pre)-History
1623:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1265:
1229:
7:
2412:Ruhlen, Merritt (10 November 1998).
2009:
1997:
1936:Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects
1292:Time Depth in Historical Linguistics
828:in Southern China, possibly coastal
814:as a result of the expansion of the
548:Homelands of major language families
3461:Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (2006),
2289:. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 144â220.
375:reconstructed using the methods of
3537:Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
3193:Presejarah Kepulauan Indo-Malaysia
2785:. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 311.
2707:Ness, Immanuel, ed. (2013-02-04).
2218:Past Human Migrations in East Asia
1938:. John Benjamins. pp. 79â99.
1616:"The Emergence of the Kartvelians"
1201:Genetic relationship (linguistics)
158:as the center of dispersal of the
25:
3058:Newman, James L. (January 1995).
461:Language contact and creolization
438:attempts to unite Nostratic with
2983:from the original on 2022-04-14.
2946:Journal of Language Relationship
2143:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00061.x
2131:Language and Linguistics Compass
2024:A History of the Korean Language
1466:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00541.x
1069:between 4400 and 7400 BCE, with
961:speakers moved southwest to the
893:originated in the region of the
794:The most likely homeland of the
589:in the early 7th millennium BCE.
236:
174:
48:
2882:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003
2756:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm815
2719:10.1002/9781444351071.wbeghm815
1712:. Routledge. pp. 195â208.
1032:rivers, around 5,000 years ago.
473:. This is not always the case.
366:Australian Aboriginal languages
142:Another method is based on the
3483:, Cambridge University Press,
3407:. Cambridge University Press.
3247:——— (2013),
3087:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2994:Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. (2020).
2959:Fields-Black, Edda L. (2015).
1569:Amiridze, Nino (27 May 2019).
449:The argument surrounding the "
252: and should be moved to
1:
3481:The Indo-European Controversy
3429:, London: Thames & Hudson
2996:"Nilo-Saharan and Its Limits"
2742:BlaĆŸek, VĂĄclav (2013-02-04).
2392:Alaska Native Language Center
965:of California, while the pre-
911:hypothesis proposes that the
750:now-extinct Japonic languages
481:and the Afroasiatic-speaking
387:, and possibly into the deep
264:or discuss this issue on the
3152:Annual Review of Linguistics
3145:, Princeton University Press
2900:. Indiana University Press.
2517:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1793:. In Ylikoski, Jussi (ed.).
1754:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005068
571:Proto-Indo-European homeland
3232:, Oxford University Press,
3191:Bellwood, Peter S. (2000),
2601:California Indian Languages
2414:"The origin of the Na-Dene"
2076:. Wiley. pp. 586â597.
1967:. Oxford University Press.
985:Uto-Aztecan language family
724:Most scholars believe that
553:Western and central Eurasia
200:the claims made and adding
144:linguistic migration theory
3558:
3377:Koerner, E. F. K. (2001).
3141:Anthony, David W. (2007),
2861:Quaternary Science Reviews
2353:The Austronesian Languages
2253:. 2005. pp. 135â159.
2156:Zhang, Menghan; Yan, Shi;
2051:. SUNY Press. p. 31.
1206:Nationalist historiography
744:and somewhat later to the
585:, proposing a homeland in
569:The identification of the
358:languages of the New World
321:
295:
166:Limitations of the concept
3172:Bellwood, Peter (2007) .
3107:10.1038/s41559-018-0489-3
3064:. Yale University Press.
2628:10.1525/aa.2001.103.4.913
2251:The Peopling of East Asia
2182:10.1038/s41586-019-1153-z
1900:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026
1841:10.1186/s13059-018-1522-1
1614:Rayfield, Donald (2019).
1391:10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.004
1338:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.051
967:Proto-Algonquian speakers
915:of North America and the
3542:German words and phrases
3440:Archaeology and Language
3401:Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju
2439:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994
2388:"Language Relationships"
2259:10.4324/9780203343685-20
1602:Anthony & Ringe 2015
1557:Anthony & Ringe 2015
1545:Anthony & Ringe 2015
1454:Annals of Human Genetics
1148:Central African Republic
728:was brought to northern
362:peopling of the Americas
348:DenĂ©âCaucasian languages
312:substrate or superstrate
3405:The Dravidian Languages
2896:Kopytoff, Igor (1989).
2779:GĂŒldemann, Tom (2018).
2616:American Anthropologist
1786:Janhunen, Juha (2009).
377:comparative linguistics
3532:Historical linguistics
2824:10.1098/rspb.2009.0408
2599:Golla, Victor (2011).
2212:Blench, Roger (2008).
1588:10.1515/stuf-2019-0007
1099:period, following the
1037:Africa and Middle East
891:EskimoâAleut languages
866:Austronesian languages
772:The reconstruction of
562:
401:early human migrations
160:Austronesian languages
100:
91:
41:
32:historical linguistics
3497:Sohn, Ho-Min (1999),
3446:, London: Routledge,
2750:(1 ed.). Wiley.
2713:(1 ed.). Wiley.
2563:10.1075/dia.17038.yan
2226:10.4324/9780203926789
1886:(10): 1701â1711.e16.
1170:over 2,000 years ago.
1081:NigerâCongo languages
904:Na-Dené and Yeniseian
684:. Early contact with
605:(Abkhaz-Adygean) and
579:PonticâCaspian steppe
560:
322:Further information:
296:Further information:
247:may contain material
1425:"Global etymologies"
1134:The validity of the
1112:concluded that "the
1079:The validity of the
1047:Afroasiatic homeland
975:Algonquian languages
864:The homeland of the
796:HmongâMien languages
742:Japanese Archipelago
641:Indo-Aryan languages
583:Anatolian hypothesis
513:. An example is the
451:Proto-Human language
421:Neolithic Revolution
405:Last Glacial Maximum
397:behavioral modernity
336:Proto-Human language
324:Behavioral modernity
262:improve this section
3499:The Korean Language
3352:10.1038/nature14317
3344:2015Natur.522..207H
3292:10.1038/nature02029
3284:2003Natur.426..435G
3099:2018NatEE...2..741B
2873:2014QSRv..101...28M
2818:(1668): 2703â2710.
2508:2014PLoSO...991722S
2430:1998PNAS...9513994R
2424:(23): 13994â13996.
2174:2019Natur.569..112Z
2049:The Korean Language
1892:2019CBio...29E1701S
1670:Krishnamurti (2003)
1658:Krishnamurti (2003)
1646:Krishnamurti (2003)
1547:, pp. 208â209.
1382:2010CBio...20.R194K
1329:2010CBio...20.R202O
1280:, pp. 430â432.
1256:, pp. 423â424.
1136:Nilo-Saharan family
1095:agriculture in the
917:Yeniseian languages
699:to the east of the
645:Indian subcontinent
633:Dravidian languages
619:Proto-Indo-European
607:Northeast Caucasian
603:Northwest Caucasian
505:Some languages are
436:"Borean" hypothesis
415:populations of the
344:Nostratic languages
146:(first proposed by
116:genetically related
3206:Asian Perspectives
2937:Vydrin, Valentin.
2919:2019-07-17 at the
1430:2007-09-28 at the
953:. From there, pre-
949:was spoken on the
686:Mongolic languages
682:Altai-Sayan region
563:
465:The concept of an
393:origin of language
389:Middle Paleolithic
328:Origin of language
185:possibly contains
112:daughter languages
3508:978-0-521-36123-1
3490:978-1-107-05453-0
3472:978-0-19-928791-8
3453:978-0-415-11760-9
3436:Mallory, James P.
3392:978-90-272-9954-3
3328:(7555): 207â211.
3278:(6965): 435â439.
3258:978-0-7486-4601-2
3239:978-0-19-509427-5
3196:(Translation of
3183:978-1-921313-12-7
3017:978-0-19-960989-5
2907:978-0-253-20539-1
2792:978-3-11-042606-9
2765:978-1-4443-3489-0
2728:978-1-4443-3489-0
2692:978-0-19-960989-5
2664:978-3-11-025803-5
2372:978-1-922185-07-5
2296:978-90-04-28295-7
2235:978-0-203-92678-9
2168:(7754): 112â115.
2114:978-0-521-55839-6
2083:978-1-118-97059-1
2058:978-0-7914-4831-1
2033:978-1-139-49448-9
2000:, pp. 35â36.
1984:978-0-19-938465-5
1945:978-90-272-4809-1
1806:978-952-5667-11-0
1693:978-973-27-2152-0
1301:978-1-902937-06-9
1097:African Neolithic
989:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
913:Na-Dené languages
874:Malayo-Polynesian
826:KraâDai languages
575:steppe hypothesis
530:Etruscan language
507:language isolates
385:Upper Paleolithic
356:For example, the
294:
293:
286:
230:
229:
222:
187:original research
16:(Redirected from
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1961:Vovin, Alexander
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1124:and/or southern
1059:Northeast Africa
1022:Tupian languages
951:Columbia Plateau
899:Southwest Alaska
734:Korean Peninsula
674:Turkic languages
659:, and claims of
647:. Reconstructed
628:
627:
615:Proto-Kartvelian
538:Lemnian language
534:Rhaetic language
494:Creole languages
455:origin of speech
340:Borean languages
332:Origin of speech
289:
282:
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269:
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1252:
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1177:
1153:Central-Sudanic
1110:Valentin Vydrin
1039:
1011:
943:Algic languages
883:
786:Northeast India
718:
716:Eastern Eurasia
697:Uralic homeland
649:Proto-Dravidian
625:
624:
555:
550:
515:Basque language
503:
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298:Language change
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98:'original' and
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1487:
1460:(6): 582â600.
1440:
1421:Merritt Ruhlen
1412:
1359:
1307:
1300:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1244:, p. 423.
1234:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:Zambezi Valley
1164:
1161:
1158:Bahr el Ghazal
1154:
1151:
1132:
1129:
1126:Western Sahara
1107:
1104:
1077:
1074:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
994:Sonoran Desert
981:
978:
939:
936:
909:DenĂ©âYeniseian
905:
902:
887:
882:
879:
878:
877:
862:
859:
856:Southeast Asia
848:Northern India
840:
837:
822:
819:
800:Southern China
792:
789:
770:
767:
756:
753:
746:Ryukyu Islands
722:
717:
714:
713:
712:
701:Ural Mountains
693:
690:
671:
668:
639:influences on
629:
622:
597:The unrelated
595:
590:
567:
554:
551:
549:
546:
502:
499:
462:
459:
440:DenĂ©âCaucasian
319:
316:
292:
291:
244:
242:
235:
228:
227:
210:September 2021
182:
180:
173:
167:
164:
135:
132:
108:proto-language
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3554:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3510:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3423:Mallory, J.P.
3420:
3416:
3414:0-521-77111-0
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3198:Bellwood 2007
3194:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3044:9781134679492
3040:
3037:. Routledge.
3036:
3035:
3027:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2976:9781107044395
2972:
2968:
2963:
2955:
2952:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:A Mighty Tree
2922:
2918:
2915:
2912:(cited after
2909:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2889:
2883:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
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2834:
2829:
2825:
2821:
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2813:
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2802:
2799:
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2775:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
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2735:
2730:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2587:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2502:(3): e91722.
2501:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2349:Blust, Robert
2344:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2283:Sidwell, Paul
2278:
2275:
2270:
2268:9780203343685
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2220:. Routledge.
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2012:, p. 40.
2011:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:PLOS Genetics
1738:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1719:0-415-11761-5
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1660:, p. 15.
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1634:
1632:9781789140590
1628:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1565:
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1553:
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1546:
1541:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:(4): R202â7,
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1268:, p. 48.
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1232:, p. 46.
1231:
1226:
1223:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Proto-Semitic
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:South America
1008:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
986:
982:
979:
976:
972:
969:moved to the
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
937:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
900:
896:
895:Bering Strait
892:
888:
885:
884:
881:North America
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
860:
857:
853:
849:
844:
843:Austroasiatic
841:
839:Austroasiatic
838:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:
817:
813:
812:Central China
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
764:Unified Silla
761:
757:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:Yayoi culture
735:
731:
727:
723:
720:
719:
715:
710:
709:Yenisey River
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
672:
669:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
594:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
566:Indo-European
565:
564:
559:
552:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
500:
498:
495:
491:
489:
484:
480:
474:
472:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
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341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
313:
309:
305:
299:
288:
285:
277:
267:
263:
257:
256:
251:
250:
245:This section
243:
234:
233:
224:
221:
213:
203:
199:
195:
189:
188:
183:This section
181:
172:
171:
165:
163:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
133:
131:
129:
125:
119:
117:
113:
109:
106:'home') of a
104:
103:
96:
94:
89:
85:
84:
75:
45:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3498:
3480:
3462:
3443:
3439:
3426:
3404:
3382:
3325:
3321:
3275:
3271:
3248:
3229:
3212:(1): 45â67.
3209:
3205:
3192:
3173:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3060:
3053:
3033:
3026:
2999:
2989:
2966:
2954:
2945:
2932:
2924:
2897:
2891:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2781:
2774:
2747:
2737:
2709:
2702:
2682:
2654:
2644:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2421:
2417:
2407:
2395:. Retrieved
2391:
2381:
2352:
2343:
2319:(2): 35â57.
2316:
2312:
2306:
2286:
2277:
2250:
2244:
2217:
2207:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2103:
2093:
2088:pp. 586â587.
2073:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2023:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1964:
1955:
1935:
1926:
1883:
1879:
1868:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1795:
1781:
1744:
1740:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1622:
1609:
1597:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1435:
1415:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1291:
1285:
1273:
1266:Blust (1984)
1261:
1249:
1237:
1230:Blust (1984)
1225:
1183:
1180:Pama-Nyungan
1131:Nilo-Saharan
1018:Proto-Tupian
971:Great Plains
886:EskimoâAleut
861:Austronesian
802:between the
778:Yellow River
774:Sino-Tibetan
769:Sino-Tibetan
678:Proto-Turkic
657:Indus script
527:
523:Proto-Basque
518:
510:
504:
492:
475:
466:
464:
448:
425:
372:
370:
355:
351:
308:areal change
304:genealogical
301:
280:
271:
260:Please help
253:
246:
216:
207:
184:
152:Isidore Dyen
148:Edward Sapir
143:
141:
137:
120:
39:
35:
29:
3158:: 199â219,
2551:Diachronica
2397:19 November
2326:10524/52454
2010:Sohn (1999)
1998:Sohn (1999)
1186:Gulf Plains
1085:West Africa
1076:NigerâCongo
1042:Afroasiatic
1002:Mesoamerica
980:Uto-Aztecan
963:North Coast
947:Proto-Algic
816:Han Chinese
758:All modern
536:and to the
314:influence.
124:archaeology
3521:Categories
3335:1502.02783
3071:0300072805
2362:1885/10191
2335:A651276154
2158:Pan, Wuyun
1834:(1): 139.
1698:pp. 35â37.
1217:References
1211:Sprachbund
1190:Queensland
1188:, west of
1163:Khoe-Kwadi
1146:, and the
1122:Mauritania
987:place the
791:HmongâMien
599:Kartvelian
471:tree model
413:Mesolithic
373:Urheimaten
318:Time depth
274:March 2022
255:Tree model
194:improve it
156:New Guinea
3123:256707821
2867:: 28â35.
2571:209542004
2198:129946000
1175:Australia
1067:Near East
925:West Asia
834:Guangdong
732:from the
637:substrate
631:Although
626:Dravidian
593:Caucasian
542:Nostratic
483:Daasanach
479:Nyangatom
428:Nostratic
381:Neolithic
266:talk page
198:verifying
83:-hye-maht
3527:Urheimat
3425:(1989),
3403:(2003).
3370:25731166
3300:14647380
3228:(1997),
3218:42928105
3115:29531347
2981:Archived
2927:, 2011).
2917:Archived
2842:19403539
2651:"TupĂan"
2536:24621925
2496:PLOS ONE
2351:(2013).
2190:31019300
1918:31080083
1860:30241495
1773:25898006
1497:Language
1474:19706029
1428:Archived
1423:. 1994.
1400:20178767
1355:14479088
1347:20178768
1195:See also
1089:Holocene
1071:Akkadian
1030:AripuanĂŁ
957:and pre-
933:Beringia
760:Koreanic
755:Koreanic
705:Ob River
611:Caucasus
587:Anatolia
519:Urheimat
511:Urheimat
501:Isolates
488:adopting
467:Urheimat
432:Holocene
417:Holocene
310:such as
258:instead.
42:Urheimat
36:homeland
18:Urheimat
3361:5048219
3340:Bibcode
3280:Bibcode
3134:Sources
3095:Bibcode
2869:Bibcode
2833:2839953
2697:p. 273.
2527:3951421
2504:Bibcode
2458:9811914
2426:Bibcode
2301:p. 146.
2202:p. 112.
2170:Bibcode
2119:p. 230.
1909:6544527
1888:Bibcode
1851:6151024
1764:4405460
1724:p. 203.
1482:2488794
1408:7282462
1378:Bibcode
1325:Bibcode
1160:region.
1026:Guaporé
929:Siberia
921:Central
876:branch.
821:KraâDai
804:Yangtze
782:Sichuan
726:Japonic
721:Japonic
665:Elamite
444:Austric
409:refugia
192:Please
134:Methods
86:, from
3505:
3487:
3469:
3450:
3411:
3389:
3368:
3358:
3322:Nature
3306:
3298:
3272:Nature
3255:
3236:
3216:
3180:
3121:
3113:
3068:
3041:
3014:
2973:
2904:
2840:
2830:
2789:
2762:
2725:
2689:
2661:
2636:684121
2634:
2569:
2534:
2524:
2456:
2446:
2369:
2333:
2293:
2265:
2232:
2196:
2188:
2162:Nature
2111:
2080:
2055:
2030:
1981:
1950:p. 98.
1942:
1916:
1906:
1858:
1848:
1811:p. 71.
1803:
1771:
1761:
1716:
1690:
1629:
1517:417003
1515:
1480:
1472:
1406:
1398:
1353:
1345:
1298:
1118:Sahara
1057:, and
1055:Levant
1051:Sahara
1014:Tupian
870:Taiwan
830:Fujian
808:Mekong
798:is in
730:Kyushu
692:Uralic
670:Turkic
661:a link
653:Brahui
617:, and
346:, and
102:Heimat
88:German
34:, the
3330:arXiv
3308:42340
3304:S2CID
3214:JSTOR
3119:S2CID
2942:(PDF)
2632:JSTOR
2567:S2CID
2449:25007
2194:S2CID
1791:(PDF)
1619:(PDF)
1513:JSTOR
1478:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1144:Sudan
1114:Mande
1106:Mande
1093:Sahel
959:Yurok
955:Wiyot
938:Algic
931:, or
852:Munda
689:area.
391:(see
3503:ISBN
3485:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3448:ISBN
3409:ISBN
3387:ISBN
3366:PMID
3296:PMID
3253:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3111:PMID
3066:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3012:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2902:ISBN
2838:PMID
2787:ISBN
2760:ISBN
2723:ISBN
2687:ISBN
2659:ISBN
2532:PMID
2454:PMID
2399:2020
2367:ISBN
2331:Gale
2291:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2186:PMID
2109:ISBN
2078:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2028:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1914:PMID
1856:PMID
1801:ISBN
1769:PMID
1714:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1470:PMID
1396:PMID
1343:PMID
1296:ISBN
1184:The
1140:Chad
1028:and
998:Hill
941:The
907:The
889:The
806:and
707:and
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