20:
117:
of adult bees, so SMR was renamed VSH. The behavior involves nest cleaning bees recognizing infested brood aged 15–18 days old (emergence occurs at 21 days old). Mite-infested bee pupae are removed from their brood cells, which kills any immature varroa mites present.
121:
VSH activity results in (1) an abnormally low proportion of mites that produce offspring within the population that remains in capped brood and (2) reducing the brood infestation rate by greater than 70%. The specifics of how hygienic bees detect mite infested
113:. The rate of mite population growth was found to be correlated with the reproductive rates of mites, resulting in naming the factor "suppressed mite reproduction" (SMR). It was later discovered that the factor is founded on
353:
Ward, K., R. Danka and R. Ward. 2008. Comparative performance of two mite-resistant stocks of honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in
Alabama Beekeeping Operations. Journal of Economic Entomology 101: 654-659.
344:
Harris, J. 2007. 2007. Bees with Varroa
Sensitive Hygiene preferentially remove mite infested pupae aged < five days post capping. Journal of Apicultural Research 46: 134-139.
366:(Mesostigmata: Varroidae) when mite-resistant queen honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) were free-mated with unselected drones. Journal of Economic Entomology 94: 1319-1323.
95:
322:
Harbo, J., and J. Harris. 2005. Suppressed mite reproduction explained by the behavior of adult bees. Journal of
Apicultural Research 44: 21-23.
425:
O’Shea-Wheller, Thomas A.; Rinkevich, Frank D.; Danka, Robert G.; Simone-Finstrom, Michael; Tokarz, Philip G.; Healy, Kristen B. (2022-04-07).
553:
19:
300:
Harbo, J., and J. Harris. 1999. Heritability in honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of characteristics associated with resistance to
558:
231:"Swarming, defensive and hygienic behaviour in honey bee colonies of different genetic origin in a pan-European experiment"
563:
331:
Ibrahim, A. G. Reuter and M. Spivak. 2006. Field trials of honey bee colonies bred for mechanisms of resistance against
287:
Harbo, J., and R. Hoopingarner. 1997. Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the United States that express resistance to
523:
216:
76:
528:
378:"Selection of VSH-derived "Pol-line" honey bees and evaluation of their Varroa-resistance characteristics"
99:
518:
313:
Harbo, J., and J. Harris. 2002. Suppressing Mite
Reproduction: SMR an Update. Bee Culture 130: 46-48.
438:
427:"A derived honey bee stock confers resistance to Varroa destructor and associated viral transmission"
242:
82:
407:
260:
134:
Bees bred to have high levels of VSH can keep mite populations below thresholds recommended for
491:
62:
problem for honey bees worldwide. VSH activity results in significant resistance to the mites.
472:
454:
399:
106:
53:
462:
446:
389:
250:
151:
59:
442:
246:
467:
426:
547:
197:
411:
264:
110:
181:
174:
155:
147:
450:
217:
https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/ark-of-taste-slow-food/egyptian-honeybee/
394:
377:
163:
458:
403:
534:
Cooperative
Research and Development (CRADA) Source of VSH Breeding Material
143:
139:
123:
35:
476:
255:
191:
to mix with any type of desirable honey bee and is expanding resistance to
146:
from such VSH breeding sources can be allowed to mate freely with non-VSH
46:
158:
will retain lower and variable but generally still useful resistance to
304:(Mesostigmata: Varroidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 261-265.
291:(Mesostigmata: Varroidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 90: 893-898.
188:
114:
376:
Danka, Robert G.; Harris, Jeffery W.; Dodds, Garrett E. (2016-05-01).
230:
167:
18:
538:
178:
49:
42:
195:
among diverse bee strains. In 2018 it was announced that VSH
102:, from colonies in which mite populations grew only slowly.
519:
USDA Honey Bee
Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory
533:
98:
Honey Bee
Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Laboratory in
177:
recently have been shown to perform well in migratory
74:
show naturally Varroa sensitive hygiene, for example
94:Bees with the VSH trait were initially bred by the
362:Harbo, J., and J. Harris. 2001. Resistance to
201:bees would be made available for sale in 2019.
524:Varroa Sensitive Hygiene and Mite Reproduction
8:
23:Varroa destructor on the head of bee nymph.
492:"REPORTS: NEW: "Hygiene"-Buckfast Queens"
466:
393:
254:
187:VSH thus is a trait that can be used by
66:Subspecies with Varroa sensitive hygiene
209:
96:United States Department of Agriculture
58:is considered to be the most dangerous
529:Selecting for Varroa Sensitive Hygiene
283:
281:
7:
41:in which bees detect and remove bee
539:development of VSH lines in Europe
14:
235:Journal of Apicultural Research
219:Egyptian honeybee Ark of taste
1:
173:VSH outcrossed to commercial
105:The factor causing slow mite
34:) is a behavioral trait of
580:
554:Western honey bee behavior
451:10.1038/s41598-022-08643-w
162:while retaining desirable
395:10.1007/s13592-015-0413-7
45:that are infested by the
77:Apis mellifera lamarckii
28:Varroa sensitive hygiene
559:Agricultural pest mites
335:. Apidologie 38: 67-76.
126:currently are unknown.
16:Type of animal behavior
256:10.3896/IBRA.1.53.2.06
100:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
83:Apis mellifera carnica
24:
22:
564:Behavioural genetics
229:Andonov, S. (2014).
154:colonies from these
150:, and the resulting
138:treatment including
443:2022NatSR..12.4852O
247:2014JApiR..53..248U
70:Some subspecies of
490:Dr. Peter Stöfen.
431:Scientific Reports
25:
496:buckfast-zucht.de
364:Varroa destructor
333:Varroa destructor
115:hygienic activity
107:population growth
54:Varroa destructor
571:
507:
506:
504:
502:
487:
481:
480:
470:
422:
416:
415:
397:
373:
367:
360:
354:
351:
345:
342:
336:
329:
323:
320:
314:
311:
305:
302:Varroa jacobsoni
298:
292:
289:Varroa jacobsoni
285:
276:
275:
273:
271:
258:
226:
220:
214:
109:was found to be
39:(Apis mellifera)
579:
578:
574:
573:
572:
570:
569:
568:
544:
543:
515:
510:
500:
498:
489:
488:
484:
424:
423:
419:
375:
374:
370:
361:
357:
352:
348:
343:
339:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
308:
299:
295:
286:
279:
269:
267:
228:
227:
223:
215:
211:
207:
166:traits such as
132:
92:
68:
56:. V. destructor
17:
12:
11:
5:
577:
575:
567:
566:
561:
556:
546:
545:
542:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
514:
513:External links
511:
509:
508:
482:
417:
388:(3): 483–490.
368:
355:
346:
337:
324:
315:
306:
293:
277:
241:(2): 248–260.
221:
208:
206:
203:
131:
130:Cross-breeding
128:
91:
88:
72:Apis mellifera
67:
64:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
576:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
551:
549:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
512:
497:
493:
486:
483:
478:
474:
469:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
418:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
372:
369:
365:
359:
356:
350:
347:
341:
338:
334:
328:
325:
319:
316:
310:
307:
303:
297:
294:
290:
284:
282:
278:
266:
262:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
225:
222:
218:
213:
210:
204:
202:
200:
199:
194:
193:V. destructor
190:
185:
183:
180:
176:
171:
170:production.
169:
165:
161:
160:V. destructor
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
129:
127:
125:
119:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
89:
87:
85:
84:
79:
78:
73:
65:
63:
61:
57:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
37:
33:
29:
21:
499:. Retrieved
495:
485:
434:
430:
420:
385:
381:
371:
363:
358:
349:
340:
332:
327:
318:
309:
301:
296:
288:
268:. Retrieved
238:
234:
224:
212:
196:
192:
186:
175:Italian bees
172:
159:
135:
133:
120:
104:
93:
81:
75:
71:
69:
52:
38:
31:
27:
26:
501:29 December
437:(1): 4852.
182:pollination
90:Development
548:Categories
382:Apidologie
270:10 October
205:References
164:beekeeping
156:outcrosses
36:honey bees
459:2045-2322
404:1297-9678
140:miticides
111:heritable
47:parasitic
477:35393440
412:86197456
265:56261380
198:Buckfast
189:breeders
468:8989980
439:Bibcode
243:Bibcode
475:
465:
457:
410:
402:
263:
152:hybrid
148:drones
144:Queens
136:Varroa
408:S2CID
261:S2CID
168:honey
124:brood
43:pupae
503:2018
473:PMID
455:ISSN
400:ISSN
272:2019
179:crop
80:and
60:pest
50:mite
463:PMC
447:doi
390:doi
251:doi
32:VSH
550::
494:.
471:.
461:.
453:.
445:.
435:12
433:.
429:.
406:.
398:.
386:47
384:.
380:.
280:^
259:.
249:.
239:53
237:.
233:.
184:.
142:.
86:.
505:.
479:.
449::
441::
414:.
392::
274:.
253::
245::
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
