513:
1655:, which relied on the scholars whom they hired. There is a general but far from uniform consensus among the leading scholars about what should or should not be said in standard English; but for every rule, examples from famous English writers can be found that break it. Uniformity of spoken English never existed and does not exist now, but usages do exist, which must be learnt by the speakers, and do not conform to prescriptive rules.
43:
852:
special purposes, such as a liturgical or sacred language. Fasold expanded the concept still further by proposing that multiple H exist in society from which the users can select for various purposes. The definition of an H is intermediate between
Ferguson's and Fishman's. Realizing the inappropriateness of the term diglossia (only two) to his concept, he proposes the term broad diglossia.
270:
837:(1959), but Ferguson explicitly excluded variants as divergent as dialects or different languages or as similar as styles or registers. It must not be a conversational form; Ferguson had in mind a literary language. For example, a lecture is delivered in a different variety than ordinary conversation. Ferguson's own example was classical and spoken Arabic, but the analogy between
833:("split tongue", on the model of the genetic anomaly). In it, the language is bifurcated: the speaker learns two forms of the language and ordinarily uses one but under special circumstances uses the other. The one most frequently used is the low (L) variant, equivalent to the vernacular, while the special variant is the high (H). The concept was introduced to linguistics by
254:
1102:
has been heard constantly on radio and then television for over 60 years, only 3 to 5% of the population of
Britain actually speaks RP … new brands of English have been springing up even in recent times ...." What the vernacular would be in this case is a moot point: "… the standardisation of English has been in progress for many centuries."
497:
1716:, a former army surgeon who had become criminally insane and made most of his contributions while incarcerated. Whether the OED is the long-desired standard English Dictionary is debatable, but its authority is taken seriously by the entire English-speaking world. Its staff is currently working on a third edition.
1646:
remains a quasi-fictional ideal, despite the numerous private organizations publishing prescriptive rules for it. No language academy was ever established or espoused by any government past or present in the
English-speaking world. In practice the British monarchy and its administrations established
225:
standard." In other words, the adjective "nonstandard" should not be taken to mean that these various dialects were intrinsically incorrect, less logical, or otherwise inferior, only that they were not the socially perceived norm or mainstream considered prestigious or appropriate for public speech;
1101:
Being the language of a maritime power, English was (of necessity) formed from elements of many different languages. Standardisation has been an ongoing issue. Even in the age of modern communications and mass media, according to one study, "… although the
Received Pronunciation of Standard English
851:
redefined the concept in 1964 to include everything
Ferguson had excluded. Fishman allowed both different languages and dialects and also different styles and registers as the H variants. The essential contrast between them was that they be "functionally differentiated"; that is, H must be used for
1658:
Usages have been documented not by prescriptive grammars, which on the whole are less comprehensible to the general public, but by comprehensive dictionaries, often termed unabridged, which attempt to list all usages of words and the phrases in which they occur as well as the date of first use and
884:
from which the speaker selects according to the social setting of the moment. The vernacular is "the least self-conscious style of people in a relaxed conversation", or "the most basic style"; that is, casual varieties used spontaneously rather than self-consciously, informal talk used in intimate
1526:) are considered to have been composed in the early fourteenth century, and are present in manuscripts from soon after. These tractates draw on the traditions of the Latin grammars of Donatus and Priscianus and also on the teaching of the professional Welsh poets. The tradition of grammars of the
1298:. Various administrations wished to create a civil service, or chancery, language that would be useful in more than one locality. And finally, nationalists wished to counter the spread of the French national language into German-speaking territories assisted by the efforts of the French Academy.
1057:
is known for its alternative spellings and pronunciations. The
British Isles, although geographically limited, have always supported populations of widely-varied dialects, as well as a few different languages; some examples of languages and regional accents (and/or dialects) within Great Britain
901:
thus defined are dialects, which are to be identified as complexes of factors: "social class, region, ethnicity, situation, and so forth". Both the standard and non-standard languages have dialects, but in contrast to the standard language, the non-standard language has "socially disfavored"
1798:
dictionaries began in the 16th century and were at first multi-lingual. They were preceded by glossaries of German words and phrases on various specialized topics. Finally interest in developing a vernacular German grew to the point where Maaler could publish a work called by
2093:
The term "vernacular" may also be applied metaphorically to any cultural product of the lower, common orders of society that is relatively uninfluenced by the ideas and ideals of the educated Ă©lite. Hence, vernacular has had connotations of a coarseness and crudeness.
1289:
was not identical to any specific variety of German. The first grammar evolved from pedagogical works that also tried to create a uniform standard from the many regional dialects for various reasons. Religious leaders wished to create a sacred language for
1866:
in 1536. In the mid-16th the dictionaries began, as listed below. In 1582 the first language academy was formed, called
Accademia della Crusca, "bran academy", which sifted language like grain. Once formed, its publications were standard-setting.
1696:(1747), which would imitate the dictionary being produced by the French Academy. He had no problem acquiring the funding, but not as a prescriptive dictionary. This was to be a grand comprehensive dictionary of all English words at any period,
1309:
until the 17th century, when grammarians began to debate the creation of an ideal language. Before 1550 as a conventional date, "supraregional compromises" were used in printed works, such as the one published by
Valentin Ickelsamer
1403:, "Grammar of the Tuscan Language". In it Alberti sought to demonstrate that the vernacular – here Tuscan, known today as modern Italian – was every bit as structured as Latin. He did so by mapping vernacular structures onto Latin.
1488:) has a development similar to that of Italian. There was some vocabulary in Isidore of Seville, with traces afterward, writing from about the 12th century; standardisation began in the 15th century, concurrent with the rise of
1314:) 1534. Books published in one of these artificial variants began to increase in frequency, replacing the Latin then in use. After 1550 the supraregional ideal broadened to a universal intent to create a national language from
386:, while it has become common thought to assume that nonstandard varieties should not be taught, there has been evidence to prove that teaching nonstandard dialects in the classroom can encourage some children to learn English.
994:) followed five years after, in 1564. The Latinizing tendency changed course, with a joint publication, in 1584 by De Eglantier and the rhetoric society of Amsterdam; this was to be the first comprehensive Dutch grammar,
828:
These circumstances are a contrast between a vernacular and language variant used by the same speakers. According to one school of linguistic thought, all such variants are examples of a linguistic phenomenon termed
1236:. The written language is known from at least as early as the 9th century. That language contained many forms still identifiable as Latin. Interest in standardizing French began in the 16th century. Because of the
241:
that is a vernacular may not have historically benefited from the institutional support or sanction that a standard dialect has. According to another definition, a vernacular is a language that has not developed a
1705:
By 1858, the need for an update resulted in the first planning for a new comprehensive dictionary to document standard
English, a term coined at that time by the planning committee. The dictionary, known as the
1240:
and the Anglo-Norman domains in both northwestern France and
Britain, English scholars retained an interest in the fate of French as well as of English. Some of the numerous 16th-century surviving grammars are:
1109:, where the king resided and from which he ruled. It contained Danish forms not often used in the north or south, as the Danes had settled heavily in the midlands. Chaucer wrote in an early East Midland style;
2023:
1105:
Modern English came into being as the standard Middle English (i.e., as the preferred dialect of the monarch, court and administration). That dialect was of the East Midland, which had spread to
2969:
DeGrauwe, Luc (2002). "Emerging Mother-Tongue Awareness: The Special Case of Dutch and German in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period". In Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.).
845:
is of the same type. Excluding the upper-class and lower-class register aspects of the two variants, Classical Latin was a literary language; the people spoke Vulgar Latin as a vernacular.
958:
were written, though not always immediately published. It is to be understood that the first precursors of those languages preceded their standardization by up to several hundred years.
1506:
grammatically, in order to facilitate the study of Latin for its Spanish-speaking readers. Book 5 contains a phonetical and morphological overview of Spanish for nonnative speakers.
1341:
in Italy. It was one of many such clubs; however, none became a national academy. In 1618–1619 Johannes Kromayer wrote the first all-German grammar. In 1641 Justin Georg Schottel in
1305:) did evolve without the assistance of a language academy. Its precise origin, the major constituents of its features, remains uncertainly known and debatable. Latin prevailed as a
371:. This classic piece of literature, commonly taught in schools in the U.S., includes dialogue from various characters in their own native vernaculars (including representations of
885:
situations. In other contexts the speaker does conscious work to select the appropriate variations. The one they can use without this effort is the first form of speech acquired.
1162:(1580), but his orthography was not generally accepted and was soon supplanted, thus his grammar shared a similar fate. Other grammars in English followed rapidly; Paul Greaves'
2547:
In 1953, UNESCO defined a lingua franca as 'a language which is used habitually by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between them.'
597:
1522); Bible in Spanish: published in Basel in 1569 by Casiodoro de Reina (Biblia del Oso); Bible in Czech: Bible of Kralice, printed between 1579 and 1593; Bible in English:
902:
structures. The standard language is primarily written (in traditional print media), whereas the non-standard language is spoken. An example of a vernacular dialect is
53:
1778:
781:
in Tamil country. Sanskrit was a lingua franca among the non-Indo-European languages of the Indian subcontinent and became more of one as the spoken languages, or
2764:
Marazzini, Claudio (2000), "102. Early grammatical descriptions of Italian", in Auroux, Sylvain; Koerner, E. F. K.; Niederehe, Hans-Josef; et al. (eds.),
2206:
usually refers to spoken language, it sometimes is used to refer to written language that intentionally reflects or imitates a certain form of spoken language.
230:
rationalization. Again, however, linguistics regards all varieties of a language as coherent, complex, and complete systems—even nonstandard varieties.
2070:
1684:
1318:
by deliberately ignoring regional forms of speech, which practice was considered to be a form of purification parallel to the ideal of purifying religion in
660:
978:
from the 1420s onward) attempted to impose a Latin structure on Dutch, on the presumption that Latin grammar had a "universal character". However, in 1559,
1392:
of subsequent medieval writers. Documents of mixed Latin and Italian are known from the 12th century, which appears to be the start of writing in Italian.
2721:
Langer, Nils (2002), "On the Importance of Foreign Language Grammars for a History of Standard German", in Linn, Andrew Robert; McLelland, Nicola (eds.),
1913:
1281:
The development of a standard German was impeded by political disunity and strong local traditions until the invention of printing made possible a "
1662:
Bilingual dictionaries and glossaries precede modern English and were in use in the earliest written English. The first monolingual dictionary was
309:, generally used to refer to a local language or dialect, as distinct from what is seen as a standard language. The vernacular is contrasted with
2098:", for example, is a term applied to buildings designed in any style based on practical considerations and local traditions, in contrast to the "
2940:
Bex, Tony (1999). "Representations of English in twentieth-century Britain: Fowler, Gowers, Partridge". In Bex, Tony; Watts, Richard J. (eds.).
1121:, the first English printer, wrote in it. Caxton is considered the first modern English author. The first printed book in England was Chaucer's
3232:
1619:. As a result of this political instability no standard Dutch was defined (even though much in demand and recommended as an ideal) until after
979:
2920:
1659:
the etymology where possible. These typically require many volumes, and yet not more so than the unabridged dictionaries of many languages.
1698:
743:
1498:
1647:
an ideal of what good English should be considered to be, and this in turn was based on the teachings of the major universities, such as
3060:
History of the language sciences: an international handbook on the evolution of the study of language from the beginnings to the present
2181:
903:
530:, a third-party language in which persons speaking different vernaculars not understood by each other may communicate. For instance, in
202:
688:
Certain languages have both a classical form and various vernacular forms, with two widely used examples being Arabic and Chinese: see
3198:
3085:
3076:
Suhardi, B.; Sembiring, B. Cornelius (2007). "Aspek sosial bahasa". In Kushartanti; Yuwono, Untung; Lauder, Multamia R. M. T. (eds.).
2065:
3146:
3062:. Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Bd. 18. Vol. 2. Berlin; New York: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 893–900.
2726:
2540:
2386:
2269:
1608:
87:
1688:(1721). These dictionaries whetted the interest of the English-speaking public in greater and more prescriptive dictionaries until
1039:
of 1066 AD, and of Latin at the instigation of the clerical administration. While present-day English speakers may be able to read
3058:
Noordegraaf, Jan (2000). "The Normative Study of the National Languages from the 17th Century Onwards". In Auroux, Sylvain (ed.).
2276:
vernacular: a social dialect with low prestige spoken by a lower-status group, with marked differences from the standard language.
2040:
The first Spanish dictionaries in the 15th century were Latin-Spanish/Spanish-Latin, followed by monolingual Spanish. In 1713 the
3237:
1467:
2319:
864:, the term "vernacular" has been applied to several concepts. Context, therefore, is crucial to determining its intended sense.
1502:, 1492) was divided into parts for native and nonnative speakers, pursuing a different purpose in each. Books 1–4 describe the
372:
2102:" produced by professionally trained architects to nationally or internationally agreed aesthetic standards. The historian
1440:. In those works the authors strove to establish a dialect that would qualify for becoming the Italian national language.
999:
987:
2259:
585:
having been translated from Latin into vernacular languages with such works as the Bible in Dutch: published in 1526 by
466:, a slave born in the house rather than abroad. The figurative meaning was broadened from the diminutive extended words
367:
Nonstandard dialects have been used in classic literature throughout history. One famous example of this is Mark Twain,
161:
regards all nonstandard dialects as full-fledged varieties of language with their own consistent grammatical structure,
1406:
The book was never printed until 1908. It was not generally known, but it was known, as an inventory of the library of
1015:
881:
310:
294:
290:
190:
118:
31:
1191:
342:
As a border case, a nonstandard dialect may even have its own written form, though it could then be assumed that the
69:
346:
is unstable, inconsistent, or unsanctioned by powerful institutions, like that of government or education. The most
3041:
1237:
705:
247:
126:
2106:
has developed the study of "vernacular historiography" as a more sophisticated conceptualization of folk history.
3227:
2766:
History of the Language Sciences / Histoire des sciences du langage / Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, Part 1
2116:
2077:
2041:
1712:, published its first fascicle in 1884. It attracted significant contributions from some singular minds, such as
1708:
1195:
1174:(1617), and many others. Over the succeeding decades, many literary figures turned a hand to grammar in English;
755:
206:
3007:
Keller, Marcello Sorce (1984). "Folk Music in Trentino: Oral Transmission and the Use of Vernacular Languages".
2961:
History of English: a sketch of the origin and development of the English with Examples, Down to the Present Day
350:
instance of nonstandard dialects in writing would likely be nonstandard phonemic spelling of reported speech in
1839:
1823:
877:
376:
186:
2910:
1773:
1725:
1366:
which is thought to date back as far as the 7th century: the earliest surviving manuscripts are 12th-century.
2095:
1982:
1627:, an international treaty organization founded in 1980, supports a standard Dutch in the Netherlands, while
1616:
1225:
675:
622:
618:
614:
110:
504:, champion of the use of vernacular Italian for literature rather than the lingua franca, Latin. Fresco by
1906:
1728:
founded in 1635 was given the obligation of producing a standard dictionary. Some early dictionaries are:
1358:
1336:
807:
610:
471:
438:, whereof though there be some Records yet extant; yet there are none alive that can understand them: The
326:
2044:, "Royal Spanish Academy", was founded to set standards. It published an official dictionary, 1726–1739.
1713:
1396:
1315:
1295:
712:
671:
512:
478:, "termes de la langue nationale" or "vocabulary of the national language" as opposed to foreign words.
306:
238:
996:
Twe-spraack vande Nederduitsche letterkunst/ Ăłfte Vant spellen ende eyghenscap des Nederduitschen taals
2528:
1648:
1624:
1600:
1407:
1326:
630:
398:
Concerning Italy, doubtless there were divers before the Latin did spread all over that Country; the
355:
2121:
2099:
2028:
1992:
1546:. Although numerous glossaries publishing vernacular words had long been in existence, such as the
967:
898:
834:
723:
697:
689:
682:
347:
322:
282:
1414:("Rules of the Florentine language"). The only known manuscript copy, however, is included in the
516:
Ratio of books printed in Europe in the vernacular languages to those in Latin in the 15th century
3024:
2221:
2055:
1831:
1612:
1604:
1574:
1567:
1551:
1493:
1479:
1385:
1023:
is considered to have begun at a conventional date of about 1550, most notably at the end of the
1011:
589:; Bible in French: published in 1528 by Jacques Lefevre d'Étaples (or Faber Stapulensis); German
586:
557:
450:
Here, vernacular, mother language and dialect are already in use in a modern sense. According to
435:
262:
3182:
2414:
2016:
2912:
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
2635:
2378:
3242:
3157:
3142:
3091:
3081:
2916:
2769:
2536:
2382:
2265:
2176:
2156:
2151:
2011:
1850:
In the early 15th century a number of glossaries appeared, such as that of Lucillo Minerbi on
1814:(1616). After numerous dictionaries and glossaries of a less-than-comprehensive nature came a
1652:
1632:
1286:
1276:
1143:
1024:
923:
894:
817:
759:
701:
551:
431:
318:
314:
243:
130:
122:
2532:
414:
it self, and all the Territories about Rome, had the Latin for its maternal and common first
3114:
3016:
1855:
1679:
1643:
1584:
1503:
1489:
1463:
1375:
1229:
1147:
1123:
1095:
1044:
955:
939:
935:
861:
794:
693:
598:
539:
383:
226:
however, nonstandard dialects are indeed often stigmatized as such, due to socially-induced
182:
134:
3202:
3174:
Fasold, Ralph (2006) "The politics of language." In R.W. Fasold and J. Connor-Linton (eds)
560:
are examples of early vernacular literature in Italian, Spanish, and French, respectively.
335:, used to facilitate communication across a large area. However, vernaculars usually carry
2498:
2146:
1739:
1671:
1419:
1135:
1059:
1036:
951:
943:
927:
842:
798:
786:
751:
735:
681:
In diplomacy, French displaced Latin in Europe in the 1710s, due to the military power of
637:
606:
505:
501:
459:
451:
443:
336:
258:
214:
210:
154:
106:
65:
1828:
Versuch eines vollständigen grammatisch-kritischen Wörterbuches Der Hochdeutschen Mundart
3139:
Race, Ethnicity and Dialects: Language Policy and Ethnic Minorities in the United States
2979:
563:
In Europe, Latin was used widely instead of vernacular languages in varying forms until
3125:
2624:
2454:
2371:
2315:
2243:
2131:
1689:
1663:
1527:
1519:
1454:
1395:
The first known grammar of a Romance language was a book written in manuscript form by
1363:
1345:
presented the standard language as an artificial one. By the time of his work of 1663,
1245:
1233:
1203:
1175:
1167:
1118:
1075:
1054:
1040:
1020:
947:
848:
778:
531:
439:
198:
194:
339:
among their native speakers, in showcasing group identity or sub-culture affiliation.
3221:
2521:
2331:
1611:
in 1815 from which southern Netherlands (being Catholic) seceded in 1830 to form the
1319:
1306:
1291:
1114:
1110:
1083:
873:
812:
594:
578:
544:
526:
454:, "vernacular" was brought into the English language as early as 1601 from the Latin
407:
331:
278:
138:
114:
173:
Like any native language variety, a vernacular has an internally coherent system of
2993:. Topics in English Linguistics. Vol. 47. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
1620:
1603:
came under the dominion of Spain, then of Austria (1713) and of France (1794). The
1555:
1437:
1187:
838:
655:
590:
137:
that does not hold a widespread high-status perception, and sometimes even carries
670:
was in English. Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably
394:
First usage of the word "vernacular" is not recent. In 1688, James Howell wrote:
17:
2807:
Gruffudd, R. Geraint (2006), "Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid", in Koch, John (ed.),
1965:
1955:
1800:
1795:
1547:
1282:
1183:
1079:
1063:
1048:
1032:
789:
from the 12th century onwards, religious works were created in other languages:
602:
521:
360:
343:
158:
2959:
2238:
601:, published in 1611; Bible in Slovene, published in 1584 by Jurij Dalmatin. In
269:
2626:
Authority in language: investigating language prescription and standardisation
2494:
2103:
1756:
1539:
1448:
The first grammar in a vernacular language in western Europe was published in
1221:
1215:
1199:
1179:
1028:
805:, one of Hinduism's sacred epics in Sanskrit, had vernacular versions such as
731:
410:; but it was an adventitious, no Mother-Language to them: 'tis confess'd that
351:
178:
3181:
Nordquist, R., 2019. What Is Nonstandard English?. ThoughtCo. Available at:
3095:
2631:
2369:
Van Keulen, Jean E.; Weddington, Gloria Toliver; DeBose, Charles E. (1998).
2327:
2171:
1851:
1815:
1628:
1067:
830:
571:
302:
253:
227:
162:
581:
was a driving force in the use of the vernacular in Christian Europe, the
496:
2973:. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co. pp. 99–116.
2141:
2136:
1859:
1820:
Der Teutschen Sprache Stammbaum und Fortwachs oder Teutschen Sprachschatz
1543:
1459:
1449:
1091:
971:
822:
802:
782:
774:
399:
274:
1301:
With so many linguists moving in the same direction, a standard German (
2126:
975:
931:
914:
A vernacular is not a real language but is "an abstract set of norms".
763:
747:
674:
in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular; see
666:
644:
626:
423:
419:
298:
234:
174:
3028:
1724:
Surviving dictionaries are a century earlier than their grammars. The
785:, began to diverge from it in different regions. With the rise of the
2161:
1530:
developed from these through the Middle Ages and to the Renaissance.
1330:
1106:
411:
403:
773:
culture, traditionally religious or scholarly works were written in
3130:
Word on the Street: Debunking the Myth of a "Pure" Standard English
3020:
2166:
1863:
1566:
Glossaries in Dutch began about 1470 AD leading eventually to two
1415:
1160:
Booke at Large for the Amendment of Orthography for English Speech
1131:
1087:
1071:
790:
770:
739:
582:
535:
511:
495:
462:
as "national" and "domestic", having originally been derived from
268:
252:
1878:
Vocabolario et grammatica con l'orthographia della lingua volgare
654:, though some of his works remained in Latin. A later example is
629:
translated to vernacular Ukrainian language in 1561 are known as
534:
until the 17th century, most scholarly works had been written in
305:, or an independent language. Vernacular is a term for a type of
3002:. Vol. 1. Oxford, England; New York, NY, USA: B. Blackwell.
1929:
Dittionario italiano e francese/Dictionnaire italien et François
1466:
language in poetry competitions organized by the company of the
1462:
of Toulouse, it was published in order to codify the use of the
427:
1997:
Vocabulario italiano e spagnolo/ Vocabulario español e italiano
1138:, after a general plea for mother-tongue education in England:
605:, vernacular bibles were later provided, but Latin was used at
1822:(1691), and finally the first codification of written German,
1150:
wrote the first English grammar to be written in English, the
36:
3183:
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-nonstandard-english-1691438
2024:
Dictionary of Serbo-Croatian Literary and Vernacular Language
893:
In another theory, the vernacular language is opposed to the
821:, a Awadhi version of the Ramayana by the 16th-century poet
640:
led to the translation of Sanskrit texts to the vernacular.
293:
in different ways, in that the vernacular can be a distinct
1002:
was a major contributor, with others contributing as well.
2373:
Speech, Language, Learning, and the African American Child
1805:
Die Teutsche Spraach: Dictionarium Germanico-latinum novum
285:, who lived in the era of Italian language standardization
2441:
Epistolæ Ho-Elianæ: Familiar letters, domestic and forren
538:, which was serving as a lingua franca. Works written in
1761:
Thresor de la langue fracoyse, tant ancienne que moderne
1554:, which listed many Spanish words, the first vernacular
1492:
as an international power. The first Spanish grammar by
1818:
that attempted to include all German, Kaspar Stieler's
1810:
It was followed along similar lines by Georg Heinisch:
61:
3159:
Standardisation and variation in South African English
2944:. New York: Routledge. pp. 89–112. 0-415-19162-9.
2898:. Vol. 2. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 18.
2725:, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 235, Amsterdam:
2302:
1768:
Dictionnaire françois contenant les mots et les choses
446:
and Tusculan, are thought to be but Dialects to these.
3178:. pp. 383-412. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2991:
Descriptive adequacy of early modern English grammars
2184:, a vernacular of English spoken by African Americans
1803:"the first truly German dictionary", Joshua Maaler's
261:(Danish, c. 1250). It deals with Scanian and Scanian
2981:
Introduction to the grammar of the Romance languages
2971:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2723:
Standardization: studies from the Germanic languages
2228:. Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024.
1987:
Vocabulario de las dos lenguas toscana y castellana
1347:
ausfĂĽhrliche Arbeit von der teutschen Haubt-Sprache
1294:that would be parallel to the use of Latin for the
1202:and more, all leading to the massive dictionary of
1158:, in that same year. Previously he had written the
354:or poetry (e.g., the publications of Jamaican poet
197:describes about a number of dialects spoken in the
3113:
3080:(in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
2623:
2520:
2370:
1936:Petit vocabulaire en langue françoise et italienne
970:" (learned, literary societies founded throughout
2443:(6th ed.). London: Thomas Grey. p. 363.
1172:Orthographie and Congruitie of the Britain Tongue
549:
3112:Wolfram, Walt; Schilling-Estes, Natalie (1998).
2915:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
2896:Renaissance and reform: the Italian contribution
2401:
1418:, Reginense Latino 1370, located at Rome in the
777:(long after its use as a spoken language) or in
643:In science, an early user of the vernacular was
474:, the classical Latin grammarian, used the term
177:. It may be associated with a particular set of
3078:Pesona bahasa: langkah awal memahami linguistik
1499:Tratado de gramática sobre la lengua Castellana
930:publications. Between 1437 and 1586, the first
722:The vernacular is also often contrasted with a
458:("native") which had been in figurative use in
2060:Lexicon latino-hispanicum et hispanico-latinum
1380:Italian appears before standardization as the
1349:, the standard language was well established.
379:), which are not written in standard English.
27:Common speech variety of a specific population
1904:
1334:
207:nonstandard speech of Southern white planters
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
3201:. The Preservation Institute. Archived from
3071:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
3038:A sociolinguistic history of Parisian French
2258:Yule, George (27 October 2016). "Glossary".
2009:The first vernacular Serbian dictionary was
1694:Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language
1685:An Universal Etymological English Dictionary
1432:of Giovanni Francesco Fortunio and the 1525
3176:An Introduction to Language and Linguistics
2609:
2287:
2050:El universal vocabulario en latin y romance
1842:is said to have nailed a copy to his desk.
1558:emerged together with vernacular grammars.
1484:Chronologically, Spanish (more accurately,
1130:The first English grammars were written in
508:in the cappella di San Brizio dome, Orvieto
2984:. London, Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate.
257:The oldest known vernacular manuscript in
2811:, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, pp. 843–4
2809:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
2648:
2344:
2298:
2296:
2071:Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española
1914:Vocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca
201:in earlier U.S. history, including older
133:, or formal. More narrowly, a particular
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
3116:American English: dialects and variation
3053:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2585:
2356:
2226:Cambridge Dictionary: English Dictionary
1250:L'esclarcissement de la langue francoyse
157:. Regardless of any such stigma, modern
2833:
2821:
2213:
2195:
1854:in 1535, and those of Fabrizio Luna on
1430:Regole grammaticali della volgar lingua
1428:More influential perhaps were the 1516
250:, or established a literary tradition.
2622:Milroy, James; Milroy, Lesley (1985).
2573:
980:John III van de Werve, Lord of Hovorst
542:are said to be in the vernacular. The
153:, etc. and is typically its speakers'
2942:Standard English: the widening debate
2881:
2869:
2739:
2708:
2597:
2479:Gaffiot, Felix (1934). "vernaculus".
2324:Standard English: The Widening Debate
1615:, which was confirmed in 1839 by the
1470:in both grammar and rhetorical ways.
406:spoke Greek, whereof some Relics are
358:) where it is sometimes described as
7:
3069:German, a linguistic history to 1945
2794:
2782:
2751:
2696:
2684:
2672:
2660:
2481:Dictionnaire Illustré Latin Français
2303:Wolfram & Schilling-Estes (1998)
1779:Dictionnaire de l’Académie française
1699:A Dictionary of the English Language
1458:and written by Guilhèm Molinièr, an
1027:. It was created by the infusion of
762:, but parts of the Mass are read in
730:. For example, until the 1960s, the
524:, a vernacular is contrasted with a
109:form of language, particularly when
2857:
2845:
2523:An introduction to sociolinguistics
2182:African-American Vernacular English
2082:Diccionario de la lengua castellana
1399:between 1437 and 1441 and entitled
922:Vernaculars acquired the status of
904:African American Vernacular English
203:African-American Vernacular English
2958:Champneys, Arthur Charles (1893).
2495:"Incunabula Short Title Catalogue"
2330:. pp. 117–128. Archived from
2322:. In Bex, T.; Watts, R.J. (eds.).
1899:Il memoriale della lingua italiana
872:In variation theory, pioneered by
801:and many others. For example, the
369:The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
25:
2727:John Benjamins Publishing Company
2651:, pp. 269, 285–286, 301, 314
2320:"Standard English: what it isn't"
2261:The Study of Language 6th Edition
1609:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1516:Grammar Books of the Master-poets
1329:, a language club, was formed in
1264:Traicté de la grammaire françoise
992:Eenen nieuwen ABC of Materi-boeck
613:of 1965. Certain groups, notably
289:Vernacular may vary from overtly
2015:(Serbian dictionary) written by
1943:Dictionnaire françois et italien
1885:Le richezze della lingua volgare
1257:Tretté de la grammaire françoeze
1140:The first part of the elementary
742:rather than in vernaculars. The
726:, a specialized use of a former
181:, and spoken using a variety of
41:
3000:The sociolinguistics of society
2066:Sebastián de Covarrubias Orozco
1970:Queen Anna's New World of Words
1401:Grammatica della lingua toscana
1127:, published by Caxton in 1476.
373:Older Southern American English
3137:Fodde Melis, Luisanna (2002).
2894:Yates, Frances Amelia (1983).
2415:"What Is Nonstandard English?"
2402:Suhardi & Sembiring (2007)
2264:. Cambridge University Press.
1589:Dictionarium Teutonico-Latinum
1542:is to be distinguished from a
984:Den schat der Duytsscher Talen
492:In contrast with lingua franca
1:
3233:Language varieties and styles
2964:. New York: Macmillan and Co.
1812:TeĂĽtsche Sprache und WeiĂźheit
1670:(1604) which was followed by
1579:Thesaurus Theutonicae Linguae
1534:First vernacular dictionaries
1422:. It is therefore called the
1000:Hendrick Laurenszoon Spieghel
988:Dirck Volckertszoon Coornhert
876:, language is a large set of
718:As a low variant in diglossia
664:was in Latin, but whose 1704
648:
564:
426:had others quite discrepant,
3051:Introducing sociolinguistics
2951:The Dutch language: a survey
2561:Stedman's Medical Dictionary
2483:. Paris: Librairie Hachette.
1742:, alias Robertus Stephanus:
1676:A New World of English Words
1285:-based book language". This
738:was generally celebrated in
291:prestigious speech varieties
277:of rhetoric and arithmetic,
213:of indentured servants, and
165:, body of vocabulary, etc.
129:, institutionally promoted,
3120:. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell.
2377:. Allyn and Bacon. p.
1941:Jean Antoine Fenice :
1744:Dictionnaire françois–latin
1732:Louis Cruse, alias Garbin:
1303:hochdeutsche Schriftsprache
1016:History of English grammars
696:. In the 1920s, due to the
636:In India, the 12th century
313:forms of language, such as
105:is the ordinary, informal,
64:, discuss the issue on the
32:Vernacular (disambiguation)
3259:
3042:Cambridge University Press
3036:Lodge, R. Anthony (2005).
2519:Wardhaugh, Ronald (2006).
1977:Italian / Spanish
1950:Italian / English
1734:Dictionaire latin-françois
1595:with the 1599 3rd edition)
1524:Gramadegau'r Penceirddiaid
1477:
1373:
1274:
1238:Norman conquest of England
1213:
1009:
966:In the 16th century, the "
710:
706:written vernacular Chinese
482:Concepts of the vernacular
29:
3156:Mesthrie, Rajend (1994).
3049:Mesthrie, Rajend (1999).
2998:Fasold, Ralph W. (1984).
2527:. Malden, Mass.; Oxford:
2244:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2117:Broad and general accents
2027:was initiated in 1888 by
1922:Italian / French
1905:
1709:Oxford English Dictionary
1599:Shortly after (1579) the
1434:Prose della vulgar lingua
1410:lists it under the title
1335:
918:First vernacular grammars
889:As a non-standard dialect
815:in the 15th century; and
756:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
570:, in its latter stage as
2978:Diez, Friedrich (1863).
2949:Brachin, Pierre (1985).
1824:Johann Christoph Adelung
1424:Grammatichetta vaticana.
1412:Regule lingue florentine
1142:, published in 1582, by
1051:is much more difficult.
615:Traditionalist Catholics
377:African-American English
3238:Linguistics terminology
2096:Vernacular architecture
1312:Ein Teutsche Grammatica
1154:. This was followed by
868:As an informal register
676:scientific nomenclature
623:Eastern Orthodox Church
617:, continue to practice
550:
408:to be found to this day
193:. As American linguist
2459:Merriam-Webster Online
2439:Howell, James (1688).
2078:Real Academia Española
2042:Real Academia Española
2019:and published in 1818.
1983:CristĂłbal de las Casas
1927:Nathanael Duez :
1907:Accademia della Crusca
1523:
1452:in 1327. Known as the
1337:Accademia della Crusca
1226:Gallo-Romance language
982:published his grammar
899:non-standard varieties
811:composed in Telugu by
611:Second Vatican Council
517:
509:
448:
286:
266:
3067:Wells, C. J. (1985).
2953:. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
2563:(5th ed.). 1918.
2031:, still in the making
1892:La fabbrica del mondo
1749:Maurice de la Porte:
1714:William Chester Minor
1478:Further information:
1397:Leon Battista Alberti
1374:Further information:
1316:Early New High German
1296:Roman Catholic Church
1275:Further information:
1214:Further information:
1010:Further information:
713:Vernacular literature
711:Further information:
672:binomial nomenclature
647:, writing in Italian
515:
499:
468:vernaculus, vernacula
396:
281:, Foligno, Italy, by
272:
256:
2909:Beiner, Guy (2018).
2768:, Berlin, New York:
2529:Blackwell Publishing
2247:(Online). June 2024.
2048:Alonzo de Palencia:
1649:Cambridge University
1625:Dutch Language Union
1601:Southern Netherlands
1362:is a grammar of the
1343:teutsche Sprachkunst
1333:in imitation of the
1327:Fruitbearing Society
1186:, Jeremiah Wharton,
1164:Grammatica Anglicana
1152:Pamphlet for Grammar
808:Ranganadha Ramayanam
631:Peresopnytsia Gospel
356:Linton Kwesi Johnson
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
52:may not represent a
30:For other uses, see
3199:"Vernacular Values"
2122:Colloquial language
2100:polite architecture
1993:Lorenzo Franciosini
1934:Gabriel Pannonius:
1931:, Leiden, 1559–1560
1897:Giacomo Pergamini:
1876:Alberto Accarisio:
1668:Table Alphabeticall
1359:Auraicept na n-Éces
1252:(1530; in English).
835:Charles A. Ferguson
758:holds liturgies in
724:liturgical language
698:May Fourth Movement
690:Varieties of Arabic
683:Louis XIV of France
522:general linguistics
487:General linguistics
382:In the case of the
283:Gentile da Fabriano
151:nonstandard dialect
141:, is also called a
3162:. pp. 181–201
3126:McWhorter, John H.
2989:Dons, Ute (2004).
2872:, pp. 214–215
2772:, pp. 742–749
2699:, pp. 118–119
2288:Fodde Melis (2002)
2089:Metaphorical usage
2056:Antonio de Nebrija
1890:Francesco Alunno:
1883:Francesco Alunno:
1834:called Adelung an
1774:Académie française
1726:Académie française
1613:Kingdom of Belgium
1605:Congress of Vienna
1575:Christophe Plantin
1568:Dutch dictionaries
1552:Isidore of Seville
1494:Antonio de Nebrija
1480:History of Spanish
1262:Robert Stephanus:
1192:Christopher Cooper
1058:include Scotland (
1012:History of English
932:reference grammars
924:official languages
910:As an idealisation
754:, not Arabic. The
587:Jacob van Liesvelt
558:The Song of Roland
518:
510:
476:vocabula vernacula
295:stylistic register
287:
267:
263:Ecclesiastical Law
215:West Indian patois
147:vernacular dialect
2922:978-0-19-874935-6
2770:Walter de Gruyter
2334:on 21 March 2009.
2177:Standard language
2157:National language
2152:Literary language
1960:A Worlde of Words
1766:Pierre Richelet:
1653:Oxford University
1635:founded in 1909.
1633:Die Taalkommissie
1591:, 1574 (becoming
1486:lengua castellana
1408:Lorenzo de'Medici
1287:literary language
1277:History of German
1144:Richard Mulcaster
1043:authors (such as
1025:Great Vowel Shift
968:rederijkerskamers
895:standard language
818:Ramacharitamanasa
813:Gona Buddha Reddy
702:Classical Chinese
552:Cantar de Mio Cid
540:Romance languages
221:standard but not
123:standard language
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
18:Vernacularisation
16:(Redirected from
3250:
3228:Sociolinguistics
3214:
3212:
3210:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3152:
3141:. FrancoAngeli.
3133:
3121:
3119:
3099:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3032:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2974:
2965:
2954:
2945:
2927:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2836:, pp. 26–27
2831:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2755:
2754:, pp. 75–77
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2729:, pp. 69–70
2718:
2712:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2619:
2613:
2610:Noordegraaf 2000
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2588:, pp. 77–83
2583:
2577:
2576:, pp. 34–60
2571:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2345:McWhorter (2001)
2342:
2336:
2335:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2229:
2218:
2207:
2200:
2029:Stojan Novaković
1910:
1909:
1862:, Boccaccio and
1680:Nathaniel Bailey
1644:Standard English
1631:is regulated by
1623:. Currently the
1617:Treaty of London
1585:Cornelis Kiliaan
1504:Spanish language
1376:Italian language
1340:
1339:
1230:Colloquial Latin
1182:, Joshua Poole,
1148:William Bullokar
1124:Canterbury Tales
1045:Geoffrey Chaucer
862:sociolinguistics
856:Sociolinguistics
704:was replaced by
694:Chinese language
653:
650:
599:King James Bible
569:
566:
555:
384:English language
244:standard variety
211:British dialects
135:language variety
125:, which is more
113:as having lower
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3206:
3205:on 20 July 2016
3196:
3193:
3188:
3165:
3163:
3155:
3149:
3136:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3088:
3075:
3066:
3057:
3048:
3035:
3009:Ethnomusicology
3006:
2997:
2988:
2977:
2968:
2957:
2948:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2844:
2840:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2763:
2762:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2738:
2734:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2707:
2703:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2647:
2643:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2499:British Library
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2404:, p. 61–62
2400:
2396:
2389:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2357:Mesthrie (1994)
2355:
2351:
2343:
2339:
2316:Trudgill, Peter
2314:
2313:
2309:
2305:, p. 13–16
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2147:Language policy
2112:
2091:
2038:
2006:
1989:, Sevilla, 1570
1848:
1793:
1740:Robert Estienne
1722:
1672:Edward Phillips
1641:
1564:
1536:
1512:
1482:
1476:
1446:
1420:Vatican library
1390:lingua vulgaris
1378:
1372:
1355:
1279:
1273:
1255:Louis Meigret,
1224:) emerged as a
1218:
1212:
1134:, with some in
1113:translated the
1060:Scottish Gaelic
1037:Norman conquest
1018:
1008:
964:
920:
912:
891:
870:
858:
843:Classical Latin
787:bhakti movement
736:Catholic Church
720:
715:
651:
638:Bhakti movement
607:Tridentine Mass
567:
545:Divina Commedia
506:Luca Signorelli
502:Dante Alighieri
494:
489:
484:
460:Classical Latin
452:Merriam-Webster
392:
337:covert prestige
311:higher-prestige
171:
121:in contrast to
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3197:Illich, Ivan.
3192:
3191:External links
3189:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3153:
3147:
3134:
3132:. Basic Books.
3122:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3087:978-9792216813
3086:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3040:. Cambridge :
3033:
3021:10.2307/851432
3004:
2995:
2986:
2975:
2966:
2955:
2946:
2936:
2934:
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2928:
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2838:
2826:
2814:
2799:
2787:
2775:
2756:
2744:
2732:
2713:
2701:
2689:
2687:, pp. 7–9
2677:
2665:
2653:
2649:Champneys 1893
2641:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2551:
2541:
2511:
2486:
2471:
2446:
2431:
2406:
2394:
2387:
2361:
2349:
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2230:
2212:
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2208:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2132:First language
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2063:
2053:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2012:Srpski rjeÄŤnik
2005:
2004:Serbo-Croatian
2002:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1974:
1973:
1972:, London, 1611
1963:
1962:, London, 1598
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1847:
1844:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1771:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1737:
1721:
1718:
1690:Samuel Johnson
1664:Robert Cawdrey
1640:
1637:
1597:
1596:
1582:
1563:
1560:
1535:
1532:
1528:Welsh Language
1511:
1508:
1475:
1472:
1445:
1442:
1382:lingua Italica
1371:
1368:
1364:Irish language
1354:
1351:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1246:John Palsgrave
1234:late antiquity
1211:
1208:
1204:Samuel Johnson
1190:, Thomas Lye,
1176:Alexander Gill
1168:Alexander Hume
1119:William Caxton
1055:Middle English
1041:Middle English
1021:Modern English
1007:
1004:
963:
960:
928:metalinguistic
919:
916:
911:
908:
890:
887:
869:
866:
857:
854:
849:Joshua Fishman
769:Similarly, in
719:
716:
532:Western Europe
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
391:
388:
307:speech variety
209:, nonstandard
199:American South
195:John McWhorter
170:
167:
155:native variety
96:
95:
78:September 2019
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3255:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3161:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3148:9788846439123
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2887:
2884:, p. 339
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2745:
2742:, p. 222
2741:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2711:, p. 134
2710:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2618:
2615:
2612:, p. 894
2611:
2606:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2586:Mesthrie 1999
2582:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:"diglossia".
2555:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2542:9781405135597
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2472:
2460:
2456:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2435:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2388:9780205152681
2384:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2365:
2362:
2359:, p. 182
2358:
2353:
2350:
2347:, p. 152
2346:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2271:9781316776780
2267:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1999:, Roma, 1620.
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1945:, Paris, 1584
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:(1774–1786).
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1328:
1325:In 1617, the
1323:
1321:
1320:Protestantism
1317:
1313:
1308:
1307:lingua franca
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:Protestantism
1288:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1117:into it, and
1116:
1115:New Testament
1112:
1111:John Wycliffe
1108:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
961:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
915:
909:
907:
905:
900:
896:
888:
886:
883:
879:
875:
874:William Labov
867:
865:
863:
855:
853:
850:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
744:Coptic Church
741:
737:
733:
729:
728:lingua franca
725:
717:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
679:
678:for details.
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
662:
658:, whose 1687
657:
646:
641:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:New Testament
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Protestantism
577:In religion,
575:
573:
561:
559:
554:
553:
547:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
528:
527:lingua franca
523:
514:
507:
503:
498:
491:
486:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
395:
389:
387:
385:
380:
378:
374:
370:
365:
364:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
333:
332:lingua franca
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
297:, a regional
296:
292:
284:
280:
279:Trinci Palace
276:
271:
264:
260:
255:
251:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
229:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
205:, "the often
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:social stigma
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:social status
112:
108:
104:
100:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3207:. Retrieved
3203:the original
3175:
3164:. Retrieved
3158:
3138:
3129:
3115:
3105:Bibliography
3077:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3037:
3015:(1): 75–89.
3012:
3008:
2999:
2990:
2980:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2941:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2860:, p. 71
2853:
2848:, p. 76
2841:
2834:Brachin 1985
2829:
2824:, p. 15
2822:Brachin 1985
2817:
2808:
2802:
2797:, p. 98
2790:
2785:, p. 77
2778:
2765:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2722:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2644:
2625:
2617:
2605:
2600:, p. 13
2593:
2581:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2546:
2522:
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2489:
2480:
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2455:"vernacular"
2449:
2440:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:
2409:
2397:
2372:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2332:the original
2323:
2310:
2290:, p. 36
2283:
2275:
2260:
2253:
2242:
2239:"vernacular"
2233:
2225:
2216:
2203:
2198:
2092:
2081:
2069:
2059:
2049:
2039:
2022:
2017:Vuk Karadžić
2010:
1996:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1938:, Lyon, 1578
1935:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1871:Monolingual
1870:
1869:
1849:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1767:
1760:
1750:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1707:
1704:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1675:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1642:
1621:World War II
1607:created the
1598:
1593:Etymologicum
1592:
1588:
1578:
1565:
1556:dictionaries
1537:
1515:
1513:
1497:
1485:
1483:
1453:
1447:
1438:Pietro Bembo
1433:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1381:
1379:
1357:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1324:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1280:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1219:
1196:William Lily
1188:James Howell
1171:
1163:
1159:
1156:Bref Grammar
1155:
1151:
1139:
1129:
1122:
1104:
1100:
1053:
1035:, after the
1019:
995:
991:
983:
965:
921:
913:
892:
871:
859:
847:
839:Vulgar Latin
827:
816:
806:
768:
746:still holds
727:
721:
687:
680:
665:
659:
656:Isaac Newton
642:
635:
591:Luther Bible
576:
562:
543:
525:
519:
500:Allegory of
475:
467:
463:
455:
449:
418:Tongue; but
415:
397:
393:
381:
368:
366:
359:
341:
330:
329:idiom, or a
288:
248:codification
246:, undergone
237:or language
232:
222:
218:
172:
163:sound system
150:
146:
142:
102:
101:
99:
84:
75:
51:
2675:, p. 5
2663:, p. 6
2574:Fasold 1984
2084:, 1726–1739
1966:John Florio
1956:John Florio
1801:Jacob Grimm
1796:High German
1678:(1658) and
1548:Etymologiae
1455:Leys d'amor
1283:High German
1220:French (as
1184:John Wallis
1146:. In 1586,
1080:Isle of Man
1064:Northumbria
1049:Old English
1033:Old English
652: 1600
603:Catholicism
568: 1701
361:eye dialect
344:orthography
159:linguistics
3222:Categories
3209:7 November
2882:Wells 1985
2870:Wells 1985
2740:Wells 1985
2709:Wells 1985
2634:. p.
2598:Lodge 2005
2531:. p.
2464:8 November
2326:. London:
2222:vernacular
2204:vernacular
2190:References
2104:Guy Beiner
1757:Jean Nicot
1692:published
1540:dictionary
1222:Old French
1216:Old French
1200:John Colet
1180:Ben Jonson
1029:Old French
986:in Dutch;
732:Roman Rite
619:Latin Mass
609:until the
456:vernaculus
432:Hetruscane
416:vernacular
352:literature
327:scientific
323:liturgical
179:vocabulary
143:vernacular
103:Vernacular
3096:156874430
2795:Diez 1863
2783:Diez 1863
2752:Diez 1863
2697:Diez 1863
2685:Dons 2004
2673:Dons 2004
2661:Dons 2004
2632:Routledge
2419:ThoughtCo
2328:Routledge
2172:Sociolect
1852:Boccaccio
1816:thesaurus
1629:Afrikaans
1468:Gai Saber
1068:Yorkshire
882:registers
831:diglossia
748:liturgies
661:Principia
593:in 1534 (
572:Neo-Latin
400:Calabrian
390:Etymology
303:sociolect
191:registers
111:perceived
66:talk page
3243:Folklore
3128:(2001).
2858:Bex 1999
2846:Bex 1999
2318:(1999).
2142:Glossary
2137:Folklore
2110:See also
1860:Petrarca
1832:Schiller
1807:(1561).
1751:Epitheta
1702:(1755).
1544:glossary
1460:advocate
1450:Toulouse
1388:and the
1166:(1594),
1092:Cornwall
972:Flanders
926:through
823:Tulsidas
803:Ramayana
783:prakrits
775:Sanskrit
436:Mesapian
319:literary
315:national
275:allegory
228:post-hoc
217:, were
169:Overview
131:literary
127:codified
119:prestige
117:or less
60:You may
2933:Sources
2504:2 March
2127:Dialect
2036:Spanish
1856:Ariosto
1846:Italian
1840:Wieland
1782:, 1694
1639:English
1490:Castile
1474:Spanish
1464:Occitan
1444:Occitan
1386:Isidore
1370:Italian
1266:(1557).
1259:(1550).
1232:during
1096:Cornish
1078:), the
1006:English
976:Holland
956:English
940:Spanish
936:Italian
860:Within
795:Kannada
764:Amharic
734:of the
667:Opticks
645:Galileo
627:Gospels
625:, four
424:Liguria
420:Tuscany
404:Apulian
348:salient
299:dialect
259:Scanian
239:variety
235:dialect
183:accents
175:grammar
3166:16 May
3145:
3094:
3084:
3029:851432
3027:
3013:XXVIII
2919:
2539:
2385:
2268:
2202:While
2162:Patois
2074:, 1611
2062:, 1492
2052:, 1490
1917:, 1612
1901:, 1602
1894:, 1548
1887:, 1543
1880:, 1543
1836:Orakel
1791:German
1770:, 1680
1763:, 1606
1753:, 1571
1746:, 1539
1736:, 1487
1720:French
1581:, 1573
1331:Weimar
1271:German
1210:French
1136:French
1107:London
1090:, and
952:German
944:French
897:. The
878:styles
799:Telugu
752:Coptic
556:, and
548:, the
442:, the
412:Latium
402:, and
189:, and
187:styles
107:spoken
3025:JSTOR
2424:5 May
2167:Slang
1864:Dante
1784:annis
1562:Dutch
1520:Welsh
1510:Welsh
1416:codex
1353:Irish
1228:from
1132:Latin
1088:Devon
1076:Welsh
1072:Wales
1031:into
962:Dutch
948:Dutch
791:Hindi
779:Tamil
771:Hindu
760:Ge'ez
740:Latin
621:. In
583:Bible
536:Latin
472:Varro
464:verna
444:Sabin
440:Oscan
68:, or
3211:2009
3168:2019
3143:ISBN
3092:OCLC
3082:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2537:ISBN
2506:2011
2466:2009
2426:2022
2383:ISBN
2266:ISBN
1838:and
1651:and
1514:The
1084:Manx
1014:and
974:and
954:and
841:and
692:and
434:and
430:the
428:viz.
422:and
375:and
301:, a
3017:doi
2224:".
1826:'s
1682:'s
1674:'s
1666:'s
1550:of
1436:of
1384:of
1170:'s
1098:).
1086:),
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