793:, who specializes in Partition violence against women, says that anywhere from 25,000 to 29,000 Hindu and Sikh women were concerned as compared to 12,000 to 15,000 Muslim women, numbers which have been endorsed by Indian scholars Roshni Sharma and Priyanca Mathur Velath as well by historian Anwesha Sengupta. Gurbachan Singh Talib estimates that 50,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted in West Pakistan while M. A. Khan puts the figure at 100,000.
817:
Officers who were appointed by the
Liaison Agency of the opposite Punjab government also provided much assistance. Non-Muslim women recovered from Pakistan were housed in District transit camps, the Central camp being in Lahore. A similar camp was established for Muslim women in Jalandhar. The Indian and Pakistani Military Evacuation Organization were established to guard and escort women to their respective countries.
786:
women abducted in India. Andrew Major estimates that 40-45,000 women in total were abducted in Punjab during the
Partition riots, with approximately twice as many Muslim women as Hindu and Sikh women having been abducted. Masroor estimates that 60,000 Muslim women were abducted while Begum Tassaduq Hussain estimated that 90,000 Muslim women were abducted.
764:, Pakistan. Children would be snatched from their parents, tossed on spears and swords, and sometimes thrown alive into the fire. Hindu and Sikh women's breasts, noses and arms would be lopped off. Sticks and pieces of iron would be thrust into their private parts. Bellies of pregnant women were ripped open and the unformed life in the womb thrown out.
697:, often circumcised in public, children were kidnapped and women were abducted, paraded naked, raped publicly and 'roasted alive after their flesh had satisfied carnal lust'. The official figure of death in Rawalpindi stood at 2,263. Before further attacks many Sikh women committed suicide by jumping in
785:
The exact figures of abducted women are unknown and estimates vary. Leonard Mosley wrote that in total 100,000 girls were abducted on all sides. The Indian government estimated that there were 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women in
Pakistan and the Pakistani government estimated that there were 50,000 Muslim
776:
In East Punjab, local police and the Indian military frequently engaged in the abduction and distribution of
Punjabi Muslim women besides the Sikh jathas and refugees from West Punjab. According to Anis Kidwai, the 'better stuff' would be distributed among the police and army while the remaining were
824:
Pakistan claimed that the slow recoveries were because many Hindus and Sikhs refused to take back their women as they considered them 'defiled', an argument which Nehru accepted while accusing
Pakistan of being uncooperative. Heavy rains and flooding also slowed the pace of recoveries in West Punjab
640:
who were aided and armed by Sikh rulers of the 16 semi-autonomous princely states in Punjab which overlapped the expected partition border, and had been preparing to oust the
Muslims from East Punjab in case of partition. India and Pakistan later worked to repatriate the abducted women. Muslim women
845:
In the same time period the number of Muslim women recovered from India had been 16,545. Of them 11,129 were from Punjab, 4,934 from
Patiala and East Punjab Union and after 21 January 1949 the number of Muslim women recovered from Jammu and Kashmir was 482. The number of Muslim women recovered from
841:
Between 6 December 1947 and 31 March 1952, the number of non-Muslim women recovered from
Pakistan was 8,326. 5,616 of them were from Punjab, 459 from NWFP, 10 from Balochistan, 56 from Sind and 592 from Bahawalpur. After 21 January 1949, 1,593 non-Muslim women were recovered from Jammu and Kashmir.
630:
where Sikh women were targeted by Muslim mobs. Violence was also perpetrated on an organized basis, with
Pathans taking Hindu and Sikh women from refugee trains while armed Sikhs periodically dragged Muslim women from their refugee column and killing any men who resisted, while the military sepoys
820:
Recoveries eventually slowed down with Nehru admitting in
January 1948, "Neither side has really tried hard enough to recover them". Because Hindu and Sikh refugees in India mistakenly thought that the number of abducted non-Muslim women exceeded the number of abducted Muslim women they mounted a
772:
who was holding a Muslim girl from a reputable family. Known perpetrators included police officials, landed magnates and Muslim League members as well as criminal elements. Armed Pathans in particular were considered the worst offenders, particularly in the Rawalpindi district. a large number of
837:
Between December 1947 and December 1949, 6000 women were recovered from Pakistan and 12,000 from India. Most recoveries were made, in order of succession, from East and West Punjab, Jammu, Kashmir and Patiala. Over the eight-year period 30,000 women had been repatriated by both governments. The
625:
occurred extensively. It is estimated that during the partition between 75,000 and 100,000 women were kidnapped and raped. The rape of women by men during this period is well documented, with women sometimes also being complicit in these attacks. In March 1947, systematic violence against women
816:
The job of compiling claims for abducted women by their relatives fell on the Central Recovery Offices in both countries. The task of locating abducted women was given to local police who would be assisted with the guidance of the abducted women's relatives. Social workers and District Liaison
712:
and principle Sikh leader during the partition said “We took the decision to turn the Muslims out" years before the event. Intending to oust the Muslims in East Punjab to provide lands for the incoming Sikh population from West Punjab. Several districts in Punjab, including
828:
Many women also refused to be recovered, fearing being shamed and rejected by their families and communities while some women had adjusted to their new 'families' and hence refused to return. By 1954 both governments agreed that women should not be forcibly repatriated.
728:
Violence was also perpetrated on an organized basis, with local men taking Hindu and Sikh women from refugee trains while one observer witnessed armed Sikhs periodically dragging Muslim women from their refugee column and killing any men who resisted, while the military
520:
653:
society was affected at all levels by murder, displacement and assault. Rival communities targeted women to humiliate them and actions against women included rape, abduction and forcible conversions. Violence against women also occurred in
821:
public campaign and demanded that Muslim women be held up from recoveries as hostages. Eventually the two countries agreed to not publicize the figures of women repatriated. India and Pakistan's rivalry also slowed the pace of recoveries.
773:
non-Muslim women from Kashmir were abducted and sold in West Punjab and these sold women often ended up as 'slave girls' in factories. By early 1948, Pathans started abducting even Muslim women of Punjabi and Kashmiri background.
682:. Thousands were kidnapped just in Patna district. Muslim women in Bihar committed suicide by jumping into wells. In November 1946, Muslim women were subjected to stripping, nude processions and rape by Hindu mobs in the town of
495:
838:
number of Muslim women recovered was significantly higher; 20,728 against 9,032 non-Muslim women. Most recoveries were made in the period between 1947 and 1952. although some recoveries were made as late as 1956.
767:
Although many influential men such as deputy commissioners and police officials tried to prevent abductions or rescue the victims, many other men abused their positions of authority, such as the Maharaja of
551:
736:
Both Sikh and Muslim communities also cited revenge as a reason for their attacks. The scholar Andrew Major notes that the large-scale abduction and rape of girls seemed to have been a part of systematic
546:
797:, who was engaged in recovering and rehabilitating women and championing their cause with both governments, estimated that some 125,000 Hindu and Sikh women had been kidnapped by Muslims in Pakistan.
490:
1376:
188:
505:
634:
It has been estimated that in the Punjab, the number of abducted Muslim women was double the number of abducted Hindu and Sikh women, because of the actions of coordinated Sikh
813:
vowed not to recognize the forced marriages and both countries ratified this agreement in the Inter-Dominion Conference in December which established the recovery procedure.
153:
1787:
602:
1106:
2220:
2443:
1373:
556:
500:
481:
1398:
Almost every village in the Rawalpindi District where non- Muslims lived was attacked and plundered in this manner and Hindus and Sikhs were murdered.
2438:
704:
Sikh political leaders had considered plans for the eventual expulsion of Muslims from East Punjab in case of a partition leading up to the event.
2265:
2142:
472:
760:, Sikh and Hindu women were paraded naked in public and mass raping took place the same as was in Amritsar. The same atrocities were repeated in
725:
were governed by Sikh leaders and reported to have been arming and providing safe haven for Sikh marauding groups in anticipation of partition.
2185:
1722:
223:
777:
distributed among the rest of the attackers. In the villages around Delhi, police and army soldiers participated in the rape of Muslim women.
693:
where Sikh women were targeted by Muslim mobs. Numerous Hindu and Sikh villages were wiped out. Huge numbers of Hindus and Sikhs were killed,
2235:
2021:
1920:
1893:
1863:
1534:
1366:
1339:
1312:
1285:
1258:
1231:
1204:
1118:
971:
946:
536:
860:
595:
1703:
1550:
2210:
2056:
2037:
1024:
999:
919:
894:
655:
2215:
2190:
2175:
1465:
1435:
1054:
275:
2180:
588:
391:
386:
23:
686:. In Amritsar, Sikhs paraded naked Punjabi Muslim women, who were then publicly raped before being set fire to in the street.
2397:
2079:
510:
2200:
1675:
825:
and in January 1948 Pakistan prohibited Indian officials from entering those districts of Punjab which bordered Kashmir.
183:
2170:
576:
450:
381:
146:
2428:
2195:
2135:
855:
116:
789:
Others estimate that more Hindu and Sikh women were victims of violence as compared to Muslim women, for instance
2433:
690:
627:
435:
328:
106:
1799:
1797:
2225:
430:
75:
2376:
2366:
2305:
2300:
2245:
1083:
1081:
1068:
1066:
287:
253:
2423:
2315:
2255:
2230:
2165:
2128:
621:
571:
31:
2310:
2280:
2096:
1136:"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946-47: Means, methods, and purposes 1"
705:
445:
297:
265:
2115:
2381:
2356:
2325:
2290:
2205:
1606:
126:
1733:
2250:
709:
280:
248:
218:
208:
121:
1984:
Kiran, Naumana (2017), "Punjab Migration 1947: Violence against Muslim Women and the Settlement",
2320:
1781:
1684:
1163:
616:
361:
270:
65:
541:
2295:
2275:
2075:
2052:
2033:
2017:
2013:
1916:
1910:
1889:
1883:
1859:
1530:
1461:
1431:
1362:
1335:
1308:
1302:
1281:
1254:
1227:
1200:
1155:
1114:
1103:
1050:
1020:
995:
967:
942:
915:
890:
694:
671:
467:
399:
376:
168:
163:
131:
1853:
1455:
1425:
1044:
2371:
2285:
2270:
1973:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1644:
1632:
1593:
1581:
1510:
1180:
1147:
1087:
1072:
990:
Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (25 January 2010). Sorcha Gunne, Zoe Brigley Brigley Thompson (ed.).
810:
806:
794:
738:
718:
679:
440:
425:
302:
136:
111:
2240:
1380:
1110:
790:
561:
515:
462:
420:
410:
333:
292:
233:
203:
173:
80:
1938:"How Sunil Dutt's uncle and Inzamam-ul-Haq's family were saved during Partition violence"
886:
880:
683:
675:
323:
260:
238:
198:
141:
2417:
2361:
2351:
2330:
2260:
2151:
2068:
769:
55:
45:
1167:
912:
Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography & Research Guide
371:
345:
338:
213:
2030:
Violent belongings : partition, gender and postcolonial nationalism in India
1524:
1356:
1329:
1275:
1248:
1221:
1194:
936:
1358:
Partition: The Story of Indian Independence and the Creation of Pakistan in 1947
761:
566:
405:
366:
318:
243:
228:
50:
1964:
Major, Andrew (1995), "Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab",
1977:
1704:"Encountering 'Identity': Refugee Women and the Partition of the Subcontinent"
698:
85:
1159:
1611:
659:
193:
178:
90:
70:
1151:
882:
The Body of War: Media, Ethnicity, and Gender in the Break-Up of Yugoslavia
964:
Writings on Human Rights, Law and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology
2070:
The colors of violence : cultural identities, religion, and conflict
1135:
750:
650:
60:
1688:
1670:
1015:
Chowdhry, Geeta (2000). Sita Ranchod-Nilsson, Mary Ann Tétreaul (ed.).
757:
742:
714:
678:. Anti-women violence occurred during the 1946 massacres of Muslims in
415:
1759:
Islamic Jihad: A Legacy of Forced Conversion, Imperialism, and Slavery
2346:
1498:
Partitioned Lives: Narratives of Home, Displacement, and Resettlement
456:
1999:"Bodies of Partition: Of Widows, Residue and Other Historical waste"
1937:
1656:
1998:
746:
730:
722:
636:
1840:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1828:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1816:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1804:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1671:"Community, State and Gender: On Women's Agency during Partition"
1645:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1633:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1594:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1582:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1551:"Punjab 1947: Bloodied and Partitioned by Competing Nationalisms"
1511:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1304:
Remembering Partition: Violence, Nationalism and History in India
1181:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1088:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
1073:
Major, Abduction of women during the partition of the Punjab 1995
2120:
992:
Feminism, Literature and Rape Narratives: Violence and Violation
158:
2124:
641:
were to be sent to Pakistan and Hindu and Sikh women to India.
1411:
Muslim League's attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947
2101:
Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947
2049:
The great Partition : the making of India and Pakistan
2012:
Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (24 September 2012).
1102:
Barbara D. Metcalf; Thomas R. Metcalf (24 September 2012).
670:
In contrast to earlier riots, women were victimised in the
1855:
Children and Violence: Politics of Conflict in South Asia
1885:
Bearing Witness: Partition, Independence, End of the Raj
674:
in Calcutta. Many Hindu women were kidnapped during the
2116:
Women victims of partition -- Brutalised and humiliated
1569:
Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab
1017:
Women, States, and Nationalism: At Home in the Nation?
16:
During the Partition of India, violence against women
2403:
Violence against women during the Partition of India
2103:. Amritsar: Shiromani Gurdwara Parbankhak Committee.
2390:
2339:
2158:
1427:
Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia
154:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
2099:; Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (1950).
2067:
1723:"Looking Back at Partition and Women: A Factsheet"
805:In September 1947 both the Indian Prime Minister
749:. There was a nude procession of Muslim women in
2032:. Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press.
1888:. University of Calgary Press. pp. 316–.
2221:2020 Patna-Bhabua Intercity Express gang rape
2136:
1877:
1875:
1457:Partition of India: Indo-Pak Wars and the Uno
1307:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–.
1046:Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age
1019:(1st ed.). Routledge. pp. 107–110.
962:Butalia, Urvashi (2011). Harsh Dobhal (ed.).
689:Systematic violence against women started in
596:
8:
1858:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 24–.
1786:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1523:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
1328:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
1274:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
1247:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
1220:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
1193:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
941:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2–3.
935:Ian Talbot; Gurharpal Singh (23 July 2009).
1449:
1447:
2143:
2129:
2121:
1966:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1529:. Cambridge University Press. p. 68.
1460:. Deep and Deep Publications. p. 11.
1334:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74.
1280:. Cambridge University Press. p. 64.
1253:. Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
1226:. Cambridge University Press. p. 71.
1199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
914:(Annotated ed.). Brill. p. 224.
603:
589:
18:
1702:Sharma, Roshni; Mathur Velath, Priyanca.
1657:Kiran, Violence against Muslim Women 2017
966:. Human Rights Law Network. p. 598.
2074:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1915:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 183–.
994:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 149.
2266:Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case
1454:Verinder Grover, Ranjana Arora (1998).
985:
983:
871:
528:
480:
353:
310:
98:
37:
30:
2186:2013 Kamduni gang rape and murder case
1779:
1496:Anjali Gera Roy, Nandi Bhatia (2008).
1038:
1036:
2236:2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident
1562:
1560:
1361:. Simon & Schuster. p. 166.
1301:Gyanendra Pandey (22 November 2001).
1129:
1127:
1098:
1096:
701:to save honour and avoid conversion.
537:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
7:
2051:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
861:Opposition to the partition of India
2211:2019 Hyderabad gang rape and murder
1113:p 226, Cambridge University Press.
2444:Violence against women in Pakistan
2014:A Concise History of Modern India.
1669:Butalia, Urvashi (24 April 1993).
1104:A Concise History of Modern India.
1043:Shani, Giorgio (6 December 2007).
910:Aftab, Tahera (30 November 2007).
756:In retaliation, in the streets of
733:guarding the columns did nothing.
631:guarding the columns did nothing.
14:
2216:2020 Hathras gang rape and murder
2191:2014 Badaun gang rape allegations
2176:2009 Shopian rape and murder case
2028:Daiya, Kavita (4 February 2011).
885:. Duke University Press. p.
2439:Violence against women in India
2181:2012 Delhi gang rape and murder
1852:Bina D'Costa (4 October 2016).
1567:Singh Talib, Gurbachan (1950).
2398:Human rights abuses in Kashmir
1:
2201:2015 Kandhamal gang rape case
1676:Economic and Political Weekly
1355:Barney White-Spunner (2017).
1134:Brass, Paul R. (2003-03-01).
809:and Pakistani Prime Minister
482:International legal framework
2171:1991 Kunan Poshpora incident
2016:Cambridge University Press.
1909:Anis Kidwai (1 March 2011).
1772:Menon, Bhasin, Ritu, Kamla.
1708:Journal of Migration Affairs
1140:Journal of Genocide Research
577:Violence against LGBT people
451:Online gender-based violence
147:Violence against prostitutes
2196:2014 Birbhum gang rape case
1936:Ashraf, Ajaz (2017-08-12).
745:region on the outskirts of
2460:
1607:"Do women have a country?"
856:The 1947 Partition Archive
117:Sexual violence statistics
1978:10.1080/00856409508723244
1430:. Routledge. p. 57.
1049:. Routledge. p. 89.
879:Žarkov, Dubravka (2007).
436:Intimate partner violence
329:Female genital mutilation
107:Causes of sexual violence
2226:2022 Hyderabad gang rape
2001:. Penn University Press.
691:March 1947 in Rawalpindi
2367:Gurmeet Ram Rahim Singh
2306:Phulmoni Dasi rape case
2301:Murder of Hannah Foster
2246:Anjana Mishra rape case
1500:. Pearson. p. 189.
781:Estimates of abductions
672:direct action day riots
288:Secondary victimisation
112:Child sexual initiation
99:Sexual assault and rape
2316:Shakti Mills gang rape
2256:Ayesha Miran rape case
2231:2023 IIT-BHU gang rape
2166:1990 Bantala rape case
2097:Talib, Gurbachan Singh
2066:Kakar, Sudhir (1996).
1997:Ravinder Kaur (2014).
1882:Sukeshi Kamra (2002).
1774:Borders and Boundaries
1526:The Partition of India
1331:The Partition of India
1277:The Partition of India
1250:The Partition of India
1223:The Partition of India
1196:The Partition of India
1152:10.1080/14623520305657
938:The Partition of India
622:violence against women
572:Violence against women
32:Violence against women
2311:Ruchika Girhotra case
2281:Jhabua nuns rape case
2047:Khan, Yasmin (2008).
1424:Bina D'Costa (2011).
1396:. Oxford University.
1394:The Partition Omnibus
446:Marry-your-rapist law
441:Marriage by abduction
298:Virgin cleansing myth
2382:Kuldeep Singh Sengar
2357:Dhananjoy Chatterjee
2326:Suryanelli rape case
2291:Kiliroor sex scandal
2206:2017 Unnao rape case
1413:. 1950. p. 156.
1392:Page, David (2002).
833:Number of recoveries
431:Forced sterilisation
127:Cybersex trafficking
2251:Aruna Shanbaug case
1986:South Asian Studies
1721:Sengupta, Anwesha.
710:Shiromani Akali Dal
122:Forced prostitution
2429:Partition of India
2321:Soumya murder case
2261:Bhanwari Devi case
2114:Whitehead, Andrew
1912:In Freedom's Shade
1691:– via JSTOR.
1483:Rape of Rawalpindi
1481:Chandra, Prabodh.
1379:2022-02-27 at the
1109:2022-12-29 at the
695:forcibly converted
617:Partition of India
362:Narcissistic abuse
2411:
2410:
2340:Convicted rapists
2296:Mathura rape case
2276:Jalgaon rape case
2022:978-1-139-53705-6
1922:978-81-8475-152-9
1895:978-1-55238-041-3
1865:978-1-316-67399-7
1842:, pp. 67–68.
1806:, pp. 64–65.
1635:, pp. 68–69.
1536:978-0-521-85661-4
1368:978-1-4711-4800-2
1341:978-0-521-85661-4
1314:978-0-521-00250-9
1287:978-0-521-85661-4
1260:978-0-521-85661-4
1233:978-0-521-85661-4
1206:978-0-521-85661-4
1183:, pp. 57–58.
1119:978-1-139-53705-6
973:978-81-89479-78-7
948:978-0-521-85661-4
676:Noakhali violence
656:Jammu and Kashmir
649:During partition
613:
612:
468:Toxic masculinity
400:Droit du seigneur
377:Domestic violence
132:Human trafficking
2451:
2434:Rape in Pakistan
2377:Swami Premananda
2372:Santosh Madhavan
2286:Kathua rape case
2271:Imrana rape case
2145:
2138:
2131:
2122:
2104:
2085:
2073:
2062:
2043:
2002:
1993:
1980:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1732:. Archived from
1727:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1383:
1372:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1131:
1122:
1100:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1031:
1030:
1012:
1006:
1005:
987:
978:
977:
959:
953:
952:
932:
926:
925:
907:
901:
900:
876:
811:Liaquat Ali Khan
795:Mridula Sarabhai
739:ethnic cleansing
605:
598:
591:
426:Forced pregnancy
19:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2407:
2386:
2335:
2241:Ajmer rape case
2154:
2149:
2111:
2095:
2092:
2090:Further reading
2082:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2027:
1996:
1983:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1778:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1381:Wayback Machine
1369:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1111:Wayback Machine
1101:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1002:
989:
988:
981:
974:
961:
960:
956:
949:
934:
933:
929:
922:
909:
908:
904:
897:
878:
877:
873:
869:
852:
846:Delhi was 200.
835:
803:
791:Urvashi Butalia
783:
668:
647:
609:
562:Sex and the law
542:Women's shelter
463:Sexual bullying
421:Forced marriage
411:Forced abortion
334:Gishiri cutting
303:Widow cleansing
293:Sexual violence
17:
12:
11:
5:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2391:Other articles
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2110:
2109:External links
2107:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2080:
2063:
2058:978-0300143331
2057:
2044:
2039:978-1592137442
2038:
2025:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1994:
1981:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1928:
1921:
1901:
1894:
1871:
1864:
1844:
1832:
1830:, pp. 66.
1820:
1818:, pp. 65.
1808:
1793:
1764:
1761:. p. 150.
1749:
1713:
1694:
1661:
1659:, p. 163.
1649:
1647:, pp. 69.
1637:
1625:
1598:
1596:, pp. 63.
1586:
1584:, pp. 62.
1574:
1556:
1542:
1535:
1515:
1513:, pp. 61.
1503:
1488:
1473:
1466:
1443:
1436:
1416:
1402:
1384:
1367:
1347:
1340:
1320:
1313:
1293:
1286:
1266:
1259:
1239:
1232:
1212:
1205:
1185:
1173:
1123:
1092:
1090:, pp. 60.
1077:
1075:, pp. 59.
1062:
1055:
1032:
1026:978-0415221726
1025:
1007:
1001:978-0415806084
1000:
979:
972:
954:
947:
927:
921:978-9004158498
920:
902:
896:978-0822339663
895:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
858:
851:
848:
834:
831:
802:
799:
782:
779:
708:, a member of
684:Garhmukteshwar
667:
664:
646:
643:
611:
610:
608:
607:
600:
593:
585:
582:
581:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
531:
530:
529:Related topics
526:
525:
524:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
485:
484:
478:
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
396:
395:
394:
389:
384:
374:
369:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
342:
341:
336:
326:
324:Breast ironing
321:
313:
312:
308:
307:
306:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
284:
283:
278:
273:
268:
261:Sexual assault
258:
257:
256:
251:
249:Unacknowledged
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
156:
151:
150:
149:
144:
142:Sexual slavery
139:
134:
129:
119:
114:
109:
101:
100:
96:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
76:Pregnant women
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2424:Rape in India
2422:
2421:
2419:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2362:Falahari Baba
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2352:Bitti Mohanty
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2331:Vachathi case
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:Notable cases
2157:
2153:
2152:Rape in India
2146:
2141:
2139:
2134:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1739:on 2022-09-01
1735:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1485:. p. 43.
1484:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1467:9788176290579
1463:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1437:9780415565660
1433:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1333:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1146:(1): 71–101.
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:9781134101894
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
997:
993:
986:
984:
980:
975:
969:
965:
958:
955:
950:
944:
940:
939:
931:
928:
923:
917:
913:
906:
903:
898:
892:
888:
884:
883:
875:
872:
866:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
849:
847:
843:
839:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
812:
808:
800:
798:
796:
792:
787:
780:
778:
774:
771:
765:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
732:
726:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
665:
663:
661:
657:
652:
644:
642:
639:
638:
632:
629:
624:
623:
618:
606:
601:
599:
594:
592:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
533:
532:
527:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
511:Belém do Pará
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
488:
487:
486:
483:
479:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
458:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
416:Force-feeding
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
401:
397:
393:
392:and pregnancy
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
379:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
347:
344:
340:
337:
335:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
314:
311:Disfigurement
309:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
137:Fetish slaves
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
104:
103:
102:
97:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
56:Honor killing
54:
52:
49:
47:
46:Bride burning
44:
43:
42:
41:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2402:
2100:
2069:
2048:
2029:
1989:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1958:Bibliography
1945:. Retrieved
1941:
1931:
1911:
1904:
1884:
1854:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1773:
1767:
1758:
1757:Khan, M. A.
1752:
1741:. Retrieved
1734:the original
1730:Peace Prints
1729:
1716:
1707:
1697:
1683:(17): WS14.
1680:
1674:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1615:. 2004-06-06
1610:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1568:
1545:
1525:
1518:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1482:
1476:
1456:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1357:
1350:
1330:
1323:
1303:
1296:
1276:
1269:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1215:
1195:
1188:
1176:
1143:
1139:
1045:
1016:
1010:
991:
963:
957:
937:
930:
911:
905:
881:
874:
844:
840:
836:
827:
823:
819:
815:
804:
788:
784:
775:
766:
755:
735:
727:
703:
688:
669:
648:
635:
633:
620:
614:
473:Witch trials
455:
398:
372:Dating abuse
354:Other issues
346:Foot binding
339:Infibulation
169:By Deception
164:Acquaintance
762:Sheikhupura
699:water wells
626:started in
615:During the
567:Victimology
547:25 November
406:Eve teasing
367:Gaslighting
319:Acid attack
66:Infanticide
51:Dowry death
2418:Categories
2081:0226422852
1947:2017-10-24
1743:2022-09-01
1619:2017-05-09
867:References
801:Recoveries
706:Tara Singh
645:Background
628:Rawalpindi
557:By country
552:6 February
387:management
276:In Service
234:Statistics
224:Prevention
174:Corrective
86:Sororicide
1782:cite book
1612:The Hindu
1160:1462-3528
741:' in the
660:Rajputana
239:Statutory
219:Pregnancy
199:Genocidal
91:Uxoricide
71:Matricide
1942:DAWN.COM
1377:Archived
1168:14023723
1107:Archived
850:See also
751:Amritsar
719:Faridkot
666:Violence
662:states.
658:and the
521:Istanbul
61:Femicide
24:a series
22:Part of
1689:4399641
770:Patiala
758:Sialkot
743:Gurgaon
715:Patiala
651:Punjabi
382:outline
254:Wartime
214:Marital
204:History
189:Factors
184:Effects
38:Killing
2347:Asaram
2078:
2055:
2036:
2020:
1919:
1892:
1862:
1687:
1533:
1464:
1434:
1365:
1338:
1311:
1284:
1257:
1230:
1203:
1166:
1158:
1117:
1053:
1023:
998:
970:
945:
918:
893:
731:sepoys
637:jathas
516:Maputo
457:Raptio
266:Campus
244:Threat
229:Prison
2007:Books
1972:(1),
1737:(PDF)
1726:(PDF)
1685:JSTOR
1164:S2CID
807:Nehru
747:Delhi
723:Nabha
680:Bihar
506:DEVAW
496:CEDAW
491:DEDAW
271:Child
2076:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2034:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1917:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1788:link
1531:ISBN
1462:ISBN
1432:ISBN
1363:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1255:ISBN
1228:ISBN
1201:ISBN
1156:ISSN
1115:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1021:ISBN
996:ISBN
968:ISBN
943:ISBN
916:ISBN
891:ISBN
721:and
501:VDPA
281:Mass
209:Laws
194:Gang
179:Date
159:Rape
81:Sati
1992:(1)
1974:doi
1374:PDF
1148:doi
887:172
2420::
1990:32
1988:,
1970:18
1968:,
1940:.
1874:^
1796:^
1784:}}
1780:{{
1728:.
1706:.
1681:28
1679:.
1673:.
1609:.
1559:^
1446:^
1162:.
1154:.
1142:.
1138:.
1126:^
1095:^
1080:^
1065:^
1035:^
982:^
889:.
753:.
717:,
619:,
26:on
2144:e
2137:t
2130:v
2084:.
2061:.
2042:.
2024:.
1976::
1950:.
1925:.
1898:.
1868:.
1790:)
1776:.
1746:.
1710:.
1622:.
1571:.
1553:.
1539:.
1470:.
1440:.
1371:.
1344:.
1317:.
1290:.
1263:.
1236:.
1209:.
1170:.
1150::
1144:5
1121:.
1059:.
1029:.
1004:.
976:.
951:.
924:.
899:.
737:'
604:e
597:t
590:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.