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of virosomes are the rapid detection and activation of the immune response against the viral glycoproteins, which can result in a decrease of the virosomes. However, glycoproteins can still induce a prophylactic response against the virus, which helps with establishing virosomes as vaccine delivery systems. If the virosome is administered into the bloodstream, the virosome can disintegrate. However, if the virosome can reach the target quickly enough, the drug delivery will still happen. There are some challenges with virosomes, but there are ways in which the virosome can still help activate the immune response.
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glycoproteins. As a drug or vaccine delivery mechanism they are biologically compatible with many host organisms and are also biodegradable. The use of reconstituted virally derived proteins in the formation of the virosome allows for the utilization of what would otherwise be the immunogenic properties of a live-attenuated virus, but is instead a safely killed virus. A safely killed virus can serve as a promising
77:. Antigens are molecules that triggers an immune response when targeted by a specific antibody that corresponds to the shape of the antigen. Haemagglutinin is a viral glycoprotein that causes red blood cell agglutination. Neuraminidase are enzymes that break glycosidic linkages. The size and surface molecules presented on of the virosome can be modified so that it can target different types of cells.
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65:. Glycoproteins are a type of protein that have an oligosaccharide chain bonded to amino acid chains. The different types of glycoproteins on the surface of the virosome increases the specificity of the target cells because the surface glycoproteins help with recognition as well as the attachments of the virosomes to their target cells. In the case of the influenza virosome, the glycoproteins are
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The benefits of virosomes are that the specific structure and small size help with the precision of target cells. The phospholipid membrane protects the virosome from adverse reactions in the body and the membrane allows the virosome to be biocompatible and biodegradable in the body. The challenges
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are infectious agents that can replicate in their host organism, however virosomes do not replicate. The properties that virosomes share with viruses are based on their structure; virosomes are essentially safely modified viral envelopes that contain the phospholipid membrane and surface
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Virosomes deliver antigens and therapeutic agents to their targeted cells. Virosomes can act as immunopotentiating agents and as agents of targeted drug delivery. Virosomes as immunopotentiating agents activate
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Bomsel M, Tudor D, Drillet AS, Alfsen A, Ganor Y, Roger MG, Mouz N, Amacker M, Chalifour A, Diomede L, Devillier G, Cong Z, Wei Q, Gao H, Qin C, Yang GB, Zurbriggen R, Lopalco L, Fleury S (25 February 2011).
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membrane. Inside of the virosome, there is a central cavity that holds the therapeutic molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and drugs. On the surface of the virosome, there can be different types of
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Huckriede, Anke; Bungener, Laura; Stegmann, Toon; Daemen, Toos; Medema, Jeroen; Palache, Abraham M.; Wilschut, Jan (2005). "The virosome concept for influenza vaccines".
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94:. Virosomes are suspended in saline buffers and are administered through respiratory, parenteral, intravenous, oral, intramuscular, and topical routes.
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Waelti, Ernst; Wegmann, Nina; Schwaninger, Ruth; Wetterwald, Antionette; Wingenfeld, Carsten; Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara; Gimmi, Claude D. (2002).
415:"Immunization with HIV-1 gp41 subunit virosomes induces mucosal antibodies protecting nonhuman primates against vaginal SHIV challenges"
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because it won't cause infection and the viral structure allows the virosome to recognize specific components of its target cells.
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bilayer membrane. They have a typical mean diameter of 150 nm. Essentially, virosomes represent reconstituted empty
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239:"Virosome, a hybrid vehicle for efficient and safe drug delivery and its emerging application in cancer treatment"
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Liu, Hanqing; Tu, Zhigang; Feng, Fan; Shi, Haifeng; Chen, Keping; Xu, Ximing (2015-06-01).
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incorporating virus derived proteins to allow the virosomes to fuse with target cells.
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Kapoor, D.; Vyas, R. B.; Lad, C.; Patel, M. (2013-09-14).
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Virosomes are vehicles that have a spherical shape with a
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331:"Hemagglutinin Definition"
295:Encyclopedia of Immunology
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126:(NA) intercalated in the
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494:"Virosome based vaccine"
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23:Components of a Virosome
165:Benefits and challenges
150:Non-influenza virosomes
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286:Sela, Michael (1998),
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489:"What are virosomes?"
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81:Virosome applications
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98:Influenza virosomes
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289:"Antigens"
174:References
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122:(HA) and
112:liposomes
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