142:
529:
511:
541:
167:
477:
27:
119:
446:), mesogenic (intermediate virulence), or lentogenic (nonvirulent). Velogenic strains produce severe nervous and respiratory signs, spread rapidly, and cause up to 90% mortality. Mesogenic strains cause coughing, affect egg quality and production, and result in up to 10% mortality. Lentogenic strains produce mild signs with negligible mortality.
617:
Any animals showing symptoms of
Newcastle disease should be isolated immediately. New birds should also be vaccinated before being introduced to a flock. An inactivated viral vaccine is available, as well as various combination vaccines. A thermotolerant vaccine is available for controlling Newcastle
499:
for the disease ranges from 4 to 6 days. An infected bird may exhibit several signs, including respiratory signs (gasping, coughing), nervous signs (depression, inappetence, muscular tremors, drooping wings, twisting of head and neck, circling, complete paralysis), swelling of the tissues around the
503:
In acute cases, the death is very sudden, and, in the beginning of the outbreak, the remaining birds do not seem to be sick. In flocks with good immunity, however, the signs (respiratory and digestive) are mild and progressive, and are followed after 7 days by nervous symptoms, especially twisted
462:
NDV can survive for several weeks in a warm and humid environment on birds' feathers, manure, and other materials. It can survive indefinitely in frozen material. However, the virus is destroyed rapidly by dehydration and by the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. Smuggled pet birds, especially Amazon
454:
NDV is spread primarily through direct contact between healthy birds and the bodily discharges of infected birds. The disease is transmitted through infected birds' droppings and secretions from the nose, mouth, and eyes. NDV spreads rapidly among birds kept in confinement, such as commercially
634:
effect of NDV was already documented in the 1950s, later advances in research into using viruses in cancer therapy came with the advent of reverse genetics technologies. Later on it was
Csatary LK and his colleagues to document anti-cancer effects in patients with brain
458:
High concentrations of the NDV are found in birds' bodily discharges; therefore, the disease can be spread easily by mechanical means. Virus-bearing material can be picked up on shoes and clothing and carried from an infected flock to a healthy one.
600:
For routine isolation of NDV from chickens, turkeys, and other birds, samples are obtained by swabbing the trachea and the cloaca. Cotton swabs can be used. The virus can also be isolated from the lungs, brain, spleen, liver, and kidneys.
642:
One of the main issues using NDV would be the host/patient immune response against the virus itself, which prior to the time of the reverse genetics technology, decreased the potential applicability of NDV as a cancer treatment.
340:. Strains of Newcastle disease virus have been used to treat cancer in humans, since the virus appears to preferentially infect and kill cancerous cells. Strains of Newcastle disease virus have also been used to create
463:
parrots from Latin
America, pose a great risk of introducing NDV into the US. Amazon parrots are carriers of the disease, but do not show symptoms, and are capable of shedding NDV for more than 400 days.
609:
Prior to shipping, samples should be stored at 4 °C (refrigerator). Samples must be shipped in a padded envelope or box. Samples may be sent by regular mail, but overnight is recommended.
434:, which infect birds. Transmission occurs by exposure to faecal and other excretions from infected birds, and through contact with contaminated food, water, equipment, and clothing.
37:
906:
Reichard KW, Lorence RM, Cascino CJ, Peeples ME, Walter RJ, Fernando MB, Reyes HM, Greager JA (May 1992). "Newcastle disease virus selectively kills human tumor cells".
1422:
397:
and more than 400 birds have been confirmed to have VND. On
February 27, 2019, the California state veterinarian, Annette Jones, increased the quarantine area in
998:
386:
1483:
1213:
Csatary LK, Moss RW, et al. (Jan–Feb 1999). "Beneficial treatment of patients with advanced cancer using a
Newcastle disease virus vaccine (MTH-68/H)".
646:
As of 2018 there had been several clinical studies into the use of NDV for cancer treatment, but the research quality was low and the outcomes inconclusive.
1363:
1354:
1344:
862:
667:
325:
to many countries. No treatment for VND is known, but the use of prophylactic vaccines and sanitary measures reduces the likelihood of outbreaks.
663:
368:, England, in 1927. However, it may have been prevalent as early as 1898, when a disease wiped out all the domestic fowl in northwest Scotland.
540:
528:
1074:
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disease in underdeveloped countries. Schiappacasse et al 2020 demonstrates successful, complete inactivation of the virus in a space using a
141:
98:
941:
70:
510:
309:. Though it can infect humans, most cases are non-symptomatic; rarely it can cause a mild fever and influenza-like symptoms and/or
1240:
Csatary LK, Bakács T (5 May 1999). "Use of
Newcastle disease virus vaccine (MTH-68/H) in a patient with high-grade glioblastoma".
77:
567:
are typical; also, severe enteritis of the duodenum occurs. The lesions are scarce in hyperacute cases (first day of outbreak).
1022:
371:
The policy of slaughter ceased in
England and Wales on 31 March 1963, except for the peracute form of Newcastle disease and for
967:
1468:
1092:"A review of methods to reduce the probability of the airborne spread of COVID-19 in ventilation systems and enclosed spaces"
84:
166:
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1038:
66:
45:
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56:
41:
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584:
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Egg drop after a (otherwise asymptomatic) Newcastle disease infection in a duly vaccinated broiler parent flock
378:
Interest in the use of NDV as an anticancer agent has arisen from the ability of NDV to selectively kill human
500:
eyes and neck, greenish, watery diarrhoea, misshapen, rough- or thin-shelled eggs and reduced egg production.
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690:"An outbreak of conjunctivitis due to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) occurring in poultry workers"
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753:"Newcastle Disease Virus as a Vaccine Vector for Development of Human and Veterinary Vaccines"
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Newcastle
Disease, Iowa State University, Center for Food Security and Public Health
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due to their high susceptibility and the potential for severe impacts of an
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Signs of infection with NDV vary greatly depending on factors such as the
1392:
1293:
1276:
1105:
375:. In Scotland the slaughter policy continued for all types of fowl pest.
349:
306:
1366:. Lists general information and resources for Exotic Newcastle Disease.
1067:
Controlling
Newcastle disease in village chickens : a field manual
688:
Nelson CB, Pomeroy, BS, Schrall, K, Park, WE, Lindeman, RJ (Jun 1952).
564:
520:
406:
314:
302:
55:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1336:
at OIE. WAHID Interface - OIE World Animal Health
Information Database
942:"California modifies virulent Newcastle disease quarantine boundaries"
769:
636:
379:
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345:
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863:"Newcastle disease: Newcastle disease outbreaks in Great Britain"
417:
The causal agent, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is a variant of
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1157:
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361:
299:
1373:
827:
Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science
422:
20:
823:"Some Observations On The Epizootiology Of NewCastle Disease"
1317:"Newcastle Disease Virus (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version"
881:"Newcastle Disease Virus (PDQ®)–Health Professional Version"
1277:"Viral oncolysis by herpes simplex virus and other viruses"
1039:
Newcastle Disease Vaccine, B1 Type, B1 Strain, Live Virus
804:"Researchers Are Hatching a Low-Cost Coronavirus Vaccine"
694:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
401:
and on March 15, 2019 and April 5, 2019, cases of VND in
1090:
Berry G, Parsons A, Morgan M, Rickert J, Cho H (2022).
52:
1355:
Newcastle Disease in Poultry, Merck Veterinary Manual
1345:
Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, UK
968:"USDA confirms virulent Newcastle disease in Arizona"
587:, and sequence technology tests have been developed.
305:
affecting many domestic and wild bird species; it is
442:
NDV strains can be categorised as velogenic (highly
313:
in humans. Its effects are most notable in domestic
1382:
546:
PM lesions on proventriculus, gizzard, and duodenum
1362:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
488:of virus and the health, age and species of the
51:Please review the contents of the article and
1334:Current status of Newcastle disease worldwide
999:California Department of Food and Agriculture
387:California Department of Food and Agriculture
382:cells with limited toxicity to normal cells.
8:
1319:. National Cancer Institute. 22 August 2018.
1364:United States National Agricultural Library
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1360:Species Profile—Virulent Newcastle Disease
360:Newcastle disease was first identified in
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393:have been working on eliminating VND in
668:United States Department of Agriculture
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391:United States Department of Agriculture
735:
733:
7:
421:, a negative-sense, single-stranded
1484:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
1275:Kuruppu D, Tanabe, KK (May 2005).
664:"Virulent Newcastle Disease (vND)"
14:
626:History of NDV in cancer research
581:Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
321:on the poultry industries. It is
908:The Journal of Surgical Research
751:Kim SH, Samal SK (4 July 2016).
539:
527:
509:
165:
117:
25:
428:. NDV belongs to the subfamily
53:add the appropriate references
16:Contagious viral avian disease
1:
1183:10.1634/theoncologist.7-2-106
1164:Mullen JT, Tanabe KK (2002).
1020:Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV)
563:and on the submucosae of the
364:, Indonesia, in 1926, and in
1281:Cancer Biology & Therapy
1122:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111765
994:"Virulent Newcastle Disease"
920:10.1016/0022-4804(92)90310-v
67:"Virulent Newcastle disease"
38:reliable medical references
1500:
1254:10.1001/jama.281.17.1588-a
821:Macpherson LW (May 1956).
288:Virulent Newcastle disease
152:(stained in brown) in the
885:National Cancer Institute
585:polymerase chain reaction
534:Same symptom in a broiler
328:The disease is caused by
160:
148:
139:
132:
44:or relies too heavily on
298:, is a contagious viral
296:exotic Newcastle disease
1384:Newcastle disease virus
865:. DEFRA. Archived from
802:Zimmer C (2021-04-05).
419:avian orthoavulavirus 1
330:Newcastle disease virus
307:transmissible to humans
278:Avian orthoavulavirus 1
150:Avian orthoavulavirus 1
134:Avian orthoavulavirus 1
1097:Environmental Research
1065:, Spradbrow P (2001).
1051:Merck/Intervet Vaccine
740:FAO Manual on Vaccines
481:
1469:Animal viral diseases
706:10.2105/ajph.42.6.672
479:
1294:10.4161/cbt.4.5.1820
342:viral vector vaccine
162:Virus classification
1215:Anticancer Research
1114:2022ER....20311765B
1069:. Canberra: ACIAR.
576:Immunological tests
403:Northern California
399:Southern California
366:Newcastle upon Tyne
344:candidates against
1474:Biological weapons
1414:Avian avulavirus 1
1029:. avianbiotech.com
1025:2017-11-01 at the
948:. 27 February 2019
808:The New York Times
552:Postmortem lesions
482:
1451:
1450:
1376:Taxon identifiers
1166:"Viral oncolysis"
1076:978-1-86320-307-4
620:nonthermal plasma
497:incubation period
467:Clinical findings
455:raised chickens.
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265:Orthoavulavirus
253:Paramyxoviridae
241:Mononegavirales
217:Negarnaviricota
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974:. 5 April 2019
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63:Find sources:
58:
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34:This article
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1383:
1340:Disease card
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1063:Robyn Alders
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1003:. Retrieved
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889:. Retrieved
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867:the original
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671:. Retrieved
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42:verification
35:
18:
1479:Virotherapy
1408:Wikispecies
1041:. drugs.com
630:Though the
622:generator.
517:Torticollis
373:fowl plague
154:conjunctiva
36:needs more
1458:Categories
1170:Oncologist
1108:: 111765.
972:Feedstuffs
946:Feedstuffs
763:(7): 183.
650:References
613:Prevention
338:avulavirus
78:newspapers
1130:0013-9351
632:oncolytic
571:Diagnosis
557:Petechiae
319:epizootic
272:Species:
200:Kingdom:
193:Riboviria
1428:11460347
1393:Wikidata
1303:15917655
1262:10235150
1227:10216468
1192:11961194
1148:34331921
1106:Elsevier
1023:Archived
849:17648892
789:27384578
724:14924001
605:Handling
444:virulent
350:Covid-19
248:Family:
212:Phylum:
1399:Q327082
1200:3853142
1139:8317458
1110:Bibcode
1005:6 April
978:6 April
952:6 April
928:1619912
891:7 April
840:1614269
780:4974518
757:Viruses
715:1526237
673:6 April
637:gliomas
596:Samples
565:gizzard
559:in the
521:mallard
504:heads.
438:Strains
407:Arizona
356:History
323:endemic
315:poultry
303:disease
260:Genus:
236:Order:
224:Class:
92:scholar
57:removed
1301:
1260:
1225:
1198:
1190:
1146:
1136:
1128:
1073:
926:
847:
837:
787:
777:
722:
712:
486:strain
380:tumour
336:), an
94:
87:
80:
73:
65:
1441:73358
1423:IRMNG
1196:S2CID
519:in a
426:virus
346:Ebola
300:avian
186:Realm
179:Virus
99:JSTOR
85:books
1299:PMID
1258:PMID
1242:JAMA
1223:PMID
1188:PMID
1144:PMID
1126:ISSN
1071:ISBN
1007:2019
980:2019
954:2019
924:PMID
893:2021
845:PMID
785:PMID
720:PMID
675:2019
495:The
490:host
405:and
362:Java
348:and
71:news
40:for
1436:ISC
1289:doi
1250:doi
1246:281
1178:doi
1134:PMC
1118:doi
1102:203
916:doi
835:PMC
775:PMC
765:doi
710:PMC
702:doi
423:RNA
334:NDV
292:VND
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