134:
98:
225:
483:
366:
291:
446:
on the north side of the bay. Large dikes 4 m (13 ft) to 30 m (98 ft) wide exist throughout southernmost New
Brunswick with ages and compositions similar to the North Mountain basalt, indicating these dikes were the source for North Mountain lava flows. However, North Mountain is
215:
range in age from 2,040 to 1,870 million years old called the
Povungnituk volcano-sedimentary Group and the Chukotat Group. The Belcher Islands in eastern Hudson Bay contain two volcanic sequences known as the Flaherty and Eskimo volcanics. The Fox River Belt consists of volcanics, sills
216:
and sediments some 1,883 million years old while magmatism of the
Thompson Belt is dated to 1,880 million years old. To the south lies the 1,864 million year old Winnipegosis komatiites. In the Animikie Basin near Lake Superior, volcanism is dated 1,880 million years old.
356:
west of the
Monteregian Hills might be due either to failure of the New England mantle plume to pass through massive strong rock of the Canadian Shield, the lack of noticeable intrusions, or to strengthening of the New England mantle plume when it approached the Monteregian Hills region.
210:
in central
Manitoba, and on the southern side of the Superior craton in the Animikie Basin of northwestern Ontario. Two volcano-sedimentary sequences exist in the Labrador Trough with ages of 2,170-2,140 million years and 1,883-1,870 million years. In the Cape Smith Belt, two
152:
consists of basaltic and komatiitic volcanics ranging in age from 2,925 to 2,940 million years old and younger rhyolite-andesite volcanics ranging in age from 2,730 to 2,750 million years old. It is situated in the western portion of the
17:
502:
period at least 143 million years ago. They may have one or two origins. The Fogo
Seamounts could have formed along fracture zones in the Atlantic seafloor because of the large number of seamounts on the North American
267:
in the vicinity of Lake
Superior. The hotspot made a dome that covered the Lake Superior area. Voluminous basaltic lava flows erupted from the central axis of the rift, similar to the rifting that formed the
417:
between eastern North
America and northwestern Africa. As the Fundy Basin continued to form 201 million years ago, a series of basaltic lava flows were erupted, forming a volcanic mountain range on the
447:
the remnants of a larger volcanic feature that has now been largely eroded based on the existence of basin border faults and erosion. The hard basaltic ridge of North
Mountain resisted the grinding of
527:
as islands that would have been volcanically active. Their flatness is due to coastal erosion, such as waves and winds. Other submarine volcanoes offshore of
Eastern Canada include the poorly studied
1952:
864:
656:
133:
641:
691:
1114:
2008:
1937:
1887:
278:
extends 150 km (93 mi) north into mainland Ontario where it forms a geological formation known as the Nipigon Embayment. This failed arm includes
121:
lavas in the Abitibi greenstone belt (pictured) occur in four lithotectonic assemblages known as Pacaud, Stoughton-Roquemaure, Kidd-Munro and Tisdale. The
352:
that would have been active 125 million years ago, or as intrusions that never breached the surface in volcanic activity. The lack of a noticeable
332:
in northeastern Ontario. Another period of kimberlite volcanism occurred in northeastern Ontario 154 to 134 million years ago, creating the
872:
1902:
1612:
1357:
57:
1993:
1431:
1329:
519:
in the Atlantic Ocean, based on the existence of older seamounts to the northwest and younger seamounts to the southeast. The existence of
961:
1342:
1221:
1208:
401:
were joined. During the formation of the Fundy Basin, volcanic activity never stopped as shown by the going eruption of lava along the
1752:
1525:
1107:
766:
667:
2013:
1722:
333:
463:. The layering of a North Mountain lava flow less than 175 m (574 ft) thick at McKay Head, closely resemble that of some
1767:
1631:
1563:
1335:
1305:
894:
1300:
2018:
1786:
1757:
1489:
1947:
1892:
1715:
1451:
329:
1510:
699:
589:
1664:
1651:
1250:
1150:
1131:
1100:
998:"Public hearing of Joint Review Panel for the Environmental Assessment of Whites Point Quarry and Marine Terminal Project"
621:
328:. Another kimberlite event spanned a period of 13 million years 165 to 152 million years ago, creating the
325:
1922:
1816:
1811:
1558:
1287:
560:
423:
105:. Specimen is 9 cm wide. Bladed olivine crystals are visible, though spinifex texture is weak or absent in this sample.
1998:
1907:
1641:
1618:
1464:
1257:
1179:
840:
565:
555:
495:
207:
41:
336:. As the North American Plate moved westward over the New England hotspot, the New England hotspot created the magma
657:"A Combined Seismic Tomographic and Reflection Imaging Across the Red Lake Greenstone Belt Using LITHOPROBE Line 2B"
2003:
1957:
1897:
1742:
1709:
1684:
1538:
1520:
1474:
1158:
741:. Large Igneous Province Commission, International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior
113:
in Ontario and Quebec is one of the largest Archean greenstone belts on Earth and one of the youngest parts of the
1882:
1319:
1216:
439:
1841:
1821:
1781:
1553:
1515:
1243:
1030:
252:
145:
1659:
1502:
1390:
1264:
1231:
1197:
1139:
833:
397:. The focus of the rifting began somewhere between where present-day eastern North America and northwestern
348:
in southern Quebec. These intrusive stocks have been variously interpreted as the feeder intrusions of long
110:
799:"ASH FALL - Newsletter of the Volcanology and Igneous Petreology Division Geological Association of Canada"
1836:
1576:
1545:
528:
443:
122:
53:
834:"A Late Triassic Rb-Sr phlogopite isochron age for a kimberlite dyke from the Rankin Inlet area, Nunavut"
1877:
1851:
1796:
1791:
1694:
1636:
1436:
1421:
1349:
1123:
460:
419:
316:
periods. The source for this volcanism was a long-lived and stationary area of molten rock called the
1932:
1773:
1737:
1689:
1590:
1479:
1459:
1411:
1396:
1370:
1363:
1324:
1311:
1173:
1144:
932:
590:"Geochemistry, Petrogenesis, and Metallogenisis of Komatiites in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada"
171:
149:
174:
constitutes a large igneous province extending for more than 3,400 km (2,113 mi) from the
1927:
1846:
1826:
1747:
1674:
1495:
1377:
1295:
1192:
613:
550:
317:
302:
1917:
1831:
1801:
1583:
1441:
1403:
1281:
1236:
540:
414:
402:
390:
294:
102:
49:
523:
throughout the Fogo Seamount chain indicate some of these seamounts would once have stood above
1064:
997:
972:
1962:
1912:
1729:
1276:
635:
504:
471:
341:
260:
45:
1762:
1699:
1669:
1604:
1597:
1569:
1426:
1163:
940:
499:
456:
154:
125:
further south is interpreted to be a southwestern extension of the Abitibi greenstone belt.
774:
434:
in the north. This series of lava flows cover most of the Fundy Basin and extend under the
251:
period 1,109 million years ago, northwestern Ontario began to split apart to form the
1942:
1806:
1484:
1187:
1168:
923:
Sleep, Norman H. (December 1990). "Monteregian hotspot track: A long-lived mantle plume".
349:
264:
244:
187:
183:
175:
114:
97:
77:
614:"Deformation History of the Kenogamissi Batholith and the Eastern Swayze Greenstone Belt"
936:
224:
1867:
1469:
1202:
1065:"Morphology, Petrology, Age and Origin of Fogo Seamount Chain, Offshore Eastern Canada"
545:
516:
512:
491:
482:
410:
406:
382:
298:
269:
212:
195:
65:
33:
902:
259:
area were formed from basaltic magma. The upwelling of this magma was the result of a
1987:
1872:
1226:
494:, located 500 km (311 mi) offshore of Newfoundland to the southwest of the
353:
256:
199:
137:
The Distribution of Ancient Volcanic Rocks along the Eastern Border of North America.
1972:
1967:
1271:
508:
435:
427:
279:
588:
R. A. Sproule; C. M. Lesher; M. G. Houle; R. R. Keays; J. A. Ayer; P. C. Thurson.
365:
16:
1626:
1531:
1416:
1385:
734:
394:
386:
248:
236:
228:
1704:
1679:
1063:
Georgia Pe-Piper; Ashely de Jonge; David J.W. Piper; Lubomir F. Jansa (2003).
798:
431:
377:
period, Atlantic Canada lay roughly in the middle of a giant continent called
313:
61:
865:"A Hundred-Million Year History of the Corner Rise and New England Seamounts"
324:
lowlands region of northern Ontario 180 million years ago, creating the
944:
524:
467:
448:
337:
321:
274:
118:
81:
69:
37:
308:
Periods of volcanic activity occurred throughout central Canada during the
1031:"Fissure Dike Source(s) For the North Mountain Basalt Group, Fundy Basin"
374:
345:
309:
255:, also called the Keweenawan Rift. Lava flows created by the rift in the
203:
179:
36:. The region's different volcano and lava types originate from different
1092:
290:
452:
378:
191:
142:
73:
464:
438:
where parts of it are exposed on the shore at the rural community of
398:
498:, consists of submarine volcanoes with dates extending back to the
301:
mountain of the Monteregian Hills in southern Quebec formed by the
520:
481:
364:
289:
232:
223:
132:
96:
15:
72:. The most capable large igneous provinces in Eastern Canada are
868:
507:. The other explanation for their origin is they formed above a
52:. Eastern Canada has very large volumes of magmatic rock called
29:
1096:
157:, a volcanic sequence comprising a number of greenstone belts.
101:
Komatiite sample collected in the Abitibi greenstone belt near
1953:
Volcanic history of the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
385:
began to fracture 220 million years ago when the Earth's
282:, the largest lake entirely within the boundaries of Ontario.
235:
sill related to volcanism of the Midcontinent Rift System in
389:
was being pulled apart from extensional stress, creating a
612:
Becker, J. K., Benn, K., and Ayer, J. (November 8, 2001).
369:
Basal contact of a lava flow section of the Fundy Basin
117:
which sequentially forms part of the Canadian Shield.
28:
includes the hundreds of volcanic areas and extensive
1005:
Joint Review- wildlife review assessment and comments
806:
Newsletter of Canadian Volcanology and Geology no. 65
1860:
1650:
1450:
1130:
373:About 250 million years ago during the early
320:. The first event erupted kimberlite magma in the
474:occurred during the formation of North Mountain.
486:Satellite image of the Newfoundland Seamounts.
1108:
1007:. Nova Scotia Department of Natural Resources
901:. Geoscape Canada. 2008-01-02. Archived from
451:that flowed over this region during the past
8:
1888:Interagency Volcanic Event Notification Plan
771:Field Trip to Keweenawan Rift System-results
664:Seismic imaging model of the Greenstone Belt
640:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
426:, stretching 200 km (124 mi) from
420:mainland portion of southwestern Nova Scotia
618:Geological Society meeting background paper
1115:
1101:
1093:
1938:Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Provincial Park
666:. Simon Fraser University. Archived from
969:Brochure on Five Islands Provincial Park
1025:
1023:
1021:
577:
80:containing a rare volcanic rock called
1903:List of Northern Cordilleran volcanoes
1613:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
1358:Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
956:
954:
859:
857:
739:May "Volcanic Prodidence of the Month"
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
718:
716:
633:
828:
826:
824:
822:
793:
791:
761:
759:
757:
755:
583:
581:
56:. They are represented by deep-level
20:Eastern Canada, defined politically.
7:
2009:Geology of Newfoundland and Labrador
1432:Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field
1330:Northern Alberta kimberlite province
698:. Grandview Gold Inc. Archived from
170:The 1884-1864 million year old
76:(3,800-2,500 million years ago) age
1343:Buffalo Head Hills kimberlite field
1036:. J. Gregory McHone, Sandra M. Barr
895:"A geological heritage to discover"
655:Fafu Zeng & Albert J. Calvert.
318:New England or Great Meteor hotspot
182:and northeastern Quebec though the
1753:Kanichee layered intrusive complex
1526:High Arctic Large Igneous Province
14:
1723:Lake Timiskaming kimberlite field
871:. August 10, 2005. Archived from
413:formed as a result of continuous
334:Lake Timiskaming kimberlite field
1768:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
1632:Sverdrup Basin Magmatic Province
1564:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
1336:Birch Mountains kimberlite field
1306:Mackenzie Large Igneous Province
1222:Fort à la Corne kimberlite field
962:"Five Islands Provinincial Park"
455:, and now forms one side of the
109:The 2,677 million year old
1943:Porphyry Island Provincial Park
1787:Marathon Large Igneous Province
1490:Franklin Large Igneous Province
925:Journal of Geophysical Research
1948:Tuya Mountains Provincial Park
1893:Itcha Ilgachuz Provincial Park
1716:Kirkland Lake kimberlite field
1072:Geophysical Research Abstracts
330:Kirkland Lake kimberlite field
1:
1665:Attawapiskat kimberlite field
1251:Garibaldi Lake volcanic field
1151:Satah Mountain volcanic field
622:Geological Society of America
326:Attawapiskat kimberlite field
1923:Mount Edziza Provincial Park
1817:Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt
1758:Lac des Îles igneous complex
1559:Lac de Gras kimberlite field
1288:Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents
996:Jones, Jon (June 11, 2007).
561:Volcanism of Northern Canada
1994:Volcanism of Eastern Canada
1908:List of volcanoes in Canada
1642:Yellowknife greenstone belt
1619:Fort Selkirk volcanic field
1511:Gahcho Kué kimberlite pipes
1465:Cameron River Volcanic Belt
1301:Kodiak–Bowie Seamount chain
1258:Mount Cayley volcanic field
1180:Winnipegosis komatiite belt
841:Geological Survey of Canada
566:List of volcanoes in Canada
556:Volcanism of Western Canada
459:in the western part of the
208:Winnipegosis komatiite belt
42:types of volcanic eruptions
26:volcanism of Eastern Canada
2035:
1958:Wells Gray Provincial Park
1898:Lava Forks Provincial Park
1743:Hunt River greenstone belt
1710:Great Meteor hotspot track
1685:Chambers-Strathy Batholith
1539:Ellesmere Island Volcanics
1521:Great Meteor hotspot track
1475:Churchill kimberlite field
1159:Bird River greenstone belt
1883:Garibaldi Provincial Park
1320:Metchosin Igneous Complex
1217:Flin Flon greenstone belt
931:(B13). AGU: 21983–21990.
808:. ASH FALL. June 11, 2007
405:; an underwater volcanic
286:New England hotspot track
2014:Geology of New Brunswick
1842:Temagami Greenstone Belt
1822:Red Lake greenstone belt
1782:Mamainse Point Formation
1554:Hope Bay greenstone belt
1516:Great Bear Magmatic Zone
1244:Cheakamus Valley basalts
767:"Keweenawan Rift System"
391:divergent plate boundary
253:Midcontinent Rift System
220:Midcontinent Rift System
186:in northern Quebec, the
161:Plume and rift complexes
146:Red Lake greenstone belt
129:Red Lake greenstone belt
1660:Abitibi greenstone belt
1503:Natkusiak flood basalts
1391:Pemberton Volcanic Belt
1265:Squamish volcanic field
1232:Garibaldi Volcanic Belt
1198:Ecstall Greenstone Belt
1140:Alert Bay Volcanic Belt
945:10.1029/JB095iB13p21983
111:Abitibi greenstone belt
93:Abitibi greenstone belt
54:large igneous provinces
44:, ranging from passive
2019:Geology of Nova Scotia
1837:Swayze greenstone belt
1577:Coppermine River Group
1546:Strand Fiord Formation
735:"May LIP of the Month"
696:Red Lake Gold District
529:Newfoundland Seamounts
487:
370:
305:
240:
138:
123:Swayze greenstone belt
106:
68:provinces and layered
21:
1878:Chasm Provincial Park
1852:Ungava magmatic event
1797:Mistassini dike swarm
1792:Matachewan dike swarm
1695:Coastal Volcanic Belt
1637:Taltson Magmatic Zone
1437:Winagami sill complex
1422:Taltson Magmatic Zone
1350:Mountain Lake cluster
1124:Volcanology of Canada
521:flat-topped seamounts
485:
461:Nova Scotia peninsula
368:
293:
227:
136:
100:
19:
1933:Neys Provincial Park
1774:Mackenzie dike swarm
1738:Grenville dike swarm
1690:Circum-Superior Belt
1591:Mackenzie dike swarm
1480:Circum-Superior Belt
1460:Bravo Lake Formation
1412:Spences Bridge Group
1397:Chilliwack batholith
1371:Iskut volcanic field
1364:Atlin Volcanic Field
1325:Milbanke Sound Group
1312:Mackenzie dike swarm
1174:Circum-Superior Belt
1145:Anahim Volcanic Belt
511:associated with the
172:Circum-Superior Belt
166:Circum-Superior Belt
150:Northwestern Ontario
60:consisting of giant
1928:New England hotspot
1847:Tulks Volcanic Belt
1827:Spawning Lake Stock
1748:Iceland Lake Pluton
1675:Black Bay Peninsula
1496:Franklin dike swarm
1378:Tuya volcanic field
1296:Karmutsen Formation
1193:Crowsnest Formation
937:1990JGR....9521983S
551:Volcanism of Canada
303:New England hotspot
50:explosive eruptions
1999:Geology of Ontario
1918:Matachewan hotspot
1832:Sudbury dike swarm
1802:Newfoundland Ridge
1584:Ekalulia Formation
1442:Wrangellia Terrane
1404:Salal Creek Pluton
1282:Juan de Fuca Ridge
1237:Bridge River Cones
733:Ernst, Richard E.
692:"Regional Geology"
541:Geology of Ontario
488:
472:Hawaiian eruptions
415:seafloor spreading
403:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
371:
306:
295:Mont Saint-Hilaire
241:
202:belts in northern
139:
107:
103:Englehart, Ontario
22:
2004:Geology of Quebec
1981:
1980:
1963:Catherine Hickson
1913:Mackenzie hotspot
1730:Monteregian Hills
1277:Intermontane Belt
978:on March 17, 2007
899:Geoscape Montreal
505:continental shelf
350:extinct volcanoes
342:Monteregian Hills
263:which produced a
2026:
1776:
1763:Long Range dikes
1732:
1725:
1718:
1700:Coldwell Complex
1670:Basalt Headlands
1621:
1607:
1605:Nauyat Formation
1600:
1598:Muskox intrusion
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1570:Bear River dikes
1548:
1541:
1534:
1505:
1498:
1427:Uchi Subprovince
1406:
1399:
1380:
1373:
1366:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1314:
1290:
1268:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1211:
1182:
1164:Bridge River Ash
1153:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1069:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1027:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1002:
993:
987:
986:
984:
983:
977:
971:. Archived from
966:
958:
949:
948:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
891:
885:
884:
882:
880:
861:
852:
851:
849:
848:
838:
830:
817:
816:
814:
813:
803:
795:
786:
785:
783:
782:
773:. Archived from
763:
750:
749:
747:
746:
730:
711:
710:
708:
707:
688:
682:
681:
679:
678:
672:
661:
652:
646:
645:
639:
631:
629:
628:
609:
603:
602:
600:
599:
594:
585:
500:Early Cretaceous
457:Annapolis Valley
430:in the south to
155:Uchi Subprovince
88:Greenstone belts
78:greenstone belts
58:plumbing systems
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2023:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1856:
1807:Nipissing sills
1772:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1646:
1617:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1501:
1494:
1485:Coast Range Arc
1452:Northern Canada
1446:
1402:
1395:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1310:
1286:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1207:
1188:Coast Range Arc
1178:
1169:Chilcotin Group
1149:
1126:
1121:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1010:
1008:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
981:
979:
975:
964:
960:
959:
952:
922:
921:
917:
908:
906:
893:
892:
888:
878:
876:
875:on July 8, 2013
863:
862:
855:
846:
844:
836:
832:
831:
820:
811:
809:
801:
797:
796:
789:
780:
778:
765:
764:
753:
744:
742:
732:
731:
714:
705:
703:
690:
689:
685:
676:
674:
670:
659:
654:
653:
649:
632:
626:
624:
611:
610:
606:
597:
595:
592:
587:
586:
579:
574:
537:
517:Azores hotspots
480:
363:
288:
265:triple junction
245:Mesoproterozoic
222:
213:volcanic groups
188:Belcher Islands
184:Cape Smith Belt
176:Labrador Trough
168:
163:
131:
115:Superior craton
95:
90:
12:
11:
5:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Anahim hotspot
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1812:North Mountain
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1652:Eastern Canada
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
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1470:Carmacks Group
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1209:Magic Mountain
1203:Explorer Ridge
1200:
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1185:
1184:
1183:
1171:
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1132:Western Canada
1128:
1127:
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1120:
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1105:
1097:
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1046:
1017:
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683:
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604:
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563:
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553:
548:
546:Shelburne dike
543:
536:
533:
492:Fogo Seamounts
479:
476:
424:North Mountain
411:Atlantic Ocean
407:mountain range
383:supercontinent
362:
359:
287:
284:
270:Atlantic Ocean
221:
218:
167:
164:
162:
159:
130:
127:
94:
91:
89:
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46:lava eruptions
34:Eastern Canada
32:formations in
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2020:
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1873:Bowie hotspot
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1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1227:Gambier Group
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1177:
1176:
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1172:
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1160:
1157:
1152:
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1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1111:
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1099:
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1077:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1057:
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1032:
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1024:
1022:
1018:
1006:
999:
992:
989:
974:
970:
963:
957:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
919:
916:
905:on 2009-04-26
904:
900:
896:
890:
887:
874:
870:
866:
860:
858:
854:
842:
835:
829:
827:
825:
823:
819:
807:
800:
794:
792:
788:
777:on 2007-03-17
776:
772:
768:
762:
760:
758:
756:
752:
740:
736:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
713:
702:on 2010-04-05
701:
697:
693:
687:
684:
673:on 2011-05-27
669:
665:
658:
651:
648:
643:
637:
623:
619:
615:
608:
605:
591:
584:
582:
578:
571:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
538:
534:
532:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
497:
493:
484:
477:
475:
473:
470:, indicating
469:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:known as the
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
367:
360:
358:
355:
354:hotspot track
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
300:
296:
292:
285:
283:
281:
277:
276:
271:
266:
262:
258:
257:Lake Superior
254:
250:
246:
238:
234:
230:
226:
219:
217:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
165:
160:
158:
156:
151:
147:
144:
135:
128:
126:
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120:
116:
112:
104:
99:
92:
87:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:settings and
39:
35:
31:
27:
18:
1973:Jack Souther
1968:Bill Mathews
1272:Insular Belt
1080:. Retrieved
1075:
1071:
1038:. Retrieved
1009:. Retrieved
1004:
991:
980:. Retrieved
973:the original
968:
928:
924:
918:
907:. Retrieved
903:the original
898:
889:
879:February 18,
877:. Retrieved
873:the original
845:. Retrieved
810:. Retrieved
805:
779:. Retrieved
775:the original
770:
743:. Retrieved
738:
704:. Retrieved
700:the original
695:
686:
675:. Retrieved
668:the original
663:
650:
625:. Retrieved
617:
607:
596:. Retrieved
509:mantle plume
489:
440:Five Islands
436:Bay of Fundy
428:Brier Island
372:
307:
280:Lake Nipigon
273:
242:
190:in southern
169:
140:
108:
25:
23:
1627:Omineca Arc
1532:Alpha Ridge
1417:Takla Group
1386:Omineca Arc
496:Grand Banks
395:Fundy Basin
387:lithosphere
361:Fundy Basin
249:Precambrian
247:era of the
243:During the
237:Thunder Bay
229:Mount McKay
62:dike swarms
48:to violent
1988:Categories
1705:Digby Neck
1680:Cape Split
1082:2009-03-24
1040:2009-04-11
1011:2009-04-11
982:2009-04-11
909:2009-02-28
847:2009-02-28
812:2009-04-11
781:2009-04-11
745:2009-03-24
706:2009-02-22
677:2009-04-11
627:2009-04-11
598:2009-04-11
572:References
468:lava lakes
449:ice sheets
442:, east of
432:Cape Split
338:intrusions
314:Cretaceous
275:failed arm
239:, Ontario.
70:intrusions
525:sea level
478:Seamounts
444:Parrsboro
422:known as
322:James Bay
299:intrusive
196:Fox River
119:Komatiite
82:komatiite
636:cite web
535:See also
465:Hawaiian
453:ice ages
375:Triassic
346:Montreal
310:Jurassic
204:Manitoba
200:Thompson
180:Labrador
38:tectonic
933:Bibcode
409:in the
381:. This
379:Pangaea
340:of the
261:hotspot
192:Nunavut
143:Archean
74:Archean
1861:Topics
1078:(2020)
843:. 2001
513:Canary
399:Africa
206:, the
194:, the
1068:(PDF)
1034:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
965:(PDF)
837:(PDF)
802:(PDF)
671:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
593:(PDF)
297:, an
233:mafic
881:2009
869:NOAA
642:link
490:The
312:and
272:. A
231:, a
198:and
141:The
66:sill
30:lava
24:The
941:doi
515:or
344:in
178:in
148:in
1990::
1074:.
1070:.
1049:^
1020:^
1003:.
967:.
953:^
939:.
929:95
927:.
897:.
867:.
856:^
839:.
821:^
804:.
790:^
769:.
754:^
737:.
715:^
694:.
662:.
638:}}
634:{{
620:.
616:.
580:^
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1014:.
985:.
947:.
943::
935::
912:.
883:.
850:.
815:.
784:.
748:.
709:.
680:.
644:)
630:.
601:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
