1068:
553:(or "keels"), "as they call ships of war". This may be the earliest recovered word of English. The second detail is his repetition that the visiting Saxons were "told by a certain soothsayer among them, that they should occupy the country to which they were sailing three hundred years, and half of that time, a hundred and fifty years, should plunder and despoil the same." Both of these details are unlikely to have been invented by a Roman or
997:
497:. According to Gildas, apparently, a small group came at first and was settled "on the eastern side of the island, by the invitation of the unlucky usurper". This small group invited more of their countrymen to join them, and the colony grew. Eventually the Saxons demanded that "their monthly allotments" be increased and, when their demands were eventually refused, broke their treaty and plundered the lands of the
263:
3124:
679:
148:
3112:
86:
45:
1048:. This Guithelin/Vitalinus disappears from the story as soon as Vortigern arrives. All these coincidences imply that Geoffrey duplicated the story of the invitation of the Saxons, and that the tale of Guithelinus the archbishop might possibly give some insight into the background of Vortigern before his acquisition of power.
668:, ruled the empire seven years." Michael Jones notes that there are several arrival dates in Bede. In H.E. 1.15 the arrival occurs within the period 449–455; in 1.23 and 5.23 another date, c. 446, is given; and in 2.14 the same event is dated 446 or 447, suggesting that these dates are calculated approximations.
969:
At this time
Vortigern was King of Britain; a man calculated neither for the field nor the council, but wholly given up to the lusts of the flesh, the slave of every vice: a character of insatiable avarice, ungovernable pride, and polluted by his lusts. To complete the picture, he had defiled his own
760:, an inhospitable host seemingly unrelated to Vortigern who comes to an untimely end, but his servant provides hospitality and is made the progenitor of the kings of Powys. They also describe Vortigern's son by his own daughter, whom Germanus raises, and Vortigern's own end caused by fire from heaven.
970:
daughter, who was lured to the participation of such a crime by the hope of sharing his kingdom, and she had borne him a son. Regardless of his treasures at this dreadful juncture, and wasting the resources of the kingdom in riotous living, he was awake only to the blandishments of abandoned women.
1043:
Geoffrey mentions a similar tale just before that episode, however, which may be an unintentional duplication. Just after the Romans leave, the archbishop of London is put forward by the representatives of
Britain to organise the island's defences. To do so, he arranges for continental soldiers to
578:
political practice of settling allied barbarian peoples within the boundaries of the empire to furnish troops to aid the defence of the empire. Gildas describes how their raids took them "sea to sea, heaped up by the eastern band of impious men; and as it devastated all the neighbouring cities and
877:
provides dates and locations of four battles which
Hengest and his brother Horsa fought against the British in the county of Kent. Vortigern is said to have been the commander of the British for only the first battle; the opponents in the next three battles are variously termed
1206:
or "Vortigern's Gorge", is named after
Vortigern, and until modern times had a small barrow known locally as "Vortigern's Grave", along with a ruin known as "Vortigern's Fort". However, this conflicts with doubtful reports that he died in his castle on the
1367:
on 2 April 1796. The play's crude writing, however, exposed it as a forgery, and it was laughed off stage and not performed again. Ireland eventually admitted to the hoax and tried to publish the play by his own name, but had little success.
764:
It has been suggested that the saint mentioned here may be no more than a local saint or a tale that had to explain all the holy places dedicated to a St. Germanus or a "Garmon", who may have been a Powys saint or even a bishop from the
1098:
spelling of
Vortigern: Guarthi, (the inscription is now damaged and the final letters of the name are missing), believed to be the same person as Gildas's "superbus tyrannus", Vortigern. The pillar also states that he was married to
777:
A number of calculations attempting to fix the year when
Vortigern invited the Saxons into Britain. These are made by the writer, naming interesting persons and calculating their dates, making several mistakes in the
532:), but not solely responsible for inviting the Saxons. To the contrary, he is portrayed as being aided by or aiding a "Council", which may be a government based on the representatives of all the "cities" (
853:
commanded the
Britons against Hengest's Saxons. Moreover, it claims that the Saxons were driven out of Britain, only to return at Vortigern's invitation a few years later, after the death of Vortimer.
921:. The sources are obscure for the fifth century annals; however, an analysis of the text demonstrates some poetic conventions, so it is probable that they were derived from an oral tradition such as
1044:
come to
Britain. The name of the bishop is Guitelin, a name similar to the Vitalinus mentioned in the ancestry of Vortigern and to the Vitalinus said to have fought with Ambrosius at the
1359:, who had previously forged a number of other Shakespearean manuscripts. The play was at first accepted as Shakespeare's by some in the literary community, and received a performance at
579:
lands, did not cease after it had been kindled, until it burnt nearly the whole surface of the island, and licked the western ocean with its red and savage tongue" (chapter 24).
860:
reveal an attempt by one or more anonymous
British scholars to provide more detail to this story, while struggling to accommodate the facts of the British tradition.
710:, and was probably compiled during the early 9th century. The writer mentions a great number of sources. Nennius wrote more negatively of Vortigern, accusing him of
560:
Modern scholars have debated the various details of Gildas' story. One topic of discussion has been about the words Gildas uses to describe the Saxons' subsidies (
1936:
454:. Gildas later denigrated Vortigern for his misjudgement and also blamed him for the loss of Britain. He is cited at the beginning of the genealogy of the early
1990:
773:. The story seems only to be explained as a slur against the rival dynasty of Powys, suggesting that they did not descend from Vortigern but from a mere slave.
793:, and Faustus), his father Vitalis, his grandfather Vitalinus, and his great-grandfather Gloui, who is probably just an eponym which associates Vortigern with
593:
1180:(or derivatives of it) is not attested as a common noun, there is no reason to suppose that it was used as anything other than a personal name (in fact, an
3195:
3070:
3127:
1190:, was a fairly common personal name in medieval Ireland, further lending credence to the notion that Vortigern was a personal name and not a title).
2295:
1029:
1953:
3150:
1560:
1481:
3025:
2285:
3155:
3115:
3020:
1929:
1846:
477:
1746:
1675:
1637:
1612:
1587:
1453:
742:
494:
249:
231:
129:
72:
1055:. After Vortigern marries her, his sons rebel. Geoffrey adds that Vortigern was succeeded briefly by his son Vortimer, as does the
504:
It is not clear whether Gildas used the name
Vortigern. Most editions published currently omit the name. Two manuscripts name him:
3185:
820:
after a banquet where the Saxons treacherously slew all of the leaders of the British but saved Vortigern to extract this ransom.
656:
Bede also supplies the date, 449, which was traditionally accepted but has been considered suspect since the late 20th century: "
725:
recounts many details about Vortigern and his sons. Chapters 31–49 tell how Vortigern (Guorthigirn) deals with the Saxons and
653:, 1.14–15). Another significant detail that Bede adds to Gildas' account is calling Vortigern the king of the British people.
3091:
1439:
169:
96:
692:(c. 1136). Pictured above, Vortigern sits at the edge of a pool whence two dragons emerge, which do battle in his presence.
3180:
3160:
1922:
1511:
1326:, first published in 1661. His meeting with Rowena became a popular subject in 17th-century engraving and painting, e.g.,
2950:
718:, accused by Gildas of the same crime), oath-breaking, treason, love for a pagan woman, and lesser vices such as pride.
212:
3200:
3085:
2385:
184:
543:
Gildas adds several small details that suggest either he or his source received at least part of the story from the
3175:
3075:
1327:
1100:
1004:
165:
58:
31:
3170:
3165:
1970:
1516:
1364:
1032:, Vortigern persuades Constans to leave his monastery and claim the throne. Constans proved a weak and unpopular
1012:
726:
688:
191:
1443:
3210:
3065:
733:. Chapter 56 tells about King Arthur and his battles. Chapters 57–65 mention English genealogies, mingled with
111:
3205:
2200:
2110:
895:
273:
158:
107:
536:) or a part thereof. Gildas also does not consider Vortigern as bad; he simply qualifies him as "unlucky" (
485:) in the first decades of the 6th century. In Chapter 23, he tells how "all the councillors, together with
198:
3009:
2800:
2795:
683:
547:. The first is when he describes the size of the initial party of Saxons, stating that they came in three
498:
2840:
2745:
2290:
1839:
1356:
1322:
1017:
961:
873:
845:
603:, adding several details, perhaps most importantly the name of this "proud tyrant", whom he first calls
599:
2955:
2945:
3123:
180:
2750:
2575:
2500:
2375:
2300:
2170:
2145:
2070:
1945:
1881:
1343:
976:
957:
824:
340:
2028:
2976:
2855:
2555:
2440:
2310:
2305:
2195:
1348:
1312:
996:
412:
1036:
and Vortigern ruled the country through him until he finally managed Constans' death by insurgent
2935:
2875:
2780:
2730:
2465:
2355:
2160:
1962:
1386:
1307:
1021:
734:
698:
318:
1067:
540:) and lacking judgement, which is understandable, as these mercenaries proved to be faithless.
3035:
2997:
2991:
2986:
2850:
2815:
2685:
2635:
2525:
2060:
2014:
2005:
1742:
1671:
1633:
1608:
1583:
1556:
1487:
1477:
1449:
1335:
1199:
1045:
903:
817:
638:
451:
427:
408:
1577:
1550:
3097:
2835:
2810:
2570:
2515:
2490:
2115:
1896:
1767:
1352:
1317:
1243:
1145:
1124:
1108:
1079:
1072:
918:
813:
738:
455:
285:
3190:
2981:
2905:
2765:
2755:
2655:
2645:
2640:
2620:
2565:
2510:
2435:
2210:
1025:
828:
707:
661:
439:
435:
1410:
812:
troops, then to the rest of Kent in exchange for marriage to Hengest's daughter, then to
781:
Genealogical material about Vortigern's ancestry, including the names of his four sons (
3040:
2845:
2820:
2660:
2535:
2280:
2235:
2205:
2175:
2165:
2021:
1800:
1712:
1203:
1104:
1033:
984:
William does, however, add some detail, no doubt because of a good local knowledge, in
879:
805:
642:
628:
554:
368:
360:
332:
205:
64:
1534:
917:
were put into their current form during the 9th century, probably during the reign of
3144:
2870:
2725:
2580:
2370:
1999:
1734:
1303:
1235:
1224:
741:. Chapter 66 gives important chronological calculations, mostly on Vortigern and the
730:
262:
3060:
2865:
2735:
2670:
2665:
2540:
1978:
1263:
883:
575:
544:
1654:
The History of the Kings of England and the Modern History of William of Malmsbury
1506:
1010:
The story of Vortigern adopted its best-known form in Geoffrey's pseudohistorical
3080:
2930:
2885:
2860:
2680:
2455:
2335:
2095:
2050:
1690:
Snyder, Christopher A., The Britons, John Wiley & Sons, Apr 15, 2008, p. 155
1299:
1251:
1208:
1169:
1120:
1083:
926:
832:
766:
715:
678:
591:, writing in the early- to mid-8th century. He mostly paraphrases Gildas in his
443:
147:
423:. His existence is contested by scholars and information about him is obscure.
2690:
2495:
2485:
2345:
2340:
2325:
2320:
2125:
2100:
2075:
2055:
1287:
1267:
1220:
1136:
1087:
843:
relates four battles occurring in Kent, apparently related to material in the
798:
509:
348:
1763:
3055:
3003:
2915:
2805:
2790:
2775:
2760:
2505:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2420:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2260:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2190:
2130:
2085:
2080:
1804:
1491:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1181:
1095:
570:
804:
The story of why Vortigern granted land in Britain to the Saxons, first to
524:. Gildas never addresses Vortigern as the king of Britain. He is termed a
438:, whereupon they revolted, killing his son in the process and forming the
3015:
2925:
2880:
2785:
2720:
2715:
2695:
2675:
2630:
2625:
2600:
2595:
2450:
2430:
2390:
2360:
2350:
2315:
2270:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2240:
2155:
2120:
2105:
2090:
2065:
1906:
1866:
1856:
1275:
1173:
1158:
1154:
1119:
It has occasionally been suggested by scholars that Vortigern might be a
932:
There is dispute as to when the material was written which comprises the
907:
850:
790:
782:
665:
17:
3050:
3045:
2910:
2900:
2890:
2830:
2770:
2710:
2610:
2605:
2590:
2585:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2520:
2460:
2445:
2150:
2135:
1914:
1535:
Lupack, Alan. "Vortigern", The Camelot Project, University of Rochester
1283:
1239:
786:
748:
Excluding what is taken from Gildas, there are a number of traditions:
703:
657:
525:
404:
1341:
One of Vortigern's most notorious literary appearances is in the play
1127:
literally means "Great King" or "Overlord", composed of the elements *
3030:
2971:
2895:
2825:
2705:
2700:
2650:
2425:
2415:
2365:
2330:
2275:
2250:
2215:
2140:
2045:
1791:
1699:
1448:. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 305.
1360:
1052:
794:
757:
711:
520:(Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I.27) (13th century) calls him
490:
472:
420:
268:
114:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1737:(1991). "(Samuel) William Henry Ireland". In Lacy, Norris J (ed.).
2940:
2740:
2395:
2380:
2185:
2180:
1351:
when it first emerged in 1796. However, it was soon revealed as a
1279:
1255:
1212:
1091:
1066:
1037:
995:
756:. These excerpts describe Germanus of Auxerre's incident with one
677:
646:
447:
431:
261:
631:
source or a lost version of Gildas. Bede also gives names in the
2615:
2530:
922:
588:
548:
416:
1918:
1407:, chapter XXIII, text and translation of the quoted passage in
1391:
Spiers and Surenne's English and French Pronouncing Dictionary
1153:
a type of local ruler - literally "pledge chief") in medieval
426:
He may have been the "superbus tyrannus" said to have invited
141:
79:
38:
910:. The year 455 is the last date when Vortigern is mentioned.
306:
294:
1334:(above right). He was also featured in literature, such as
1059:, only to assume the throne again when Vortimer is killed.
1607:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. p. 71.
702:(History of the Britons) was attributed until recently to
303:
898:
as the place where the Saxons first landed, dated 465 in
300:
1185:
964:
added much to the unfavourable assessment of Vortigern:
489:" made the mistake of inviting "the fierce and impious
1445:
An Age of Tyrants: Britain and the Britons A.D. 400–600
1168:
was a regular one in Brittonic personal names (compare
641:, specifically identifying their tribes as the Saxons,
568:) and whether they are legal terms used in a treaty of
103:
1552:
Warlords: The Struggle for Power in Post-Roman Britain
1234:
Other fortifications associated with Vortigern are at
1632:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paull. pp. 36–39.
1467:
1465:
587:
The first extant text considering Gildas' account is
309:
1582:. New York; London: Routledge. pp. xxi–xxviii.
1476:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 58.
297:
291:
2964:
2038:
1989:
1952:
288:
172:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1148:
714:(perhaps confusing Vortigern with the Welsh king
1668:A New Cornish–English English Cornish Dictionary
1298:Vortigern's story remained well known after the
1139:
415:or at least connoted as such in the writings of
1764:"William Henry Ireland's Shakespeare Forgeries"
967:
326:
1930:
944:took its material from a source close to the
886:", which is not unusual for this part of the
8:
1355:written by the play's purported discoverer,
1115:Vortigern as title rather than personal name
1107:, and gave a line of descent leading to the
849:(see below). It claims that Vortigern's son
594:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1176:, Ritigern, Tigernmaglus, et al.) and, as *
1123:, rather than a personal name. The name in
632:
618:
608:
382:
376:
73:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3071:Locations associated with Arthurian legend
1937:
1923:
1915:
1811:
1338:'s poems about the beginnings of England.
1051:Geoffrey identifies Hengest's daughter as
686:MS 6 folio 43v illustrating an episode in
1630:Historical Writing in England c.550-c1307
1544:
1542:
1001:The First Meeting of Vortigern and Rowena
250:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:Learn how and when to remove this message
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
1530:
1528:
1526:
1434:
1432:
2296:Constantine III (Western Roman Emperor)
1377:
1347:, which was promoted as a lost work of
3111:
913:The annals for the 5th century in the
620:Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum
27:5th-century ruler in Sub-Roman Britain
471:The 6th-century cleric and historian
7:
3026:List of legendary rulers of Cornwall
2286:Constans II (son of Constantine III)
1656:, London: W. Bulmer & Co., 1815.
1135:"king, lord, chief, ruler" (compare
442:. It is said that he took refuge in
170:adding citations to reliable sources
1198:A valley on the north coast of the
1028:. After the death of their father,
483:On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain
3196:People whose existence is disputed
3021:List of legendary kings of Britain
1805:"Anglo-Saxon Portraits: Vortigern"
1741:. New York: Garland. p. 244.
1405:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
478:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
25:
1393:. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
1306:. He is a major character in two
940:. Some historians argue that the
936:, and it could be later than the
743:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain
54:This article has multiple issues.
3122:
3110:
284:
146:
84:
43:
157:needs additional citations for
62:or discuss these issues on the
3092:Vera historia de morte Arthuri
1739:The New Arthurian Encyclopedia
769:about the time of writing the
637:to the leaders of the Saxons,
512:162, 12th century), refers to
1:
1666:Morton Nance, Robert (1991).
1512:Dictionary of Welsh Biography
856:The stories preserved in the
3151:5th-century English monarchs
627:form may reflect an earlier
446:, and that his grave was in
3086:Trojan genealogy of Nennius
2386:Eldol, Consul of Gloucester
808:in exchange for service as
729:. Chapters 50–55 deal with
664:, and the forty-sixth from
430:to aid him in fighting the
110:the claims made and adding
3227:
3156:5th-century Welsh monarchs
3076:Treason of the Long Knives
1628:Gransden, Antonia (1974).
1603:Jones, Michael E. (1988).
1472:Jones, Michael E. (1996).
32:Vortigern (disambiguation)
29:
3106:
2951:Æthelfrith of Northumbria
1971:Historia Regum Britanniae
1903:
1894:
1888:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1853:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1826:Consul of the Gewisseans
1824:
1819:
1814:
1579:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
1576:Swanton, Michael (1998).
1517:National Library of Wales
1417:. Vortigernstudies.org.uk
1111:, who erected the cross.
1013:Historia Regum Britanniae
727:Saint Germanus of Auxerre
689:Historia Regum Britanniae
482:
3066:Siege of Exeter (c. 630)
1711:Vermaat, Robert (2002).
1605:The End of Roman Britain
1549:Laycock, Stuart (2011).
1474:The End of Roman Britain
986:De Gestis Regum Anglorum
660:being made emperor with
3186:Legendary British kings
2201:Camber (legendary king)
2111:Augustine of Canterbury
1700:vortigernstudies.org.uk
1670:. Redruth: Agan Tavas.
1507:"Gwrtheyrn (Vortigern)"
1505:Williams, Ifor (1959).
1186:
1149:
1140:
1078:The inscription on the
896:Battle of Wippedesfleot
752:Material quoted from a
549:
344:
327:
322:
3010:Gesta Regum Britanniae
2801:Quintus Laberius Durus
2796:Publius Septimius Geta
1652:John Sharpe (trans.),
1440:Snyder, Christopher A.
1411:"Gildas and Vortigern"
1164:However, the element *
1075:
1007:
972:
754:Life of Saint Germanus
693:
684:Lambeth Palace Library
633:
619:
609:
387:, etc.), also spelled
383:
377:
372:
364:
336:
276:
2746:Oswald of Northumbria
2291:Constantine the Great
1555:. The History Press.
1357:William Henry Ireland
1323:Hengist, King of Kent
1109:royal family of Powys
1070:
1020:the older brother of
999:
962:William of Malmesbury
952:William of Malmesbury
874:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
866:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
846:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
681:
600:The Reckoning of Time
411:, known perhaps as a
265:
3181:House of Gwertherion
3161:Arthurian characters
2751:Oswiu of Northumbria
2576:Julius Asclepiodotus
2501:Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio
2376:Edwin of Northumbria
2301:Constantine (Briton)
2171:Budic II of Brittany
2146:Bledric ap Custennin
2071:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1946:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1882:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1762:Boese, Alex (2002).
1713:"Art and Literature"
1344:Vortigern and Rowena
1332:Vortigern and Rowena
1229:Geoffrey of Monmouth
1131:"over-, super" and *
1082:, a mid-9th century
992:Geoffrey of Monmouth
988:book I, chapter 23.
977:Gesta Regum Anglorum
958:Geoffrey of Monmouth
956:Writing soon before
825:Ambrosius Aurelianus
403:, was a 5th-century
166:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
2977:Battle of Arfderydd
2856:Silvius (mythology)
2556:Ingenius of Britain
2441:Gogmagog (folklore)
2311:Cordelia of Britain
2306:Constantius Chlorus
2196:Cadwallon ap Cadfan
1803:(15 October 2012).
1715:. Vortigern Studies
1349:William Shakespeare
1313:The Birth of Merlin
413:king of the Britons
3201:Sub-Roman monarchs
2956:Œthelwald of Deira
2946:Æthelberht of Kent
2936:Wulfhere of Mercia
2876:Son of Gorbonianus
2781:Pir of the Britons
2731:Nennius of Britain
2466:Gracianus Municeps
2356:Dunvallo Molmutius
2161:Brutus Greenshield
1963:Prophetiae Merlini
1385:Spiers, A (1892).
1365:Drury Lane Theatre
1219:) or his tower at
1103:, the daughter of
1076:
1057:Historia Brittonum
1022:Aurelius Ambrosius
1008:
942:Historia Brittonum
934:Historia Brittonum
902:and thought to be
858:Historia Brittonum
841:Historia Brittonum
771:Historia Brittonum
723:Historia Brittonum
699:Historia Brittonum
694:
673:Historia Brittonum
487:that proud usurper
277:
95:possibly contains
3176:English mythology
3138:
3137:
3036:Matter of Britain
2998:Brut y Tywysogion
2992:Battle of Guoloph
2987:Battle of Camlann
2851:Septimius Severus
2816:Regan (King Lear)
2686:Marius of Britain
2636:Lucius of Britain
2526:Hengist and Horsa
2061:Alhfrith of Deira
2015:Brut y Brenhinedd
1913:
1912:
1904:Succeeded by
1879:Succeeded by
1854:Succeeded by
1815:Legendary titles
1793:Vortigern Studies
1562:978-0-7524-7560-8
1483:978-0-8014-2789-3
1415:Vortigern Studies
1409:Vermaat, Robert.
1336:John Lesslie Hall
1046:Battle of Guoloph
1016:. Geoffrey names
797:, the civitas of
639:Hengist and Horsa
495:settle in Britain
462:Medieval accounts
428:Hengist and Horsa
260:
259:
252:
242:
241:
234:
216:
140:
139:
132:
97:original research
77:
16:(Redirected from
3218:
3171:English folklore
3166:Arthurian legend
3129:Wikisource texts
3126:
3114:
3113:
3098:Walter of Oxford
2836:Rud Hud Hudibras
2811:Redon of Britain
2571:Julius and Aaron
2516:Helena (empress)
2491:Gurguit Barbtruc
2116:Aurelius Conanus
1939:
1932:
1925:
1916:
1901:c. 418 – c. 435
1889:Preceded by
1873:King of Britain
1864:Preceded by
1837:Preceded by
1812:
1808:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1768:Museum of Hoaxes
1759:
1753:
1752:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1546:
1537:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1436:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1353:literary forgery
1328:William Hamilton
1318:Thomas Middleton
1310:, the anonymous
1302:, especially in
1294:Later portrayals
1244:Bradford on Avon
1189:
1152:
1143:
1080:Pillar of Eliseg
1073:Pillar of Eliseg
1063:Pillar of Eliseg
1030:Constantinus III
1005:William Hamilton
980:
919:Alfred the Great
636:
622:
612:
552:
484:
386:
380:
330:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
255:
248:
237:
230:
226:
223:
217:
215:
174:
150:
142:
135:
128:
124:
121:
115:
112:inline citations
88:
87:
80:
69:
47:
46:
39:
21:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3211:Welsh mythology
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3102:
2982:Battle of Badon
2960:
2906:Uther Pendragon
2766:Penda of Mercia
2756:Owain mab Urien
2656:Maelgwn Gwynedd
2646:Lud son of Heli
2641:Lucius Tiberius
2621:Leir of Britain
2566:Jago of Britain
2511:Queen Gwendolen
2436:Goffar the Pict
2211:Capetus Silvius
2034:
1985:
1948:
1943:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1850:
1847:King of Britain
1842:
1801:Cunliffe, Barry
1799:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1524:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1296:
1196:
1184:cognate of it,
1117:
1065:
1026:Uther Pendragon
994:
982:
974:
954:
925:in the form of
869:
708:Bangor, Gwynedd
676:
610:Chronica Maiora
585:
518:Mommsen's MS. X
469:
464:
440:Kingdom of Kent
287:
283:
256:
245:
244:
243:
238:
227:
221:
218:
175:
173:
163:
151:
136:
125:
119:
116:
101:
89:
85:
48:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3224:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:Welsh folklore
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3143:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3120:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:Molmutine Laws
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Sawyl Penuchel
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Rhydderch Hael
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2661:Magnus Maximus
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2536:Humber the Hun
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2281:Conan Meriadoc
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Cassivellaunus
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Cap of Britain
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Cadfan ap Iago
2173:
2168:
2166:Brutus of Troy
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:. BBC Radio 3.
1797:
1787:
1786:External links
1784:
1781:
1780:
1754:
1747:
1735:Ashe, Geoffrey
1726:
1703:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1658:
1645:
1638:
1620:
1613:
1595:
1588:
1568:
1561:
1538:
1522:
1497:
1482:
1461:
1454:
1428:
1396:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1308:Jacobean plays
1295:
1292:
1290:in Wiltshire.
1274:in Wiltshire,
1204:Nant Gwrtheyrn
1200:Llŷn Peninsula
1195:
1192:
1116:
1113:
1105:Magnus Maximus
1064:
1061:
1034:puppet monarch
993:
990:
966:
953:
950:
868:
862:
837:
836:
831:found beneath
821:
802:
779:
762:
761:
706:, a monk from
675:
670:
584:
581:
499:Romano-British
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:Kings of Powys
452:Llŷn Peninsula
274:William Harvey
267:Vortigern and
258:
257:
240:
239:
154:
152:
145:
138:
137:
92:
90:
83:
78:
52:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3223:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3131:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:Sisillius III
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:Myrddin Wyllt
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:Julius Caesar
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2371:Edern ap Nudd
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2002:
2001:
2000:Roman de Brut
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1897:King of Powys
1887:
1883:
1876:second reign
1874:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1748:0-8240-4377-4
1744:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1714:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1677:1-901409-03-1
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1639:0-7100-7476-X
1635:
1631:
1624:
1621:
1616:
1614:0-8014-8530-4
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1589:0-415-92129-5
1585:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:0-271-01780-5
1451:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:'s 1793 work
1329:
1325:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1304:Great Britain
1301:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:Herefordshire
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1194:Local legends
1193:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:, painted by
1002:
998:
991:
989:
987:
981:
979:
978:
971:
965:
963:
959:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
875:
867:
863:
861:
859:
854:
852:
848:
847:
842:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
774:
772:
768:
759:
755:
751:
750:
749:
746:
744:
740:
739:Welsh history
736:
732:
731:Saint Patrick
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
691:
690:
685:
680:
674:
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
630:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
602:
601:
596:
595:
590:
582:
580:
577:
573:
572:
567:
563:
558:
556:
551:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
480:
479:
474:
466:
461:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
379:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
324:
320:
314:
281:
275:
271:
270:
264:
254:
251:
236:
233:
225:
214:
211:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183: –
182:
178:
177:Find sources:
171:
167:
161:
160:
155:This article
153:
149:
144:
143:
134:
131:
123:
113:
109:
105:
99:
98:
93:This article
91:
82:
81:
76:
74:
67:
66:
61:
60:
55:
50:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3128:
3116:
3090:
3061:River Malvam
3008:
2996:
2920:
2866:Sisillius II
2736:Octa of Kent
2671:Queen Marcia
2666:Mandubracius
2541:Iago ap Beli
2027:
2020:
2013:
2007:
1998:
1991:Translations
1979:Vita Merlini
1977:
1969:
1961:
1895:
1872:
1851:first reign
1845:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1792:
1771:. Retrieved
1757:
1738:
1729:
1717:. Retrieved
1706:
1695:
1686:
1667:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1629:
1623:
1604:
1598:
1578:
1571:
1551:
1510:
1500:
1473:
1444:
1419:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1399:
1390:
1380:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1321:
1311:
1297:
1264:Old Carlisle
1254:in Gwynedd,
1233:
1228:
1216:
1197:
1177:
1165:
1163:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1094:, gives the
1077:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1011:
1009:
1000:
985:
983:
975:
973:
968:
955:
945:
941:
937:
933:
931:
914:
912:
900:Wippedsfleot
899:
894:locates the
891:
887:
872:
870:
865:
857:
855:
844:
840:
838:
827:and the two
823:The tale of
809:
770:
763:
753:
747:
722:
720:
697:
695:
687:
682:Detail from
672:
655:
650:
624:
614:
613:) and later
604:
598:
592:
586:
569:
565:
561:
559:
545:Anglo-Saxons
542:
537:
533:
529:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
486:
476:
470:
425:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:Uuertigernus
356:
352:
279:
278:
266:
246:
228:
219:
209:
202:
195:
188:
176:
164:Please help
159:verification
156:
126:
117:
94:
70:
63:
57:
56:Please help
53:
36:
3081:Trinovantum
2931:Vortiporius
2886:Tasciovanus
2861:Sisillius I
2681:Marganus II
2456:Gorbonianus
2336:Saint David
2096:King Arthur
2051:Saint Alban
2029:Merlínússpá
2022:Breta sögur
1387:"Vortigern"
1300:Middle Ages
1252:Carn Fadryn
1209:River Teifi
1202:, known as
1178:wortigernos
1121:royal title
1090:, northern
1084:stone cross
833:Dinas Emrys
767:Isle of Man
716:Vortiporius
662:Valentinian
625:Vertigernus
615:Vurtigernus
605:Vertigernus
522:Gurthigerno
508:(Avranches
444:North Wales
378:Vertigernus
373:Vortigernus
341:Old English
328:Guorthegern
323:Guorthigirn
181:"Vortigern"
3145:Categories
2691:Mempricius
2496:Gurgustius
2486:Gurgintius
2346:Diocletian
2341:Digueillus
2326:Cunobeline
2321:Cunedagius
2126:Beldgabred
2101:Arvirargus
2076:Amphibalus
2056:Albanactus
2039:Characters
2006:Layamon's
1421:28 January
1372:References
1288:Stonehenge
1268:Cumberland
1262:in Dyfed,
1221:The Doward
1187:Foirtchern
1150:myghtygern
1137:Old Breton
1088:Llangollen
927:epic poems
799:Gloucester
514:Uortigerno
481:(English:
397:Voertigern
365:Foirtchern
349:Old Breton
192:newspapers
104:improve it
59:improve it
3117:Wikiquote
3056:Riothamus
3004:Excalibur
2921:Vortigern
2916:Vespasian
2806:Redechius
2791:Porrex II
2776:Peredurus
2761:Pandrasus
2506:Gwenddydd
2481:Guithelin
2476:Guinevere
2471:Guiderius
2421:Fulgenius
2411:Eudaf Hen
2406:Estrildis
2401:Enniaunus
2261:Cledaucus
2231:Carausius
2226:Caradocus
2221:Caracalla
2191:Cadwaladr
2131:Beli Mawr
2086:Archgallo
2081:Andragius
1982:(c. 1150)
1974:(c. 1136)
1966:(c. 1135)
1272:Old Sarum
1260:Llandysul
1248:Wiltshire
1217:"Nennius"
1182:Old Irish
1170:Kentigern
1141:machtiern
1125:Brittonic
1096:Old Welsh
946:Chronicle
938:Chronicle
915:Chronicle
904:Ebbsfleet
892:Chronicle
888:Chronicle
810:foederati
574:, a late
571:foederati
555:Brittonic
538:infaustus
534:civitates
357:Gurthiern
345:Wyrtgeorn
337:Gwrtheyrn
319:Old Welsh
280:Vortigern
108:verifying
65:talk page
3016:Lailoken
2926:Vortimer
2881:Taliesin
2786:Porrex I
2721:Morvidus
2716:Morgause
2696:Merianus
2676:Marganus
2631:King Lot
2626:Locrinus
2601:Kinarius
2596:Kimarcus
2451:Gorboduc
2431:Gerennus
2391:Elidurus
2361:Ebraucus
2351:Dionotus
2316:Corineus
2271:Coel Hen
2266:Clotenus
2256:Claudius
2246:Catigern
2241:Catellus
2156:Brennius
2121:Bedivere
2106:Ascanius
2091:Archmail
2066:Allectus
1907:Catigern
1867:Vortimer
1857:Vortimer
1840:Constans
1492:34029750
1442:(1998).
1403:Gildas,
1276:Rhayader
1256:Clwyd in
1174:Catigern
1166:tigerno-
1159:Cornwall
1155:Brittany
1133:tigerno-
1018:Constans
908:Ramsgate
851:Vortimer
791:Catigern
783:Vortimer
778:process.
666:Augustus
634:Historia
617:(in his
607:(in his
566:epimenia
557:source.
530:tyrannus
434:and the
401:Vortigen
393:Vortigan
389:Vortiger
353:Gurdiern
222:May 2017
120:May 2017
18:Vortigan
3051:Pridwen
3046:Nennius
2911:Venissa
2901:Urianus
2891:Trahern
2831:Rivallo
2771:Peredur
2711:Mordred
2611:Lavinia
2606:Latinus
2591:Keredic
2586:Sir Kay
2561:Innogen
2551:Igraine
2546:Idvallo
2521:Helenus
2461:Gorlois
2446:Goneril
2151:Bledudo
2136:Belinus
1891:Vitalis
1831:Unknown
1821:Unknown
1795:website
1773:28 July
1284:Snowdon
1258:Powys,
1240:Gwynedd
1146:Cornish
882:" and "
880:British
829:dragons
787:Pascent
735:English
704:Nennius
658:Marcian
623:). The
562:annonas
526:usurper
450:or the
409:Britain
405:warlord
206:scholar
102:Please
3191:Merlin
3031:Logres
2972:Avalon
2965:Topics
2896:Turnus
2826:Rience
2706:Millus
2701:Merlin
2651:Maddan
2426:Gawain
2416:Ferrex
2366:Edadus
2331:Danius
2276:Coilus
2251:Cherin
2216:Capoir
2141:Bladud
2046:Aeneas
1745:
1719:28 May
1674:
1636:
1611:
1586:
1559:
1490:
1480:
1452:
1361:London
1101:Sevira
1053:Rowena
890:. The
818:Sussex
806:Thanet
795:Glevum
758:Benlli
712:incest
643:Angles
629:Celtic
550:cyulis
516:; and
491:Saxons
475:wrote
473:Gildas
467:Gildas
421:Gildas
269:Rowena
208:
201:
194:
187:
179:
2941:Ywain
2741:Oenus
2396:Eliud
2381:Eldol
2186:Cador
2181:Cadoc
1954:Works
1280:Powys
1236:Arfon
1213:Dyfed
1092:Wales
1038:Picts
923:sagas
906:near
884:Welsh
814:Essex
647:Jutes
576:Roman
506:MS. A
493:" to
448:Dyfed
436:Scots
432:Picts
369:Latin
361:Irish
333:Welsh
213:JSTOR
199:books
2841:Runo
2616:Leil
2531:Hoel
2008:Brut
1775:2010
1743:ISBN
1721:2009
1672:ISBN
1634:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1584:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1488:OCLC
1478:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1423:2010
1316:and
1286:and
1157:and
1129:wor-
1071:The
1024:and
871:The
864:The
839:The
816:and
737:and
721:The
696:The
651:H.E.
645:and
597:and
589:Bede
583:Bede
419:and
417:Bede
399:and
185:news
1363:'s
1320:'s
1278:in
1266:in
1246:in
1238:in
1231:).
1223:in
1211:in
1086:in
407:in
307:ɜːr
295:ɔːr
272:by
168:by
106:by
3147::
1766:.
1541:^
1525:^
1515:.
1509:.
1486:.
1464:^
1431:^
1413:.
1389:.
1282:,
1270:,
1250:,
1242:,
1172:,
1161:.
1144:,
1040:.
960:,
948:.
929:.
789:,
785:,
745:.
564:,
510:MS
501:.
458:.
395:,
391:,
381:,
375:,
371::
367:;
363::
359:;
355:,
351::
347:;
343::
339:;
335::
331:;
325:,
321::
317:;
304:dʒ
68:.
1938:e
1931:t
1924:v
1777:.
1751:.
1723:.
1680:.
1642:.
1617:.
1592:.
1565:.
1519:.
1494:.
1458:.
1425:.
1227:(
1215:(
878:"
835:.
801:.
649:(
528:(
313:/
310:n
301:ɪ
298:t
292:v
289:ˈ
286:/
282:(
253:)
247:(
235:)
229:(
224:)
220:(
210:·
203:·
196:·
189:·
162:.
133:)
127:(
122:)
118:(
100:.
75:)
71:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
