410:
407:
408:
http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCNML.jsp?coluid=55&kindid=1160&docid=100107474)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCNML.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100151090)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/5/1/0/100151090.html?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100151090&mdate=0911123624)(http://www.chinareviewnews.com/crn-webapp/doc/docDetailCreate.jsp?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624%7C)
188:, maids, queen, and princesses, doing most of the work. The only man allowed in the palace was the emperor, the only others allowed were his women and the eunuchs since they were not able to have sexual relations with the women. The eunuchs were assigned to do work for the palace women like massaging and applying make-up to the women and preparing them for sex with the emperor.
263:
escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into
Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out up to 100 Chinese men remained captive in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the Vietnamese
345:
169:
The
Vietnamese under Emperor Le Thanh Tong cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained
179:
in a painful procedure by removing the entire genitalia with both penis and testicles being cut off with a sharp knife or metal blade. The procedure was agonizing since the entire penis was cut off. The young man's thighs and abdomen would be tied, and others would pin him down on a table. The
174:
slaves to the
Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in trade between China and Vietnam, and that they were punished after a Vietnamese crackdown on trade with foreign countries. Records show that the
264:
after their ships were blown off course into
Vietnam. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.
1653:
Simplified
Chinese:○满剌加国使臣端亚妈剌的那查等奏成化五年本国使臣微者然那入贡还至当洋被风漂至安南国微者然那与其傔从俱为其国所杀其余黥为官奴而幼者皆为所害又言安南据占城城池欲并吞满剌加之地本国以皆为王臣未敢兴兵与战适安南使臣亦来朝端亚妈剌的那查乞与廷辨兵部尚书陈钺以为此已往事不必深校宜戒其将来 上乃因安南使臣还谕其王黎灏曰尔国与满剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦结好藩屏王室岂可自恃富强以干国典以贪天祸满剌加使臣所奏朝廷虽未轻信尔亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其国复谕满剌加使臣曰自古圣王之驭四夷不追咎于既往安南果复侵陵尔国宜训练士马以御之 Traditional
1302:
1654:
Chinese:○滿剌加國使臣端亞媽剌的那查等奏成化五年本國使臣微者然那入貢還至當洋被風漂至安南國微者然那與其傔從俱為其國所殺其餘黥為官奴而幼者皆為所害又言安南據占城城池欲併吞滿剌加之地本國以皆為王臣未敢興兵與戰適安南使臣亦來朝端亞媽剌的那查乞與廷辨兵部尚書陳鉞以為此已往事不必深校宜戒其將來 上乃因安南使臣還諭其王黎灝曰爾國與滿剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦結好藩屏王室豈可自恃富強以幹國典以貪天禍滿剌加使臣所奏朝廷雖未輕信爾亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其國複諭滿剌加使臣曰自古聖王之馭四夷不追咎于既往安南果複侵陵爾國宜訓練士馬以禦之
349:
219:'s rule (1447–1487) . Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, but since he was the youngest, Wu Rui was selected for castration since he was the only young man and became a eunuch attendant at the Vietnamese imperial palace in
862:
1582:
Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume
1505:
Simplified
Chinese:○癸亥广东守珠池奉御陈彝奏南海县民为风飘至安南国被其国王编以为军其后逸归言中国人飘泊被留及所为阉禁者百余人奏下户部请移文巡抚镇守等官禁约军民人等毋得指以□贩私通番国且令守珠军人设法堤备从之 Traditional Chinese:○癸亥廣東守珠池奉禦陳彝奏南海縣民為風飄至安南國被其國王編以為軍其後逸歸言中國人飄泊被留及所為閹禁者百余人奏下戶部請移文巡撫鎮守等官禁約軍民人等毋得指以□販私通番國且令守珠軍人設法堤備從之
1261:
Simplified
Chinese:○金星昼见于辰位○辛卯吴瑞者广东文昌县人成化中与同乡刘求等十三人于钦州贸易遭风飘至安南海边罗者得之送本国求等俱发屯田以瑞独少宫之弘治十年国王黎灏卒瑞往东津点军得谅山卫军杨三知归路缘山行九日达龙州主头目韦琛家谋告守备官送还琛不欲久之安南国知之恐泄其国事遣探儿持百金为赎琛少之议未决而凭祥州知州李广宁闻之卒兵夺送于分守官都御史邓廷瓒遣送至京礼部请罪琛为边人之戒奖广宁为土官之劝从之瑞送司礼监给役 Traditional
1306:
399:
223:. After years of service, he was promoted at the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam. A soldier told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to
1262:
Chinese:○金星晝見於辰位○辛卯吳瑞者廣東文昌縣人成化中與同鄉劉求等十三人於欽州貿易遭風飄至安南海邊羅者得之送本國求等俱發屯田以瑞獨少宮之弘治十年國王黎灝卒瑞往東津點軍得諒山衛軍楊三知歸路緣山行九日達龍州主頭目韋琛家謀告守備官送還琛不欲久之安南國知之恐洩其國事遣探兒持百金為贖琛少之議未決而憑祥州知州李廣寧聞之卒兵奪送於分守官都御史鄧廷瓚遣送至京禮部請罪琛為邊人之戒獎廣寧為土官之勸從之瑞送司禮監給役
870:
1386:
Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "DVSK Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 12: Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472) ... Phần 1(Đại Việt Sử Ký Bản Kỷ Thực Lục Quyển XII Kỷ Nhà Lê Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế)".
1032:
1137:
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184:
such as the beard would fall off and the eunuch's voice would become like a girl's. The eunuchs served as slaves to the
Vietnamese palace women in the harem like the consorts,
1062:
536:
476:此外,沿海平民在海上航行或捕撈漁獵,遇風漂流至越南者時有發生。如成化十三年, 廣東珠池奉御陳彜奏:南海縣民遭風飄至安南被編入軍隊及被閹禁者超過 100 人。5成化中, 海南文昌人吳瑞與同鄉劉求等 13 人到欽州做生意,遇風飄至安南,當局將他們"俱發屯田, 以瑞獨少,宮之"。6... 6《明孝宗實錄》卷一百五十三,弘治十二年八月辛卯。
1106:
240:
610:
396:
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Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the
Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1
698:
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1329:
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genitals would be sterilized with pepper water and then cut off. A tube would be then inserted into the urethra to allow urination during healing. Any
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919:
511:
370:
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of Annam (Vietnam) as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.
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http://www.chinareviewnews.com/doc/1001/0/7/4/100107474.html?coluid=56&kindid=1201&docid=100107474&mdate=0911123624
1737:
544:
158:
1114:
248:) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by
161:. He was forcibly castrated and enslaved as a young man by the Vietnamese after his ship was blown off course into Vietnam.
1780:
1632:
1484:
1240:
618:
1800:
293:
1795:
1363:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch (1985–1992). Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành (1993). Archived from
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684:
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Many other Chinese men were also captured by the Vietnamese not long before Wu Rui, a 1472 entry in the
1387:
1392:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch (1985–1992). Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành (1993)
150:
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who were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from
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1457:
1412:
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1208:
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268:
1563:
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489:
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73:
50:
460:
414:
403:
260:
224:
21:
430:
227:. The local chief planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese, but Wu was rescued by the
117:
215:), after which they ended up near the coast of Annam (Dai Viet or Vietnam), during the
1774:
1760:, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore
272:
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17:
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them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become
181:
1301:
PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (28 March 2013).
1640:
1633:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 203-大明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之二百十九"
1492:
1248:
1241:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 47-明实录孝宗实录-- > 146-明孝宗敬皇帝实录卷之一百五十三"
256:
192:
176:
1485:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 106-明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之一百六"
1328:
PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (2013-04-22).
297:
204:
185:
1620:
1432:
1228:
373:. 中國評論新聞網 (www.ChinaReviewNews.com). 2006-03-08. p. 1. Archived from
196:
322:. 中國評論學術出版社(China Review Academic Publishers Unlimited). Archived from
232:
212:
208:
200:
171:
143:
1755:
920:"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung nhà Nguyễn: Những phận đời đặc biệt"
220:
252:. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured.
296:. 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). Archived from
1330:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"
1303:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG"
1757:
Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource
1676:(illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press.
459:. 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所 南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from
244:
records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now
195:
recorded that Wu Rui was one of thirteen Chinese men from
1357:"Phần 26 (Bản kỷ thực lục Q2(a) Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472).)"
1107:"Thái giám, loại công chức đặc biệt trong cung Nguyễn"
1033:"Thái giám – người phục vụ đặc biệt trong cung Nguyễn"
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Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James, eds. (2011).
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Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993).
1063:"Thái giám và bí mật phòng the của vua chúa Việt Nam"
793:. Theo Công An Nhân Dân. 18 July 2013. Archived from
85:
1729:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
1564:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
1546:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
1528:
The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)
567:"Chuyện 'tịnh thân' hãi hùng của thái giám Việt xưa"
537:"Chuyện 'tịnh thân' hãi hùng của thái giám Việt xưa"
429:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). 2009-10-20. Archived from
863:"Hoang lạnh khu mộ địa thái giám độc nhất Việt Nam"
699:"Thê lương chuyện 'của quý' của thái giám Việt xưa"
655:"Thê lương chuyện 'của quý' của thái giám Việt xưa"
611:"Thê lương chuyện 'của quý' của thái giám Việt xưa"
116:
102:
97:
79:
72:
67:
49:
44:
35:
1142:(No.4, Vol.3, May 2013 Vietnam Heritage Magazine)
743:"Hành trình đau khổ của những hoạn quan thời xưa"
122:
108:
1069:. Theo Đất Việt. 2 August 2013. Archived from
661:. Theo Đất Việt. 8 August 2012. Archived from
1002:"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn"
977:"Những thái giám trong hậu cung triều Nguyễn"
832:"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn"
787:"Bí mật về thái giám trong cung triều Nguyễn"
55:
8:
1138:"The safe sex and thier(sic) amorous duties"
395:coluid=6&kindid=30&docid=100107474)(
1452:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p.
1175:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p.
894:"Chuyện ở khu nghĩa địa thái giám Việt Nam"
1037:queviet.pl (Hội người Việt Nam tại Ba Lan)
617:. Báo Đất Việt. 2012-08-05. Archived from
492:. 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所 南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12
271:were attacked and captured in 1469 by the
64:
1144:. Vol. 3, no. 4. Archived from
1332:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from
1305:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from
944:Lê Khắc Niên (Bee.net) (29 July 2011).
284:
1698:Lary, Diana (2007). Diana Lary (ed.).
1446:"Ming China and Its Border with Annam"
1169:"Ming China and Its Border with Annam"
1084:
830:Theo Công An Nhân Dân (18 July 2013).
808:
764:
720:
676:
632:
588:
32:
259:reported that when some Chinese from
7:
1732:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press.
1616:
1428:
1224:
1704:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press.
1039:. Khoa học Đời Sống. Archived from
235:to work as a eunuch in the palace.
892:Kim Thoa – Lê Quyết (2012-12-27).
14:
1673:The Tongking Gulf Through History
1413:The Tongking Gulf Through History
1285:The Tongking Gulf Through History
1209:The Tongking Gulf Through History
918:Phan Bùi Bảo Thy (18 July 2013).
207:'s Qin subprefecture (modern-day
1701:The Chinese State at the Borders
1450:The Chinese State at the Borders
1173:The Chinese State at the Borders
1031:Nguyễn Đắc Xuân (13 June 2010).
543:. 5 October 2012. Archived from
231:magistrate and then was sent to
153:(modern Vietnam) during Emperor
946:"Thái giám dưới thời Minh Mạng"
1726:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996).
861:Lê Quyết – GĐXH (2012-06-06).
267:Several Malay envoys from the
159:Imperial Citadel of Thang Long
123:
86:
56:
1:
1639:(in Chinese). Archived from
1491:(in Chinese). Archived from
1247:(in Chinese). Archived from
1136:Nguyen Dac Xuan (May 2013).
1008:. 2013-07-18. Archived from
490:"貿易、移殖與文化交流:15–17 世紀廣東人與越南"
454:"貿易、移殖與文化交流:15–17 世紀廣東人與越南"
1817:
975:Văn Nguyễn (24 May 2011).
15:
747:Báo Gia đình & Xã hội
130:
63:
40:
1448:. In Diana Lary (ed.).
1389:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
1361:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
1171:. In Diana Lary (ed.).
241:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư
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109:
1579:Rost (1887), p. 252
1543:Tsai (1996), p. 245
1410:Cooke (2011), p. 109
1282:Cooke (2011), p. 108
1273:《明孝宗实录》卷一五三，弘治十二年八月辛卯
1206:Cooke (2011), p. 109
705:. ĐVO. Archived from
427:"郑和下西洋与广东商人的海外移民人文历史"
175:Vietnamese performed
1791:Lê dynasty officials
1781:Ming dynasty eunuchs
1754:Wade, Geoff (2005),
1643:on 21 September 2013
1598:Rost (1887), p. 252
1561:Tsai (1996), p. 15
1525:Tsai (1996), p. 16
1516:《明宪宗实录》卷一百六，成化八年七月癸亥
1495:on 21 September 2013
1444:Leo K. Shin (2007).
1367:on 21 September 2013
1167:Leo K. Shin (2007).
1117:on 21 September 2013
326:on 21 September 2013
191:A 1499 entry in the
1801:15th-century slaves
246:Quảng Ninh Province
104:Vietnamese alphabet
1796:People from Hainan
1251:on 17 October 2013
547:on 2 December 2013
413:2021-01-31 at the
402:2015-09-04 at the
292:黄啟臣 (2008-03-16).
1148:on 18 August 2013
371:"鄭和下西洋與廣東商人的海外移民"
320:"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展"
294:"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展"
269:Malacca sultanate
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74:Standard Mandarin
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1122:
1113:. Archived from
1103:
1097:
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952:. Archived from
941:
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909:
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904:
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883:
882:
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838:. Archived from
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814:
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753:. 24 August 2011
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577:. 4 October 2012
563:
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508:
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357:
348:. Archived from
342:
336:
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331:
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310:
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217:Chenghua Emperor
146:in 15th century
126:
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845:
843:
842:on 21 July 2013
829:
828:
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797:on 21 July 2013
785:
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415:Wayback Machine
404:Wayback Machine
394:
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343:
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329:
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167:
157:'s rule at the
98:Vietnamese name
31:
12:
11:
5:
1814:
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1803:
1798:
1793:
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1710:
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867:Vĩ Nhân Online
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68:Transcriptions
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
42:
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13:
10:
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2:
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1655:
1642:
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1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:, p. 252, at
1603:
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1589:
1586:, p. 252, at
1585:
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1549:, p. 245, at
1548:
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1416:, p. 109, at
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1379:
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1358:
1351:
1348:
1336:on 2013-07-27
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1309:on 2013-12-02
1308:
1304:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:, p. 108, at
1287:
1286:
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1212:, p. 109, at
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1112:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1073:on 2013-07-18
1072:
1068:
1067:Góc Cuộc Sống
1064:
1058:
1055:
1043:on 2013-09-21
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1012:on 2013-07-21
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
982:
978:
971:
968:
956:on 2013-09-21
955:
951:
947:
940:
937:
925:
921:
914:
911:
899:
898:Người Đưa Tin
895:
888:
885:
873:on 2014-03-30
872:
868:
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833:
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796:
792:
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782:
779:
774:
768:
752:
748:
744:
738:
735:
730:
724:
709:on 2013-09-21
708:
704:
700:
694:
691:
686:
680:
665:on 2014-04-11
664:
660:
656:
650:
647:
642:
636:
621:on 2013-12-02
620:
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612:
606:
603:
598:
592:
576:
572:
568:
562:
559:
546:
542:
538:
532:
529:
518:on 2013-09-21
517:
513:
512:"郑和下西洋的旧港在哪里"
507:
504:
491:
484:
481:
477:
466:on 2013-05-29
462:
455:
448:
445:
433:on 2013-09-21
432:
428:
422:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
398:
392:
389:
377:on 2010-02-25
376:
372:
366:
363:
352:on 2020-08-08
351:
347:
341:
338:
325:
321:
315:
312:
300:on 2013-09-21
299:
295:
288:
285:
278:
276:
274:
270:
265:
262:
261:Nanhai county
258:
253:
251:
250:Le Thanh Tong
247:
243:
242:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
178:
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164:
162:
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156:
155:Le Thanh Tong
152:
149:
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142:
138:
129:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
101:
96:
84:
82:
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75:
71:
66:
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54:
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48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
28:
23:
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1762:, retrieved
1756:
1743:. Retrieved
1728:
1715:. Retrieved
1700:
1687:. Retrieved
1672:
1652:
1645:. Retrieved
1641:the original
1636:
1627:
1612:
1606:Google Books
1599:
1594:
1588:Google Books
1580:
1575:
1569:Google Books
1567:, p. 15, at
1562:
1557:
1551:Google Books
1544:
1539:
1533:Google Books
1531:, p. 16, at
1526:
1521:
1512:
1504:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1488:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1424:
1418:Google Books
1411:
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1388:
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1369:. Retrieved
1365:the original
1360:
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1334:the original
1323:
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1307:the original
1296:
1290:Google Books
1283:
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1269:
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1249:the original
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1235:
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1190:. Retrieved
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1146:the original
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751:Báo Đất Việt
750:
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658:
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314:
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298:the original
287:
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239:
237:
190:
168:
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81:Hanyu Pinyin
45:Chinese name
25:
18:Chinese name
1111:Gác Thọ Lộc
981:Báo Dân trí
950:Báo Dân trí
924:Báo Dân trí
182:facial hair
22:family name
1786:Hoa people
1775:Categories
1764:2012-11-06
1739:0791426874
1619:, p.
1431:, p.
1227:, p.
522:2013-07-28
356:2022-07-25
273:Lê dynasty
257:Ming Shilu
221:Thang Long
193:Ming Shilu
186:concubines
177:castration
148:Lê dynasty
1745:5 January
1717:4 January
1689:4 January
1617:Wade 2005
1499:5 January
1469:5 January
1429:Wade 2005
1255:5 January
1225:Wade 2005
1192:5 January
1087:cite news
1006:VnExpress
836:Zing news
811:cite news
791:Zing News
767:cite news
723:cite news
703:Treonline
679:cite news
635:cite news
591:cite news
496:5 January
470:5 January
346:"中國評論新聞網"
229:Pingxiang
205:Guangdong
141:Hainanese
1152:1 August
1121:1 August
1077:1 August
1047:1 August
1016:1 August
986:1 August
960:1 August
929:1 August
903:1 August
877:1 August
846:1 August
575:Đất Việt
571:Ngôi sao
541:Viet Bao
411:Archived
400:Archived
225:Longzhou
197:Wenchang
151:Đại Việt
110:Ngô Thụy
16:In this
1664:Sources
1647:26 July
1621:3785/86
1433:2078/79
1396:26 July
1371:26 July
1340:26 July
1313:26 July
1229:2704/05
801:27 July
757:27 July
749:. Theo
713:27 July
669:27 July
625:27 July
615:Báo Mới
581:27 July
573:. Theo
551:27 July
437:26 July
381:26 July
330:26 July
304:26 July
233:Beijing
213:Guangxi
209:Qinzhou
118:Chữ Hán
51:Chinese
1736:
1708:
1680:
1460:
1183:
201:Hainan
172:eunuch
144:eunuch
139:was a
137:Wu Rui
87:Wú Ruì
36:Wu Rui
20:, the
488:李慶新.
464:(PDF)
457:(PDF)
452:李慶新.
279:Notes
1747:2013
1734:ISBN
1719:2013
1706:ISBN
1691:2013
1678:ISBN
1649:2013
1501:2013
1471:2013
1458:ISBN
1398:2013
1373:2013
1342:2013
1315:2013
1257:2013
1194:2013
1181:ISBN
1154:2013
1123:2013
1093:link
1079:2013
1049:2013
1018:2013
988:2013
962:2013
931:2013
905:2013
879:2013
848:2013
817:link
803:2013
773:link
759:2013
729:link
715:2013
685:link
671:2013
659:2sao
641:link
627:2013
597:link
583:2013
553:2013
498:2013
472:2013
439:2013
383:2013
332:2013
306:2013
238:The
165:Life
406:) (
211:in
203:to
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