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wassail King and Queen lead the song or a processional tune to be played/sung from one orchard to the next; the wassail Queen is then lifted into the boughs of the tree where she places toast soaked in wassail from the clayen cup as a gift to the tree spirits (and to show the fruits created the previous year). In some counties, the youngest boy or "Tom Tit" will stand in for the Queen and hang the cider-soaked toast in the tree. Then an incantation is usually recited.
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772:. Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo ask Mike Nelson to provide some. When asked to explain further what exactly wassail is, they admit to having no idea. However, they offer a guess that it might be an "anti-inflammatory". Upon actually getting some, they describe it as "skunky", discovering it to be a 500-year-old batch.
624:
in the hopes that they might better thrive. The purpose of wassailing is to awaken the cider apple trees and to scare away evil spirits to ensure a good harvest of fruit in the Autumn. The ceremonies of each wassail vary from village to village but they generally all have the same core elements. A
824:, the title character's brother Niles asks to borrow his wassail bowl; when Frasier's father Martin asks why they can't just use a punch bowl, Niles retorts, "Then it wouldn't be Wassail then would it?" In response, Martin looks up 'wassail' in the dictionary, defined as 'a Christmas punch'.
844:
In Will Vinton's
Claymation Christmas Celebration, which originally aired December 21, 1987, the main characters of the special Rex and Herb talk about the term "wassail" regarding a specific Christmas carol, which is comically mis-sung by varying groups that show up throughout the show.
632:, the spirit of the oldest apple tree in an orchard, and in whom the fertility of the orchard is thought to reside. In the tale a man offers his last mug of mulled cider to the trees in his orchard and is rewarded by the Apple Tree Man who reveals to him the location of buried gold.
678:
released a song titled "The
Wassailing Song", with each member taking a verse. The release was limited to 500 7-inch pressings, given out at a concert in 1992. The version of "The Wassailing Song" performed by Blur was later adapted in a recording by
734:
also wrote a
Wassail song especially for the event called "Wassail (Give Thanks to the Earth)". The Pentacle Drummers encourage their headline acts to write a song centered around wassailing, a way to keep the tradition alive.
615:
In the cider-producing counties in the South West of
England (primarily Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Dorset, Gloucestershire, and Herefordshire) or South East England (Kent, Sussex, Essex, and Suffolk), as well as Jersey,
726:
In 2013 Folk Rock musician Wojtek
Godzisz created an arrangement of the traditional Gloucestershire Wassail words with original music for the Pentacle Drummers' first Annual Wassail festival (2013), called "Wassail".
1494:
Wassail! In Mazers of Mead: an account of mead, metheglin, sack and other ancient liquors, and of the mazer cups out of which they were drunk, with some comment upon the drinking customs of our forebears
435:(17 January) as a ritual to ask the gods for a good apple harvest. The villagers form a circle around the largest apple tree, hang pieces of toast soaked in cider in the branches for the
2577:
160:– literally meaning 'be in good health' or 'be fortunate'. It was initially used in the sense of 'hail' or 'farewell', without any drinking connotation. The English interjection "
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who close out with a cup of "traditional
British wassail". When the director cuts, they spit it out in disgust, with Bart remarking that it tasted "like hurl".
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2004:
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The earliest example of the drinking phrases in a specifically
English context comes from a manuscript of 1275, preserving a 12th-century text which has
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often had many handles for shared drinking and highly decorated lids; antique examples can still be found in traditional pubs. Hence the first
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sampled the drink and the wassailing party in
Southwest England as part of their challenge to find Britain's best Christmas drinks.
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The second expression, "drinkhail", may derive either from Old Norse or Old
English, again with a variety of spellings including
1456:
544:, during which a similar drink was had. Alternatively, the name may derive from the drink's similar appearance to the wool of
472:"Lamb's wool" or "lambswool" is an early variety of wassail, brewed from ale or mead, baked apples, sugar and various spices.
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Do the
Wassail: A Short Guide to Wassail, Songs, Customs, Recipes and Traditions: How to Have a Fine Geegaw of a Wassail!
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is fired overhead to scare away evil spirits, and the group sings the following being the (last verse):
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wæs hæil, wæshail, wessail, washayl, washail, wesseyl, wassayl, wassaile, wassaylle, wessayle, whatsaile
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Husk, William Henry. Songs of the Nativity, London: John Camden Hotten, Chiswick Press, 1884, p. 150
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either involved in door-to-door charity-giving or used to ensure a good harvest the following year.
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683:, who have stated that the arrangement bears a close resemblance to the "Gloucestershire Wassail".
403:; variations of which were known to have been sung as far back as the 1700s, and possibly earlier:
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A wassail can be performed on any date between Christmas Eve and Old Twelfth Night (January 17).
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refers to a traditional ceremony that involves singing and drinking to the health of trees on
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celebrations. By 1598 it was being applied to the custom of drinking healths on those nights.
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At Christmastide too, a second group of celebrants sang their own carols--wassail carols.
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1300, the sense had extended from a toast to the drink itself, especially to the spiced
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of the second part of "wassail", and was probably influenced by the Old English phrase.
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wassail ... drinkhail" which, the OED suggests, initially arose in England among the
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sings, "Give me one wish, and I'd be wassailing in the orchard, my English rose."
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The SAGE Encyclopedia of Alcohol: Social, Cultural, and Historical Perspectives
730:
For the Pentacle Drummers' second Wassail festival (2014), the pagan rock band
230:
drinkel, drincheheil, drechehel, drincheheil, drinceseil, drinqueheil, drinkeil
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1979:
1974:
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671:", Tim Hart singing the traditional verses and the others joining the chorus.
617:
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characteristic by the 12th century. The earliest record is of around 1140, in
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i. iv. 10 was the first record of the term's use in a more general sense of "
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1989:
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335:'s time. Later, the drink evolved to become a mulled cider made with sugar,
248:Þat freond sæiðe to freonde...Leofue freond wæs hail Þe oðer sæið Drinc hail
162:
142:
33:
3110:
2282:
1051:
BBC Early Music Show, Here We Come a-Wassailing, broadcast 28 December 2014
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entitled "Happy Holidays with Bing and Frank" released 20 December 1957.
707:, England, included a song named "Uffington Wassail" on their 2000 album
640:
557:
428:
336:
278:
122:
1547:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 361.
1424:
250:. friend..., "beloved friend, wassail!"; the other said, "drinkhail!"]
3236:
3231:
3136:
3100:
3025:
2994:
2041:
1880:
1820:
1686:
993:
820:
723:, the meaning of the song's title in this context is a little obscure.
440:
167:
1238:
Robert Nare's Glossary of the Works of English Authors, Published 1859
742:
released an EP entitled "Wassail" in 2015, named for the title track.
117:, ale, or wine and spices, drunk traditionally as an integral part of
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2198:
2168:
1954:
1900:
1681:
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were dropped and burst to create a drink called 'lambswool' drunk on
274:
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171:
37:
1196:
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1726:
634:
545:
413:
383:
are often added to the mix, and some recipes also call for beaten
376:
324:
288:
114:
46:
27:
1063:"The Communal Origins of a Festive New Year's Drinking Tradition"
3262:
2926:
1644:
480:
360:
320:
219:
213:
1555:
1388:
1536:
719:
English Civil War re-enactment society, and also to the skier
485:
392:
352:
258:
80:
1438:
628:
A folktale from Somerset reflecting this custom tells of the
1551:
841:
which he then must make to appease a mob of angry carolers.
1131:
https://archive.org/details/songsofnativityb00husk/page/150
711:. With its references to the Israeli Eurovision contestant
94:
74:
686:
In her song "Oh England My Lionheart", on the 1978 album
391:
into the drink. Great bowls turned from wood, pottery or
752:
included the track "Cornish Wassail" on her 2015 album,
141:, the word "wassail" originated as a borrowing from the
833:
holiday special episode "The Night Before Good Eats",
3342:
462:
Barn floors full and a little heap under the stairs.
106:
77:
71:
818:
During the episode "We Two Kings" on the NBC sitcom
315:
often associated with Yuletide, often drunk from a '
97:
3255:
3224:
3171:
3145:
3124:
3003:
2948:
2935:
2733:
2628:
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2370:
2092:
2013:
1924:
1801:
1655:
212:manuscripts have a variety of spellings, including
68:
1316:
1018:
958:
601:Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow,
439:, who represent the 'good spirits' of the tree. A
418:With the wassailing bowl, we'll drink unto thee.
664:Ten Man Mop, or Mr. Reservoir Butler Rides Again
1352:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 44–46.
667:(1971) with an extended, minor-key version of "
596:
579:
474:
445:
405:
234:
228:
1439:"Happy Holidays With Bing and Frank (Classic)"
410:Our toast it is white and our ale it is brown;
1567:
1517:The Whimple Wassail (Whimple History Society)
1102:"Good Eats: Twas' The Night Before Good Eats"
925:Stars and Ribbons: Winter Wassailing in Wales
766:Wassail was mentioned in the television show
460:Hats full, caps full, three bushel bags full;
8:
1199:Authentic Wassail Drink Recipe – RecipeWISE.
803:Wassail was featured on the BBC Two special
2945:
1574:
1560:
1552:
431:, the Apple Orchard Wassailing is held on
1227:Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicus, Vol. III
1407:"CD: Kate Rusby - The Frost Is All Over"
1348:Briggs, Katharine; Tongue, Ruth (1965).
1140:
1138:
603:And whence thou mayst bear apples enow!
590:An' all under one tree. Hurrah! Hurrah!
532:proposed that the term "lambswool" is a
177:The expression later became part of the
3349:
887:
1229:, by Charles Vallencey, Published 1786
1079:
1068:
953:
951:
949:
947:
359:. Modern recipes begin with a base of
2904:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
1248:Bellinger, Robin (22 December 2011).
895:Martin, Scott C. (16 December 2014).
319:'. The earliest versions were warmed
7:
1496:, Phillimore & Co. Ltd., London.
1425:"Happy Holidays with Bing and Frank"
1039:participating institution membership
979:participating institution membership
923:Ifans, Rhiannon (15 February 2022).
408:Wassail! Wassail! All over the town,
899:. SAGE Publications. p. 1804.
775:It was mentioned and explained to
738:The English progressive rock band
548:. Ale is occasionally replaced by
14:
1197:http://recipewise.co.uk/lambswool
609:And my pockets full, too! Hurra!
412:Our bowl it is made of the white
3352:
3325:
3324:
2780:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
2675:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
1373:Godzisz, Wojtek (January 2013).
1065:– via www.yesmagazine.org.
582:Here's to thee, old apple tree,
552:for children, especially around
90:
64:
1527:Wassailing history and examples
599:Here's to thee, old apple-tree,
492:Adde sugar, nutmeg, and ginger,
448:Old Apple tree, old apple tree;
2760:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
2689:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2072:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
1851:Legend of the Christmas Spider
998:Online Etymological Dictionary
877:(a related tradition in Wales)
805:Oz and Hugh Drink to Christmas
584:That blooms well, bears well.
367:or mulled ale, sometimes with
110:) is a beverage made from hot
1:
2711:Christmas television specials
2610:The New Oxford Book of Carols
1697:Annunciation to the shepherds
927:. University of Wales Press.
837:is given a wassail recipe by
792:alternative Christmas message
477:Next crowne the bowle full of
273:1603 use of "Keep wassel" in
254:
16:Hot mulled cider, ale or wine
2765:Christmas and holiday season
1457:"The Night Before Good Eats"
1179:. Pub. David & Charles.
1147:"Wassail All Over the World"
783:in a special episode of the
769:Mystery Science Theater 3000
1477:Bladey, Conrad Jay (2002).
1323:. Pantheon Books. pp.
994:"hail (interjection, etc.)"
450:We've come to wassail thee;
204:(or, in a variant reading,
3411:
1677:Adoration of the Shepherds
1507:Authentic Lambswool Recipe
1319:An Encyclopedia of Fairies
1315:Briggs, Katharine (1976).
807:, aired in December 2009.
699:The alternative rock band
607:Bushel, bushel sacks-full!
572:
528:British-Irish antiquarian
452:To bear and to bow apples
18:
3320:
2921:WWE Tribute to the Troops
2682:A Visit from St. Nicholas
2603:The Oxford Book of Carols
2179:Feast of the Seven Fishes
1742:Massacre of the Innocents
1591:
1427:– via www.imdb.com.
1026:Oxford English Dictionary
966:Oxford English Dictionary
865:Here We Come A-wassailing
661:opened their third album
399:of the traditional carol
311:Wassail is a hot, mulled
139:Oxford English Dictionary
2723:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1252:. the Paris Review Daily
639:The "Wassail Butler" of
588:Three bushel bags full,
347:, topped with slices of
21:Wassail (disambiguation)
2885:Small Business Saturday
2755:Black Friday (shopping)
2750:Black Friday (partying)
2244:Nine Lessons and Carols
2174:Events and celebrations
1544:Encyclopædia Britannica
1175:Christian, Roy (1972).
1031:Oxford University Press
971:Oxford University Press
709:Trouble over Bridgwater
657:British folk rock band
505:To make the Wassaile a
401:Gloucestershire Wassail
355:and drunk from a large
300:Illustrated London News
247:
235:
229:
220:
214:
202:wes heil ... drinc heil
2529:Post-War United States
1512:Quick Lambswool Recipe
1492:Gayre, Robert (1948).
1481:, Hutman Productions,
1078:Cite journal requires
674:The British rock band
644:
643:holding a wassail bowl
612:
593:
586:Hats full, caps full,
526:
506:
495:
465:
453:
421:
308:
194:Geoffrey of Monmouth's
161:
56:
44:
36:wassail, infused with
2578:Hit singles in the US
2573:Hit singles in the UK
2134:Carols by Candlelight
2062:Santa Claus' daughter
1670:Adoration of the Magi
1522:Making a wassail bowl
1294:England in Particular
1210:"drinking lambs-wool"
870:List of hot beverages
755:The Frost Is All Over
701:Half Man Half Biscuit
638:
605:Hats-full! Caps-full!
502:And thus ye must doe,
292:
121:, an ancient English
50:
31:
2870:Santa's Candy Castle
2194:Google Santa Tracker
1350:Folktales of England
1272:"Cornish Wassailing"
467:
331:day, still known in
125:drinking ritual and
107:WOSS-əl, -ayl
19:For other uses, see
2875:Santa Claus Village
2790:Christmas Mountains
2696:Journey of the Magi
1702:Baptism of the Lord
1461:www.foodnetwork.com
1278:on 24 October 2014.
1177:Old English Customs
1157:on 13 November 2013
1061:Zimmerman, Jereme.
1029:(Online ed.).
992:Harper, Douglas R.
969:(Online ed.).
748:-based folk singer
323:into which roasted
2985:Twelve-dish supper
2835:Jews and Christmas
2785:Christmas Lectures
2514:American Civil War
2249:NORAD Tracks Santa
1625:Saint Nicholas Day
1413:. 9 December 2015.
1216:. 4 November 2011.
785:Frank Sinatra Show
713:Dana International
645:
479:With gentle Lambs
309:
307:in a wassail bowl.
297:1842 issue of the
281:" or "revelling".
57:
45:
3340:
3339:
3316:
3315:
2980:Thirteen desserts
2900:Virginia O'Hanlon
2745:Advent Conspiracy
2659:Films (Christmas,
2651:A Christmas Carol
2596:Carols for Choirs
2139:Cavalcade of Magi
2119:Boar's Head Feast
1788:Star of Bethlehem
1759:Nativity of Jesus
1747:flight into Egypt
1632:St. Stephen's Day
1037:(Subscription or
977:(Subscription or
934:978-1-78683-826-1
794:was presented by
536:of the name of a
530:Charles Vallancey
520:Oxford Night Caps
433:Old Twelfth Night
149:corresponding to
137:According to the
40:fruit slices and
3402:
3385:Drinking culture
3357:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3163:Redcurrant sauce
2952:
2946:
2941:
2915:Winter festivals
2665:Christmas horror
2632:
2543:
2374:
2229:Meals and feasts
2149:Christmas jumper
2096:
2067:Santa's reindeer
2019:
1965:Father Christmas
1929:
1886:Santa's workshop
1807:
1769:in later culture
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
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1585:
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1414:
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1345:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1274:. Archived from
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1153:. Archived from
1151:The Grizzly Folk
1142:
1133:
1127:
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1120:
1118:
1116:
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989:
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860:Apple Wassail
858:
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848:
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836:
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781:Frank Sinatra
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736:
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669:Gower Wassail
666:
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659:Steeleye Span
652:
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623:
622:Twelfth Night
619:
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542:"Lamas Ubhal"
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296:
295:Christmas Eve
291:
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271:Shakespeare's
268:
267:Christmas Eve
264:
263:Twelfth-night
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30:
26:
22:
3375:Mixed drinks
3268:Gefilte fish
3216:Ponche crema
3051:Melomakarono
2919:
2810:Cyber Monday
2715:
2680:
2649:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2591:Music books
2584:
2422:Nazi Germany
2314:
2310:Secret Santa
2297:
2184:Flying Santa
1891:Tió de Nadal
1841:Korvatunturi
1692:Annunciation
1658:Christianity
1639:Sol Invictus
1542:
1493:
1478:
1472:Bibliography
1460:
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1442:
1433:
1419:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1318:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1293:
1290:"Wassailing"
1284:
1276:the original
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:"Wassailing"
1243:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1192:
1176:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1155:the original
1150:
1145:Wilks, Jon.
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1105:
1098:Brown, Alton
1092:
1071:cite journal
1056:
1047:
1024:
1020:"drink-hail"
1013:
1001:. Retrieved
997:
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964:
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890:
843:
839:St. Nicholas
828:
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317:wassail bowl
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303:, depicting
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201:
200:, which has
198:Rowena story
181:
176:
157:
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136:
59:
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53:Shirehampton
25:
3283:Roast goose
3204:Mulled wine
3184:Champurrado
3179:Apple cider
3153:Bread sauce
3106:Szaloncukor
3086:Pumpkin pie
3036:Gingerbread
2990:Smörgåsbord
2631:Other media
2469:Philippines
2459:New Zealand
2342:Twelve Days
2299:Räuchermann
2254:Nutcrackers
2204:Las Posadas
2164:Decorations
2144:Christingle
2084:Zwarte Piet
2079:Snegurochka
2000:Sinterklaas
1950:Santa Claus
1389:"Home page"
1300:27 December
1256:23 December
1161:13 November
835:Alton Brown
813:Hugh Dennis
777:Bing Crosby
717:Sealed Knot
538:pagan Irish
500:of ale too,
468:Lamb's wool
365:fruit juice
333:Shakespeare
325:crab apples
244:Old English
190:Anglo Saxon
186:Anglo-Danes
151:Old English
145:salutation
3390:Hot drinks
3369:Categories
3011:Candy cane
2960:Joulupöytä
2860:Pikkujoulu
2524:New Mexico
2373:By country
2347:Wassailing
2288:Poinsettia
2095:Traditions
2047:Mrs. Claus
2027:Belsnickel
1980:Julemanden
1975:Joulupukki
1906:Wenceslaus
1871:North Pole
1836:Jack Frost
1826:Christkind
1781:Neapolitan
1604:Boxing Day
1041:required.)
981:required.)
882:References
762:Television
750:Kate Rusby
618:wassailing
575:Wassailing
569:Wassailing
550:ginger ale
540:festival,
534:corruption
483: [
425:Carhampton
154:hál wes þú
147:ves heill,
127:salutation
119:wassailing
3298:Tourtière
3288:Romeritos
3225:Dumplings
3172:Beverages
3076:Pecan pie
3066:Panettone
3061:Pampushka
3056:Mince pie
3031:Fruitcake
2975:Réveillon
2855:NFL games
2850:NBA games
2845:In August
2815:Economics
2585:Billboard
2439:Indonesia
2382:Australia
2357:Yule goat
2332:Stockings
2266:Ornaments
1995:Père Noël
1990:Olentzero
1985:Noel Baba
1960:Ded Moroz
1916:Yule Lads
1856:Mari Lwyd
1707:Bethlehem
1584:Christmas
1375:"Wassail"
1110:Good Eats
1003:3 January
960:"wassail"
875:Mari Lwyd
855:Apple Day
830:Good Eats
809:Oz Clarke
746:Yorkshire
694:Kate Bush
689:Lionheart
554:Halloween
221:whatsaill
208:). Later
143:Old Norse
133:Etymology
55:, Bristol
34:simmering
32:A pot of
3331:Category
3302:meat pie
3293:Stuffing
3247:Varenyky
3116:Yule log
3091:Qurabiya
2965:Julebord
2938:Food and
2865:SantaCon
2830:El Gordo
2717:Yule Log
2489:Scotland
2402:Ethiopia
2387:Colombia
2362:Yule log
2316:Spanbaum
2293:Pyramids
2159:Crackers
2057:Sack Man
1943:folklore
1911:Yule cat
1816:Badalisc
1806:folklore
1717:Epiphany
1214:Wovember
1187:. P.113.
1100:(2009).
849:See also
732:Roxircle
705:Tranmere
641:Chepstow
558:New Year
515:—
429:Minehead
389:tempered
337:cinnamon
285:Beverage
279:carousal
261:used in
236:dringail
206:was heil
123:Yuletide
3237:Pierogi
3232:Hallaca
3137:Borscht
3101:Stollen
3071:Pavlova
3046:Makówki
3026:Cozonac
2995:Wigilia
2880:Scrooge
2840:In July
2738:society
2670:Poetry
2504:Ukraine
2479:Romania
2444:Ireland
2434:Iceland
2429:Hungary
2417:Germany
2407:Finland
2397:England
2392:Denmark
2352:Windows
2283:Piñatas
2271:Parades
2224:Markets
2209:Letters
2199:Hampers
2042:Krampus
1881:Perchta
1821:Caganer
1115:30 July
827:In the
821:Frasier
564:Culture
508:swinger
441:shotgun
427:, near
381:oranges
375:added.
170:of the
168:cognate
166:" is a
158:wes hál
60:Wassail
3345:Portal
3308:Turkey
3242:Tamale
3199:Kissel
3189:Eggnog
3146:Sauces
3132:Menudo
3111:Turrón
3021:Cookie
3004:Sweets
2970:Kūčios
2951:Dinner
2825:Grinch
2736:modern
2703:Tomten
2662:Santa,
2645:novels
2563:Operas
2551:Carols
2519:Hawaii
2499:Sweden
2494:Serbia
2484:Russia
2474:Poland
2464:Norway
2454:Mexico
2412:France
2327:Stamps
2322:Szopka
2214:Lights
2169:Didukh
2005:Others
1955:Befana
1901:Vertep
1764:in art
1732:Joseph
1682:Advent
1485:
1356:
1331:
1183:
931:
903:
715:, the
523:, 1835
489:],
437:robins
397:stanza
387:to be
377:Apples
373:sherry
369:brandy
345:nutmeg
341:ginger
329:Lammas
275:Hamlet
172:etymon
112:mulled
38:citrus
3395:Cider
3359:Drink
3041:Kutia
2940:drink
2568:Songs
2542:Music
2449:Italy
2305:Seals
2259:dolls
2189:Gifts
2129:Cards
2032:Elves
1896:Turoń
1866:Nisse
1831:Grýla
1727:Jesus
1443:Vimeo
1035:
975:
703:from
546:lambs
497:store
494:With
481:wooll
416:tree;
414:maple
349:toast
313:punch
115:cider
3263:Carp
3125:Soup
3016:Cake
2927:Xmas
2556:list
2337:Tree
2276:list
1737:Mary
1646:Yule
1483:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1325:9–10
1302:2010
1258:2011
1181:ISBN
1163:2013
1117:2024
1084:help
1005:2021
929:ISBN
901:ISBN
811:and
676:Blur
556:and
455:enow
385:eggs
361:wine
353:sops
343:and
321:mead
265:and
233:and
218:and
163:hail
3273:Ham
1803:In
779:by
486:sic
423:At
393:tin
379:or
371:or
351:as
259:ale
253:By
156:or
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