756:, and two films. The story begins at the bustling and sumptuous annual dance hosted by Kate Morkan and Julia Morkan, aunts to Gabriel Conroy, the main character. Throughout the festivities, a series of minor obligations and awkward encounters leaves Gabriel with a sense of unease, inducing self-doubt, or at least doubt in the person he presents himself as. This unease sharpens during a dinner speech in which Gabriel grandiosely ponders whether because "...we are living in a skeptical and, if I may use the phrase, a thought-tormented age", the generation currently coming of age in Ireland will begin to "lack those qualities of humanity, of hospitality, of kindly humor which belonged to an older day." High spirits and singing soon resume. Gabriel and his wife Gretta depart for their hotel in the early morning hours. This destination for Gabriel kindles both erotic possibility and deep love. However, at the hotel, Gretta, moved by a song they had just heard sung at the party, offers a tearful, long-withheld revelation that momentarily shatters Gabriel's feelings of warmth, leaving him shaken and bewildered. After Gretta drifts off to sleep, Gabriel, still rapt in the emotional wake of her revelation, gazes out the window at the falling snow and experiences a profound and unifying epiphany, one that reconciles the fears, doubts, and façades that had haunted him throughout the evening and, he seems to recognise, throughout his life to that point.
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equinoxes and solstices—still fell on different dates. By the time of the first century, the calendar date of the winter solstice in Egypt and
Palestine was eleven to twelve days later than the date in Italy. As a result, the Incarnation came to be celebrated on different days in different parts of the Empire. The Western Church, in its desire to be universal, eventually took them both—one became Christmas, one Epiphany—with a resulting twelve days in between. Over time this hiatus became invested with specific Christian meaning. The Church gradually filled these days with saints, some connected to the birth narratives in Gospels (Holy Innocents' Day, December 28, in honour of the infants slaughtered by Herod; St. John the Evangelist, "the Beloved", December 27; St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr, December 26; the Holy Family, December 31; the Virgin Mary, January 1). In 567, the Council of Tours declared the twelve days between Christmas and Epiphany to become one unified festal cycle.
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714:, the eponymous hero is elected King of festivities at the Twelfth Night celebrations held in Tom Shakeshaft's barn by receiving the slice of plum cake containing the bean; his companion Cissy obtains the pea and becomes queen, and they are seated together in a high corner to view the proceedings. The distribution has been rigged to prevent another person from gaining the role. The festivities include country dances, the introduction of a "
331:. On the last of the twelve days, called Twelfth Night, various cultures developed a wide range of additional special festivities. The variation extends even to the issue of how to count the days. If Christmas Day is the first of the twelve days, then Twelfth Night would be on January 5, the eve of Epiphany. If December 26, the day after Christmas, is the first day, then Twelfth Night falls on January 6, the evening of Epiphany itself.
522:, "Christ the King"), hosted the next week's party. Traditionally, this was a bean for the king and a pea for the queen. Parties centred around king cakes are no longer common and king cake today is usually brought to the workplace or served at parties, the recipient of the plastic baby being obligated to bring the next king cake to the next function. In some countries, Twelfth Night and Epiphany mark the start of the
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lady who finds a pea in her slice of cake becomes Queen for the night. The new King and Queen sit on a throne and "paper crowns, a scepter and, if possible, full regalia are given them." The party continues with games such as charades as well as eating, dancing, and singing carols. For large
Twelfth Night celebrations, a costume party is suggested.
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And what happens at a
Twelfth Night party? According to the 1923 Dennison's Christmas Book, "there should be a King and a Queen, chosen by cutting a cake..." The Twelfth Night Cake has a bean and a pea baked into it. The man who finds the bean in his slice of cake becomes King for the night while the
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On
Twelfth Night in German-speaking countries, the Sternsinger ("star singers") go around to houses carrying a paper or wooden star on a pole. They sing an Epiphany carol, then one of them writes in chalk over the door a formula consisting of the initials of the Three Wise Men in the Nativity story,
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In 567 AD, the
Council of Tours ended a dispute. Western Europe celebrated Christmas, December 25, as the holiest day of the season... but Eastern Europe celebrated Epiphany, January 6, recalling the Wise Men's visit and Jesus' baptism. It could not be decided which day was holier, so the Council
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Epiphany is often heralded by "Twelfth Night" celebrations (12 days after
Christmas), on the evening before the Feast of Epiphany. Some Christian communities prepare Twelfth Night festivities with drama, singing, rituals - and food! ... Sometimes several congregations walk in lines from church to
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This arrangement became an administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east. While the Romans could roughly match the months in the two systems, the four cardinal points of the solar year—the two
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The Second
Council of Tours (can. xi, xvii) proclaims, in 566 or 567, the sanctity of the "twelve days" from Christmas to Epiphany, and the duty of Advent fast; …and that of Braga (563) forbids fasting on Christmas Day. Popular merry-making, however, so increased that the "Laws of King Cnut",
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Western Europe celebrated
Christmas December 25 as the holiest day. Eastern Europe celebrated January 6 the Epiphany, the visit of the Wise Men, as the holiest day... and so they had this council and they decided to make all twelve days from December 25 to January 6 the Twelve Days of
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We prefer, like good
Anglicans, to go with the logic of the liturgy and regard January 5th as the Twelfth Day of Christmas and the night that ends that day as Twelfth Night. That does make Twelfth Night the Eve of the Epiphany, which means that, liturgically, a new feast has already
495:. Fresh fruits were hard to come by and were therefore considered fine and proper gifts and decorations for the tree, wreaths, and home. Again, the tree would be taken down on the Twelfth Night, and such fruits, along with nuts and other local produce used, would then be consumed.
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fasting in preparation for the feast." Christopher Hill, as well as
William J. Federer, states that this was done to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east."
422:; the "man who finds the bean in his slice of cake becomes King for the night while the lady who finds a pea in her slice of cake becomes Queen for the night." Following this selection, Twelfth Night parties would continue and would include the singing of
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Playing seems to have continued after Twelfth Night, in the Epiphany season leading up to Candlemas on February 2, which sometimes was regarded as the last day of the Christmas season. We know that these weeks were an extension of the festive Christmas
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in London has had a tradition since 1795 of providing a Twelfth Night cake. The will of Robert Baddeley made a bequest of ÂŁ100 to provide cake and punch every year for the company in residence at the theatre on 6 January. The tradition continues.
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The Council of Tours (567) proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in preparation for the feast. The Council of Braga (563) forbade fasting on Christmas
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Around the year 400 the feasts of St Stephen, John the Evangelist and the Holy Innocents were added on succeeding days, and in 567 the Council of Tours ratified the enduring 12-day cycle between the nativity and the
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together with a grotesque "Old Bessie" (played by a man), and a Fool dressed in animal skins with a fool's hat. The mummers carry wooden swords and perform revelries. The scene in the novel is illustrated by
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Twelfth Night (January 5), Epiphany of Our Lord (January 6), or another day during the time after Epiphany offers an occasion for gathering with friends and family members for a blessing for the home.
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proclaimed that the entire period between Christmas and Epiphany should be considered part of the celebration, creating what became known as the twelve days of Christmas, or what the English called
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Caspar, Melchior, and Balthasar, with crosses between them and the year date on either side; for example: 20 +M+B 15. This is said to protect the house and its inhabitants until the next Epiphany.
313:. The difficulty may come from the use of the words "eve" which is defined as "the day or evening before an event", however, especially in antiquated usage could be used to simply mean "evening".
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itself. Critics and writers consider the story "just about the finest short story in the English language" and "one of the greatest short stories ever written". Its adaptations include a play, a
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As Herrick’s poem records, the eve of Candlemas (the day before 2 February) was the day on which Christmas decorations of greenery were removed from people's homes; for any traces of berries,
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January 5th: Twelfth Night or Epiphany Eve. Twelfth Night, the last evening of the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas, has been observed with festive celebration ever since the Middle Ages.
2140:, 'Naogeorgus': Baking of the twelfth-cake with a penny in it, the slices distributed to members of the household to give to the poor: whoever finds the penny is proclaimed king among them.
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church, carrying candles to symbolize the light of Christ shining and spreading. Other faith communities move from house to house, blessing each home as they search for the Christ child.
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1258:...the evening of the fifth of January, preceding Twelfth Day, the eve of the Epiphany, formerly the last day of the Christmas festivities and observed as a time of merrymaking.
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The Council of Tours (567) decreed the 12 days from Christmas to Epiphany to be sacred and especially joyous, thus setting the stage for the celebration of the Lord's birth...
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was written to be performed as a Twelfth Night entertainment, since there is no record of the circumstances of its composition. The earliest known performance took place at
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In parts of Kent, there is a tradition that an edible decoration would be the last part of Christmas to be removed in the Twelfth Night and shared amongst the family.
343:, celebrates Twelfth Night on the 5th and "refers to the night before Epiphany, the day when the nativity story tells us that the wise men visited the infant Jesus".
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night, 2 February 1602. The play has many elements that are reversed, in the tradition of Twelfth Night, such as a woman Viola dressing as a man, and a servant
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In Ireland, it is still the tradition to place the statues of the Three Kings in the crib on the Twelfth Night or, at the latest, the following day,
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683:, published in 1648, describes the election of king and queen by bean and pea in a plum cake, and the homage done to them by the draining of
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Food and drink are the centre of the celebrations in modern times. All of the most traditional ones go back many centuries. The punch called
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is counted as the Twelfth Night. In these traditions, Twelfth Night is the same as Epiphany. However, some consider Twelfth Night to be the
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are disposed of. At eleven o'clock, the young men make the necessary arrangements to see the young ladies safely home across the fields.
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1171:"eve noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced American Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"
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Twelfth Night in the Netherlands became so secularised, rowdy, and boisterous that public celebrations were banned by the Church.
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727:("Phiz"). In the course of the evening, the fool's antics cause a fight to break out, but Mervyn restores order. Three bowls of
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made all 12 days from December 25 to January 6 "holy days" or "holidays," These became known as "The Twelve Days of Christmas."
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2172:(1616, published 1641): A character 'Baby-cake' is attended by an usher carrying a great cake with a beane and a pease.
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544:("Kings' Cake") is eaten all month long. The cakes vary depending on the region; in northern France, it is called a
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In the year 567 the church council of Tours called the 13 days between December 25 and January 6 a festival season.
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386:"proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of
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According to the Pelican Shakespeare anthology, It was written for a private performance for Elizabeth I in 1601.
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parties. Whoever got the slice with the "king", usually in the form of a miniature baby doll (symbolic of the
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is consumed especially on Twelfth Night and throughout Christmas time, especially in the UK, and door-to-door
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The Feast of the Presentation is considered by many to be the close of the Christmas to Epiphany Season.
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briefly mentions Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Present visiting a children's Twelfth Night party.
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dated 15 January 1563, mentioning that Lady Flemyng was Queen of the Beene on Twelfth-Day that year.
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Hoeven, Anke A. van Wagenberg-ter (1993). "The Celebration of Twelfth Night in Netherlandish Art".
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Van Wagenberg-Ter Hoeven, Anke A. (1993). "The Celebration of Twelfth Night in Netherlandish Art".
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537:("Parade of Kings"), and historically the "kings" would go through towns and hand out sweets.
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1834:"The Critical Backstory" in Twelfth Night: A Critical Reader ed. Findlay and Oakley-Brown
1937:
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1636:"Let's bring back the glorious food traditions of Twelfth Night (largely, lots of cake)"
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578:, Old Twelfth Night is still celebrated on 17 January. This continues the custom of the
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1722:"Twelfth Night Traditions: A Cake, a Bean, and a King – Smithsonian Libraries Unbound"
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Holidays and Holy Nights: Celebrating Twelve Seasonal Festivals of the Christian Year
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The Church of England celebrates the season of Epiphany from 6 January to 2 February.
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was always left up on the front door of each home. When taken down at the end of the
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was performed in the same court the Sunday night after the Twelfth Night in 1608.
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A superstition in some English-speaking countries suggests it is unlucky to leave
446:) was common up until the 1950s. Around the world, special pastries, such as the
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and so forth will bring death among the congregation before another year is out.
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1498:"LEAVE YOUR CHRISTMAS DECORATIONS UP UNTIL FEBRUARY, SAYS ENGLISH HERITAGE"
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Flowers and Festivals, Or, Directions for the Floral Decoration of Churches
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2182:(1659/60): Epiphany Eve party, selecting of King and Queen by a cake (see
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apple trees on the twelfth night to ensure a good harvest, a tradition in
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running until Candlemas. A popular Twelfth Night tradition was to have a
289:. However, in some church traditions only full days are counted, so that
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Pagan Magic of the Northern Tradition: Customs, Rites, and Ceremonies
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hanging after Twelfth Night, a tradition also variously attached to
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is considered the "First Day of Christmas" and the Twelve Days are
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comes before Christmas), and thus consider Twelfth Night to be on
718:", a plough decked with ribands brought into the barn by a dozen
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edited by Jennie Miller Helderman, Mary Caulkins. Gramercy, 2002
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Christmas Customs and Traditions: Their History and Significance
902:"Epiphany: Should Christmas decorations come down on 6 January?"
836:"Epiphany: Should Christmas decorations come down on 6 January?"
411:
217:(which marks the end of Epiphanytide on 2 February), as well as
182:. Different traditions mark the date of Twelfth Night as either
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1985:
1524:(1591–1674) in his poem "Ceremony upon Candlemas Eve" writes:
415:
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fabricated c. 1110, order a fast from Christmas to Epiphany.
514:. In the mid-twentieth century, friends gathered for weekly
1889:. Vol. VII. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 169–201.
1224:"Christmas ends in confusion over when Twelfth Night falls"
863:"Why it is time for an epiphany over Christmas decorations"
2127:(drawn from Hone's Every-Day Book, references as found):
1600:"Twelfth Night Traditions: A Cake, a Bean, and a King –"
1752:
Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art
1098:
Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art
738:" – the final, novella-length story in
586:
at the time of the change in calendars enacted by the
281:, meaning that the Twelfth Night falls on the evening
554:, fruit, or chocolate. In the south, it is more of a
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582:on the date that corresponded to 6 January on the
2079:Stories Behind the Great Traditions of Christmas
1055:. Holy Trinity Lutheran Church. 4 January 2022.
961:Mangan, Louise; Wyse, Nancy; Farr, Lori (2001).
1593:
1591:
1021:
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963:Rediscovering the Seasons of the Christian Year
1923:A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Writings
1885:(1941). Percy Simpson; Evelyn Simpson (eds.).
1857:Shakespeare, William; Smith, Bruce R. (2001).
1201:. University of California Press. p. 27.
691:", a drink of sugar, nutmeg, ginger, and ale.
190:, depending on whether the counting begins on
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1803:Traditional cider: Here we come a-wassailing!
1672:. London: Cassell & Company. p. 166.
1132:"The roots and traditions of Nollaig na mBan"
888:"The roots and traditions of Nollaig na mBan"
8:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1568:Festivals and Plays in Late Medieval Britain
1150:Christ Lutheran Church of Staunton, Virginia
1471:. Event occurs at 01:15:14. Archived from
798:
796:
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2227:
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1861:. Boston: Bedford/St Martin's. p. 2.
1381:"Origins of Christmas and Easter holidays"
198:. January 6 is celebrated as the feast of
29:
20:
1959:"Singular Collection, Multiple Mysteries"
1792:, 23 December 2005. Retrieved 23 May 2014
1327:. Liturgy Training Publications. p.
641:imagining that he can become a nobleman.
305:of the Twelfth Day (in the same way that
1809:, 3 February 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2014
1536:Wherewith ye dress'd the Christmas Hall"
965:. Wood Lake Publishing Inc. p. 69.
35:Mervyn Clitheroe's Twelfth Night party,
1942:. G. Routledge & Company. pp.
1925:. London: Penguin Classics. p. 92.
792:
653:was performed on 6 January 1605 at the
297:as the Twelfth Day, and the evening of
229:. Other popular customs include eating
1836:. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 27–28.
1566:Davidson, Clifford (5 December 2016).
1431:Federer, William J. (6 January 2014).
3571:Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus
2158:: Letter from Sir Thomas Randolph to
1820:Wassailing the old English apple tree
1461:, William Federer (6 November 2014).
996:Inner Traditions – Bear & Company
269:, inclusive, making Twelfth Night on
7:
2160:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
2147:: An entertainment at Sudley, temp.
1936:Ainsworth, William Harrison (1858).
1903:The Poetical Works of Robert Herrick
1786:Whatever happened to ... wassailing?
1685:"Main Page @ Bridge Farmers' Market"
1649:from the original on 11 January 2022
1570:. Taylor & Francis. p. 32.
1512:. Courier Dover Publications, 1976.
922:Arcadi, James M. (2 February 2021).
402:traditionally marked the end of the
2207:at The Christian Resource Institute
2118:3 Vols (London), cf Vol I pp 41–61.
2072:The World Encyclopedia of Christmas
1720:MacClain, Alexia (4 January 2013).
1668:Miles & John, Hadfield (1961).
1598:Macclain, Alexia (4 January 2013).
1379:Bunson, Matthew (21 October 2007).
1222:Beckford, Martin (6 January 2009).
170:depending upon the tradition) is a
2088:. Cambridge University Press, 2006
1348:Martindale, Cyril Charles (1908).
1175:www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com
940:William Alexander Barrett (1868).
533:In Spain, Twelfth Night is called
502:traditions are seen across former
174:festival on the last night of the
14:
1859:Twelfth Night: Texts and Contexts
1633:Derry, Johanna (4 January 2016).
1530:Down with the bays and mistletoe;
1254:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
681:Twelfth-Night, or King and Queene
483:In colonial America, a Christmas
3992:
3991:
3447:Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004
3342:Old Santeclaus with Much Delight
2074:. McClelland & Stewart, 2004
293:is counted as the Eleventh Day,
1527:"Down with the rosemary, and so
1385:Eternal Word Television Network
622:Twelfth Night, or What You Will
3427:Bronner's Christmas Wonderland
3356:Christmas Day in the Workhouse
2739:Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer
2518:Legend of the Christmas Spider
1986:"An Exploration of 'The Dead'"
1533:Down with the holly, ivy, all,
1433:"On the 12th Day of Christmas"
1289:Fox, Adam (19 December 2003).
1077:. Christian Resource Institute
990:Pennick, Nigel (21 May 2015).
1:
3378:Christmas television specials
3277:The New Oxford Book of Carols
2364:Annunciation to the shepherds
1822:, BBC Travel, 16 January 2012
926:. All Souls Anglican Church.
661:. It was originally entitled
574:In some places, particularly
285:and the Twelfth Day falls on
245:, merrymaking, and attending
3432:Christmas and holiday season
2205:The Twelve Days of Christmas
2145:Queen Elizabeth's Progresses
2096:Encyclopaedia of Antiquities
2065:The Twelve Days of Christmas
1701:. Drury Lane Theatrical Fund
1670:The Twelve Days of Christmas
1469:Trinity Broadcasting Network
526:season, which lasts through
178:, marking the coming of the
1957:Barry, Dan (26 June 2014).
1413:. Quest Books. p. 91.
1198:Christmas: A Candid History
667:. The accompanying Masque,
4053:
2344:Adoration of the Shepherds
2067:. Peter Pauper Press, 2002
1992:. UCD Humanities Institute
1409:Hill, Christopher (2003).
1319:Hynes, Mary Ellen (1993).
1027:"Twelve days of Christmas"
664:The Twelfth Nights Revells
243:having one's house blessed
100:having one's house blessed
3987:
3588:WWE Tribute to the Troops
3349:A Visit from St. Nicholas
3270:The Oxford Book of Carols
2846:Feast of the Seven Fishes
2409:Massacre of the Innocents
2258:
1921:Dickens, Charles (2003).
1354:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1323:Companion to the Calendar
924:"Candlemas for the Souls"
807:The American Book of Days
470:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
74:evening prior to Epiphany
28:
3390:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
2092:Fosbrooke, Thomas Dudley
1906:. W. Pickering. p.
1900:Herrick, Robert (1825).
1230:. London. Archived from
1071:"The Season of Epiphany"
771:List of Christmas carols
489:Twelve Days of Christmas
376:Twelve Days of Christmas
176:Twelve Days of Christmas
138:Twelve Days of Christmas
3552:Small Business Saturday
3422:Black Friday (shopping)
3417:Black Friday (partying)
2911:Nine Lessons and Carols
2841:Events and celebrations
1730:Smithsonian Institution
1272:"Feast of the Nativity"
1270:Fr. Francis X. Weiser.
946:. Rivingtons. pp.
803:Hatch, Jane M. (1978).
650:The Masque of Blackness
426:, as well as feasting.
339:, Mother Church of the
3196:Post-War United States
2211:William Shakespeare's
2156:Ancient Scottish Poems
2086:Shakespeare's Humanism
2084:Wells, Robin Headlam.
1195:Forbes, Bruce (2008).
1029:. Full Homely Divinity
615:It is unknown whether
612:
379:
363:
333:
3245:Hit singles in the US
3240:Hit singles in the UK
2801:Carols by Candlelight
2729:Santa Claus' daughter
2337:Adoration of the Magi
2199:Catholic Encyclopedia
2170:Christmas, His Masque
2123:Early English sources
2063:Marix-Evans, Martin.
2035:Catholic Encyclopedia
1604:Smithsonian Libraries
601:
369:
354:
321:
277:until the morning of
211:Christmas decorations
3537:Santa's Candy Castle
2861:Google Santa Tracker
1832:White, R.S. (2014).
1274:. Catholic Culture.
725:Hablot Knight Browne
670:The Masque of Beauty
588:Calendar Act of 1750
558:with candied fruit.
442:(similar to singing
4025:January observances
3542:Santa Claus Village
3457:Christmas Mountains
3363:Journey of the Magi
2369:Baptism of the Lord
2106:Popular Antiquities
2098:(Publisher unknown)
2048:Popular Merrymaking
1784:Iain Hollingshead,
1699:"The Baddeley Cake"
1642:The Daily Telegraph
1508:Miles, Clement A..
1475:on 25 December 2014
1228:The Daily Telegraph
742:'s 1914 collection
603:William Shakespeare
548:and is filled with
542:La Galette des Rois
347:Origins and history
202:, which begins the
4035:Epiphany (holiday)
3652:Twelve-dish supper
3502:Jews and Christmas
3452:Christmas Lectures
3181:American Civil War
2916:NORAD Tracks Santa
2292:Saint Nicholas Day
2138:The Popish Kingdom
2116:The Every-Day Book
2052:Liturgy and Custom
2046:Primarily subhead
1964:The New York Times
1069:Bratcher, Dennis.
1053:"Epiphany at Home"
908:. 6 January 2017.
708:Harrison Ainsworth
627:Middle Temple Hall
613:
576:South West England
535:Cabalgata de Reyes
506:, most notably in
420:Twelfth-night cake
380:
378:and Twelfth Night.
364:
341:Anglican Communion
265: –
4007:
4006:
3983:
3982:
3647:Thirteen desserts
3567:Virginia O'Hanlon
3412:Advent Conspiracy
3326:Films (Christmas,
3318:A Christmas Carol
3263:Carols for Choirs
2806:Cavalcade of Magi
2786:Boar's Head Feast
2455:Star of Bethlehem
2426:Nativity of Jesus
2414:flight into Egypt
2299:St. Stephen's Day
2108:, 2 Vols (London)
2081:. Zondervan, 2003
1435:. American Minute
1291:"'Tis the season"
1234:on 5 January 2010
861:Carter, Michael.
700:A Christmas Carol
570:Old Twelfth Night
500:American Carnival
337:Church of England
239:chalking the door
161:
160:
92:chalking the door
16:Christian holiday
4042:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3830:Redcurrant sauce
3619:
3613:
3608:
3582:Winter festivals
3332:Christmas horror
3299:
3210:
3041:
2896:Meals and feasts
2816:Christmas jumper
2763:
2734:Santa's reindeer
2686:
2632:Father Christmas
2596:
2553:Santa's workshop
2474:
2436:in later culture
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2058:Christmas Trivia
2045:
2043:
2041:
2017:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:Mervyn Clitheroe
1933:
1927:
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1918:
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873:
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852:
851:
849:
847:
842:. 6 January 2017
832:
826:
825:
810:
800:
754:Broadway musical
712:Mervyn Clitheroe
706:In chapter 6 of
655:Banqueting House
478:Little Christmas
444:Christmas carols
424:Christmas carols
418:hidden inside a
404:Christmas season
394:In medieval and
384:Council of Tours
382:In 567 A.D, the
325:Council of Tours
312:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
235:Christmas carols
197:
189:
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87:Christmas carols
55:Observed by
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21:
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3979:
3945:Pickled herring
3918:
3887:
3834:
3825:Cranberry sauce
3808:
3787:
3763:Red velvet cake
3748:Poppy seed roll
3666:
3617:
3606:
3604:
3598:
3577:White Christmas
3467:Christmas truce
3462:Christmas seals
3442:Christmas creep
3404:
3402:
3396:
3297:
3291:
3208:
3202:
3039:
3033:
2886:Lord of Misrule
2821:Christmas Peace
2771:Advent calendar
2761:
2755:
2704:Knecht Ruprecht
2684:
2682:
2676:
2598:
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2070:Bowler, Gerry.
2039:
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2026:
2024:Further reading
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1464:Praise the Lord
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998:. p. 176.
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829:
819:
802:
801:
794:
789:
762:
695:Charles Dickens
605:wrote the play
596:
584:Julian calendar
572:
564:
504:French colonies
493:Christmas trees
432:
372:RoscĂłn de reyes
349:
310:
298:
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290:
286:
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247:church services
195:
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166:(also known as
157:
131:Related to
110:
106:church services
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12:
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5:
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3876:Smoking Bishop
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3557:Super Saturday
3554:
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3529:
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3487:Giving Tuesday
3484:
3479:
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3437:Christmas club
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3256:
3250:Music charts (
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2719:Père Fouettard
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2685:Saint Nicholas
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2605:Saint Nicholas
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2513:Kallikantzaros
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2011:Joyce, James.
2003:
1990:Joyce's Dublin
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3928:
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3923:Meat and fish
3921:
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3861:Hot chocolate
3859:
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3562:Ugly sweaters
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3472:Controversies
3470:
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3330:
3327:
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3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3307:In literature
3305:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3286:
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3205:
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3189:
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3179:
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3176:United States
3174:
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3119:
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3017:
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3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
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2922:
2919:
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2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2906:Moravian star
2904:
2902:
2901:Midnight Mass
2899:
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2809:
2807:
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2799:
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2794:
2792:
2791:Candle arches
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Advent wreath
2779:
2777:
2776:Advent candle
2774:
2772:
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2697:
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2689:
2687:
2683:Companions of
2679:
2673:
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2648:
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2600:
2597:
2595:Gift-bringers
2590:
2584:
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2576:
2574:
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2566:
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2559:
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2461:
2460:Twelfth Night
2458:
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2445:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Nativity Fast
2419:
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2412:
2411:
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2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
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2380:
2379:Christmastide
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
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2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2354:Angel Gabriel
2352:
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2342:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:Biblical Magi
2330:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2303:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2285:Christmas Eve
2282:
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2266:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2253:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2213:Twelfth Night
2209:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
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2190:
2185:
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2177:
2174:
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2028:
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2023:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1981:
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1966:
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1953:
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1941:
1940:
1932:
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1924:
1917:
1914:
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1904:
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1884:
1878:
1875:
1870:
1868:0-312-20219-9
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1843:9781441128782
1839:
1835:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:The Telegraph
1804:
1801:Xanthe Clay,
1798:
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1683:Mark Esdale.
1679:
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1577:9781351936613
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1518:0-486-23354-5
1515:
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1420:9780835608107
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1338:9781568540115
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1208:9780520258020
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1005:9781620553909
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972:9781551454986
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818:9780824205935
814:
809:
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786:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
766:Christmas Eve
764:
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632:
631:Inns of Court
629:, one of the
628:
624:
623:
618:
611:, circa 1601.
610:
609:
608:Twelfth Night
604:
600:
594:In literature
593:
591:
589:
585:
581:
580:Apple Wassail
577:
569:
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561:
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397:
396:Tudor England
392:
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385:
377:
373:
368:
362:, West Sussex
361:
357:
353:
346:
344:
342:
338:
332:
330:
329:Christmastide
326:
320:
318:
314:
308:
307:Christmas Eve
304:
260:
259:Christmas Day
252:
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248:
244:
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220:
216:
212:
207:
205:
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193:
192:Christmas Day
181:
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164:Twelfth Night
154:
151:
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144:
143:Christmastide
141:
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107:
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77:
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69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
40:
32:
27:
24:Twelfth Night
22:
19:
3935:Gefilte fish
3883:Ponche crema
3718:Melomakarono
3586:
3477:Cyber Monday
3382:
3347:
3316:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3258:Music books
3251:
3089:Nazi Germany
2981:
2977:Secret Santa
2964:
2851:Flying Santa
2558:TiĂł de Nadal
2508:Korvatunturi
2459:
2359:Annunciation
2325:Christianity
2306:Sol Invictus
2212:
2198:
2197:Epiphany on
2179:
2176:Samuel Pepys
2169:
2155:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2126:
2115:
2105:
2095:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1989:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1962:
1952:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1916:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1858:
1852:
1833:
1827:
1818:Nick Easen,
1814:
1806:
1797:
1790:The Guardian
1789:
1780:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1733:. Retrieved
1725:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1693:
1678:
1669:
1663:
1651:. Retrieved
1640:
1614:
1607:. Retrieved
1581:
1567:
1561:
1509:
1504:
1493:
1484:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:the original
1463:
1459:Kirk Cameron
1453:
1444:
1437:. Retrieved
1424:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1389:. Retrieved
1374:
1365:
1358:. Retrieved
1356:. New Advent
1353:
1342:
1322:
1314:
1305:
1298:. Retrieved
1295:The Guardian
1294:
1284:
1275:
1265:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:the original
1227:
1217:
1197:
1190:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1126:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1079:. Retrieved
1074:
1064:
1056:
1047:
1038:
1031:. Retrieved
1009:
991:
985:
976:
962:
956:
942:
935:
927:
917:
909:
905:
896:
882:
870:. Retrieved
866:
856:
844:. Retrieved
839:
830:
822:
806:
743:
733:
711:
705:
698:
693:
680:
675:
668:
662:
648:
643:
620:
614:
606:
573:
565:
549:
545:
541:
539:
534:
532:
520:Christ Child
497:
482:
475:
467:
464:
433:
408:Epiphanytide
393:
381:
334:
322:
317:Bruce Forbes
315:
302:
256:
227:Septuagesima
208:
204:Epiphanytide
168:Epiphany Eve
167:
163:
162:
153:Epiphanytide
71:Significance
50:Epiphany Eve
18:
4030:12 (number)
3950:Roast goose
3871:Mulled wine
3851:Champurrado
3846:Apple cider
3820:Bread sauce
3773:Szaloncukor
3753:Pumpkin pie
3703:Gingerbread
3657:Smörgåsbord
3298:Other media
3136:Philippines
3126:New Zealand
3009:Twelve Days
2966:Räuchermann
2921:Nutcrackers
2871:Las Posadas
2831:Decorations
2811:Christingle
2751:Zwarte Piet
2746:Snegurochka
2667:Sinterklaas
2617:Santa Claus
2154:Pinkerton,
2149:Elizabeth I
2132:Vox Graculi
2040:22 December
2031:"Christmas"
2013:"Dubliners"
1758:(1/2): 67.
1705:30 November
1479:25 December
1439:25 December
1391:17 December
1360:15 December
1350:"Christmas"
1300:25 December
740:James Joyce
716:Fool Plough
689:lamb's-wool
617:Shakespeare
562:Suppression
540:In France,
508:New Orleans
323:In 567 the
275:25 December
263:25 December
219:Good Friday
196:26 December
96:merrymaking
79:Observances
47:Also called
4014:Categories
3678:Candy cane
3627:Joulupöytä
3527:Pikkujoulu
3191:New Mexico
3040:By country
3014:Wassailing
2955:Poinsettia
2762:Traditions
2714:Mrs. Claus
2694:Belsnickel
2647:Julemanden
2642:Joulupukki
2573:Wenceslaus
2538:North Pole
2503:Jack Frost
2493:Christkind
2448:Neapolitan
2271:Boxing Day
2166:Ben Jonson
1887:Ben Jonson
1486:Christmas.
1146:"Epiphany"
867:The Tablet
811:. Wilson.
787:References
687:bowls of "
645:Ben Jonson
551:frangipane
528:Mardi Gras
440:wassailing
430:Traditions
370:A Spanish
360:Maplehurst
356:Wassailing
233:, singing
104:attending
58:Christians
3965:Tourtière
3955:Romeritos
3892:Dumplings
3839:Beverages
3743:Pecan pie
3733:Panettone
3728:Pampushka
3723:Mince pie
3698:Fruitcake
3642:RĂ©veillon
3522:NFL games
3517:NBA games
3512:In August
3482:Economics
3252:Billboard
3106:Indonesia
3049:Australia
3024:Yule goat
2999:Stockings
2933:Ornaments
2662:Père Noël
2657:Olentzero
2652:Noel Baba
2627:Ded Moroz
2583:Yule Lads
2523:Mari Lwyd
2374:Bethlehem
2251:Christmas
2184:King cake
2143:Nichols,
2094:c. 1810,
1735:4 January
1653:4 January
1609:5 January
1307:epiphany.
1180:9 January
1155:4 January
1081:4 January
1075:The Voice
1033:2 January
872:9 January
846:9 January
781:Theophany
776:Pantomime
745:Dubliners
729:gin punch
659:Whitehall
635:Candlemas
516:king cake
452:king cake
400:Candlemas
311:5 January
299:6 January
295:6 January
291:5 January
287:6 January
283:5 January
279:6 January
271:5 January
267:5 January
231:king cake
215:Candlemas
188:6 January
184:5 January
172:Christian
123:Frequency
66:Christian
3998:Category
3969:meat pie
3960:Stuffing
3914:Varenyky
3783:Yule log
3758:Qurabiya
3632:Julebord
3605:Food and
3532:SantaCon
3497:El Gordo
3384:Yule Log
3156:Scotland
3069:Ethiopia
3054:Colombia
3029:Yule log
2983:Spanbaum
2960:Pyramids
2826:Crackers
2724:Sack Man
2610:folklore
2578:Yule cat
2483:Badalisc
2473:folklore
2384:Epiphany
2114:, 1830,
2104:, 1813,
2102:J. Brand
1647:Archived
1256:. 1993.
906:BBC News
840:BBC News
760:See also
750:Epiphany
736:The Dead
679:'s poem
639:Malvolio
619:'s play
524:Carnival
460:Epiphany
206:season.
200:Epiphany
180:Epiphany
148:Epiphany
85:Singing
3904:Pierogi
3899:Hallaca
3804:Borscht
3768:Stollen
3738:Pavlova
3713:MakĂłwki
3693:Cozonac
3662:Wigilia
3547:Scrooge
3507:In July
3405:society
3337:Poetry
3171:Ukraine
3146:Romania
3111:Ireland
3101:Iceland
3096:Hungary
3084:Germany
3074:Finland
3064:England
3059:Denmark
3019:Windows
2950:Piñatas
2938:Parades
2891:Markets
2876:Letters
2866:Hampers
2709:Krampus
2548:Perchta
2488:Caganer
2180:Diaries
2112:W. Hone
1996:23 June
1970:28 June
1772:3780806
1726:Unbound
1583:period.
1118:3780806
720:mummers
697:' 1843
685:wassail
556:brioche
546:galette
498:Modern
458:of the
448:tortell
436:wassail
319:writes:
3975:Turkey
3909:Tamale
3866:Kissel
3856:Eggnog
3813:Sauces
3799:Menudo
3778:TurrĂłn
3688:Cookie
3671:Sweets
3637:KĹ«ÄŤios
3618:Dinner
3492:Grinch
3403:modern
3370:Tomten
3329:Santa,
3312:novels
3230:Operas
3218:Carols
3186:Hawaii
3166:Sweden
3161:Serbia
3151:Russia
3141:Poland
3131:Norway
3121:Mexico
3079:France
2994:Stamps
2989:Szopka
2881:Lights
2836:Didukh
2672:Others
2622:Befana
2568:Vertep
2431:in art
2399:Joseph
2349:Advent
2050:under
1865:
1840:
1770:
1574:
1516:
1417:
1387:(EWTN)
1335:
1238:26 May
1205:
1116:
1040:begun.
1002:
969:
815:
512:Mobile
485:wreath
388:Advent
225:, and
126:annual
3708:Kutia
3607:drink
3235:Songs
3209:Music
3116:Italy
2972:Seals
2926:dolls
2856:Gifts
2796:Cards
2699:Elves
2563:Turoń
2533:Nisse
2498:Grýla
2394:Jesus
1768:JSTOR
1554:holly
1114:JSTOR
950:–174.
633:, on
530:Day.
456:Feast
3930:Carp
3792:Soup
3683:Cake
3594:Xmas
3223:list
3004:Tree
2943:list
2404:Mary
2313:Yule
2042:2005
1998:2015
1972:2018
1946:–55.
1863:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1737:2019
1707:2013
1655:2019
1611:2017
1572:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1481:2014
1441:2014
1415:ISBN
1393:2014
1362:2014
1333:ISBN
1302:2014
1277:Day.
1240:2010
1203:ISBN
1182:2021
1157:2019
1083:2019
1035:2015
1000:ISBN
967:ISBN
874:2021
848:2021
813:ISBN
510:and
468:The
450:and
414:and
412:bean
335:The
253:Date
115:Date
63:Type
39:Phiz
37:by "
3940:Ham
2470:In
1908:171
1760:doi
1106:doi
948:170
657:in
647:'s
416:pea
303:eve
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