37:
418:
482:
Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong returned with their adherents and attacked his party. Thus, Zhao was again forced to escape from Linzi as his rival brothers took control of the government and formed an alliance against him. The crown prince fled to Duke Xiang of Song who still remained in Qi with his army, and requested his help. Meanwhile, the united army of the four brothers sallied forth from Linzi in order to drive the troops of Song from Qi. The two forces met on the battlefield at Yan (modern-day
441:
425:
406:, which sent an expeditionary army in order to aid him against the invaders. In the end, however, Wukui was murdered before the conflict could be decided on the battlefield. Growing fearful upon hearing about the Song-led invasion, the people of Qi revolted and put the usurper to death so that they could to welcome Prince Zhao as new duke.
389:
Despite his coronation, however, Wukui's rule proved far from secure. While Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong all remained at large, it was Zhao who presented the greatest threat as he had fled to Duke Xiang of Song and asked for assistance. The ruler of Song promptly assembled an alliance against Wukui,
385:
claims these two were among the conspirators who murdered Duke Huan. A party led by Diao and Wu managed to take control of the palace and murdered all rival officials they could capture; the other princes fled for their lives. On 11 November 643 BC, Wukui was crowned the new duke of Qi. Only then was
341:
to ensure his succession. With Guan Zhong's death and the old duke of Qi's health worsening, however, Wukui, Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong increasingly voiced their opposition to Zhao's position as designated heir. Their pleas to make one of them the next ruler failed to sway Duke Huan, but he could
332:
These factions were led by six of his sons: Zhao, Wukui, Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong. Since all of them were the children of different concubines instead of Duke Huan's three main wives (who bore him no sons), each of these six considered himself entitled to the throne. The officially designated
502:
After his ascendancy to the throne, Duke Xiao attempted to restore Qi's former predominance in China. This led to a rift in his relationship with Duke Xiang of Song, as he too wanted to become hegemon. Though the two former allies even went to war over this issue, both failed in their efforts and
481:
As the news about Wukui's death spread, it was assumed that Zhao's ascendancy to throne had become inevitable, whereupon Cao, Wey and Lu withdrew their armies from Qi. In truth, however, the crown prince's position was not yet secured: As he was about to be enthroned by the people in the capital,
493:
invaded and ravaged Qi, probably in order to aid the four brothers. This was not enough to weaken Duke Xiao, however, and Qi was restabilized. Soon after the Beidi attack, the situation had become calm enough for late Duke Huan to be finally buried with a proper ceremony, months after his death.
552:
record three months. Whatever number was correct, historians have noted that it was customary to prepare the corpse for burial during the day. In Duke Huan's case, however, the ceremony took place in the night, which "clearly indicates that the situation was anomalous".
486:), where the army of Song won a decisive victory. The four brothers fled from Qi, while Duke Xiang of Song enthroned Zhao at Linzi; from then on, Zhao became known as Duke Xiao of Qi. With the succession war seemingly concluded, the army of Song returned home.
307:'s short-lived dominance over China declined. Nevertheless, Qi's development into China's predominant state was not just because of this favorable situation, but due to the efforts of two highly capable individuals: Duke Huan and his chancellor and advisor
329:. Duke Huan's authority over the other states declined, a development accelerated by Guan Zhong's death in 645 BC. Having grown ill, the elderly duke also proved to be no longer able to keep the various political factions in his own realm under control.
507:
became the next hegemon. Duke Xiao's line would also not last on Qi's throne, as his son and heir was murdered. The succession crisis thus continued until Prince Yuan took the throne in 608 BC. His descendants would rule Qi until 386 BC, when they
244:(later known as Duke Xiao), emerged victorious. Nevertheless, four of Prince Zhao's rival brothers remained at large and continued to conspire for the throne, leading to a succession crisis that plagued Qi for decades. As a result, the
660:
386:
the late Duke Huan finally encoffined; according to different accounts his corpse had laid unattended in his bedchamber for between seven days and three months due to the prevailing chaos, and already began to rot.
1066:
268:
377:, do not mention this. With the duke dead, the situation at the court escalated. The factions of crown prince Zhao and his rival brothers all took up arms against each other, and the capital city of
321:. Toward the end of Huan's long reign (685ā643 BC), however, Qi's dominance began to crumble. A military alliance led by Qi failed to stop the growth of the expansionist state of
402:. The armies of these states, led by Duke Xiang and Prince Zhao, proceeded to invade Qi in March 642 BC. Wukui, on the other side, had won the support of the state of
240:
fought against each other for the throne. Their struggle led to chaos in Qi and the intervention of several outside powers, until Duke Huan's intended heir, Prince
381:
descended into violent chaos. Wukui, however, had two powerful allies at the court: Diao, chief of the eunuchs, and Wu (also called Yiya), the chief cook. The
417:
342:
not prevent them from plotting against each other. In consequence, the brothers gathered followers and prepared for the inevitable showdown between them.
489:
Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong were still active, however, and continued to conspire against the newly crowned duke. Soon after their defeat at Yan, the
456:
1076:
1051:
997:
829:
303:'s beginning, Qi grew into the dominating power of eastern China. As result, Qi was in an ideal position to expand its influence when
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28:
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365:, he was starved to death by four conspiring officials. Other notable sources for these events, such as the
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and its consequences greatly weakened Qi, which lost its status as China's predominant state.
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heir was Prince Zhao, and Duke Huan and Guan Zhong even charged the ruler of neighboring
857:(1999). "The Spring and Autumn Period". In Michael Loewe; Edward L. Shaughnessy (eds.).
211:
1010:
989:
924:
859:
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469:
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The
Cambridge History of ancient China ā From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C
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The
Gongyang Commentary on The Spring and Autumn Annals: A Full Translation
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claims his corpse was left to rot for seven or eleven days. Both the
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927:: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China
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Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
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Duke Huan finally died in late 643 BC. According to the
311:. Under their leadership, Qi was reformed and became
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317:among the Chinese states, with Duke Huan rising to
41:
Map of China during the Zhou; Qi is labelled "TS'I"
291:of Qi was a regionally powerful polity during the
325:, and even suffered defeat against it during the
956:: The Hereditary Houses of Pre-Han China, Part 1
894:Defining Chu: Image And Reality In Ancient China
21:
279:Map showing the most important states of the
8:
892:Cook, Constance A.; Major, John S. (1999).
620:
608:
951:(2006). William H. Nienhauser, Jr. (ed.).
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148:Factions of Pan, Shangren, Yuan, and Yong
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236:from 643 to 642 BCE, as the sons of
90:, exile of the other rival claimants
16:Dynastic conflict in the state of Qi
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692:
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546:report sixty-seven days, while the
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295:period (1046ā771 BC), and as the
93:Succession crisis in Qi continues
439:
423:
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266:
736:, pp. 387, 388, 431, 432.
543:Records of the Grand Historian
374:Records of the Grand Historian
361:and some other texts from the
299:'s authority collapsed at the
1:
440:
1077:Wars involving ancient China
1052:Military history of Shandong
984:(2015). Harry Miller (ed.).
933:: Cheng & Tsui Company.
351:Wukui's ascendancy and chaos
424:
1093:
954:The Grand Scribe's Records
902:University of Hawaii Press
871:Cambridge University Press
822:"The feudal state of Qi é½"
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161:
103:
45:
34:
26:
1062:Spring and Autumn period
1032:7th-century BC conflicts
964:Indiana University Press
669:(in Chinese and English)
464:showing the location of
301:Spring and Autumn period
281:Spring and Autumn period
258:Spring and Autumn period
135:Faction of Prince Wukui
29:Spring and Autumn period
1042:Civil wars of antiquity
484:Licheng District, Jinan
472:and the battlefield of
110:Faction of Prince Zhao
992:: Palgrave Macmillan.
226:war of Qi's succession
162:Commanders and leaders
80:Victory of Prince Zhao
22:War of Qi's succession
363:Warring States period
256:Further information:
960:Bloomington, Indiana
457:class=notpageimage|
390:consisting of Song,
1057:Rebellions in China
1037:Civil wars in China
712:, pp. 80, 81.
623:, pp. 15, 16.
621:Cook; Major (1999)
609:Zuo Qiuming (2015)
512:by the Tian clan.
314:primus inter pares
176:Duke Xiang of Song
920:Rickett, W. Allyn
820:Ulrich Theobald.
661:"Book 5. Duke Xi"
599:, pp. 554ā6.
587:, pp. 553ā4.
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826:ChinaKnowledge
812:
810:, p. 558.
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775:Rickett (2001)
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734:Rickett (2001)
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855:Hsu, Cho-yun
848:Bibliography
836:19 September
834:. Retrieved
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671:. Retrieved
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510:were toppled
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297:Zhou dynasty
293:Western Zhou
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109:
104:Belligerents
27:Part of the
1072:Wey (state)
982:Zuo Qiuming
873:. pp.
657:Zuo Qiuming
468:'s capital
234:State of Qi
216:Prince Yong
1047:Lu (state)
1027:Qi (state)
1011:Categories
808:Hsu (1999)
693:Hsu (1999)
597:Hsu (1999)
585:Hsu (1999)
573:Hsu (1999)
561:References
339:Duke Xiang
309:Guan Zhong
252:Background
53:643ā642 BC
949:Sima Qian
867:Cambridge
673:27 August
666:Zuo Zhuan
549:Han Feizi
537:Zuo Zhuan
498:Aftermath
368:Zuo Zhuan
346:Civil war
230:civil war
86:Death of
922:(2001).
898:Honolulu
830:Archived
462:Shandong
371:and the
206:Shangren
58:Location
460:Map of
232:in the
210:Prince
204:Prince
198:Prince
190:†
182:Prince
169:Prince
1022:642 BC
1017:643 BC
996:
970:
937:
931:Boston
925:Guanzi
908:
881:
877:ā586.
531:Guanzi
398:, and
383:Guanzi
358:Guanzi
228:was a
186:
74:Status
516:Notes
491:Beidi
470:Linzi
448:Linzi
379:Linzi
305:Zheng
289:state
184:Wukui
156:Beidi
88:Wukui
63:State
994:ISBN
968:ISBN
935:ISBN
906:ISBN
879:ISBN
838:2017
675:2017
528:The
335:Song
287:The
242:Zhao
224:The
212:Yuan
171:Zhao
118:Song
50:Date
875:545
474:Yan
432:Yan
400:Zou
396:Wey
392:Cao
323:Chu
200:Pan
130:Zou
126:Wey
122:Cao
65:of
1013::
988:.
966:.
962::
958:.
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900::
896:.
869::
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824:.
782:^
753:^
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683:^
663:.
659:.
628:^
466:Qi
404:Lu
394:,
337:,
143:Lu
128:,
124:,
120:,
67:Qi
1002:.
976:.
943:.
914:.
887:.
840:.
677:.
476:.
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