Water-sensitive urban design

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implemented with a particular focus on addressing the objectives of protecting receiving waters from stormwater and wastewater discharges; minimising potable water demand; and protecting and enhancing habitat for threatened species 2006. The focus of WSUD technologies was directed toward the on-site treatment, storage, and recycling of stormwater and wastewater. Stormwater runoff is treated using gross pollutant traps, swales and/or wetland systems. This has contributed to a reduction of 90% in nutrient loads in the Haslams Creek wetland remediation area. Wastewater is treated in a water reclamation plant. Almost 100% of sewage is treated and recycled. The treated water from both stormwater and wastewater sources is stored and recycled for use throughout the Olympic site in water features, irrigation, toilet flushing, and fire fighting capacities. Through the use of WSUD technology, the WRAMS scheme has resulted in the conservation of 850 million litres (ML) of water annually, a potential 50% reduction in annual potable water consumption within the Olympic site, as well as the annual diversion of approximately 550 ML of sewage normally discharged through ocean outfalls. As part of the long-term sustainability focus of the 'Sydney Olympic Park Master Plan 2030', the Sydney Olympic Park Authority (SOPA) has identified key best practice environmental sustainability approaches to include, the connection to recycled water and effective water demand management practices, maintenance and extension of recycled water systems to new streets as required, and maintenance and extension of the existing stormwater system that recycles water, promotes infiltration to subsoil, filters pollutants and sediments, and minimises loads on adjoining waterways. The SOPA has used WSUD technology to ensure that the town remains 'nationally and internationally recognised for excellence and innovation in urban design, building design and sustainability, both in the present and for future generations.

513:(otherwise known as sediment basins) are used to remove (by settling) coarse to medium-sized sediments and to regulate water flows and are often the first element in a WSUD treatment system. They operate through temporary stormwater retention and reduction of flow velocities to promote settling of sediments out of the water column. They are important as a pretreatment to ensure downstream elements are not overloaded or smothered with coarse sediments. Sedimentation basins can take various forms and can be used as permanent systems integrated into an urban design or temporary measures to control sediment discharge during construction activities. They are often designed as an inlet pond to a bioretention basin or constructed wetland. Sedimentation basins are generally most effective at removing coarser sediments (125 μm and larger) and are typically designed to remove 70 to 90% of such sediments. They can be designed to drain during periods without rainfall and then fill during runoff events or to have a permanent pool. In flow events greater than their designed discharge, a secondary spillway directs water to a bypass channel or conveyance system, preventing the resuspension of sediments previously trapped in the basin. 484:(or pervious paving) is an alternative to conventional impermeable pavement and allows infiltration of runoff water to the soil or to a dedicated water storage reservoir below it In reasonably flat areas such as car parks, driveways, and lightly used roads, it decreases the volume and velocity of stormwater runoff and can improve water quality by removing contaminants through filtering, interception, and biological treatment. Porous pavements can have several forms and are either monolithic or modular. Monolithic structures consist of a single continuous porous medium such as porous concrete or porous pavement (asphalt) while modular structures include porous pavers individual paving blocks that are constructed so that there is a gap in between each paver. Commercial products that are available are for example, pavements made from special asphalt or concrete containing minimal materials, concrete grid pavements, and concrete ceramic or plastic modular pavements. Porous pavements are usually laid on a very porous material (sand or gravel), underlain by a layer of 531:

inlet zone (sedimentation basin) to remove coarse sediments; a macrophyte zone, a heavily vegetated area to remove fine particulates and uptake of soluble pollutants; and a high flow bypass channel to protect the macrophyte zone. The macrophyte zone generally includes a marsh zone as well as an open water zone and has an extended depth of 0.25 to 0.5m with specialist plant species and a retention time of 48 to 72 hours. Constructed Wetlands can also provide a flow control function by rising during rainfall and then slowly releasing the stored flows. Constructed wetlands will improve the runoff water quality depending on the wetland processes. The key treatment mechanism of wetlands are physical (trapping suspended solids and adsorbed pollutants), biological and chemical uptake (trapping dissolved pollutants, chemical adsorption of pollutants), and pollutant transformation (more stable sediment fixation, microbial processes, UV disinfection).

473:; followed by a sand layer that filters sediments, finer particulates, and dissolved pollutants. The filtered water is collected by perforated underdrain pipes in a similar manner as in bioretention systems. Systems may also have an overflow chamber. The sedimentation chamber can have permanent water or can be designed to be drained with weep holes between storm events. Permanent water storage however, can risk anaerobic conditions that can lead to the release of pollutants (e.g. phosphorus). The design process should consider the provision of detention storage to yield a high hydrologic effectiveness, and discharge control by proper sizing of the perforated underdrain and overflow path. Regular maintenance is required to prevent crust forming. 568:

swale surface and safety hazard. In steeper areas check banks along swales or dense vegetation can help to distribute flows evenly across swales and slow velocities. Milder-sloped swales may have issues with water-logging and stagnant ponding, in which case underdrains can be employed to alleviate problems. If the swale is to be vegetated, vegetation must be capable of withstanding design flows and be of sufficient density to provide good filtration). Ideally, vegetation height should be above treatment flow water levels. If runoff enters directly into a swale, perpendicular to the main flow direction, the edge of the swale acts as a buffer and provides pre-treatment for the water entering the swale.

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of water that can potentially be reused for e.g. irrigation. Often, artificial ponds and lakes also form part of a flood detention system. Aquatic vegetation plays an important role for the water quality in artificial lakes and ponds in respect of maintaining and regulating the oxygen and nutrient levels. Due to a water depth greater than 1.5m, emergent macrophytes are usually restricted to the margins but submerged plants may occur in the open water zone. Fringing vegetation can be useful in reducing bank erosion. Ponds are normally not used as stand-alone WSUD measure but are often combined with sediment basins or constructed wetlands as pretreatments.

614:) are designed to conserve potable water by harvesting rain and stormwater to partially meet domestic water demands (e.g. during drought periods). In addition, rainwater tanks can reduce stormwater runoff volumes and stormwater pollutants from reaching downstream waterways. They can be used effectively in domestic households as a potential WSUD element. Rain and stormwater from rooftops of buildings can be collected and accessed specifically for purposes such as toilet flushing, laundry, garden watering, and car washing. Buffer Tanks allow rain water collected from hard surfaces to seep into the site helps maintain the aquifer and ground water levels. 433:

systems, they are often located along streets at regular intervals to treat runoff prior to entry into the drainage system. Alternatively, larger basins can provide treatment for larger areas, such as at the outfalls of a drainage system. A wide range of vegetation can be used within a bioretention basin, allowing them to be well integrated into the surrounding landscape design. Vegetation species that tolerate periodic inundation should be selected. Bioretention basins are however, sensitive to any materials that may clog the filter media. Basins are often used in conjunction with gross pollutant traps (GPTs or litter traps, include widely used

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reliable source of water to supplement mains water supply, and maintain appropriate water quality. The use of rainwater tanks should consider issues such as supply and demand, water quality, stormwater benefits (volume is reduced), cost, available space, maintenance, size, shape, and material of the tank. Rainwater tanks must also be installed in accordance with plumbing and drainage standards. An advised suitable configuration may include a water filter or first flush diversion, a mains water top-up supply (dual supply system), maintenance drain, a pump (pressure system), and an on-site retention provision.

408:, are placed within the base of a swale that is generally located in the median strip of divided roads. They provide both stormwater treatment and are. A bioretention system can be installed in part of a swale, or along the full length of a swale, depending on treatment requirements. The runoff water usually goes through a fine media filter and proceeds downward where it is collected via a perforated pipe leading to downstream waterways or storages. Vegetation growing in the filter media can prevent erosion and, unlike infiltration systems, bioretention swales are suited for a wide range of soil conditions. 145: 185:

consultation with New South Wales) and similar documents were released by Queensland through Brisbane City Council in 1999. Cooperation between Federal, State, and Territory governments to increase the efficiency of Australia's water use resulted in the National Water Initiative (NWI) signed in June 2004. The NWI is a comprehensive national strategy to improve water management across the country; it encompasses a wide range of water management issues and encourages the adoption of best practice approaches to the management of water in Australia, which include WSUD.

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solids (TSS) per year of local stormwater runoff from the road, and filters it through a sand filter media before releasing it back into the stormwater system. Permeable pavers are also used in the system within the surrounding pedestrian footpaths, to support the infiltration of runoff into the ground water system. Roadside bioretention systems similar to this project have been implemented throughout Australia. Similar projects are presented on the Sydney Catchment Management Authority's WSUD website:

759:(Stormwater Treatment Objective – Relative Measure), to allow users to assess if development proposals meet legislated best practice stormwater quality performance objectives. The STORM tool is limited to assessment of discrete WSUD treatment practices and so does not model where several treatment practices are used in series. Of It is also limited to sites where coverage of impervious surfaces is greater than 40%. For larger more complicated developments more sophisticated modelling, such as 1067:

underground gravel trench system, which collects, infiltrates, and conveys road/roof runoff. The main boulevard acts as a bioretention system with an underground gravel-filled trench to allow for infiltration and conveyance of stormwater. The catchment runoff then undergoes secondary treatment through a wetland system before discharge into an ornamental lake. This project is significant as the first residential WSUD development of this scale in Australia. Its performance in exceeding the

82: 633:(ASR) (also referred to as Managed Aquifer Recharge) aims to enhance water recharge to underground aquifers through gravity feed or pumping. It can be an alternative to large surface storages with water being pumped up again from below the surface in dry periods. Potential water sources for an ASR system can be stormwater or treated wastewater. The following components can usually be found in an ASR system that harvests stormwater : 590:

dominant winds to facilitate mixing. Hydraulic structures (inlet and outlet zones) should be designed to ensure adequate pre-treatment and prevent large nutrient 'spikes' Landscape design, using appropriate plant species and planting density are also necessary. High costs of the planned pond/lake area and of vegetation establishment as well as frequent maintenance requirements can be deterrents to use of ponds and lakes as WSUD measures.

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Melbourne, jurisdictional authority for watersheds of greater than 60 ha rests with the state-level authority, Melbourne Water; while local governments govern smaller watersheds. Consequently, Melbourne Water has been deterred from investing significantly in WSUD works to improve small watersheds, despite them affecting the condition of the larger watersheds into which they drain and waterway health including headwater streams.

181:, which together with its reliance on surface water sources, combined with one of the most severe droughts (from 2000–2010) since European settlement, highlight the fact that major urban centers face increasing water shortages. This has begun shifting the perception of stormwater runoff from strictly a liability and nuisance to that of having value as a water resource resulting in changing stormwater management practices. 657:

design process should consider the protection of groundwater quality, and recovered water quality for its intended use. Aquifers and aquitards need also be protected from damaged by depletion or high pressures. Impacts of the harvesting point on downstream areas also require consideration. Careful planning is required regarding aquifer selection, treatment, injection, the recovery process, and maintenance and monitoring.

673:(NWI), agreed upon by Federal, State, and Territory governments in 2004 and 2006, provides a national plan to improve water management across the country. It provides clear intent to "Create Water Sensitive Australian Cities" and encourages the adoption of WSUD approaches. National guidelines have also been released in accordance with NWI clause 92(ii) to provide guidance on the evaluation of WSUD initiatives. 1072:

Transfer Award. Its success as a private-sector implemented WSUD system led to its proponent Urban and Regional Land Corporation (URLC) to look to incorporate WSUD as a standard practice across the State of Victoria. The project has also attracted attention from developers, councils, waterway management agencies and environmental policy-makers throughout the country.

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parks and from heavily urbanised and built-up areas. They usually do not support vegetation owing to the filtration media (sand) not retaining sufficient moisture and because they are usually installed underground. The filter usually consists of a sedimentation chamber as pre-treatment device to remove litter, debris, gross pollutants, and medium-sized sediments; a

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in order to prevent the soil from migrating into the rock or gravel fill. Infiltration systems are dependent on the local soil characteristics and are generally best suited to soils with good infiltrative capacity, such as sandy-loam soils, with deep groundwater. In areas of low permeability soils, such as clay, a perforated pipe may be placed within the gravel.

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Kingdom, Australia has treated stormwater runoff as a liability and nuisance, endangering human health and property. This resulted in a strong focus on the design of stormwater management systems that rapidly convey stormwater runoff directly to streams with little or no focus on ecosystem preservation. This management approach results in what is referred to as

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measures (e.g. constructed wetlands) and are commonly used to filter and treat runoff prior to it reaching street drains. Use on larger scales can be complicated and hence other devices may be more appropriate. Bioretention systems comprise bioretention swales (also referred to as grassed swales and drainage channels) and bioretention basins.

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integrated management approach to potable, waste, and stormwater management, to enable cities to adapt and become resilient to the pressure which population growth, urban densification and climate change places on ageing and increasingly expensive water infrastructure. Additionally, Australia's arid conditions mean it is particularly

802:. The document presented an overview of stormwater harvesting and provided guidance on planning and design aspects of integrated landscape-scale strategy as well as technical WSUD practice implementation. The document now however, although still available on the governmental website, does not appear to be widely promoted. 534:

The design of constructed wetlands requires careful consideration to avoid common problems such as accumulation of litter, oil, and scum in sections of the wetland, infestation of weeds, mosquito problems or algal blooms. Constructed wetlands can require a large amount of land area and are unsuitable

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Due to their primary function of being the discharge of treated stormwater, infiltration systems are generally positioned as the final element in a WSUD system. Infiltration trenches should not be located on steep slopes or unstable areas. A layer of geotextile fabric is often used to line the trench

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BMT WBM 2009, "Evaluating options for water sensitive urban design – a national guide: Prepared by the Joint Steering Committee for Water Sensitive Cities: In delivering Clause 92(ii) of the National Water Initiative", Joint Steering Committee for Water Sensitive Cities (JSCWSC), Canberra, viewed 18

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outlet structure. Similar to constructed wetlands, they can be used to treat runoff by providing extended detention and allowing sedimentation, absorption of nutrients, and UV disinfection to occur. In addition, they provide an aesthetic quality for recreation, wildlife habitat, and valuable storage

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in Victoria) require the design to retain particles of 125μm and smaller with very high efficiency and to reduce typical pollutants (such as phosphorus and nitrogen) by at least 45%. In addition to stormwater treatment, the design criteria for constructed wetlands also include enhanced aesthetic and

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involve the treatment of water by vegetation prior to filtration of sediment and other solids through prescribed media. Vegetation provides biological uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other soluble or fine particulate contaminants. Bioretention systems offer a smaller footprint than other similar

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Traditional urban and industrial development alters landscapes from permeable vegetated surfaces to a series of impervious interconnected surfaces resulting in large quantities of stormwater runoff, requiring management. Like other industrialized countries, including the United States and the United

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The Lynbrook Estate development project in Victoria, demonstrates effective implementation of WSUD by the private sector. It is a Greenfield residential development site that has focused its marketing for potential residents on innovative use of stormwater management technologies, following a pilot

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is an online program that allows users to enter data relating to a residential development, such as location, size, building materials etc.; to receive scores against water and energy use reduction targets. Water targets range from a 0 to 40% reduction in consumption of mains-supplied potable water

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are designed to remove stormwater pollutants associated with fine to colloidal particles and dissolved contaminants. These shallow, extensively vegetated water bodies use enhanced sedimentation, fine filtration, and biological uptake to remove these pollutants. They usually comprise three zones: an

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Australian states, building on the Federal government's foundational research in the 1990s, began releasing WSUD guidelines with Western Australia first releasing guidelines in 1994. Victoria released guidelines on the best practice environmental management of urban stormwater in 1999 (developed in

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At the local government level, regional water resource management strategies supported by regional and/or local catchment-scale integrated water cycle management plans and/or stormwater management plans provide the strategic context for WSUD. Local government environment plans may place regulatory

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Potential water quality issues include atmospheric pollution, bird, and possum droppings, insects e.g. mosquito larvae, roofing material, paints, and detergents. As part of maintenance, an annual flush out (to remove built-up sludge and debris) and regular visual inspections should be carried out.

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material. Maintenance activities vary depending on the type of porous pavement. Generally, inspections and removal of sediment and debris should be undertaken. Modulate pavers can also be lifted, backwashed, and replaced when blockages occurs. Generally porous pavement is not suited for areas with

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are a variation of the infiltration trench principle and operate in a way similar to bioretention systems. Stormwater is passed through them for treatment prior to discharge to the downstream stormwater system. Sand filters are very useful in treating runoff from confined hard surfaces such as car

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are shallow excavated structures filled with permeable materials such as gravel or rock to create an underground reservoir. They are designed to hold stormwater runoff within a subsurface trench and gradually release it into the surrounding soil and groundwater systems. Although they are generally

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in the 1960s resulted in some movement toward holistic stormwater management in Australia. Awareness increased greatly during the 1990s with the Federal government and scientists cooperating through the Cooperative Research Centre program. Increasingly city planners have recognised the need for an

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for Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus and Total Suspended Solids levels, has won it both the 2000 President's Award in the Urban Development Institute of Australia Awards for Excellence (recognising innovation in urban development), and the 2001 Cooperative Research Centres' Association Technology

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The project combines conventional drainage systems with WSUD measures at the streetscape and sub-catchment level, with the aim of attenuating and treating stormwater flows to protect receiving waters within the development. Primary treatment of the stormwater is carried out by grass swales and an

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sites that require alteration or remediation. In Australia, WSUD technologies have been implemented in a broad range of projects, including from small-scale road-side projects, up to large-scale +100 hectare residential development sites. The three key case studies below represent a range of WSUD

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In Victoria, elements of WSUD are integrated into many of the overall objectives and strategies of the Victorian planning policy. The State Planning Policy Framework of the which is contained in all planning schemes in Victoria contains some specific clauses requiring adoption of WSUD practices.

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The possible aquifer types suitable for an ASR system include fractured unconfined rock and confined sand and gravel. Detailed geological investigations are necessary to establish the feasibility of an ASR scheme. The potential low cost of ASR compared to subsurface storage can be attractive. The

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caused by poor water quality and high nutrient levels can be a major threat to the health of lakes. To ensure the long-term sustainability of lakes and ponds, key issues that should be considered in their design include catchment hydrology and water level, and layout of the pond/lake (oriented to

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Swales can be incorporated in urban designs along streets or parklands and add to the aesthetic character of an area. Typical swales are created with longitudinal slopes between 1% and 4% in order to maintain flow capacity without creating high velocities, potential erosion of the bioretention or

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provide similar flow control and water quality treatment functions to bioretention swales but do not have a conveyance function. In addition to the filtration and biological uptake functions of bioretention systems, basins also provide extended detention of stormwater to maximise runoff treatment

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The WSUD Roadway Retrofit Bioretention System is a small-scale project implemented by the Ku-ring-gai Council in NSW as part of an overall catchment incentive to reduce stormwater pollution. The Raingarden uses a bioretention system to capture and treat an estimated 75 kg of total suspended

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Urban stormwater management systems must also meet the requirements of the relevant drainage authority. This is usually the local council. However, in the Melbourne region, where a catchment greater than 60ha is concerned it is Melbourne Water. Inflows downstream of the subdivision site are also

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In many cases, however, lakes and ponds have been designed as aesthetic features but suffer from poor health which can be caused by lack of appropriate inflows sustaining lake water levels, the poor water quality of inflows and high organic carbon loads, infrequent flushing of the lake (too long

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The transition of Melbourne city to WSUD over the last forty years has culminated in a list of best practice qualities and enabling factors, which have been identified as important in aiding decision making to facilitate transition to WSUD technologies. The implementation of WSUD can be enabled

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New residential developments are subject to a permeability standard that at least 20 percent of sites should not be covered by impervious surfaces. The objective of this is to reduce the impact of increased stormwater runoff on the drainage system and facilitate on-site stormwater infiltration.

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In Australia, there are no quantitative performance targets for rainwater tanks, such as size of tank or targeted reductions in potable water demand, in policies or guidelines. The various guidelines provided by state governments however, do advise that rain water tanks be designed to provide a

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is also used to describe such systems but usually refers to smaller, individual lot-scale bioretention basins. Bioretention basins have the advantage of being applicable at a range of scales and shapes and therefore have flexibility in their location within developments. Like other bioretention

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are used to convey stormwater in lieu of pipes and provide a buffer strip between receiving waters (e.g. creek or wetland) and impervious areas of a catchment. Overland flows and mild slopes slowly convey water downstream and promote an even distribution of flow. Buffer areas provide treatment

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was remediated from an area of landfill, abattoirs, and a navy armament depot into a multiuse Olympic site. A Water Reclamation and Management Scheme (WRAMS) was set up in 2000 for large-scale recycling of non-potable water, which included a range of WSUD technologies. These technologies were

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As regulatory authority over stormwater runoff is shared between Australian states and local government areas, issues of multiple governing jurisdictions have resulted in inconsistent implementation of WSUD policies and practices and fragmented management of larger watersheds. For example, in

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WSUD regards urban stormwater runoff as a resource rather than a nuisance or liability. This represents a paradigm shift in the way environmental resources and water infrastructure are dealt with in the planning and design of towns, and cities. WSUD principles regard all streams of water as a

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Fletcher, TD, Duncan, HP, Poelsma, P, and Lloyd, S 2003, "Stormwater flow and quality and the effectiveness of non-proprietary stormwater treatment measures: A review and gap analysis", The Institute for Sustainable Water Resources, Monash University and the CRC for Catchment Hydrology,

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State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment 2006, "Using the integrated water management provisions of Clause 56 – Residential subdivision", State of Victoria, Department of Sustainability and Environment, Mulgrave, VIC, viewed 19 September 2011,

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The maintenance of pond and lake systems is important to minimize the risk of poor health. The inlet zone usually requires weed, plant, debris, and litter removal with occasional replanting. In some cases, an artificial turn over of the lake might be necessary.

786:), depending on location of the residential development. Ninety percent of new homes are covered by the 40% water target. The BASIX program allows for the modelling of some WSUD elements such as use of rainwater tanks, stormwater tanks and greywater recycling. 540:

recreational values, and habitat provision. The maintenance of constructed wetlands usually includes the removal of sediments and litter from the inlet zone, as well as weed control and occasional macrophyte harvesting to maintain a vigorous vegetation cover.

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Regular maintenance is crucial to ensure that the system does not clog with sediments and that the desired infiltration rate is maintained. This includes checking and maintaining the pre-treatment by periodic inspections and cleaning of clogged material.

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Promoting a significant degree of water-related self-sufficiency within urban settings by optimizing the use of water sources to minimise potable, storm, and waste water inflows and outflows through the incorporation into urban design of localised water

169:, resulting in streams carrying elevated concentrations of pollutants, nutrients, and suspended solids. Increased peak flow also alters channel morphology and stability, further proliferating sedimentation and drastically reducing biotic richness. 795:(NSW ). Due to a lack of consistent policy and direction at the state-level however, adoption by local councils is mixed with some developing their own WSUD objectives in their local environmental plans (LEP) and others having no such provisions. 2258: 1643: 135:

Common approaches include reducing potable water use and collecting greywater, wastewater, stormwater, and other runoff for recycled use. Infrastructure design may be modified to enable water filtering, collection, and storage.

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not designed as a treatment measure but can provide some level of treatment by retaining pollutants and sediments. Runoff volumes and peak discharges from impervious areas are reduced by capturing and infiltrating flows.

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Brown, R, and Clarke, J 2007, "The transition toward water sensitive urban design: the story of Melbourne, Australia", Report No. 07/01, Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, p.

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Brown, R and Clarke, J 2007, "The transition toward water sensitive urban design: the story of Melbourne, Australia", Report No. 07/01, Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, p.

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Abbott, SE, Douwes, J, and Caughley, BP 2006, 'A survey of the microbiological quality of roof-collected rainwater of private dwellings in New Zealand', "New Zealand Journal of Environmental Health", vol. 29, pp.

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Brown, R, and Clarke, J 2007 "The transition toward water sensitive urban design: the story of Melbourne, Australia", Report No. 07/01, Facility for Advancing Water Biofiltration, Monash University, Clayton,

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http://www.wsud.melbournewater.com.au/content/case_studies/project_details.asp?projectID=78&CouncilID=-1&ResponsibleAuthorityID=-1&WSUDTypeID=0&suburb=&LandUseTreatedID=-1&Zoomed=True

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Jayasuriya, LNN, Kadurupokune, N, Othman, M, and Jesse, K 2007, 'Contributing to the sustainable use of stormwater: the role of pervious pavements', "Water Science and Technology", vol. 56, no. 12, pp.

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NMcAuley, A, McManus, R, and Knights, D 2009, "Water sensitive urban design: implementation framework for Darwin discussion paper", Northern Territory Government, Sydney, viewed 18 September 2011, <

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Department of Environment and Conservation NSW 2006, "Managing urban stormwater: Harvesting and reuse", Department of Environment and Conservation NSW 2006, Sydney, viewed 19 September 2011, <

680:, but to varying degrees have only limited requirements for WSUD. State planning policies variously provide more specific standards for adoption of WSUD practices in particular circumstances. 1640: 730:

c. 56.07-4 Clause 25 states that stormwater systems must meet best practice stormwater management objectives. Currently, while no longer considered best practice, the state standard is

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for steep terrain. High costs of the area and of vegetation establishment can be deterrents to the use of constructed wetlands as a WSUD measure. Guidelines for developers (such as the

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Treating stormwater to meet water quality objectives for reuse and/or discharge by capturing sediments, pollutants, and nutrients through the retention and slow release of stormwater

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Integrating stormwater treatment into the landscape so that it offers multiple beneficial uses such as water quality treatment, wildlife habitat, recreation, and open public space

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Council of Australian Governments, 2009, "Intergovernmental agreement on a national water initiative", Council of Australian Governments, Canberra, viewed 18 September 2011, <

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Khastagir, A, and Jayasuriya, LNN 2010, 'Impacts of using rainwater tanks on stormwater harvesting and runoff quality', "Water Science and Technology", vol. 62, pp. 324–329

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Provision of stormwater or other recycled urban waters (in all cases subject to appropriate controls) to provide environmental water requirements for modified watercourses

1795: 973:– A formal organizational responsibility for the improvement of waterway health, and a cultural commitment to proactively influence practices that lead to such an outcome 1514:

Victorian Stormwater Committee 1999, "Urban stormwater: best-practice environmental management guidelines", CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, VIC, viewed 19 September 2011

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Local Councils are responsible for the development of Local Environment Plans (LEPs) which can control development and mandate adoption of WSUD practices and targets

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Roy, Allison H.; Wenger, Seth J.; Fletcher, Tim D.; Walsh, Christopher J.; Ladson, Anthony R.; Shuster, William D.; Thurston, Hale W.; Brown, Rebekah R. (2008).

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Common WSUD practices used in Australia are discussed below. Usually, a combination of these elements are used to meet urban water cycle management objectives.

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is used in NSW, Australia for residential developments. For large, more complicated developments, more sophisticated modelling software may be necessary.

437:), and coarser sediment basins, which capture litter and other gross solids to reduce the potential for damage to the vegetation or filter media surface. 1577: 955:– Dedicated organizing entity that facilitates collaboration between science and policy, agencies and professions, and knowledge brokers and industry 1852: 1620:

Environmental Protection Agency (South Australia) 2004, "Code of Practice for Aquifer Storage and Recovery", Adelaide, viewed 19 September 2011 <

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Simplified modelling programs are provided by some jurisdictions to assess implementation of WSUD practices in compliance with local regulations.

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The Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority also provides tools and resources to support local council adoption of WSUD. These include

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Improving waterway health through restoring or preserving the natural hydrological regime of catchments through treatment and reuse technologies

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Mackay City Council 2008 "Engineering design guidelines: Constructed lakes", Planning Scheme Policy No. 15.15, Mackay City Council, Mackay, QLD

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Sydney Olympic Park Authority 2011, "Sydney Olympic Park Master Plan 2030", Sydney Olympic Park Authority, viewed 20 September 2011, <

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restricted to pre-development levels unless approved by the relevant drainage authority and there are no detrimental downstream impacts.

2348: 1624: 2114: 2056: 125: 1251:"Impediments and Solutions to Sustainable, Watershed-Scale Urban Stormwater Management: Lessons from Australia and the United States" 985:– Accessible and reliable demonstration of new thinking and technologies in practice, accompanied by knowledge diffusion initiatives 1571:"Final Report, Water Smart Australia Project, Restoration of the Groundwater Aquifer on the Cottlesoe Peninsula, Western Australia" 194:

resource with diverse impacts on biodiversity, water, land, and the community's recreational and aesthetic enjoyment of waterways.

1358:"Research Article: Water-Sensitive Urban Design: An Emerging Model in Sustainable Design and Comprehensive Water-Cycle Management" 1304:

Walsh, Christopher J.; Roy, Allison H.; Feminella, Jack W.; Cottingham, Peter D.; Groffman, Peter M.; Morgan, Raymond P. (2005).

1909: 1792: 156:, Australia. Replacing impermeable surfaces with grassy surfaces reduces stormwater runoff, among other environmental benefits. 2050:

Water sensitive urban design in the Australian context: Synthesis of a conference held 30–31 August 2000, Melbourne, Australia

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Potential WSUD clauses for incorporation into Local Government reports, tenders, expressions of interest or other materials.;

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Integrating water into the landscape to enhance the urban design as well as social, visual, cultural, and ecological values

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Sydney Olympic Park Authority 2011, "Water & cachments", Sydney Olympic Park Authority, viewed 20 September 2011, <

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New residential subdivisions of two or more lots are required to meet integrated water management objectives related to:

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Two swales for a housing development. The foreground one is under construction while the background one is established.

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Protecting and improving the water quality of water draining from urban environments into creeks, rivers, and wetlands

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and improve aesthetic and recreational appeal. WSUD is a term used in the Middle East and Australia and is similar to

1872: 809:

Potential WSUD provisions for incorporation into Local Government LEPs, with State-level department approval in NSW;

1601:

Standards Australia 2003. "AS/NZS 3500.3: Plumbing and drainage – Stormwater drainage", Standards Australia, Sydney

1160: 352:, and reuse systems to reduce potable water consumption, and minimise environmentally harmful wastewater discharges 1962: 1892: 1221: 1853:

http://www.equatica.com.au/pdf/BBCCI%20WSUD%20Barriers%20and%20Opportunities%20to%20WSUD%20Adoption%20FinalV3.pdf

1086: 670: 121: 967:– A measurable and effective target that binds the change activity of scientists, policy makers, and developers 576:

Ponds and lakes are artificial bodies of open water that are usually created by constructing a dam wall with a

2311: 1166: 783: 666: 362: 734:. The current water quality objectives, which do not protect waterways from the impacts of stormwater are: 367:

A diverse portfolio of water sources, supported by both centralised and decentralised water infrastructure.

173: 162: 1128: 1000:

WSUD technologies can be implemented in a range of projects, from previously pristine and undeveloped, or

949:– An aligned community, media, and political concern for improved waterway health, amenity, and recreation 265:

Adopting a fit-for-purpose approach to the use of potential alternative sources of water such as rainwater

2306: 585:

residence time), and/or inappropriate mixing (stratification) leading to low levels of dissolved oxygen.

1829: 326: 229:

Reducing peak flows and runoff from the urban environment simultaneously providing for infiltration and

815:

A WSUD Decision Support Tool to guide councils in comparing and evaluating on-ground WSUD projects, and

220:

Restoring the urban water balance by maximizing the reuse of stormwater, recycled water, and grey water

760: 1262: 1144: 1139: 611: 527: 522: 510: 389: 349: 342: 273: 230: 86: 773: 933: 861:"uncertainties relating to selecting and optimising WSUD practices for quantity and quality control 669:

and the States, there is no national legislative requirement for urban water cycle management. The

445: 424: 401: 979:– Additional resources, including external funding injection points, directed to the change effort 1377: 1325: 1286: 1171: 358:

Flexible institutional arrangements to cope with increased uncertainty and variability in climate

166: 1937: 961:– Accessible scientific expertise, innovating reliable and effective solutions to local problems 799: 791: 341:

Protection of water-related environmental, recreational, and cultural values by minimising the

81: 2317: 2052:

Cooperative Research Council for Catchment Hydrology, Melbourne, viewed 19 September 2011,<

1278: 1250: 1001: 798:

In 2006 the then NSW Department of Environment and Conservation released a guidance document,

293: 165:. Heavy rainfall flows rapidly into streams carrying pollutants and sediments washed off from 1793:

http://www.dpcd.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/41717/VPP_Clause_56_4-Intwaterman.pdf

1621: 1369: 1317: 1270: 1134: 556: 17: 2103: 2053: 1812: 2290: 2118: 2060: 2030: 1896: 1836: 1799: 1779: 1758: 1737: 1716: 1695: 1647: 1628: 1405: 1228: 1149: 586: 1042:) – Roadway reconstruction with inclusion of bioretention basins to treat stormwater, and 2274: 1266: 818:

Draft guidelines for the use of the more sophisticated MUSIC modelling software in NSW

607: 332:

Reuse, storage, and infiltration of stormwater, instead of drainage system augmentation

296:

effect' through the use of water and vegetation, assisting in replenishing groundwater.

2332: 1381: 896:– A network of champions interacting between government, academia, and private sector 481: 101: 1329: 640:

A treatment system for storm water prior to injection as well as for recovered water

416: 1290: 1090: 1048:– Roadway reconstruction with inclusion of bioretention basins to treat stormwater. 1036:– Roadway reconstruction with inclusion of bioretention basins to treat stormwater; 560: 117: 61: 502: 345:

of a project associated with providing supply, wastewater, and stormwater services

104:

and engineering design approach which integrates the urban water cycle, including

1873:

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/stormwater/managestormwatera06137.pdf

774:/ State Environmental Planning Policy (Building Sustainability Index: BASIX) 2004 1154: 489:

heavy traffic loads. Particulates in stormwater can clog pores in the material.

465: 238:

Easy, cost-effective implementation of WSUD allowing for widespread application.

149: 109: 1769: 1748: 1727: 1706: 1685: 214:

Protecting and enhancing creeks, rivers, and wetlands within urban environments

1373: 1274: 1123: 1005: 485: 434: 429: 269: 259:

Reducing potable water demand through demand- and supply-side water management

113: 105: 2102:

WSUD in Sydney 2010, "WSUD roadway retrofits", viewed 19 September 2011, <

652:

Systems (including sampling ports) to monitor water levels and water quality.

1549: 1461:" WSUD Engineering Procedures: Stormwater" 2008, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne 1357: 1108: 676:

At the state level, planning and environmental legislation broadly promotes

320: 276:

to a standard suitable for effluent reuse and/or release to receiving waters

50: 1282: 914:– Pragmatic approach to aid cross-sectoral implementation of best practices 878:

through the effective interplay between the two variables discussed below.

153: 46: 1306:"The urban stream syndrome: Current knowledge and the search for a cure" 867:

and complexity integrating into landscape-scale water management systems

285:

Improving the aesthetic and the connection with water for urban dwellers

1966: 1889: 1849:

Barriers and opportunities to WSUD adoption in the Botany Bay catchment

828: 756: 649:

A well for the water injection and a well for the recovery of the water

2257:

Melbourne Water n.d., "Lynbrook Estate" viewed 20 September 2011, <

665:

In Australia, due to the constitutional division of power between the

643:

A wetland, detention pond, dam or tank, as a temporary storage measure

1321: 361:

A focus on longer-term planning including in related domains such as

1811:

Melbourne Water, n.d., "About STORM", viewed 19 September 2011, <

1356:

Donofrio, Julie; Kuhn, Yvana; McWalter, Kerry; Winsor, Mark (2009).

890:– A common vision for waterway health through cooperative approaches 855:

and institutional fragmentation at state and local government levels

548: 1305: 732:

Urban Stormwater: Best Practice Environmental Management Guidelines

537:

Urban Stormwater: Best Practice Environmental Management Guidelines

926:– Strategic and forward thinking approach to advocacy and practice 777:(NSW ) is the primary piece of policy mandating adoption of WSUD. 741:

45 percent retention of typical urban annual total phosphorus load

738:

80 percent retention of typical urban annual suspended solids load

547: 501: 415: 323:

reuse as an alternate source of water to conserve potable supplies

143: 80: 317:

The use of water-efficient appliances to reduce potable water use

832: 744:

45 percent retention of typical urban annual total nitrogen load

577: 470: 262:

Incorporating the use of water-efficient appliances and fittings

920:– Adaptive approach to incorporating new scientific information 778: 338:

Water efficient landscaping to reduce potable water consumption

223:

Conserving water resources through reuse and system efficiency

29: 2323: 1013:

A raingarden biofilter for small-scale stormwater management

755:

Melbourne Water provides a simplified online software tool,

2048:

Cooperative Research Council for Catchment Hydrology 2000,

991:– A well-articulated business case for the change activity. 1884:

Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority 2010,

1076:

Large-scale remediation for the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games

747:

70 percent reduction of typical urban annual litter load.

189:

Differences from conventional urban stormwater management

2054:

http://www.catchment.crc.org.au/pdfs/technical200107.pdf

1813:

https://storm.melbournewater.com.au/help/about_storm.asp

2291:

http://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/resource_centre/publications

1018:

Ku-ring-gai Council's Kooloona Crescent Raingarden, NSW

564:

through sedimentation and interaction with vegetation.

57: 420:

Parking lot that drains to a small bioretention basin.

2275:

http://www.sopa.nsw.gov.au/our_park/environment/water

848:

Major issues affecting the adoption of WSUD include:

1069:

Urban Stormwater Best Practice Management Guidelines

726:

Specifically regarding urban runoff management, the

1548:. City of Albany, Western Australia. Archived from 1310:

Journal of the North American Benthological Society

335:

Use of vegetation for stormwater filtering purposes

2194:"Fowler Street Reconstruction constructed 2003/04" 2324:Susdrain - The community for sustainable drainage 2163:"Cremorne Street Reconstruction constructed 2003" 1030:– Minnamurra Avenue Water Sensitive Road project; 1017: 2225:"Stawell Street Reconstruction constructed 2004" 2131:"Minnamurra Avenue Water Sensitive Road project" 684:requirements on developments to implement WSUD. 506:Sediment basin installed on a construction site. 823:Predictive modelling to assess WSUD performance 800:Managing Urban Stormwater: Harvesting and Reuse 1114:Green infrastructure for stormwater management 2320:United States Environmental Protection Agency 428:during small to medium flow events. The term 405: 329:, rather than rapid conveyance, of stormwater 128:(LID), a term used in the United States; and 8: 908:– Advocacy and protection of the public good 1910:"Home - Greater Sydney Local Land Services" 771:At the state level in New South Wales, the 637:A diversion structure for a stream or drain 132:(SuDS), a term used in the United Kingdom. 1040:2003-4 City of Kingston, Victoria (Chelsea 1046:2004 City of Kingston, Victoria (Mentone) 2285: 2283: 2269: 2267: 2253: 2251: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2022:, Sydney, viewed 17 September 2011, < 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1657: 1655: 1522: 1520: 1510: 1508: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1053:WSUD in residential development projects 932:– Challenge status quo through focus on 902:– Strong environmental protection values 839:Issues affecting decision-making in WSUD 27:Integrated approach to urban water cycle 1479: 1477: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1183: 1988:"Draft NSW MUSIC Modelling Guidelines" 1661:cs. 14.02-1, 14.02–3, 19.03–2, 19.03–3 1546:"Managing Stormwater on Your Property" 1431: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1415: 1413: 1393: 1391: 1351: 1349: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1187: 7: 2318:Urban Runoff: Low-Impact Development 2020:Draft NSW MUSIC modelling guidelines 1890:http://www.wsud.org/tools-resources/ 678:ecologically sustainable development 983:Demonstration projects and training 844:Impediments to the adoption of WSUD 831:is provided by Melbourne Water and 1965:. WSUD. 2012-05-17. Archived from 626:Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) 85:Water Sensitive Urban Design with 25: 1847:McManus, R, and Morison, P 2007, 661:Policy, planning, and legislation 441:Infiltration trenches and systems 1888:, viewed 19 September 2011, < 1851:, viewed 19 September 2011, < 1828:, viewed 19 September 2011, < 1009:projects from around Australia. 1004:sites, to developed or polluted 120:, into urban design to minimise 34: 1500:Constructed wetlands guidelines 1826:BASIX: about the BASIX indices 728:"Victoria Planning Provisions" 49:format but may read better as 1: 1089:site, the Brownfield area of 1085:For the establishment of the 941:Key factors for enabling WSUD 853:Regulatory framework barriers 646:A spill or overflow structure 2339:Hydrology and urban planning 1993:. p. 81. Archived from 1771:Victoria Planning Provisions 1750:Victoria Planning Provisions 1729:Victoria Planning Provisions 1708:Victoria Planning Provisions 1687:Victoria Planning Provisions 1502:, Melbourne Water, Melbourne 1034:2003 City of Yarra, Victoria 959:Trusted and reliable science 918:Learning-by-doing philosophy 882:Qualities of decision-makers 692:State legislation and policy 631:Aquifer storage and recovery 179:vulnerable to climate change 94:Water-sensitive urban design 89:in the bottom right corner. 18:Water Sensitive Urban Design 2354:Urban planning in Australia 1778:September 20, 2011, at the 1757:September 20, 2011, at the 1736:September 20, 2011, at the 1715:September 20, 2011, at the 1694:September 20, 2011, at the 1673:"Victoria Planning Schemes" 1104:Atmospheric water generator 792:/ Local Government Act 1993 719:waste water management, and 380:Road layout and streetscape 130:Sustainable Drainage System 2375: 2349:Sustainable urban planning 1161:Sydney Catchment Authority 1063:study by Melbourne Water. 996:WSUD projects in Australia 888:Vision for waterway health 763:software, is recommended. 716:reused and recycled water; 520: 1917:www.sydney.cma.nsw.gov.au 1627:October 12, 2009, at the 1374:10.1017/S1466046609990263 1275:10.1007/s00267-008-9119-1 1087:Sydney 2000 Olympic Games 1058:Lynbrook Estate, Victoria 873:and related uncertainties 722:urban run-off management. 671:National Water Initiative 172:Increased recognition of 122:environmental degradation 1255:Environmental Management 1028:2005 Ku-ring-gai Council 871:Marketing and acceptance 544:Swales and buffer strips 406:buffer strips and swales 2117:March 29, 2012, at the 1963:"Tools & Resources" 1835:April 22, 2011, at the 1646:March 22, 2011, at the 1167:Water demand management 947:Socio-political capital 930:Innovative and adaptive 906:Public-good disposition 784:water demand management 667:Australian Commonwealth 363:water demand management 274:treatment of wastewater 58:converting this article 2307:Sydney Metro catchment 2029:April 6, 2011, at the 1362:Environmental Practice 1129:Nature-based solutions 1118:Low-impact development 912:Best-practice ideology 894:Multi-sectoral network 859:Assessment and costing 713:drinking water supply; 553: 507: 421: 157: 126:low-impact development 90: 2344:Stormwater management 2312:Stormwater management 2143:on September 13, 2009 1886:Tools & resources 1498:Melbourne Water 2010 1404:June 2, 2011, at the 1227:June 2, 2011, at the 953:Bridging organization 865:Technology and design 551: 521:Further information: 505: 446:Infiltration trenches 419: 372:Common WSUD practices 327:Stormwater harvesting 174:urban stream syndrome 163:urban stream syndrome 147: 84: 1145:Rainwater management 1140:Rainwater harvesting 900:Environmental values 612:Rainwater Harvesting 528:Constructed wetlands 523:Constructed wetlands 517:Constructed wetlands 511:Sedimentation basins 498:Sedimentation basins 390:Bioretention systems 385:Bioretention systems 350:wastewater treatment 343:ecological footprint 231:groundwater recharge 87:Green Infrastructure 1267:2008EnMan..42..344R 1220:September 2011 < 934:adaptive management 425:Bioretention basins 412:Bioretention basins 402:Bioretention swales 397:Bioretention swales 292:Counteracting the ' 272:generation and the 167:impervious surfaces 2359:Water in Australia 2059:2012-03-22 at the 1895:2011-04-06 at the 1798:2011-09-11 at the 1172:Water conservation 989:Market receptivity 554: 508: 422: 158: 148:A tram running on 91: 60:, if appropriate. 2314:– Melbourne Water 1583:on March 22, 2012 1081:Homebush Bay, NSW 977:Strategic funding 493:Public open space 294:urban heat island 79: 78: 16:(Redirected from 2366: 2294: 2287: 2278: 2271: 2262: 2255: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2236: 2230:. Archived from 2229: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2212: 2211: 2205: 2199:. Archived from 2198: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2174: 2168:. Archived from 2167: 2159: 2153: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2142: 2136:. Archived from 2135: 2127: 2121: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2046: 2033: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2000:on April 6, 2011 1999: 1992: 1984: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1974: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1943:on April 6, 2011 1942: 1936:. Archived from 1935: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1906: 1900: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1856: 1845: 1839: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1788: 1782: 1767: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1725: 1719: 1704: 1698: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1637: 1631: 1618: 1612: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1582: 1576:. 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463: 443: 414: 399: 387: 382: 374: 314: 310: 306: 304: 303: 256: 252: 248: 246: 245: 211: 207: 203: 201: 200: 191: 142: 116:management and 75: 69: 66: 55: 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2301:External links 2299: 2296: 2295: 2279: 2263: 2247: 2216: 2185: 2154: 2122: 2107: 2095: 2085: 2075: 2065: 2034: 2018:BMT WBM 2010, 2011: 1979: 1954: 1931:"WSUD Clauses" 1922: 1901: 1877: 1857: 1840: 1817: 1804: 1783: 1762: 1741: 1720: 1699: 1678: 1664: 1651: 1632: 1613: 1603: 1594: 1562: 1537: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1486: 1473: 1463: 1409: 1387: 1368:(3): 179–189. 1345: 1335: 1316:(3): 706–723. 1296: 1261:(2): 344–359. 1232: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1126: 1121: 1111: 1106: 1099: 1096: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 997: 994: 993: 992: 986: 980: 974: 971:Accountability 968: 962: 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