50:
471:
231:
is the psychiatric condition in which patients feel compelled to drink excessive quantities of water, thus putting them at risk of water intoxication. This condition can be especially dangerous if the patient also exhibits other psychiatric indications (as is often the case), as the care-takers might
199:
Hyponatremia and other physical conditions associated with water intoxication are more often seen in those participating in military training. One US Army study found 17 trainees were admitted to hospital over a year's period for water intoxication while another found that three soldiers had died,
327:
Water intoxication can be prevented if a person's intake of water does not grossly exceed their losses. Healthy kidneys are able to excrete approximately 800 millilitres to one litre of fluid water (0.84–1.04 quarts) per hour. However, stress (from prolonged physical exertion), as well as disease
181:
are susceptible to water intoxication if they drink too much while running. This occurs when sodium levels drop below 135 mmol/L, which can happen when athletes consume large amounts of fluid. This has been noted to be the result of the encouragement of excessive fluid replacement by various
303:. These are sometimes followed by difficulty breathing during exertion, muscle weakness and pain, twitching, or cramping, nausea, vomiting, thirst, and a dulled ability to perceive and interpret sensory information. As the condition persists, papillary and vital signs may result including
190:
found that thirteen percent finished the race with hyponatremia. The study concluded that the strongest predictor of hyponatremia was weight gain while racing (over-hydration), and hyponatremia was just as likely to occur in runners who chose sports drinks as those who chose water.
443:
in which contestants were asked to drink as much water as they could without urinating. The DJs were made aware of the dangers but did not inform the contestants. KDND's parent company, Entercom
Sacramento LLC, was subsequently ordered to pay $ 16,577,118 in damages to Strange's
216:(often referred to colloquially as "Ecstasy") may overexert themselves, perspire heavily, feel increased thirst, and then drink large amounts of water to rehydrate, leading to electrolyte imbalance and water intoxication – this is compounded by MDMA use increasing the levels of
384:
removed of causing his death by water intoxication administered post-operatively. A claimed autopsy weight of 68 kg (150 lb), with his weight being 58 kg (128 lb) when admitted, was cited as evidence that too much fluid had been
1411:
1396:
162:
It can be very easy for children under one year old (especially those under nine months) to absorb too much water. Because of their small body mass, it is easy for them to take in a large amount of water relative to body mass and total body
220:(ADH), decreasing the amount of water lost through urination. Even people who are resting quietly in extreme heat or humidity may run the risk of water intoxication if they drink large amounts of water over short periods for rehydration.
447:
March 11, 2020: Zachary Sabin, an 11-year-old child, died after being forced to drink almost three liters of water in just four hours by his parents. They thought his urine was too dark, so they made him drink water until he threw
108:
Under normal circumstances, accidentally consuming too much water is exceptionally rare. Most deaths related to water intoxication in healthy individuals have resulted either from water-drinking
319:
causing central nervous system dysfunction. Both cerebral edema and interference with the central nervous system are dangerous and could result in seizures, brain damage, coma or death.
1311:
Villalvazo, Priscila; Fernandez-Prado, Raul; Niño, Maria
Dolores Sánchez; Carriazo, Sol; Fernández-Fernández, Beatriz; Ortiz, Alberto; Perez-Gomez, Maria Vanessa (December 2022).
1092:
884:
Zerbe, Robert L.; Robertson, Gary L. (1981-12-24). "A Comparison of Plasma
Vasopressin Measurements with a Standard Indirect Test in the Differential Diagnosis of Polyuria".
131:
when over-consumed in a brief period of time. Water intoxication mostly occurs when water is being consumed in a high quantity provoking disturbances in electrolyte balance.
1148:
299:
in the brain, which leads to the first observable symptoms of water intoxication: headache, personality changes, changes in behavior, confusion, irritability, and
1476:
208:
Any activity or situation that promotes heavy sweating can lead to water intoxication when water is consumed to replace lost fluids. Persons working in
1223:
1093:
https://thehistorianshut.com/2018/09/14/alexander-the-great-and-his-army-almost-drowned-while-they-were-dying-of-thirst-in-the-gedrosian-desert/
588:"Case proven: exercise associated hyponatraemia is due to overdrinking. So why did it take 20 years before the original evidence was accepted?"
212:
and/or humidity for long periods must take care to drink and eat in ways that help to maintain electrolyte balance. People using drugs such as
868:
392:, a British schoolgirl, died as the result of drinking too much water, though in the media her death was mistakenly attributed to taking an
1368:
421:
1617:
1268:
1022:
417:
1293:
1042:
1648:
1510:
1469:
149:
exceeding 90,000 mg/kg (90 g/kg) body weight in rats; drinking six liters in three hours has caused the death of a human.
962:
704:
1658:
685:
346:
248:, the fluids given must be carefully balanced in composition to match fluids and electrolytes lost. These fluids are typically
1069:
1171:
988:
336:
Mild intoxication may remain asymptomatic and require only fluid restriction. In more severe cases, treatment consists of:
1462:
427:
January 12, 2007: Jennifer
Strange died after drinking nearly 2 US gallons (7.6 litres) of water in an attempt to win a
1123:
252:, and so water is often co-administered. If the electrolytes are not monitored (even in an ambulatory patient), either
409:
at the time, and consumed up to eight litres of water a day. He was unconscious and in intensive care for three days.
722:
1663:
241:
200:
leading to a recommendation that no more than 1–1.5 L of water should be consumed per hour of heavy sweating.
1622:
369:, according to at least one chronicle, many crusaders died after drinking too much from a river while marching to
1537:
1190:
562:
458:
July 4, 2023: A 35-year-old
Indiana woman died after consuming too much water while on vacation with her family.
1426:
542:
527:
1542:
1215:
1485:
1547:
1525:
552:
228:
66:
1653:
1601:
1594:
1520:
547:
296:
280:
1244:
403:
survived a case of water intoxication. He was performing as Henry
Higgins in a revival of the musical
1567:
1559:
117:
362:
loses many companion travelers to excessive water intake during a march through the
Gedrosian Desert
1643:
1589:
1415:
1047:
795:
O'Brien, K. K.; Montain, S. J.; Corr, W. P.; Sawka, M. N.; Knapik, J. J.; Craig, S. C. (May 2001).
359:
291:, in comparison to fluid inside the cells, causing the fluid to move into the cells to balance its
124:
in which the victim is forced to consume excessive amounts of water, can cause water intoxication.
1502:
777:
268:
143:
1437:
1350:
1332:
1018:
944:
909:
901:
864:
839:
808:
769:
666:
617:
57:
380:: Five years after his death, Warhol's family publicly accused the hospital where he had his
311:. The cells in the brain may swell to the point where blood flow is interrupted resulting in
1340:
1324:
936:
893:
759:
656:
648:
607:
599:
316:
245:
142:" for some examples. Water is considered one of the least toxic chemical compounds, with an
1530:
537:
522:
504:
400:
187:
112:, in which individuals attempt to consume large amounts of water, or from long bouts of
1420:
1345:
661:
636:
612:
587:
508:
312:
308:
267:, among others) have been found to cause hyponatremia in some patients. Patients with
1637:
1109:
966:
513:
413:
366:
264:
253:
31:
781:
689:
1515:
517:
495:
476:
428:
405:
257:
183:
139:
1431:
1017:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 75–77.
858:
182:
guidelines. This has largely been identified in marathon runners as a dilutional
992:
897:
499:
485:
381:
377:
304:
288:
217:
109:
98:
1442:
927:
Schwaderer AL, Schwartz GJ (April 2005). "Treating hypernatremic dehydration".
49:
1405:
532:
466:
389:
300:
135:
62:
17:
1336:
905:
603:
1581:
1312:
827:
796:
652:
557:
470:
452:
209:
1354:
948:
843:
812:
773:
670:
621:
1328:
913:
1493:
940:
764:
747:
490:
340:
249:
175:
113:
1388:
343:
to increase urination, which are most effective for excess blood volume.
138:
may also be a result of a medical condition or improper treatment; see "
370:
292:
178:
121:
1454:
295:
concentration. This causes the cells to swell. The swelling increases
1400:
284:
164:
128:
1106:
The
Crusades: The Authoritative History of the War for the Holy Land
240:
When an unconscious person is being fed intravenously (for example,
116:
during which excessive amounts of fluid were consumed. In addition,
797:"Hyponatremia associated with overhydration in U.S. Army trainees"
102:
94:
440:
432:
393:
213:
1458:
279:
At the onset of this condition, fluid outside the cells has an
1294:"Couple accused of killing son by forcing him to drink water"
746:
Almond CS, Shin AY, Fortescue EB, et al. (April 2005).
271:
are particularly vulnerable due to rapid fluid processing.
101:
in the body is pushed outside safe limits by excessive
127:
Water, like any other substance, can be considered a
97:
functions that can result when the normal balance of
1378:
1313:"Who killed Bruce Lee? The hyponatraemia hypothesis"
1043:"Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill"
705:"Strange but True: Drinking Too Much Water Can Kill"
1610:
1580:
1558:
1501:
1492:
1382:
748:"Hyponatremia among runners in the Boston Marathon"
420:in Chico, California, died as a direct result of a
186:. A study conducted on runners completing the 2002
56:
42:
1369:"Mom of 2 dies of water intoxication, family says"
1216:"Woman dies after being in water-drinking contest"
860:The Poison Paradox: Chemicals as Friends and Foes
1015:Fluids & Electrolytes Made Incredibly Easy!
451:A 2022 study proposed that martial-arts actor
1470:
8:
581:
579:
455:'s death in 1973 was due to water poisoning.
424:ritual involving forced water intoxication.
263:Some neurological/psychiatric medications (
1498:
1477:
1463:
1455:
1379:
48:
39:
1344:
1070:"Arrian on the Gedrosian desert - Livius"
763:
741:
739:
684:"Section 11: Toxicological Information".
660:
611:
688:(Report). ScienceLab.com. Archived from
328:states, can greatly reduce this amount.
232:misinterpret the hyponatremic symptoms.
93:, is a potentially fatal disturbance in
1269:"$ 16M Awarded In Water Drinking Death"
1245:"Ten Fired After Radio Contest Tragedy"
575:
1149:"Hyponatremia ("Water Intoxication")"
1124:"Care Faulted In the Death Of Warhol"
1036:
1034:
686:Material Safety Data Sheet Water MSDS
315:. Swollen brain cells may also apply
7:
1170:Grice, Elizabeth (August 21, 2003).
1618:Mixed disorder of acid-base balance
752:The New England Journal of Medicine
592:British Journal of Sports Medicine
586:Noakes TD, Speedy DB (July 2006).
439:, held an on-air contest entitled
435:radio station's morning show, the
396:tablet at her 18th birthday party.
25:
703:Ballantyne, Coco (21 June 2007).
281:excessively low amount of solutes
635:Farrell DJ, Bower L (Oct 2003).
469:
347:Vasopressin receptor antagonists
1226:from the original on 2020-04-19
1191:"Actor tells of water overdose"
886:New England Journal of Medicine
723:"Water Intoxication in Infants"
27:Potentially fatal overhydration
1:
1189:Valentine Low (3 July 2003).
989:"What Is Diabetes Insipidus?"
828:"Death by water intoxication"
826:Gardner, John W. (May 2002).
641:Journal of Clinical Pathology
204:Overexertion and heat stress
1172:"My battle with the bottle"
898:10.1056/NEJM198112243052601
1680:
637:"Fatal water intoxication"
441:"Hold Your Wee for a Wii,"
317:pressure to the brain stem
242:total parenteral nutrition
29:
1104:Asbridge, Thomas (2010).
563:The dose makes the poison
47:
1649:Electrolyte disturbances
604:10.1136/bjsm.2005.020354
543:Dihydrogen monoxide hoax
528:Oral rehydration therapy
30:Not to be confused with
1317:Clinical Kidney Journal
857:Timbrell, John (2005).
653:10.1136/jcp.56.10.803-a
158:Low body mass (infants)
1659:Substance intoxication
1526:Alcoholic ketoacidosis
1013:Moreau, David (2008).
553:List of unusual deaths
418:Chico State University
229:Psychogenic polydipsia
224:Psychiatric conditions
67:critical care medicine
1623:Acid–base homeostasis
1595:Contraction alkalosis
1521:Diabetic ketoacidosis
692:on 29 September 2018.
548:Electrolyte imbalance
297:intracranial pressure
941:10.1542/pir.26-4-148
929:Pediatrics in Review
765:10.1056/NEJMoa043901
399:2003: British actor
218:antidiuretic hormone
1486:Acid–base disorders
1329:10.1093/ckj/sfac071
1176:The Daily Telegraph
1048:Scientific American
709:Scientific American
388:November 16, 1995:
360:Alexander the Great
969:on 23 October 2016
414:Matthew Carrington
412:February 2, 2005:
269:diabetes insipidus
75:Water intoxication
43:Water intoxication
1664:Suicide by poison
1631:
1630:
1576:
1575:
1452:
1451:
1323:(12): 2169–2176.
1041:Coco Ballantyne.
892:(26): 1539–1546.
870:978-0-19-280495-2
832:Military Medicine
801:Military Medicine
422:fraternity hazing
365:1097: During the
195:Military training
72:
71:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1671:
1538:Normal anion gap
1499:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1300:. June 17, 2020.
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1195:Evening Standard
1186:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
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1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1120:
1114:
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1101:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
991:. Archived from
985:
979:
978:
976:
974:
965:. Archived from
959:
953:
952:
924:
918:
917:
881:
875:
874:
854:
848:
847:
823:
817:
816:
792:
786:
785:
767:
743:
734:
733:
731:
729:
719:
713:
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700:
694:
693:
681:
675:
674:
664:
632:
626:
625:
615:
583:
479:
474:
473:
246:nasogastric tube
171:Endurance sports
77:, also known as
52:
40:
21:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1606:
1572:
1554:
1488:
1483:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1391:
1377:
1376:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1249:www.cbsnews.com
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
987:
986:
982:
972:
970:
963:"Oxcarbazepine"
961:
960:
956:
926:
925:
921:
883:
882:
878:
871:
856:
855:
851:
825:
824:
820:
794:
793:
789:
745:
744:
737:
727:
725:
721:
720:
716:
702:
701:
697:
683:
682:
678:
647:(10): 803–804.
634:
633:
629:
585:
584:
577:
572:
567:
538:Water urticaria
523:Gastroenteritis
505:Hypermagnesemia
475:
468:
465:
416:, a student at
401:Anthony Andrews
355:
334:
325:
277:
275:Pathophysiology
238:
226:
206:
197:
188:Boston Marathon
173:
160:
155:
147:
79:water poisoning
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
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1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
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1605:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1586:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1543:Hyperchloremic
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1511:High anion gap
1507:
1505:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1434:
1423:
1408:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1383:Classification
1375:
1374:
1360:
1303:
1285:
1260:
1236:
1222:. 2007-01-14.
1207:
1181:
1162:
1140:
1115:
1096:
1085:
1074:www.livius.org
1061:
1030:
1024:978-1582555652
1023:
1005:
980:
954:
919:
876:
869:
863:. OUP Oxford.
849:
838:(5): 432–434.
818:
807:(5): 405–410.
787:
758:(15): 1550–6.
735:
714:
695:
676:
627:
574:
573:
571:
568:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
511:
509:Hypomagnesemia
502:
493:
488:
482:
481:
480:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
449:
445:
425:
410:
397:
386:
374:
363:
354:
351:
350:
349:
344:
333:
330:
324:
321:
313:cerebral edema
309:pulse pressure
276:
273:
237:
234:
225:
222:
205:
202:
196:
193:
172:
169:
159:
156:
154:
151:
145:
120:, a method of
83:hyperhydration
70:
69:
60:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
18:Water overload
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1676:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
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1613:
1609:
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1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1549:
1548:Renal tubular
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
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1512:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1497:
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1468:
1466:
1461:
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1457:
1444:
1440:
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1429:
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1424:
1422:
1418:
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1409:
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1398:
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1385:
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1370:
1364:
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1326:
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1307:
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1299:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1250:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1217:
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1196:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:
1151:. The DEA.org
1150:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1112:. p. 90.
1111:
1110:HarperCollins
1107:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
995:on 2010-07-29
994:
990:
984:
981:
968:
964:
958:
955:
950:
946:
942:
938:
935:(4): 148–50.
934:
930:
923:
920:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
877:
872:
866:
862:
861:
853:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
736:
724:
718:
715:
710:
706:
699:
696:
691:
687:
680:
677:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
628:
623:
619:
614:
609:
605:
601:
598:(7): 567–72.
597:
593:
589:
582:
580:
576:
569:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
515:
514:Hypernatremia
512:
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1560:Respiratory
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486:Dehydration
382:gallbladder
378:Andy Warhol
305:bradycardia
244:) or via a
1644:Body water
1638:Categories
1438:DiseasesDB
1279:2019-02-02
1254:2019-02-02
1230:2020-04-19
1133:27 October
1079:2024-06-23
999:2011-12-02
570:References
533:Polydipsia
390:Leah Betts
323:Prevention
301:drowsiness
287:and other
283:, such as
250:hypertonic
236:Iatrogenic
136:body water
134:Excess of
118:water cure
63:Toxicology
1590:Metabolic
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