1697:
348:(BOS) costs. Due to under-sizing of converters, AC ratings of solar plants are generally significantly lower than DC ratings, as much as 30%. This in turn increases the calculated yearly capacity factor of the plant. The downrating of peak power and the related clipping is different from the losses incurred in the conversion from DC to AC, which happen at any power level and are usually relatively small.
436:
220:
134:
1709:
383:). Some grid regulations may limit the AC output of a PV system to as little as 70% of its nominal DC peak power (Germany). Because of these two different metrics, international organizations need to reconvert official domestic figures from the above-mentioned countries back to the raw DC output in order to report coherent global PV-deployment in watt-peak.
497:
it belongs to), aging factor, soiling and DC to AC conversion. The power a module generates in real conditions can exceed the nominal power when the intensity of sunlight exceeds 1000 W/m (which corresponds roughly to midday in summer in, for example, Germany), or when sun irradiation close to 1000 W/m happens at lower temperatures.
496:
will generate. Losses, compared to performance in optimal conditions, will occur due to non-ideal alignment of the module in tilt and/or azimuth, higher temperature, module power mismatch (since panels in a system are connected in series the lowest performing module defines performance of the string
340:(AC) to be injected into the power grid. Since solar panels generate peak power only for few hours each day, and DC to AC converters are expensive, the converters are usually sized to be smaller than the peak DC power of the panels. This means that for some hours each day the peaks are "
198: 1.5), the temperature of the cells being 25 °C. The power is measured while varying the resistive load on the module between an open and closed circuit (between maximum and minimum resistance). The highest power thus measured is the 'nominal' power of the module in
91:
is generally not reached under actual radiation conditions. In practice, actual conditions will allow for approximately 15-20% lower generation due to the considerable heating of the solar cells. Moreover, in installations where electricity is converted to
529:
605:
675:
537:
616:
1602:
1279:
453:
237:
151:
652:
559:
1084:
667:
957:
190:(STC), specified in standards such as IEC 61215, IEC 61646 and UL 1703. Specifically, the light intensity is 1000 W/m, with a spectrum similar to
641:
1419:
108:(wasting) only a very small portion of the total energy production. The capacity of the power plant after DC-AC conversion is usually reported in W
1386:
1381:
715:
344:" and the extra energy is lost. This has very little impact on the total energy generated throughout a year, but saves considerable amount of
582:
1735:
1424:
368:
202:. This nominal power divided by the light power that falls on a given area of a photovoltaic device (area × 1000 W/m) defines its
1440:
792:
76:
under precisely defined conditions. The nominal power is important for designing an installation in order to correctly dimension its
1568:
1503:
1445:
942:
576:
475:
259:
173:
1573:
1336:
817:
372:
1587:
1094:
952:
833:
1538:
1064:
858:
807:
457:
241:
155:
1371:
313:
1658:
1638:
1018:
341:
308:), etc. For example, a photovoltaic installation may be described as having "one kilowatt-peak of power" ("P = 1 kW
105:
320:(and its symbol) should not be used to provide specific information about the conditions assumed for measuring a given
1548:
1023:
708:
376:
104:
power is reached only for a few hours each year, using a smaller inverter allows to save money on the inverter while
513:
280:= 1 kW. Colloquial English sometimes conflates the quantity power and its unit by using the non-standard label
1558:
1411:
1400:
1274:
1121:
1079:
1059:
446:
230:
144:
972:
947:
787:
1712:
1473:
1455:
1346:
1192:
1179:
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1074:
100:, which is usually sized at a lower peak capacity than the solar system for economic reasons. Since the peak
1740:
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884:
879:
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927:
917:
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73:
1553:
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937:
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1207:
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1154:
962:
898:
838:
797:
489:
93:
563:
1243:
1202:
1149:
922:
802:
651:. International Energy Agency — Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme. 30 March 2015. p. 11.
352:
96:, such as solar power plants, the actual total electricity generation capacity is limited by the
41:
1248:
418:-compliant but widely used. In California, for example, where the rated capacity is given in MW
1269:
1264:
1197:
993:
932:
863:
853:
572:
345:
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321:
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varies with the intensity of sunshine and other conditions. The more sun, the more power the
1326:
1294:
1284:
755:
69:
61:
1238:
1169:
1648:
1623:
1289:
1141:
1043:
1033:
1003:
760:
356:
333:
101:
81:
390:) is in fact DC or already converted into AC, it is sometimes explicitly denoted as MW
1729:
1310:
1233:
1223:
1136:
1028:
745:
724:
317:
31:
1678:
1633:
1366:
1038:
367:, as do most manufacturers and organizations of the photovoltaic industry, such as
53:
45:
1673:
1643:
1618:
1376:
1013:
988:
435:
219:
133:
77:
615:. EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association. p. 15. Archived from
1159:
1131:
909:
49:
1450:
1356:
1228:
493:
289:
57:
1663:
1653:
1628:
422:, a downrating of 15 percent in the conversion from DC to AC is assumed.
380:
273:
191:
97:
17:
1668:
460: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
244: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
195:
158: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
65:
206:, the ratio of the device's electrical output to the incident energy.
410:
is also often written as "MW (AC)", "MWac" or "MWAC". Just as for W
386:
In order to clarify whether the nominal power output (watt-peak, W
276:(symbol kW) is the most common unit for peak power, for example P
693:
199:
697:
429:
213:
127:
194:
hitting the Earth's surface at latitude 35°N in the summer (
415:
1611:
1595:
1586:
1464:
1433:
1410:
1399:
1319:
1303:
1257:
1216:
1114:
1107:
1052:
981:
908:
897:
872:
826:
738:
731:
606:"Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018"
186:The nominal power of PV devices is measured under
516:, The confusion around watt-peak, 14 August 2009.
272:In the context of domestic PV installations, the
530:"What does kilowatt peak (kWp) actually mean?"
1603:List of countries by photovoltaics production
1280:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
709:
8:
560:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
27:Nameplate capacity of a photovoltaic devices
1085:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
336:(DC, as it is generated from the panel) to
1592:
1407:
1111:
958:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
905:
735:
716:
702:
694:
373:European Photovoltaic Industry Association
351:Most countries refer to installed nominal
668:"Solar PV DC Conversion Factor for AC kW"
476:Learn how and when to remove this message
260:Learn how and when to remove this message
174:Learn how and when to remove this message
1420:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
524:
522:
30:For broader coverage of this topic, see
1387:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
1382:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
506:
332:Solar power needs to be converted from
678:from the original on 15 September 2013
565:The International System of Units (SI)
355:of PV systems and panels by counting
7:
1708:
458:adding citations to reliable sources
242:adding citations to reliable sources
156:adding citations to reliable sources
60:. It is determined by measuring the
1425:List of photovoltaic power stations
369:Solar Energy Industries Association
1441:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
844:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
793:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
655:from the original on 7 April 2015.
25:
1446:Building-integrated photovoltaics
943:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
849:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
642:"Snapshot of Global PV 1992-2014"
1707:
1696:
1695:
818:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
434:
359:power in watt-peak, denoted as W
218:
132:
953:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
834:List of semiconductor materials
666:Gipe, Paul (20 November 2009).
588:from the original on 2021-06-04
514:Die Verwirrung um das Watt-Peak
445:needs additional citations for
426:Power output in real conditions
229:needs additional citations for
143:needs additional citations for
1065:Incremental conductance method
859:Copper indium gallium selenide
808:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
1:
1372:South African Solar Challenge
571:(8th ed.), p. 132,
314:International System of Units
1019:Photovoltaic mounting system
649:iea-pvps.org/index.php?id=32
1024:Maximum power point tracker
377:International Energy Agency
1762:
1736:Renewable energy economics
1275:Solar panels on spacecraft
1122:Solar-powered refrigerator
1080:Concentrated photovoltaics
1060:Perturb and observe method
839:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
29:
1691:
973:Heterojunction solar cell
948:Dye-sensitized solar cell
788:Multi-junction solar cell
778:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
1456:Strasskirchen Solar Park
1347:American Solar Challenge
1193:Solar-powered flashlight
1180:Solar-powered calculator
1175:Solar cell phone charger
864:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
328:Conversion from DC to AC
188:standard test conditions
124:Standard test conditions
1362:Frisian Solar Challenge
1332:List of solar car teams
1090:Space-based solar power
1070:Constant voltage method
999:Solar charge controller
885:Timeline of solar cells
880:Growth of photovoltaics
1352:Formula Sun Grand Prix
1184:Solar-powered fountain
1127:Solar air conditioning
928:Quantum dot solar cell
918:Nanocrystal solar cell
813:Sun-free photovoltaics
536:. 2011. Archived from
414:, these units are non
48:(PV) devices, such as
1342:World Solar Challenge
1165:Photovoltaic keyboard
1095:PV system performance
968:Perovskite solar cell
766:Solar cell efficiency
1612:Individual producers
1320:Solar vehicle racing
1009:Solar micro-inverter
938:Plasmonic solar cell
783:Thin-film solar cell
751:Photoelectric effect
490:photovoltaic systems
454:improve this article
312:"). However, in the
238:improve this article
152:improve this article
72:, while varying the
1208:Solar traffic light
1188:Solar-powered radio
1155:Solar-powered watch
963:Printed solar panel
798:Solar cell research
534:solar-is-future.com
1244:The Quiet Achiever
1203:Solar street light
1150:Solar-powered pump
923:Organic solar cell
803:Thermophotovoltaic
771:Quantum efficiency
353:nameplate capacity
42:nameplate capacity
1723:
1722:
1687:
1686:
1582:
1581:
1395:
1394:
1270:Mauro Solar Riser
1265:Electric aircraft
1198:Solar-powered fan
1103:
1102:
994:Balance of system
982:System components
933:Hybrid solar cell
893:
892:
854:Cadmium telluride
486:
485:
478:
406:. The converted W
346:balance of system
338:alternate current
322:physical quantity
270:
269:
262:
184:
183:
176:
16:(Redirected from
1753:
1711:
1710:
1699:
1698:
1593:
1434:Building-mounted
1412:PV power station
1408:
1337:Solar challenges
1327:Solar car racing
1295:Solar Challenger
1285:Gossamer Penguin
1112:
906:
756:Solar irradiance
736:
718:
711:
704:
695:
688:
687:
685:
683:
663:
657:
656:
646:
638:
632:
631:
629:
627:
621:
610:
602:
596:
595:
594:
593:
587:
570:
556:
550:
549:
547:
545:
526:
517:
511:
481:
474:
470:
467:
461:
438:
430:
363:, or sometimes W
265:
258:
254:
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245:
222:
214:
179:
172:
168:
165:
159:
136:
128:
62:electric current
21:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1683:
1607:
1578:
1460:
1429:
1402:
1391:
1315:
1304:Water transport
1299:
1253:
1239:Solar golf cart
1212:
1170:Solar road stud
1099:
1053:System concepts
1048:
977:
900:
889:
868:
822:
727:
722:
692:
691:
681:
679:
665:
664:
660:
644:
640:
639:
635:
625:
623:
622:on 25 June 2014
619:
608:
604:
603:
599:
591:
589:
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579:
568:
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557:
553:
543:
541:
540:on 12 June 2015
528:
527:
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366:
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330:
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255:
249:
246:
235:
223:
212:
180:
169:
163:
160:
149:
137:
126:
119:
115:
112:as opposed to W
111:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1759:
1757:
1749:
1748:
1743:
1741:Units of power
1738:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1705:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Solar Frontier
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1624:Hanwha Q CELLS
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1569:United Kingdom
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1504:Czech Republic
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:Qinetiq Zephyr
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1217:Land transport
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1144:
1142:Solar backpack
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1044:Synchronverter
1041:
1036:
1034:Solar shingles
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1004:Solar inverter
1001:
996:
991:
985:
983:
979:
978:
976:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
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920:
914:
912:
903:
895:
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890:
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870:
869:
867:
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846:
841:
836:
830:
828:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
774:
773:
763:
761:Solar constant
758:
753:
748:
742:
740:
733:
729:
728:
723:
721:
720:
713:
706:
698:
690:
689:
658:
633:
597:
577:
551:
518:
505:
504:
502:
499:
488:The output of
484:
483:
466:September 2021
442:
440:
433:
427:
424:
419:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
375:(EPIA) or the
364:
360:
334:direct current
329:
326:
309:
305:
297:
285:
277:
268:
267:
250:September 2021
226:
224:
217:
211:
208:
182:
181:
164:September 2021
140:
138:
131:
125:
122:
117:
113:
109:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1758:
1747:
1746:Photovoltaics
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1527:
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1522:
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1404:
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1385:
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1380:
1378:
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1368:
1365:
1363:
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1353:
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1343:
1340:
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1330:
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1325:
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1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
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1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:Air transport
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Solar roadway
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:Solar vehicle
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
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1176:
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1163:
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1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Solar charger
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
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1078:
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1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1029:Solar tracker
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
984:
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
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936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
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921:
919:
916:
915:
913:
911:
907:
904:
902:
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886:
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881:
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871:
865:
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837:
835:
832:
831:
829:
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819:
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746:Photovoltaics
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725:Photovoltaics
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294:kilowatt-peak
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38:Nominal power
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32:Nominal power
19:
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1679:Yingli Solar
1659:Sungen Solar
1634:Motech Solar
1588:PV companies
1549:South Africa
1367:Solar Splash
1108:Applications
1039:Solar mirror
899:Photovoltaic
777:
680:. Retrieved
671:
661:
648:
636:
624:. Retrieved
617:the original
612:
600:
590:, retrieved
564:
554:
542:. Retrieved
538:the original
533:
509:
487:
472:
463:
452:Please help
447:verification
444:
385:
371:(SEIA), the
350:
331:
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293:
288:), possibly
281:
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256:
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236:Please help
231:verification
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187:
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170:
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150:Please help
145:verification
142:
88:
86:
46:photovoltaic
37:
36:
1674:Trina Solar
1619:First Solar
1559:Switzerland
1539:Netherlands
1377:Tour de Sol
1075:Fill factor
1014:Solar cable
989:Solar panel
910:Solar cells
50:solar cells
1730:Categories
1596:By country
1466:By country
1401:Generation
1311:Solar boat
1160:Solar Tuki
1146:Solar tree
1132:Solar lamp
1115:Appliances
739:Technology
682:23 January
672:Wind Works
592:2021-12-16
501:References
316:(SI), the
204:efficiency
89:peak power
82:converters
74:resistance
1474:Australia
1451:Solar Ark
1357:Solar Cup
1249:Sunmobile
1229:Solar car
827:Materials
494:PV module
284:(symbol W
282:watt-peak
18:Watt peak
1702:Category
1664:Sunpower
1654:Solyndra
1629:JA Solar
1564:Thailand
1484:Bulgaria
732:Concepts
676:Archived
653:Archived
613:epia.org
583:archived
562:(2006),
381:IEA-PVPS
290:prefixed
274:kilowatt
192:sunlight
106:clipping
98:inverter
1714:Commons
1669:Suntech
1544:Romania
1514:Germany
1479:Belgium
1403:systems
873:History
626:12 June
544:11 June
342:clipped
196:airmass
78:cabling
70:circuit
66:voltage
58:systems
54:modules
40:is the
1519:Greece
1509:France
1489:Canada
901:system
575:
402:and kW
394:and MW
292:as in
210:Units
1644:Sharp
1554:Spain
1534:Japan
1529:Italy
1524:India
1499:China
1494:Chile
645:(PDF)
620:(PDF)
609:(PDF)
586:(PDF)
569:(PDF)
398:or kW
200:watts
68:in a
684:2020
628:2014
573:ISBN
546:2015
278:peak
116:or W
87:The
80:and
64:and
56:and
1639:REC
456:by
304:(MW
300:),
296:(kW
240:by
154:by
44:of
1732::
1574:US
674:.
670:.
647:.
611:.
581:,
532:.
521:^
420:AC
416:SI
408:AC
404:AC
400:DC
396:AC
392:DC
365:DC
357:DC
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118:DC
110:AC
102:DC
94:AC
84:.
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