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Driving stocks were pivoted so that the foot (the head of the hammer) struck the cloth almost horizontally. The stock had a tub holding the liquor and cloth. This was somewhat rounded on the side away from the hammer, so that the cloth gradually turned, ensuring that all parts of it were milled
234:
wool. After this stage, water was used to rinse out the foul-smelling liquor used during cleansing. Felting of wool occurs upon hammering or other mechanical agitation because the microscopic scales on the surface of wool fibres hook together, somewhat like hook and loop fixings.
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The mills beat the cloth with wooden hammers, known as fulling stocks or fulling hammers. Fulling stocks were of two kinds, falling stocks (operating vertically) that were used only for scouring, and driving or hanging stocks. In both cases the machinery was operated by
668:
The author added the following footnote to their observation: 'Chetham
Society Publications, xliii. 637. Cf the Pipe Roll of the Bishopric of Winchester, 1208-9. Introd. xxvii, as to the earliest recorded fulling mills in
351:
118:) oils, dirt, and other impurities, and to make it shrink by friction and pressure. The work delivers a smooth, tightly finished fabric that is insulating and water-repellent. Well-known examples are
430:
evenly. However, the cloth was taken out about every two hours to undo plaits and wrinkles. The 'foot' was approximately triangular in shape, with notches to assist the turning of the cloth.
159:(cleaning) and milling (thickening). Removing the oils encourages felting, and the cloth is pounded to clean it and to encourage the fibers to felt, so in practice the processes overlap.
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382:, a pandy. They appear to have originated in the 9th or 10th century in Europe. The earliest known reference to a fulling mill in France, which dates from about 1086, was discovered in
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402:'Fulling mills appear in Wales early in the reign of Edward II., just at the time when fulling mills were being introduced into Lancashire.'
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The second function of fulling was to thicken cloth by matting the fibres together to give it strength and increase waterproofing (
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203:. Worked through the cloth, it absorbs oils and dirt. It was used in conjunction with wash. More recently, soap has been used.
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Waulking could be done with the hands and feet. In medieval Europe, it was done in water-powered fulling mills. After the
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Model of a falling-stock machine, showing the set of hammers that drop in sequence to pound the cloth in the vats below
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Originally, fulling was carried out by the pounding of the woollen cloth with a club, or the fuller's feet or hands.
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The
Doomsday Book. England's Heritage, Then and now. Book Club Associates, 1985. Editor:Thomas Hinde. Page 107.
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had been introduced for use in the process. This is a soft clay-like material occurring naturally as an impure
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Scotland, then a rather remote and un-industrialized region, retained manual methods into the 1700s. In
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refers more generally to the interlocking of loose wool fibers; they need not be spun and woven first.
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In Roman times, fulling was conducted by slaves working the cloth while ankle deep in tubs of human
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After fulling, cloth was stretched on great frames known as tenters, to which it is attached by
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salts and assisted in cleansing and whitening the cloth and having its fibers intertwined.
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in the late eleventh century, fulling mills were active throughout the medieval world.
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A model of a fulling mill on view at bishops
Lydeard Mill & Museum, Somerset
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Thomas Woods (2005), "How the
Catholic Church Built Western Civilization",
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E. M. Carus-Wilson, "An
Industrial Revolution of the Thirteenth Century",
644:"The development of industry and commerce in Wales during the Middle Ages"
293:). In addition to this, at least one reference appears in the speeches of
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Reginald
Lennard, "Early English Fulling Mills: additional examples",
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The model featured above can be seen here together with more photo's:-
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From the medieval period, the fulling of cloth was often done in a
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378:, known as a fulling mill, a walk mill, or a tuck mill, and in
45:, the same process, but of loose fibers, not woven cloth, and
682:, reproduced from The Western Mail July 17, 1933 accessed at
476:
smooth. The process might be repeated for a smoother finish.
173:
Urine was so important to the fulling business that it was
2468:
457:). The area where the tenters were erected was known as a
798:
737:. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved June 30, 2005.
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E. K. Scott, "Early Cloth
Fulling and its Machinery",
574:"Feeling Overtaxed? The Romans Would Tax Your Urine"
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783:, Sixth & Spring Books, NY. (2005); p. 10.
394:(also 1086). E. A. Lewis (possibly Welsh historian
273:There are several Biblical references to fulling (
519:, which appears in many place-names, for example
484:The names for workers who performed these tasks (
30:"Tucked" redirects here. For the sewn pleat, see
714:. John Baker (Publishers) Ltd. pp. 213â215.
772:A. J. Parkinson, "Fulling mills in Merioneth",
767:Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings
325:Fulling cloth by letting a waterfall agitate it
297:, written in Athens during the 5th century BC.
390:, Gloucestershire which was documented in the
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814:
724:http://www.vicnewey.co.uk/mills/mills_002.htm
8:
2748:Laundry and Dry Cleaning International Union
27:Pre-industrial process in making wool fabric
304:tradition, this process was accompanied by
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840:
821:
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623:(2nd ed., Pimlico, London 1992 repr.), 14.
386:. There was a fulling mill established at
369:1891 illustration of a rotary fulling mill
545:, a similar traditional practice in Korea
51:
600:
598:
565:
315:
106:which involves the cleansing of woven
141:, coal and electric power were used.
7:
2862:Kimball Laundry Co. v. United States
308:, which women sang to set the pace.
781:Felting, Vogue Knitting, The Basics
758:, New Series, 3(3) (1951), 342â343.
247:Manual trampling, drawing after an
774:J. Merioneth Hist. & Rec. Soc.
751:, Old Series, 11(1) (1941), 39â60.
337:A driving-stock fulling mill from
25:
710:Arnold, James (1968). "Weaving".
648:Transactions of the Royal Society
215:). This was vital in the case of
2900:Baths and wash houses in Britain
2761:Worshipful Company of Launderers
2753:Laundry Workers Industrial Union
712:The Shell Book of Country Crafts
606:How the Monks Saved Civilization
426:wheel, which lifted the hammer.
362:
350:
330:
318:
181:. Stale urine, known as wash or
155:Fulling involves two processes:
259:is a fullery and laundry shop.
56:Scotswomen walking or fulling
1:
2743:Chinese Hand Laundry Alliance
769:, (mills booklet 5), c. 1958)
442:Raising the nap, Roman fresco
680:Daniel Rhydderch of Aberloch
580:. 2016-04-14. Archived from
554:Posting (laundering process)
472:. The surface would then be
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2252:
2223:
2189:
2180:
2126:
1567:
513:word for a fulling mill is
2982:
650:. New Series XVII: 121â173
464:Cloth would also have the
166:
134:from the 16th century on.
64:, 1772 (engraving made by
40:
29:
2506:
343:Theatrum Machinarum Novum
126:in the 14th century, and
2443:Swatches and strike-offs
2346:Vitale Barberis Canonico
192:By the medieval period,
41:Not to be confused with
36:Smile (Katy Perry album)
756:Economic History Review
749:Economic History Review
2956:Production occupations
2509:List of laundry topics
1484:Vinyl coated polyester
549:List of laundry topics
523:("fulling mill lea").
443:
260:
253:Fullonica of Stephanus
69:
2360:Manufacturingindustry
776:9(4) (1984), 420â456.
642:Lewis, E. A. (1904).
502:) have become common
468:raised by napping or
441:
339:Georg Andreas Böckler
246:
139:Industrial Revolution
68:on one of his tours).
55:
2920:Self-service laundry
2757:Project Laundry List
2316:Holland & Sherry
742:Trans. Newcomen Soc.
621:The Medieval Machine
230:materials made from
122:, first produced in
91:, hence often spelt
49:, for knitted cloth.
34:. For the song, see
2946:History of clothing
2855:Barbier v. Connolly
2418:History of textiles
450:(whence the phrase
406:By the time of the
396:Edward Arthur Lewis
169:scouring (textiles)
2961:Textile treatments
2883:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2787:Industrial laundry
2556:Combo washer dryer
2271:Woodblock printing
1800:Conductive textile
969:Cedar bark textile
685:"Daniel Rhydderch"
444:
418:on the shaft of a
261:
201:aluminium silicate
185:, was a source of
70:
2933:
2932:
2533:Laundry detergent
2466:
2465:
1825:Lenticular fabric
1776:
1775:
1474:Vegetable flannel
744:12 (1931), 30â52.
584:on April 13, 2021
60:cloth, singing a
16:(Redirected from
2973:
2966:Waulked textiles
2876:Pearson v. Chung
2869:Muller v. Oregon
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2448:Synthetic fabric
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1639:Velours du KasaĂŻ
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114:) to eliminate (
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97:Scottish English
75:, also known as
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1209:KijĆka-bashĆfu
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1144:Grenfell Cloth
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788:External links
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306:waulking songs
251:fresco in the
240:
239:Manual methods
237:
226:, but not for
208:
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194:fuller's earth
167:Main article:
164:
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130:, produced in
110:(particularly
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869:AlmerĂan silk
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700:June 19, 2006
691:on 2007-03-11
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275:2 Kings 18:17
271:
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62:waulking song
59:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
32:Tuck (sewing)
19:
2910:Laundry room
2881:
2874:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2828:Laundry ball
2782:Housekeeping
2711:
2612:Clothes line
2571:Wet cleaning
2561:Dry cleaning
2382:Preservation
2289:Fabric mills
2266:Waxed cotton
2164:
1871:Bizarre silk
1629:Polar fleece
1364:Saga Nishiki
1359:Russell cord
1164:Harris tweed
909:Brilliantine
889:Bedford cord
855:(Medriñaque)
780:
773:
762:
755:
748:
741:
729:Bibliography
721:
711:
705:
693:. Retrieved
689:the original
679:
674:
664:
652:. Retrieved
647:
637:
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615:
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586:. Retrieved
582:the original
577:
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508:
497:
491:
485:
483:
463:
459:tenterground
451:
445:
428:
412:
405:
398:) observed:
373:
342:
299:
272:
265:
262:
219:, made from
210:
191:
179:Ancient Rome
172:
154:
143:
136:
120:duffel cloth
92:
88:
80:
76:
72:
71:
2806:Accessories
2797:Washerwoman
2622:Hills Hoist
2581:Wash copper
2392:Terminology
2377:Performance
2225:RĆketsuzome
2170:Heatsetting
2145:Calendering
2135:BĂČgĂČlanfini
2082:Spider silk
1896:Houndstooth
1891:Herringbone
1850:Windstopper
1695:Boiled wool
1214:Kente cloth
1204:Khaki drill
1184:Irish linen
1169:Herringbone
1034:Cotton duck
994:Cheesecloth
853:AbacĂĄ cloth
619:J. Gimpel,
538:Bleachfield
448:tenterhooks
287:Malachi 3:2
104:clothmaking
47:boiled wool
2940:Categories
2925:TvÀttstuga
2905:Dhobi Ghat
2813:Clothespin
2676:Box mangle
2632:Dryer ball
2326:Loro Piana
2321:Larusmiani
2254:Tsutsugaki
2242:Tenterhook
2150:Decatising
2027:Microfiber
1931:Tattersall
1911:Pinstripes
1886:Glen plaid
1810:E-textiles
1677:Cedar bark
1634:Terrycloth
1581:Pile woven
1469:Ultrasuede
1399:Seersucker
1324:Perpetuana
1249:Madapollam
1194:Kerseymere
979:Char cloth
934:Byrd Cloth
914:Broadcloth
899:Beta cloth
695:2007-04-07
588:2021-09-20
560:References
420:waterwheel
376:water mill
279:Isaiah 7:3
2722:Shrinkage
2669:Finishing
2658:Laundroid
2653:FoldiMate
2576:Washboard
2516:Chemicals
2438:Shrinkage
2387:Recycling
2311:E. Thomas
2160:Finishing
2098:Finishing
2042:Polyester
1992:Eisengarn
1916:Polka dot
1782:Technical
1710:Milliskin
1649:Velveteen
1604:Crimplene
1419:Shot silk
1344:Rayadillo
1339:Rakematiz
1239:Longcloth
1159:Haircloth
1149:Grosgrain
1139:Grenadine
1129:Ghalamkar
1124:Georgette
1109:Gabardine
984:Charmeuse
904:Bombazine
894:Bengaline
879:Barkcloth
669:England.'
654:13 August
521:Tonypandy
257:fullonica
2700:Concepts
2428:Knitting
2331:Piacenza
2306:Dormeuil
2191:Katazome
2175:Indienne
2121:Beetling
2111:Androsia
2102:printing
2062:Sea silk
2037:Pashmina
1977:Cashmere
1921:Shweshwe
1859:Patterns
1845:SympaTex
1840:Stub-tex
1830:Silnylon
1820:Gore-Tex
1738:Bobbinet
1664:Nonwoven
1654:Zibeline
1619:Moquette
1599:Corduroy
1594:Chenille
1533:Figured
1514:Whipcord
1314:Paduasoy
1299:Osnaburg
1269:Nainsook
1259:Moleskin
1244:Mackinaw
1089:Eolienne
1049:Cretonne
1029:Corduroy
964:Capilene
959:Chambray
939:C change
874:Barathea
864:Armazine
533:Beetling
527:See also
504:surnames
422:or on a
408:Crusades
384:Normandy
291:Mark 9:3
217:woollens
187:ammonium
163:Scouring
157:scouring
124:Flanders
93:waulking
2951:Laundry
2770:Culture
2717:Posting
2712:Fulling
2686:Ironing
2641:Folding
2549:Washing
2500:Laundry
2453:Weaving
2401:Related
2301:Cerruti
2165:Fulling
2140:Burnout
2128:Bingata
2077:Spandex
1957:Acrylic
1906:Paisley
1835:Spandex
1805:Darlexx
1795:Ban-Lon
1700:Coolmax
1687:Knitted
1614:Mockado
1609:Fustian
1562:Songket
1542:Brocade
1524:Zorbeez
1489:Viyella
1479:Ventile
1444:Ticking
1429:Taffeta
1389:Scarlet
1354:Ripstop
1319:Percale
1304:Ottoman
1294:Organza
1289:Organdy
1284:Oilskin
1274:Nankeen
1189:Jamdani
1154:Habutai
1134:Gingham
1104:Fustian
1099:Foulard
1094:Flannel
1084:Drugget
1024:Cordura
999:Chiffon
989:Charvet
974:Challis
949:Cambric
924:Bunting
919:Buckram
884:Batiste
578:History
543:Dadeumi
474:sheared
470:gigging
228:worsted
213:felting
207:Milling
198:hydrous
151:Process
145:Felting
132:Austria
116:lanolin
101:woollen
81:walking
77:tucking
73:Fulling
58:woollen
43:felting
2915:Lavoir
2893:Places
2833:Posser
2823:Hamper
2627:Mangle
2595:Drying
2523:Bleach
2408:Dyeing
2367:Design
2341:Scabal
2182:Kasuri
2155:Devoré
2032:Olefin
2017:Mohair
2007:Kevlar
1987:Cotton
1967:Angora
1962:Alpaca
1901:Kelsch
1866:Argyle
1815:Gannex
1730:Netted
1720:Velour
1715:Jersey
1644:Velvet
1557:Lampas
1552:Damask
1547:Camlet
1519:Zephyr
1504:Waffle
1499:Wadmal
1454:Tucuyo
1439:Tartan
1404:Sendal
1374:Sateen
1369:Samite
1334:Poplin
1329:Pongee
1309:Oxford
1264:Muslin
1254:Madras
1179:Hodden
1174:Himroo
1074:Dowlas
1069:Dornix
1059:Dimity
1039:Coutil
1014:Cloqué
1009:Chintz
954:Canvas
944:Calico
929:Burlap
859:Aertex
830:Fabric
735:"full"
499:walker
496:, and
493:tucker
487:fuller
480:Legacy
452:being
424:tappet
345:, 1661
295:Lysias
232:combed
221:carded
89:waukin
2777:Dhobi
2727:Stain
2433:Pandy
2413:Fiber
2351:Zegna
2278:YĆ«zen
2203:Moire
2116:Batik
2072:Sisal
2057:Rayon
2052:Ramie
2022:Nylon
2012:Linen
1972:BashĆ
1951:AbacĂĄ
1881:Chiné
1876:Check
1768:Tulle
1763:Ninon
1624:Plush
1589:Baize
1569:Rinzu
1535:woven
1509:Wigan
1494:Voile
1464:Twill
1459:Tweed
1449:Toile
1424:Stuff
1414:Scrim
1409:Serge
1379:Satin
1279:Ninon
1234:Loden
1199:KhÄdÄ«
1119:Gazar
1114:Gauze
1079:Drill
1054:Denim
1044:CrĂȘpe
1004:Chino
845:Woven
837:Types
516:pandy
511:Welsh
380:Wales
312:Mills
268:urine
175:taxed
128:loden
108:cloth
85:Scots
18:Waulk
2538:pods
2458:Yarn
2336:Reda
2087:Wool
2067:Silk
2047:Piña
2002:Jute
1997:Hemp
1982:Coir
1753:Mesh
1748:Lace
1672:Felt
1434:Tais
1384:Saye
1224:Lawn
1219:Lamé
656:2024
509:The
416:cams
283:36:2
281:and
224:wool
183:lant
112:wool
2847:Law
2208:Nap
2100:and
1349:Rep
466:nap
341:'s
177:in
95:in
79:or
2942::
646:.
609:33
597:^
576:.
506:.
490:,
461:.
289:;
285:;
277:;
270:.
87::
2492:e
2485:t
2478:v
822:e
815:t
808:v
765:(
698:.
658:.
591:.
83:(
38:.
20:)
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