979:. There are many legends about Wen Tianxiang in the area of Gurao Town, Chaoyang District. According to legend, in the last years of the Southern Song dynasty, Wen Tianxiang raised an army in Chaoyang to resist the invading Yuan forces and was captured in Haifeng County during the campaign. Due to the great disparity in strength between the two sides, most of the Song soldiers were killed. Based on investigation, there are nine Song tombs in Gu Rao and neighboring towns. In later years, festive activities were held to commemorate Marshal General Wen Tianxiang and his descendant, These develop into what is known as the Gurao Festival. During this festival, the villages are covered with red and green, and the villagers walk through the streets to perform folk art tours. Overseas travellers have also returned to their hometowns.
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481:, Wen Tianxiang proposed a plan to keep fighting, but it was rejected by Chancellor of the Right Chen Yizhong. At that time many Song court officials (including Chancellor of the Left Liu Mengyang) had already run away fearing the approaching Yuan troops, while others were mostly pro-peace. Pro-war figures like Zhang Shijie also left to continue the fight on their own. The Song Empress Dowager finally decided to surrender, and Wen was appointed as the new Chancellor of the Right to lead the Song delegation to ask the Yuan for peace (1276).
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to persuade Wen, but he simply answered: "Your
Highness please come back to the palace!" Later his brother Wen Pi was also sent to the prison with the same task, and Wen Tianxang said: "We have the same parents but do not serve under the same sky!" During the imprisonment, Wen Tianxiang also received
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Seeing that Wen
Tianxiang was determined to not surrender, Bayan arrested Wen in the Mongol headquarters. An enraged but helpless Wen Tianxiang could only witness the Empress Dowager and other Song court officials finalize their surrender. Nonetheless, Wen managed to escape from the Yuan Mongol camp,
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as a subordinate of the Yuan. Kublai Khan expressed respect to Wen and again offered him a prestigious position. Wen repeated his refusal, saying: "I am Song's chancellor, I cannot serve another dynasty! I can only accept death, if not, I cannot face the matyrs at the
Underworld. I only desire
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letters from his daughter, informing him that his whole family was held captive in the Yuan royal palace. Wen then replied: "I have received the letter, my soul hurts so much. Everybody have relatives and family, but in this circumstance I can only choose death, there is no alternative."
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If the
Northern Dynasty considers Song as a country, then please call your troops back to Pingjiang or Jiaxing, then we will negiotate about paying tribute. It will be the best solution as North forces will go back to their country unscathed. But if you intend to destroy our
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The Yuan court, still hoping to persuade Wen
Tianxiang, sent the former Song Chancellor Liu Mengyan (the one who had run away when the Mongols approached Lin'an) to see Wen in prison. An enraged Wen Tianxiang immediately gave Liu a violent scolding. The Yuan sent former
510:. After a brief discussion, Wen travelled to Nanjian pronvince (now located as Nanping, Fujian province) to recruit troops, then marched to Jiangxi. Wen managed to gain several victories, but he was soon overwhelmed by the Yuan forces led by
941:. The location of Wen's execution is thought to be near the entrance to Fuxue Alley in the East City District of Beijing and a memorial has been established on the northern side of the entrance to South Fuxue Alley near Beixinqiao.
477:. Wen Tianxiang hurriedly rushed to Yuhang but he was too late, his former base in Pingjiang was also quickly overwhelmed by the Mongols. Wen and his troops then retreated back to Lin'an. Together with
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during the Song dynasty. At the age of 18, he excelled in his local examinations, and two years later participated in examinations in the capital, during which he was personally awarded first rank (
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death, I have nothing to say." At that time an uprising arose and the rebels declared they would attack Dadu "to rescue
Chancellor Wen". Kublai Khan had no choice but to execute Wen Tianxiang.
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Wen was treated well by Zhang
Hongfan and was promised a prestigious Yuan post in exchange for his surrender, but Wen refused. Later, Song resistance forces was completely destroyed at the
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and head to Yang province. The Yang prefect wrongly suspected Wen as a spy from the Yuan, therefore Wen further travelled south and finally met Zhang Shije and Chen
Yizhong in
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However, Wen
Tianxiang didn't plead for a surrender as tasked. When meeting Bayan, Wen asked Bayan about the Mongol's intentions and demanded the retreat of the Yuan forces:
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and the pro-peace faction as he supported the war effort against the invading
Mongols. Wen once requested the execution of a eunuch who proposed fleeing from the capital
944:"The Song Dynasty's Top Ranking Scholar and Prime Minister, the West River's Filial Son and Loyal Subject," is carved into the columns of the memorial's main hall.
495:, then it will not be easy for you to take over our province of Huai, Jie, Min or Guang, your forces may even end up in disaster. Your victory is not certain.
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shortly after 1000. A branch of this Wen family settled in the United States in the mid-1940s and is related through marriage to the prominent Sun family of
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The "Golden Marshal's Cemetery" commemorating the heroes of the anti-Yuan nationality at the end of the Song dynasty was established in the Gurao Township,
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honors the famous national hero with a mausoleum. Exhibitions of paintings, calligraphy, and even army uniforms supposedly left by Wen are displayed in the
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Lin Handa, Cao Yuchang. Five-thousand years of Chinese history, Vol 3. (Vietnamese translation). Culture and Information Publishing House, 2001.
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Lin Handa, Cao Yuchang. Five-thousand years of Chinese history, Vol 3. (Vietnamese translation). Culture and Information Publishing House, 2001.
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Lin Handa, Cao Yuchang. Five-thousand years of Chinese history, Vol 3. (Vietnamese translation). Culture and Information Publishing House, 2001.
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is home to many villagers surnamed "Man", the Cantonese pronunciation of "Wen". The "Man" villagers trace their ancestry to Wen Tianxiang via
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symbol of patriotism, righteousness, and resistance against tyranny in China. He is known as one of the 'Three Loyal Princes of the Song' (
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attacked the Jiangsu and Jiejiang regions. Yuan forces quickly bypassed Pingjiang and marched directly to the region now known as
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His continuing symbolic importance was evident in an event that took place in Wen Tianxiang's historical shrine in Haifeng (
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Chen Jiongming and the Federalist Movement: Regional Leadership and Nation Building in Early Republican China
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persuaded over thirty young men from the village to swear secret support for a national revolution.
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In addition, three streets also take their name from Wen (i.e. the "Tianxiang Road"). One is in
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Wen Tianxiang adopted the three sons of his younger brother when his two sons died young.
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The Memorial to Prime Minister Wen Tianxiang was built in 1376 during the reign of the
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1234:. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, pp. 13–14
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There are now at least six branches of the Wen family in the provinces of
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WEN TIANXIANG: A Preliminary Study of his Life and Poetry (M.A. Thesis)
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A Man Tin Cheung Memorial Park and "Man" ancestral hall and residence (
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and overseas locations. Local dialect pronunciations would be "Man" (
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Intellectual and Aesthetic Contexts for Wen Tianxiang's Poetry
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Women and National Trauma in Late Imperial Chinese Literature
355:; June 6, 1236 – January 9, 1283), noble title Duke of Xin (
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It is said that after Wen's death, people discovered his
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WEN T'IEN-HSIANG: A Biographical Study of a Sung Patriot
1339:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 410.
1112:) in San Tin are historical attractions in Hong Kong.
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Leave our red hearts to shrine in the writ of history.
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Writing Poetry as Diary: Wen Tianxiang's Poem Series
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In 1283, Wen Tianxiang was summoned to appear before
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despite being captured and tortured, he is a popular
1426:(in Chinese). Zhonghe, Taiwan: Zhi Shu Fang 知書房出版社.
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People executed by the Yuan dynasty by decapitation
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Michael A. Fuller, University of California, Irvine
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Yuan-fang Tung, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1182:"The Story of Wen Tianxiang: Loyalty and Courage"
399:(無雙譜, Table of Peerless Heroes) by Jin Guliang.
737:also belonged to the Wen family. The mother of
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1445:Chronological Biography of Wen Tianxiang 文天祥年譜
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1665:Heads of government who were later imprisoned
1369:"Writ in Blood": Wen Tianxiang's Lyric Songs
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1371:Yang Ye, University of California, Riverside
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903:. The Wen Tianxiang Mausoleum is located in
718:). The "Man" clan are considered one of the
633:It is only by fulfilling duty to the upmost,
313:Statue of Wen Tianxiang (Man Tin Cheung) in
826:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1210:(in Chinese). 厦门大学出版社. 1995. p. 352.
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1386:. Chinese Materials Center Publications.
846:Learn how and when to remove this message
442:) of the Justice Ministry and Prefect of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1264:Chapter: Zhang Shije defending Yamen.
901:Wen Family Ancestral Temple in Futian
881:is written by Wen, saying “Pasifying
371:invasion of the Southern Song dynasty
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922:for Prime Minister Wen Tianxiang in
824:adding citations to reliable sources
169:Grand Chancellor of the Song dynasty
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1281:Chapter: The Song of Righteousness.
991:The Three Loyalist Temple (三忠廟) in
395:. Wen Tianxiang is depicted in the
1297:. London: Routledge. p. 103.
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1321:Lưu thủ đan tâm chiếu hãn thanh
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1409:George Washington University
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776:福豐麵粉廠) and the Li family of
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1333:Li, Wai-yee (2014).
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1189:. Retrieved
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1147:Zhang Shijie
1107:
1093:area in the
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973:Shantou City
966:
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939:Ming dynasty
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818:Please help
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782:Li Hongzhang
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397:Wu Shuang Pu
393:Zhang Shijie
379:culture hero
375:Yuan dynasty
350:
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244:Wen Yunsun (
220:Succeeded by
193:Emperor Gong
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36:verification
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1620:1283 deaths
1615:1236 births
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836:August 2019
710:), "Boon" (
558:Kublai Khan
367:Kublai Khan
253:6 June 1236
208:Preceded by
142:Duke of Xin
127:family name
99:August 2019
1609:Categories
1508:Literature
1323:CRI Online
1207:当代海外华人社团研究
1191:2023-12-17
1168:References
1157:Sima Guang
1152:Wang Anshi
770:Sun Jianai
739:Mao Zedong
706:), "Vun" (
570:death poem
429:Zhuangyuan
293:Yuan China
264:Song China
69:newspapers
1099:Hong Kong
1084:Hong Kong
1070:Hong Kong
1056:Kaohsiung
962:Guangdong
948:Guangdong
924:Dongcheng
807:does not
788:Monuments
780:, Anhui (
743:Wen Qimei
704:Cantonese
700:Hong Kong
698:, and in
692:Guangdong
610:Confucius
562:prostrate
448:Jia Sidao
414:Biography
319:Hong Kong
213:Jia Sidao
201:Zhao Bing
181:1275–1278
177:In office
1422:(1996).
1142:Lu Xiufu
1116:See also
1001:Lu Xiufu
993:Shuangxi
905:Wohushan
887:Forever”
884:Jiangnan
762:Shouxian
754:Hengshan
750:Hengyang
614:nobility
537:留取丹心照汗青。
493:Zongmiao
389:Lu Xiufu
225:Lu Xiufu
189:Monarchs
121:In this
1470:Portals
1137:Yue Fei
1091:San Tin
1080:San Tin
958:Shantou
937:of the
928:Beijing
911:Beijing
897:Jiangxi
878:Paifang
873:Jiangxi
869:Xingguo
859:Jiangxi
828:removed
813:sources
722:in the
716:Teochew
712:Hokkien
680:Jiangxi
622:Mencius
535:人生自古誰無死
459:Ganzhou
444:Ganzhou
329:Chinese
315:San Tin
297:Beijing
272:Jiangxi
132:文 (Wen)
83:scholar
1532:poetry
1430:
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1301:
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1060:Xiulin
1044:Taipei
1033:Taiwan
1013:Tapido
1003:, and
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983:Taiwan
696:Fujian
688:Hainan
504:Fuzhou
463:Suzhou
452:Lin'an
349::
347:pinyin
331::
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125:, the
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1562:Media
1520:Books
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766:Anhui
758:Hunan
708:Hakka
684:Hunan
601:庶幾無愧。
598:而今而後，
595:所學何事？
592:讀聖賢書，
589:所以仁至。
586:惟其義盡，
583:孟曰取義。
580:孔曰成仁，
471:Bayan
432:) by
420:Ji'an
384:大宋三忠王
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90:JSTOR
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1428:ISBN
1388:ISBN
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