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connections form in memory between the context and the rewarded response. After enough repetition, the habitual response is automatically activated in mind when people are in that context. Habits are thus mental shortcuts that reduce decision making and make it easy to repeat what we have done in the past. As Wood has shown, and other research has replicated many times, habits can be initiated independently of intentions and can occur with minimal conscious control. Wood's research has focused on how and why people fall back into old habits, how good habits help people meet their goals, how to change unwanted habits, habits of social media use, and how interaction habits lead to discrimination in social groups. Many of the actions of everyday life are habitual and thus can be difficult to change. A signature finding is that 43% of people's everyday actions are performed in a habitual way.
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even subtle friction influences behavior, people were less likely to take an elevator and more likely to use the stairs when researchers slowed the elevator door closing by 16 seconds. Rewards for a behavior can be intrinsic or extrinsic, but importantly should be experienced during performance. Thus, listening to podcasts while exercising is a reward that helps to build an exercise habit. Rewards activate the release of dopamine in the brain, which help to forge habit memory traces.
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not static but is tailored to local ecological and socioeconomic conditions. Each society's division of labor is constrained by women's childbearing and nursing of infants and men's greater size and strength. Because these biological characteristics influence the how efficiently men or women can perform many activities, they create some uniformity across societies in the division of labor as well as variability across situations, cultures, and history.
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Within societies, people regulate their own behavior according to their desired gender identities. Wood's research has illuminated the self-regulatory processes by which gender identities affect the behaviors of women and men. Also, Wood has argued that hormonal, reward, and cardiovascular mechanisms
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In the study of sex and gender, Wood has emphasized that the behavior of women and men can be different or similar, depending on individual dispositions, situations, cultures, and historical periods. This flexibility reflects the central importance of a division of labor between women and men that is
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Habit performance thus depends on context cues. When people experience changes in everyday contexts, such as when they move house or start a new job, then their old behaviors are no longer automatically cued. Context changes thus disrupt automatic repetition and force people to make decisions. Unless
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Wood has also undertaken research on several aspects of attitudes and social influence. Her work on minority influence has clarified the conditions under which people are influenced by the opinions of those who are in the minority in groups, compared with those who are in the majority. She has also
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of social psychological phenomena. A 2014 meta-analysis testing the influence of menstrual cycles on women's mate preferences debunked the then-popular idea that women, when fertile, prefer more masculine, high testosterone men. Considerable research has echoed this failure for menstrual phase to
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People are most likely to form habits when contexts promote easy repetition and when the behavior itself is rewarding. Ease of repetition reflects friction, or few barriers to performing the behavior. Friction is low when behaviors require little time, travel distance, or effort. Illustrating how
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Wood's primary research focuses on the nature of habits and their influence on behavior. Habits are cognitive associations that people learn through repeated experience. Each time a behavior is repeated in the same context (location, time of day) for a reward (meeting a goal, feeling good),
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She served as
President of the 8,000 member Society for Personality and Social Psychology. Her research has been recognized with awards including a 2007 Radcliffe Institute Fellowship, the 2021 Distinguished Contribution Award from Attitudes and Social influence, as well as the 2022 Career
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is a UK-born psychologist who is the
Provost Professor of Psychology and Business at University of Southern California, where she has been a faculty member since 2009. She previously served as vice dean of social sciences at the
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Wood has made influential contributions in two additional research areas: the origins and maintenance of sex-related differences and similarities in social behavior and the dynamics of social influence and attitude change.
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examined the influence processes that occur in close relationships. Her attention to attitude change processes includes the effects of forewarnings of impending influence on the extent to which persuasion is effective.
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Wood's work has typically combined primary research and meta-analytic integrations of all of the available evidence. She has thus produced numerous highly authoritative
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Wood, W., Kressel, L., Joshi, P. D., & Louie, B. (2014). Meta-analysis of menstrual cycle effects on women’s mate preferences. Emotion Review, 6(3), 229-249.
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Wood, W., Lundgren, S., Ouellette, J. A., Busceme, S., & Blackstone, T. (1994). Minority influence: A meta-analytic review of social influence processes.
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they have strong intentions to continue the behavior, they are unlikely to do so. This work and its implications for addictions have been featured on NPR.
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Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.
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Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2002). A cross-cultural analysis of the behavior of women and men: Implications for the origins of sex differences.
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Wood, W., Mazar, A., & Neal, D. T. (2021). Habits and goals in human behavior. Perspectives in
Psychological Science.Online First
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Wood, W., Christensen, P. N., Hebl, M. R., & Rothgerber, H. (1997). Conformity to sex-typed norms, affect, and the self-concept.
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Rhodes, N., & Wood, W. (1992). Self-esteem and intelligence affect influence ability: The mediating role of message reception.
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Wood, W., & Quinn, J. M. (2003). Forewarned and forearmed? Two meta-analysis syntheses of forewarnings of influence appeals.
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328:(2012). Biosocial construction of sex differences and similarities in behavior. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.),
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released in
October 2019. This book was featured in the Next Big Idea Club and was reviewed in the New Yorker.
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work in conjunction with these social psychological processes to facilitate masculine and feminine behaviors.
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Wood, W., Quinn, J. M., & Kashy, D. A. (2002). Habits in everyday life: thought, emotion, and action.
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https://www.npr.org/2019/12/11/787160734/creatures-of-habit-how-habits-shape-who-we-are-and-who-we-become
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Oriña, M. M., Wood, W., & Simpson, J. A. (2002). Strategies of influence in close relationships.
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https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/01/02/144431794/what-vietnam-taught-us-about-breaking-bad-habits
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Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2010). Gender. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.),
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Contribution Award from SPSP. Her scientific research has been cited more than 42,000 times.
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Spiegel, A. (2012, January 2). What
Vietnam taught us about breaking bad habits.
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Creatures Of Habit: How Habits Shape Who We Are — And Who We Become
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official website at
College of Letters Arts and Sciences, USC
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Wood, W., & Runger, D. T (2016). The psychology of habit.
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Prior to her current position, Wood was on the faculty at
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Dornsife
College of the University of Southern California
371:(5th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 629-667). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
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as the Ella C. McFadden
Professor of Liberal Arts, and
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Fellows of the
Society of Experimental Psychologists
509:Fellows of the American Psychological Association
332:(Vol. 46, pp. 55–123). London, England: Elsevier.
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277:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83
42:She is the author of the popular science book,
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395:Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38
201:"Can Brain Science Help Us Break Bad Habits?"
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27:. Her primary research contributions are in
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499:University of Massachusetts Amherst alumni
330:Advances in experimental social psychology
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81:Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience.
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489:University of Southern California faculty
290:https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691621994226
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519:Texas A&M University faculty
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199:Groopman, Jerome (2019-10-21).
90:American Psychological Society
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172:Good Habits, Bad Habits
102:American Psychologist,
58:and her Ph.D. at the
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37:psychology of gender
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50:Background
20:Wendy Wood
213:0028-792X
174:(2019).
137:Research
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120:Habits
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