682:
directly behind the caniniforms, causing the snout to look relatively narrow. The posterior region of the maxillary facial plate is folded inward onto the palatal region, like in most non-akidnognathid whaitsioids. The suborbital bar is deep and slightly expanded. It extends from the jugal onto the posterior end of the maxillary facial plate, creating orbital convergence and appearing more triangular than circular in dorsal view. The orbit is positioned relatively high in the skull. There is a postorbital process on the jugal. The zygomatic arch is very slender. The parietal borders the temporal fenestra dorsally and is expanded posteriorly on the midline of the parietal foramen.</ref> The parietal crest is usually quite long., another trait shared with non-akidnognathid whaitsioids. The quadrate and quadratojugal are reduced in height, and situated in the depression on the anterior face of the squamosal. There is no nasal-lacrimal contact and no prefrontal-postorbital contact in adults.
122:
143:
2529:
2070:
4794:
4780:
4806:
2658:
2063:
2057:
4818:
2523:
772:’ radius midshaft bone wall is extremely thick and has a reduced central cavity without cancellous structures. The vascular motif is primarily longitudinal and radial. Ricqlès suggested that therocephalians might have exhibited accelerated growth rates later in their evolutionary history due to the comparatively more vascularized cortical bone in the radius of the whaitsiid.
729:
671:
719:
is greatly reduced or entirely absent. The dentary is short, shaped like a banana, and continuously tapers anteriorly to a narrow edge. The dentarys’ lateral surface is smooth. The posterodorsal terminal end of the coronoid process is more rounded, and the dorsal extent terminates below the middle of
739:
has five or fewer interlocking incisors, which have longitudinal grooves. There are four lower incisors. The incisors are relatively straight and conical. There are no functional upper postcanines and the upper canine is large in adults. The incisor cutting margins are smoothly ridged. Lower canines
775:
The femur bears a relatively thick wall as well, and could be related to impact loading, due to its orientation. The thick cortical bone is made many primary osteons in a parallel and woven fibered matrix. There are numerous osteocyte lacunae that have a spherical shape within the growth zones, but
439:
of South Africa, sequestered records in the Upper
Permian Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania, Zambia, and Russia. Late Permian therapsids are best known from the Karoo Basin, which covers a massive area and provides Permian sediments that total 12 km in thickness. During the Late Permian, sediments were
690:
The palatal fenestra of the lower caniniform merges with the internal naris. A portion of the vomer separates the choanae, and bears specialized transverse processes just anterior to the contact with the premaxilla. The vomers are either fused anteriorly or completely fused. No palatine teeth have
681:
The anterodorsal-most tip of the premaxilla forms a rostral process, which overhangs the incisors, like in most eutherocephalians. The external nares are relatively large and face anterolaterally. The rostrum is relatively long and about as high as it is broad. A constriction of the snout exists
720:
the orbit in adults. The postdentary bones are reduced to form a free standing coronoid process. The reflected lamina is spade shaped and does not extend below the dentary. The area between left and right dentaries remains relatively long and narrow just posterior to symphyseal region.
1257:
de Ricqlès, Armand; Padian, Kevin; Knoll, Fabien; Horner, John R. (April 2008). "On the origin of high growth rates in archosaurs and their ancient relatives: Complementary histological studies on
Triassic archosauriforms and the problem of a "phylogenetic signal" in bone histology".
1011:
Smith, Roger M.H.; Botha-Brink, Jennifer (February 2014). "Anatomy of a mass extinction: Sedimentological and taphonomic evidence for drought-induced die-offs at the Permo-Triassic boundary in the main Karoo Basin, South Africa".
651:
analysis to support the possible paraphyletic relationship of
Therocephalia. A few authors have supported this phylogenetic hypothesis, based on the existence of an enlarged epiterygoid and a quadrate notch in the squamosal.
480:
assemblage zones in the Upper
Permian, Karoo Basin, South Africa; Wuchiapingian in the Upper Permian, Ruhuhu Basin, Tanzania; Wuchiapingian in the Upper Permian, Luangwa Basin, Zambia; the Wuchiapingian, Upper Permian,
841:
Adam K. Huttenlocker; Fernando Abdala (2015). "Revision of the first therocephalian, Theriognathus Owen (Therapsida: Whaitsiidae), and implications for cranial ontogeny and allometry in nonmammaliaform eutheriodonts".
951:
Sidor, Christian A.; Vilhena, Daril A.; Angielczyk, Kenneth D.; Huttenlocker, Adam K.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Peecook, Brandon R.; Steyer, J. SĂ©bastien; Smith, Roger M. H.; Tsuji, Linda A. (14 May 2013).
776:
more lenticular and ordered near growth marks. The cortex has a moderate amount of vascularization. The pattern and number of the growth marks indicated some amount of plasticity in the growth style of
695:. The pterygoid flange expansion is severe, and looks like posteriorly protruding wings with a slight posterolateral tilt, a character shared with most therocephalians. The interpterygoid vacuity of
3398:
2725:
3108:
2694:
1291:
1052:
The
Paleobiology of South African Therocephalian Therapsids (Amniota, Synapsida) and the Effects of the End-Permian Extinction on Size, Growth, and Bone Microstructure
4887:
4961:
4587:
3365:
3403:
3370:
1209:
Hopson, JA; Barghusen, H (1986). "An analysis of therapsid relationships". In Hotton, Nicholas; MacLean, Paul D.; Roth, Jan J.; Roth, E. Carol (eds.).
4966:
4874:
529:
in 1876 based on specimens that were discovered and donated by A.G. Bain from South Africa. The specimens (consisting of therocephalians, including
1379:
4951:
4941:
820:
as the sister-group to
Cynodontia. In 2009, another phylogenetic analysis of therocephalians found that the group was monophyletic and placed
2687:
1241:
1170:
935:
533:) were described and illustrated in “Catalogue of the Fossil Reptiles of South Africa in the Collections of the British Museum,” by Owen.
4956:
3209:
4592:
3144:
4810:
4689:
2680:
3974:
4644:
4582:
3979:
492:
3964:
3959:
3360:
3217:
470:
2528:
4545:
4240:
3984:
3408:
626:
464:
142:
4235:
3969:
1372:
816:, and were even thought to be ancestral to Cynodontia. A 2008 study found Therocephalia to be paraphyletic and placed
502:
was an exception to that norm. Diversification was shown by an increase in richness of eutherocephalian groups in the
3263:
3253:
3227:
892:"An investigation into the cladistic relationships and monophyly of therocephalian therapsids (Amniota: Synapsida)"
4664:
3189:
476:
452:, intervals of geological strata that are defined based on the distributions of previously found tetrapod taxa.
384:
means mammal jaw, the lower jaw is actually made up of several bones as seen in modern reptiles, in contrast to
4285:
3154:
2805:
2741:
2069:
2062:
4634:
4114:
3222:
2937:
2891:
2815:
2703:
444:(an ancient supercontinent, partly located on what is now South America and Antarctica) In the Karoo is the
121:
4842:
4649:
4577:
4540:
3232:
3113:
2876:
2661:
2056:
1365:
4913:
3159:
342:(from Greek therion: beast, mammal, Greek, gnathos, “jaw,” +us, pronounced THEH-ree-OG-nah-thuss) is an
2171:
4721:
4679:
4629:
3335:
3326:
3023:
2766:
2522:
2199:
1330:"The Oldest Therocephalians (Therapsida, Eutheriodontia) and the Early Diversification of Therapsida"
1300:
1021:
965:
560:), from the Upper Permian Ruhuhu Basin of Tanzania. In 1980, most whaisiid genera were combined with
1826:
4946:
4824:
4798:
4684:
4525:
3279:
3172:
3128:
3103:
2974:
2952:
2840:
2830:
2790:
2255:
1988:
1727:
2624:
2589:
1893:
1854:
4659:
4624:
3908:
3348:
3343:
3182:
3177:
3088:
2986:
2957:
2886:
2835:
2746:
2596:
2402:
1906:
1669:
1662:
1648:
1634:
1470:
859:
275:
137:
1612:
4918:
4900:
4892:
4749:
4654:
4330:
3923:
3353:
3018:
3013:
2991:
2947:
2942:
2910:
2898:
2820:
2751:
2499:
1868:
1237:
1214:
1166:
993:
931:
756:
Ricqlès (1969) suggested differential rates of growth between a basal therocephalian from the
449:
420:
adopted a sleek profile of a mammalian predator, with a narrow snout and around 1 meter long.
4905:
498:, which was an odd find since most specimen in that zone tend to be medium to large in size.
3878:
3758:
3743:
3567:
3470:
3008:
2996:
2927:
2761:
2575:
2427:
2178:
1341:
1308:
1267:
1141:
1055:
1029:
983:
973:
903:
851:
526:
400:, and a typical reptilian jaw joint, all characteristics of reptiles. It is speculated that
1188:"A probainognathian cynodont from South Africa and the phylogeny of nonmammalian cynodonts"
4754:
4509:
4441:
4406:
4370:
4174:
4149:
4074:
3928:
3913:
3828:
3642:
3582:
3562:
3480:
3118:
3098:
3093:
2981:
2920:
2871:
2800:
2262:
2220:
2150:
2115:
1819:
1803:
1776:
1706:
1683:
1626:
1603:
1557:
1130:"The oldest cynodont: new clues on the origin and early diversification of the Cynodontia"
620:
1304:
1025:
969:
4784:
4674:
4504:
4426:
4380:
4355:
4300:
4219:
4144:
4129:
4109:
4099:
4049:
4004:
3943:
3858:
3788:
3748:
3542:
3429:
3258:
3248:
3083:
3078:
2932:
2915:
2881:
2492:
2485:
2451:
2395:
2241:
1995:
1882:
1875:
1861:
1742:
1619:
1439:
988:
953:
445:
350:
4935:
4608:
4535:
4473:
4345:
4340:
4315:
4265:
4184:
4169:
4159:
4084:
4059:
4054:
4044:
4039:
4009:
3893:
3868:
3838:
3783:
3733:
3702:
3692:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3647:
3637:
3602:
3572:
3547:
3521:
3460:
3321:
3316:
2756:
2561:
2436:
2416:
2248:
2234:
2157:
2143:
1974:
1926:
1812:
1785:
1756:
1690:
1532:
1519:
1482:
1388:
1346:
1329:
1146:
1129:
908:
891:
459:
216:
79:
41:
863:
4779:
4669:
4639:
4431:
4421:
4385:
4310:
4290:
4270:
4214:
4199:
4189:
4094:
4079:
4034:
3933:
3883:
3863:
3833:
3823:
3773:
3763:
3728:
3707:
3687:
3682:
3627:
3612:
3490:
3475:
3455:
3199:
2638:
2631:
2610:
2603:
2548:
2471:
2443:
2375:
2348:
2337:
2323:
2314:
2269:
2164:
2122:
2009:
1981:
1917:
1847:
1833:
1592:
1576:
1187:
954:"Provincialization of terrestrial faunas following the end-Permian mass extinction"
636:
485:, Kirov region, Russia;, the Changxingian, Upper Permian, Vladimir region, Russia.
377:
361:
255:
510:
assemblage zones. During this time some of the more specialized genera, including
1271:
1033:
4499:
4436:
4411:
4390:
4375:
4305:
4280:
4209:
4204:
4154:
4139:
4124:
4089:
4029:
4019:
3918:
3903:
3898:
3853:
3848:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3753:
3622:
3607:
3592:
3557:
3485:
3194:
3149:
3073:
3041:
2964:
2825:
2785:
2582:
2568:
2287:
2276:
2213:
2206:
2136:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1792:
1735:
1676:
1655:
1641:
757:
748:
The pubis and ischium alignment is horizontal, with a wide puboischiatic plate.
546:
436:
413:
405:
357:
229:
54:
4865:
958:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
392:
displayed many different reptilian and mammalian characteristics. For example,
4530:
4494:
4365:
4350:
4335:
4325:
4275:
4194:
4179:
4164:
4104:
4064:
4024:
4014:
3818:
3793:
3768:
3657:
3652:
3617:
3597:
3577:
3424:
3311:
2969:
2850:
2409:
2357:
2227:
2185:
2101:
2088:
2024:
1967:
1764:
1585:
1564:
1550:
1430:
648:
632:
538:
409:
200:
99:
64:
396:
had canine teeth like mammals, and a secondary palate, multiple bones in the
4478:
4457:
4416:
4134:
4119:
3938:
3888:
3873:
3843:
3798:
3778:
3738:
3632:
3587:
3552:
3537:
3516:
3500:
3439:
3434:
3123:
2617:
2462:
2330:
2296:
2129:
1933:
1840:
1455:
1421:
1218:
978:
482:
353:
187:
154:
104:
48:
1313:
1286:
997:
728:
2672:
670:
440:
fed into the Karoo Basin from a ring of mountains that encircled
Southern
4859:
4320:
4295:
4260:
3712:
3662:
3495:
3465:
3167:
2388:
2364:
1749:
1720:
1412:
813:
616:
441:
417:
397:
369:
174:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
855:
448:, a subdivision of the basin. This division is further broken down into
17:
4879:
4759:
4069:
2303:
1328:
Abdala, Fernando; Rubidge, Bruce S.; van den Heever, Juri (July 2008).
385:
343:
109:
84:
27:
Extinct genus of therapsids from late
Permian South Africa and Tanzania
1059:
4360:
2478:
2192:
1406:
365:
164:
4836:
1163:
The
Cranial Anatomy of the Early Therocephalia (Amniota: Therapsida)
740:
are large in adults, and post-canine teeth exist in the lower jaw.
631:
Assemblage Zone, South Africa, supported an original hypothesis of
727:
669:
346:
1213:. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. pp. 83–106.
1357:
4840:
4738:
4710:
4566:
3387:
3300:
3062:
2714:
2676:
2545:
2086:
1517:
1399:
1361:
647:
and cynodonts, as well as being the first computer assisted
612:. These genera were linked due to lack of postcanine teeth.
412:
based on its teeth, and was suited to hunting small prey in
3399:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
2726:
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa
1287:"Whaitsiid Therocephalia and the origin of cynodonts"
928:
Forerunners of Mammals: Radiation, Histology, Biology
788:
In 1980, most whaitsiid genera were synonymized with
424:
is represented by 56 specimens in the fossil record.
4849:
4617:
4601:
4518:
4487:
4466:
4450:
4399:
4253:
4228:
3997:
3952:
3721:
3530:
3509:
3448:
3417:
3272:
3241:
3208:
3137:
3109:
Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt
3034:
2861:
2775:
2734:
2461:
2426:
2374:
2347:
2313:
2286:
2099:
2023:
1957:
1916:
1892:
1802:
1775:
1704:
1602:
1575:
1530:
1481:
1454:
1292:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
1014:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
1211:The Ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles
1128:Botha, J.; Abdala, F.; Smith, R. (March 2007).
760:of South Africa and the Late Permian whaitsiid
541:at that time. In 1950, Von Huene described two
4588:Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope
3366:Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa)
824:in a deeply nested position within the clade.
699:adults is either absent or extremely reduced.
643:. This was significant in the relationship of
435:is represented by abundant occurrences in the
3404:Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt
2688:
1373:
1192:Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
1050:Huttenlocker, Adam Keith (14 November 2013).
8:
639:, placing Cynodontia as the sister taxon to
1186:Hopson, James A; Kitching, James W (2001).
1123:
1121:
1119:
812:were once thought to be closely related to
4837:
4817:
4735:
4707:
4598:
4563:
4225:
3949:
3414:
3384:
3371:Department of Mineral Resources and Energy
3297:
3134:
3059:
2731:
2711:
2695:
2681:
2673:
2542:
2380:
2107:
2096:
2083:
1898:
1712:
1542:
1538:
1527:
1514:
1460:
1451:
1396:
1380:
1366:
1358:
921:
919:
677:skull at the Museum fĂĽr Naturkunde, Berlin
120:
31:
1345:
1312:
1145:
1134:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1106:Annals of the Geological Survey, Pretoria
1045:
1043:
987:
977:
907:
896:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1071:
1069:
833:
707:, and is convergent in scylacosaurids.
568:was the new species name that included
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
376:has been dated as existing during the
4962:Wuchiapingian genus first appearances
715:The dorsal process of the stapes in
615:Results from the analysis of a basal
7:
514:, split from pre-existing families.
1234:The Origin and Evolution of Mammals
4593:Geological Society of South Africa
1076:Brink, A.S. (1980). "On the genus
635:’s concept of Therocephalia being
576:was the new species that included
25:
3145:List of volcanoes in South Africa
4816:
4805:
4804:
4792:
4778:
4690:Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker
2657:
2656:
2527:
2521:
2068:
2061:
2055:
1347:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00784.x
1147:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00268.x
926:Chinsamy-Turan, Anusuya (2012).
909:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00538.x
691:ever been found on specimens of
141:
4967:Wuchiapingian genus extinctions
3975:Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone
4583:Evolutionary Studies Institute
3980:Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone
1165:. University of Stellenbosch.
1161:Heever, J. A. van den (1994).
1:
4952:Fossil taxa described in 1876
4942:Lopingian synapsids of Africa
3965:Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone
3960:Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone
3361:Minerals Council South Africa
3218:1620 Robben Island earthquake
4568:Research and administration‎
4241:Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone
3985:Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone
1272:10.1016/j.annpal.2008.03.002
1034:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.01.002
930:. Indiana University Press.
804:was the new combination for
796:was the new combination for
792:, creating two new species.
4236:Cynognathus Assemblage Zone
3970:Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone
703:shares this character with
608:have been synonymized with
4983:
4957:Taxa named by Richard Owen
3264:Vredefort impact structure
3254:Morokweng impact structure
3228:2006 Mozambique earthquake
360:, known from fossils from
4772:
4745:
4734:
4717:
4706:
4665:Daniel Rossouw Kannemeyer
4573:
4562:
4546:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3409:Waterloo Farm lagerstätte
3394:
3383:
3307:
3296:
3190:Barberton Greenstone Belt
3069:
3058:
2721:
2710:
2652:
2556:
2541:
2519:
2383:
2110:
2095:
2082:
2053:
1901:
1715:
1545:
1541:
1526:
1513:
1463:
1450:
1395:
890:Huttenlocker, A. (2009).
768:). According to Ricqlès,
281:
274:
261:
254:
138:Scientific classification
136:
128:
119:
34:
4286:Coelophysis rhodesiensis
3155:Pilanesberg Game Reserve
2806:Table Mountain Sandstone
2742:Bushveld Igneous Complex
1260:Annales de Paléontologie
656:Description/paleobiology
625:, from the Late Permian
622:Charassognathus gracilis
564:, creating two species.
356:belonging to the family
296:Broom and Robinson, 1949
4799:South Africa portal
4635:Charles Kimberlin Brain
3223:1969 Tulbagh earthquake
2938:Abrahamskraal Formation
2892:Sundays River Formation
2816:Abrahamskraal Formation
2704:Geology of South Africa
979:10.1073/pnas.1302323110
844:Journal of Paleontology
525:was first described by
458:has been found in the
4650:Anusuya Chinsamy-Turan
4578:Council for Geoscience
4541:West Coast Fossil Park
3233:2014 Orkney earthquake
3114:Terra Australis Orogen
3064:‎Tectonics and orogeny
2877:Buffelskloof Formation
1314:10.1098/rstb.1972.0008
802:Theriognathus laticeps
733:
678:
574:Theriognathus laticeps
556:, now synonymous with
491:was also found in the
4914:Paleobiology Database
3160:Prince Edward Islands
2716:Geological formations
806:Notosollasia laticeps
764:(now synonymous with
731:
673:
578:Notosollasia laticeps
264:Theriognathus microps
4722:Geology of Cape Town
4680:John Talbot Robinson
4630:Lieuwe Dirk Boonstra
3336:Coal in South Africa
3327:Banket (mining term)
3024:Normandien Formation
2767:Transvaal Supergroup
1232:Kemp, T. S. (2005).
518:History of discovery
4685:George William Stow
4526:Cradle of Humankind
3280:Bellsbank meteorite
3173:Finsch diamond mine
3129:Witwatersrand Basin
3104:Makhonjwa Mountains
2975:Whitehill Formation
2953:Middleton Formation
2841:Whitehill Formation
2831:Ganigobis Formation
2791:Ganigobis Formation
1305:1972RSPTB.264....1K
1285:Kemp, T.S. (1972).
1026:2014PPP...396...99S
970:2013PNAS..110.8129S
856:10.1017/jpa.2015.32
794:Theriognathus major
566:Theriognathus major
4785:Geology portal
4660:Alfred W. Crompton
4625:Andrew Geddes Bain
3909:Pristerognathoides
3349:Titanium in Africa
3344:Platinum in Africa
3340:Iron ore in Africa
3183:Koffiefontein mine
3178:Jagersfontein Mine
3089:Gondwanide orogeny
2987:Bushveld Sandstone
2958:Teekloof Formation
2887:Kirkwood Formation
2836:Teekloof Formation
2747:Fig Tree Formation
808:. Whaitsiids like
734:
679:
4929:
4928:
4901:Open Tree of Life
4843:Taxon identifiers
4834:
4833:
4768:
4767:
4750:Pothole (geology)
4730:
4729:
4712:Regional articles
4702:
4701:
4698:
4697:
4655:H. Basil S. Cooke
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4331:Heterodontosaurus
4249:
4248:
3993:
3992:
3924:Promoschorhynchus
3379:
3378:
3354:Uranium in Africa
3302:‎Mineral deposits
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3019:Molteno Formation
3014:Katberg Formation
2992:Clarens Formation
2948:Katberg Formation
2943:Balfour Formation
2911:Drakensberg Group
2899:Kalahari Deposits
2821:Balfour Formation
2752:Komatii Formation
2670:
2669:
2648:
2647:
2537:
2536:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2500:Traversodontoides
2172:Jiucaiyuangnathus
2078:
2077:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2019:
2018:
1869:Promoschorhynchus
1700:
1699:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1243:978-0-19-850761-1
1172:978-0-7972-0498-0
964:(20): 8129–8133.
937:978-0-253-35697-0
537:was considered a
335:
334:
329:
321:
313:
305:
297:
289:
250:
47:260.4–253.8
16:(Redirected from
4974:
4922:
4921:
4909:
4908:
4896:
4895:
4883:
4882:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4838:
4820:
4819:
4808:
4807:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4783:
4782:
4736:
4708:
4599:
4564:
4226:
3950:
3879:Macroscelesaurus
3759:Cistecephaloides
3744:Blattoidealestes
3568:Cistecephaloides
3471:Deltacephalaspis
3415:
3385:
3298:
3135:
3060:
3009:Elliot Formation
2997:Elliot Formation
2928:Karoo Supergroup
2762:Onverwacht Group
2732:
2712:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2660:
2659:
2576:Blattoidealestes
2543:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2428:Ericiolacertidae
2381:
2179:Macroscelesaurus
2108:
2097:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2065:
2059:
1899:
1713:
1543:
1539:
1528:
1515:
1461:
1452:
1445:
1444:
1397:
1382:
1375:
1368:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1340:(4): 1011–1024.
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1125:
1114:
1113:
1080:Owen (including
1073:
1064:
1063:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1008:
1002:
1001:
991:
981:
948:
942:
941:
923:
914:
913:
911:
887:
868:
867:
838:
527:Sir Richard Owen
450:assemblage zones
327:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
248:
241:
228:
215:
146:
145:
124:
114:
51:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4917:
4912:
4904:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4878:
4873:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4793:
4791:
4777:
4764:
4755:Steep structure
4741:
4726:
4713:
4694:
4618:Paleontologists
4613:
4597:
4569:
4550:
4514:
4510:Vulpes skinneri
4483:
4462:
4446:
4442:Ptychoceratodus
4407:Acanthohoplites
4395:
4371:Ptychoceratodus
4245:
4224:
4175:Ptychoceratodus
4150:Platycraniellus
4075:Ictidosuchoides
3989:
3948:
3929:Scalopocephalus
3914:Pristerognathus
3829:Homodontosaurus
3717:
3643:Ictidosuchoides
3583:Dicynodontoides
3563:Charassognathus
3526:
3505:
3481:Gondwanascorpio
3444:
3413:
3390:
3375:
3303:
3284:
3268:
3237:
3204:
3133:
3119:Transvaal Basin
3099:Kalahari Craton
3094:Kaapvaal Craton
3065:
3046:
3030:
2982:Stormberg Group
2921:Uitenhage Group
2872:Uitenhage Group
2857:
2801:Bokkeveld Group
2771:
2730:
2717:
2706:
2701:
2671:
2666:
2644:
2552:
2533:
2526:
2505:
2457:
2422:
2370:
2343:
2309:
2282:
2263:Silphictidoides
2221:Scalopocephalus
2200:Nanictocephalus
2151:Ictidosuchoides
2116:Homodontosaurus
2104:
2091:
2074:
2067:
2039:
2015:
1953:
1912:
1888:
1820:Annatherapsidus
1804:Akidnognathidae
1798:
1777:Chthonosauridae
1771:
1709:
1707:Eutherocephalia
1696:
1684:Pristerognathus
1627:Biarmosuchoides
1604:Scylacosauridae
1598:
1571:
1558:Porosteognathus
1535:
1522:
1497:
1477:
1446:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1356:
1355:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1127:
1126:
1117:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1010:
1009:
1005:
950:
949:
945:
938:
925:
924:
917:
889:
888:
871:
840:
839:
835:
830:
786:
754:
746:
726:
713:
688:
668:
663:
658:
520:
496:assemblage zone
430:
270:
267:
247:
239:
226:
213:
140:
115:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4910:
4897:
4884:
4871:
4855:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4802:
4788:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4739:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4675:James Kitching
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4512:
4507:
4505:Panthera shawi
4502:
4497:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4427:Macroscaphites
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:Sefapanosaurus
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4356:Massospondylus
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4301:Erythrotherium
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4222:
4220:Zorillodontops
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4145:Plateosauravus
4142:
4137:
4132:
4130:Olivierosuchus
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4110:Microgomphodon
4107:
4102:
4100:Melanorosaurus
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4050:Erythrotherium
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4005:Batrachosuchus
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3947:
3946:
3944:Uranocentrodon
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3859:Lanthanostegus
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Cynariognathus
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3749:Brachyprosopus
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3723:
3722:Beaufort Group
3719:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3543:Alopecognathus
3540:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Onychopterella
3427:
3421:
3419:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3301:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3259:Tswaing crater
3256:
3251:
3249:Kalkkop crater
3245:
3243:
3242:Impact craters
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3084:Ellisras Basin
3081:
3079:Cape Fold Belt
3076:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3003:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2933:Beaufort Group
2925:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2916:Enon Formation
2913:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2882:Enon Formation
2879:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2782:Carboniferous
2779:
2777:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2735:Palaeoarchaean
2729:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2493:Scalopognathus
2489:
2486:Microgomphodon
2482:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2452:Silphedosuchus
2448:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2396:Nothogomphodon
2392:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2353:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2242:Scalopolacerta
2238:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1996:Moschowhaitsia
1992:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1963:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1883:Zorillodontops
1879:
1876:Shiguaignathus
1872:
1865:
1862:Olivierosuchus
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1827:Cerdosuchoides
1823:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1761:
1753:
1746:
1743:Perplexisaurus
1739:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1620:Alopecognathus
1616:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1561:
1554:
1546:
1536:
1531:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1440:Eutheriodontia
1433:
1424:
1415:
1409:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1354:
1353:
1320:
1277:
1249:
1242:
1236:. OUP Oxford.
1224:
1201:
1178:
1171:
1153:
1140:(3): 477–492.
1115:
1098:Moschorhynchus
1065:
1039:
1003:
943:
936:
915:
902:(4): 865–891.
869:
850:(4): 645–664.
832:
831:
829:
826:
798:Whaitsia major
785:
784:Classification
782:
758:Middle Permian
753:
752:Bone histology
750:
745:
742:
725:
722:
712:
709:
705:Moschowhaitsia
687:
684:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
570:Whaitsia major
519:
516:
494:Tapinocephalus
446:Beaufort Group
429:
426:
351:therocephalian
333:
332:
331:
330:
328:Haughton, 1918
322:
314:
306:
298:
290:
279:
278:
272:
271:
268:
259:
258:
252:
251:
237:
233:
232:
224:
220:
219:
211:
204:
203:
198:
191:
190:
185:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
134:
133:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4979:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4852:
4851:Theriognathus
4848:
4844:
4839:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4709:
4705:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4609:Hans Merensky
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4572:
4565:
4561:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4536:Scylacorhinus
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4474:Africanacetus
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Litargosuchus
4344:
4342:
4341:Lesothosaurus
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:Gigantoscelus
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Abrictosaurus
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4185:Scaloposaurus
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Proterosuchus
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Progalesaurus
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4085:Lepidodendron
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Euskelosaurus
4058:
4056:
4055:Eucnemesaurus
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4045:Erythrosuchus
4043:
4041:
4040:Ericiolacerta
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Blikanasaurus
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3894:Pelictosuchus
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3869:Lepidodendron
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Ictidochampsa
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3784:Cryptocynodon
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Anomocephalus
3732:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3703:Thliptosaurus
3701:
3699:
3698:Theriognathus
3696:
3694:
3693:Stereosternum
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3678:Scylacosaurus
3676:
3674:
3673:Procynosuchus
3671:
3669:
3668:Odontocyclops
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Lepidodendron
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3638:Ictidognathus
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3603:Dwykaselachus
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3573:Crapartinella
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3548:Anomocephalus
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3523:
3522:Lepidodendron
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:Carboniferous
3508:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Antarctilamna
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:Paleontology‎
3386:
3382:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3322:Witwatersrand
3320:
3318:
3317:Merensky Reef
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3299:
3295:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Moodies Group
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2562:Alopecorhinus
2559:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2524:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2437:Ericiolacerta
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2417:Scaloposaurus
2414:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:Scaloposuchus
2253:
2251:
2250:
2249:Scaloporhinus
2246:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2235:Scalopodontes
2232:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2158:Ictidosuchops
2155:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2144:Ictidognathus
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2003:Theriognathus
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1989:Microwhaitsia
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1975:Ictidochampsa
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1927:Gorochovetzia
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:Akidnognathus
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1786:Chthonosaurus
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:Scylacosuchus
1754:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1728:Kotelcephalon
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1691:Scylacosaurus
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1533:Therocephalia
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:Therocephalia
1516:
1512:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1483:Therocephalia
1480:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:Therocephalia
1383:
1378:
1376:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Palaeontology
1331:
1324:
1321:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1299:(857): 1–54.
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:Theriognathus
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
947:
944:
939:
933:
929:
922:
920:
916:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
837:
834:
827:
825:
823:
822:Theriognathus
819:
818:Theriognathus
815:
811:
810:Theriognathus
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:Theriognathus
783:
781:
779:
778:Theriognathus
773:
771:
770:Theriognathus
767:
766:Theriognathus
763:
759:
751:
749:
743:
741:
738:
737:Theriognathus
730:
723:
721:
718:
717:Theriognathus
710:
708:
706:
702:
701:Theriognathus
698:
697:Theriognathus
694:
693:Theriognathus
685:
683:
676:
672:
665:
660:
655:
653:
650:
646:
645:Theriognathus
642:
641:Theriognathus
638:
634:
630:
629:
624:
623:
618:
613:
611:
610:Theriognathus
607:
603:
599:
598:Moshorhynchus
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Theriognathus
559:
558:Theriognathus
555:
551:
548:
544:
543:Theriognathus
540:
536:
535:Theriognathus
532:
531:Theriognathus
528:
524:
523:Theriognathus
517:
515:
513:
512:Theriognathus
509:
505:
504:Cistecephalus
501:
500:Theriognathus
497:
495:
490:
489:Theriognathus
486:
484:
479:
478:
473:
472:
471:Cistecephalus
467:
466:
461:
460:Wuchiapingian
457:
456:Theriognathus
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
433:Theriognathus
427:
425:
423:
422:Theriognathus
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:Theriognathus
399:
395:
394:Theriognathus
391:
390:Theriognathus
387:
383:
382:Theriognathus
379:
375:
374:Theriognathus
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
348:
345:
341:
340:
339:Theriognathus
326:
323:
318:
315:
310:
307:
302:
299:
294:
291:
286:
283:
282:
280:
277:
273:
266:
265:
260:
257:
253:
246:
245:
244:Theriognathus
238:
235:
234:
231:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:Therocephalia
212:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
144:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
42:Wuchiapingian
37:
36:Theriognathus
33:
30:
19:
4850:
4823:
4809:
4790:
4776:
4670:Andre Keyser
4645:Alfred Brown
4640:Robert Broom
4432:Nqwebasaurus
4422:Kangnasaurus
4386:Sphenosuchus
4311:Geranosaurus
4291:Dracovenator
4271:Antetonitrus
4215:Ufudocyclops
4200:Tetracynodon
4190:Scymnosaurus
4095:Lystrosaurus
4080:Kannemeyeria
4035:Elliotherium
3934:Silpholestes
3884:Moschorhinus
3864:Leontosaurus
3834:Icticephalus
3824:Euchambersia
3774:Colobodectes
3764:Choerosaurus
3729:Aelurosaurus
3708:Trochosaurus
3697:
3688:Simorhinella
3683:Scymnosaurus
3628:Glossopteris
3613:Eunotosaurus
3491:Serenichthys
3476:Diplacanthus
3456:Africanaspis
3200:Karoo-Ferrar
2639:Trochosuchus
2637:
2632:Trochosaurus
2630:
2625:Trochorhinus
2623:
2616:
2611:Scymnosaurus
2609:
2604:Ictidosaurus
2602:
2595:
2590:Hyaenasuchus
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2549:Nomina dubia
2547:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2472:Antecosuchus
2470:
2450:
2444:Pedaeosaurus
2442:
2435:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2376:Bauriamorpha
2363:
2356:
2349:Regisauridae
2338:Tetracynodon
2336:
2329:
2324:Choerosaurus
2322:
2315:Lycideopidae
2302:
2295:
2275:
2270:Silpholestes
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2165:Ictidosuchus
2163:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2123:Icticephalus
2121:
2114:
2060:
2010:Viatkosuchus
2008:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1982:Megawhaitsia
1980:
1973:
1966:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:Hofmeyriidae
1905:
1894:Whaitsioidea
1881:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1855:Notaelurodon
1853:
1848:Moschorhinus
1846:
1839:
1834:Euchambersia
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1791:
1784:
1763:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1719:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1593:Simorhinella
1591:
1584:
1577:Lycosuchidae
1563:
1556:
1549:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1296:
1290:
1280:
1266:(2): 57–76.
1263:
1259:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1210:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1181:
1162:
1156:
1137:
1133:
1109:
1105:
1102:Aneugomphius
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:Notosollasia
1085:
1081:
1077:
1051:
1017:
1013:
1006:
961:
957:
946:
927:
899:
895:
847:
843:
836:
821:
817:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
777:
774:
769:
765:
762:Notosollasia
761:
755:
747:
744:Post-cranial
736:
735:
716:
714:
704:
700:
696:
692:
689:
680:
674:
644:
640:
637:paraphyletic
628:Tropidostoma
627:
621:
614:
609:
606:Aneugomphius
605:
601:
597:
593:
590:Notosallasia
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:Notosollasia
549:
542:
534:
530:
522:
521:
511:
507:
503:
499:
493:
488:
487:
475:
474:, and lower
469:
465:Tropidostoma
463:
455:
454:
432:
431:
421:
401:
393:
389:
381:
378:Late Permian
373:
362:South Africa
338:
337:
336:
324:
317:Notosollasia
316:
308:
300:
293:Aneugomphius
292:
284:
263:
262:
256:Type species
243:
242:
207:
194:
181:
129:
35:
29:
4500:Homo naledi
4488:Pleistocene
4437:Paranthodon
4412:Algoasaurus
4391:Tritheledon
4376:Pulanesaura
4306:Fabrosaurus
4281:Coelophysis
4229:Assemblages
4210:Trirachodon
4205:Thrinaxodon
4155:Procolophon
4140:Pentasaurus
4125:Noteosuchus
4115:Micropholis
4090:Lydekkerina
4030:Dinanomodon
4020:Cynognathus
3953:Assemblages
3919:Procolophon
3904:Pristerodon
3899:Polycynodon
3854:Ictidostoma
3849:Ictidodraco
3814:Eohyosaurus
3809:Eodicynodon
3804:Dinanomodon
3754:Broomistega
3623:Glanosuchus
3608:Endothiodon
3593:Dinanomodon
3558:Bulbasaurus
3486:Priscomyzon
3210:Earthquakes
3195:Drakensberg
3150:Pilanesberg
3074:Algoa Basin
3042:Algoa Group
2965:Dwyka Group
2868:Cretaceous
2847:Ordovician
2826:Dwyka Group
2786:Dwyka Group
2597:Ictidoparia
2583:Dongusaurus
2569:Arnognathus
2403:Notictoides
2288:Karenitidae
2277:Yikezhaogia
2214:Rhigosaurus
2207:Polycynodon
2137:Ictidodraco
1959:Whaitsiidae
1948:Mirotenthes
1941:Ictidostoma
1907:Ophidostoma
1793:Ichibengops
1736:Nanictidops
1677:Pardosuchus
1670:Maraisaurus
1663:Koksharovia
1656:Julognathus
1649:Hyorhynchus
1642:Glanosuchus
1635:Eutheriodon
1094:Notaelurops
1090:Alopecopsis
732:Restoration
602:Notaelurops
594:Hyenosaurus
586:Alopecopsis
554:Notaelurops
437:Karoo Basin
414:undergrowth
406:carnivorous
404:was either
380:. Although
358:Whaitsiidae
320:Broom, 1925
312:Broom, 1936
309:Notaelurops
304:Broom, 1935
301:Hyenosaurus
288:Broom, 1920
285:Alopecopsis
230:Whaitsiidae
4947:Whaitsiids
4936:Categories
4602:Geologists
4531:Planolites
4495:Boskop Man
4400:Cretaceous
4366:Pegomastax
4351:Lycorhinus
4336:Ledumahadi
4326:Gyposaurus
4276:Arcusaurus
4195:Shansiodon
4180:Regisaurus
4165:Prolacerta
4105:Mesosuchus
4065:Galesaurus
4025:Diademodon
4015:Bolotridon
3819:Emyduranus
3794:Cynosaurus
3769:Clelandina
3658:Mesosaurus
3653:Lycosuchus
3618:Galechirus
3598:Dinogorgon
3578:Cynosaurus
3425:Notiodella
3418:Ordovician
3312:Kimberlite
3273:Meteorites
3164:Diatremes
2970:Ecca Group
2851:Soom Shale
2410:Ordosiodon
2358:Regisaurus
2228:Scalopodon
2186:Malasaurus
2102:Baurioidea
2089:Baurioidea
2034:see below↓
2025:Baurioidea
1968:Dalongkoua
1765:Cynodontia
1613:Alopecodon
1586:Lycosuchus
1565:Cynodontia
1551:Gorynychus
1492:see below↓
1431:Therapsida
1198:(1): 5–35.
1060:1773/24299
1054:(Thesis).
1020:: 99–118.
828:References
675:T. microps
666:Skull roof
649:cladistics
633:T. S. Kemp
539:dicynodont
410:omnivorous
269:Owen, 1876
249:Owen, 1876
201:Therapsida
130:T. microps
4479:Nummulite
4458:Nummulite
4451:Paleogene
4417:Baculites
4135:Orosaurus
4120:Myosaurus
3939:Tamboeria
3889:Paliguana
3874:Lycideops
3844:Ictidodon
3799:Diictodon
3779:Compsodon
3739:Basilodon
3633:Hofmeyria
3588:Diictodon
3553:Basilodon
3538:Abdalodon
3517:Dadoxylon
3501:Umzantsia
3440:Soomaspis
3435:Promissum
3138:Volcanism
3124:Witteberg
3005:Triassic
2907:Jurassic
2797:Devonian
2776:Paleozoic
2618:Tamboeria
2463:Bauriidae
2331:Lycideops
2297:Karenites
2130:Ictidodon
1934:Hofmeyria
1841:Jiufengia
1471:Synapsida
1456:Synapsida
1422:Synapsida
1405:Kingdom:
814:cynodonts
711:Lower jaw
547:whatsiids
508:Dicynodon
483:Kotelnich
477:Dicynodon
428:Geography
354:therapsid
188:Synapsida
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
4866:Q1064729
4860:Wikidata
4825:Glossary
4811:Category
4321:Gryponyx
4296:Eocursor
4261:Aardonyx
4254:Jurassic
3998:Triassic
3713:Youngina
3663:Moschops
3496:Tutusius
3466:Bainella
3449:Devonian
3168:Big Hole
3035:Cenozoic
2862:Mesozoic
2812:Permian
2662:Category
2389:Hazhenia
2365:Urumchia
1750:Purlovia
1721:Caodeyao
1413:Chordata
1411:Phylum:
1407:Animalia
1219:12721962
1082:Whaitsia
998:23630295
864:87382966
617:cynodont
582:Whaitsia
545:skulls (
462:, upper
442:Gondwana
418:synapsid
398:mandible
370:Tanzania
325:Whaitsia
276:Synonyms
223:Family:
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
18:Whaitsia
4906:4127996
4893:1152694
4880:4574064
4760:Swazian
4467:Neogene
4070:Howesia
3531:Permian
2304:Mupashi
1301:Bibcode
1112:: 1–37.
1022:Bibcode
989:3657826
966:Bibcode
416:. This
386:mammals
344:extinct
236:Genus:
132:Fossil
4361:Ngwevu
2479:Bauria
2193:Muchia
1240:
1217:
1169:
996:
986:
934:
862:
800:, and
686:Palate
604:, and
572:, and
368:, and
366:Zambia
4919:39149
4888:IRMNG
4740:Other
4519:Other
1436:Clade
1427:Clade
1418:Clade
860:S2CID
724:Teeth
661:Skull
347:genus
208:Clade
195:Clade
182:Clade
4875:GBIF
1469:see
1238:ISBN
1215:OCLC
1167:ISBN
1104:)".
1100:and
994:PMID
932:ISBN
552:and
55:Preęž’
1342:doi
1309:doi
1297:264
1268:doi
1196:156
1142:doi
1138:149
1056:hdl
1030:doi
1018:396
984:PMC
974:doi
962:110
904:doi
900:157
852:doi
506:and
408:or
349:of
4938::
4916::
4903::
4890::
4877::
4862::
1438::
1429::
1420::
1338:51
1336:.
1332:.
1307:.
1295:.
1289:.
1264:94
1262:.
1194:.
1190:.
1136:.
1132:.
1118:^
1110:14
1108:.
1096:,
1092:,
1088:,
1084:,
1068:^
1042:^
1028:.
1016:.
992:.
982:.
972:.
960:.
956:.
918:^
898:.
894:.
872:^
858:.
848:89
846:.
780:.
619:,
600:,
596:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
580:.
468:,
388:.
372:.
364:,
210::
197::
184::
105:Pg
49:Ma
44:,
2696:e
2689:t
2682:v
2447:?
1768:?
1760:?
1731:?
1630:?
1568:?
1381:e
1374:t
1367:v
1350:.
1344::
1317:.
1311::
1303::
1274:.
1270::
1246:.
1221:.
1175:.
1150:.
1144::
1062:.
1058::
1036:.
1032::
1024::
1000:.
976::
968::
940:.
912:.
906::
866:.
854::
240:â€
227:â€
214:â€
110:N
100:K
95:J
90:T
85:P
80:C
75:D
70:S
65:O
60:ęž’
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
