124:. This system is the one that has been used consistently in the international community since then. It was subsequently used at the 1984 World Games for the Disabled in England. The introduction of a functional classification system also meant that for the first time, amputee players could participate in the sport. Despite the system being in place in time for the 1984 and 1988 Summer Paralympics, a decision was made to delay its use at the Paralympic Games until 1992, where it was used for the first time. This was in part a result of conflict between broader ISMGF and the Wheelchair Basketball Subcommittee. The ISMGF was opposed in some measure to fully moving to a functional classification system for the sport. This conflict would not officially resolve itself until 1986, when the United States men and women threatened to boycott major tournaments unless the functional system was fully implemented.
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Performance wise, 4 point players can move their wheelchairs at a significantly faster speed than 1 point players. There is also a significant difference in special endurance between 2 point players, and 3 and 4 point players, with 2 point players having less special endurance. In standard endurance, there is little significant difference between the different point classifications. Across all point classes, there is little difference in ability to perform an envelope agility test. In games, 4 point players steal the ball three times more often than 1 point players. 4 point players generally have the greatest number of rebounds on the court because of competitive advantage when under the basket in terms of height, stability and strength. 4 point players turn over the ball with much greater frequency than 1 point players. 1 point and 2 point players handle the ball the least on court.
120:
functional classification system internationally. While the traditional medical system of where a spinal cord injury was located could be part of classification, it was only one advisory component. The first demonstration of the system used at the 1983 Gold Cup
Championships. At the time, there were four classes for the sport. The competition demonstrated that ISMGF medical classifiers had issues with correctly placing players into classes that best represented their ability. The new system increased player confidence and reduced criticism of the classification system as it pertained to accusations that players had been incorrectly classified. The functional classification system used at the 1983 Gold Cup Championships was developed in Cologne based
103:
point. Class II for people with lesions between T1-T5 and no balance were also worth 1 point. Class III for people with lesions at T6-T10 and have fair balance were worth 1 point. Class IV was for people with lesions at T11-L3 and good trunk muscles. They were worth 2 points. Class V was for people with lesions at L4 to L5 with good leg muscles. Class IV was for people with lesions at S1-S4 with good leg muscles. Class V and IV were worth 3 points. The
Daniels/Worthington muscle test was used to determine who was in class V and who was class IV. Paraplegics with 61 to 80 points on this scale were not eligible. A team could have a maximum of 11 points on the floor.
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worth 3 points. A team could have a maximum of 12 points on the floor. This system was the one in place for the 1968 Summer
Paralympics. Class A was for T1-T9 complete. Class B was for T1-T9 incomplete. Class C was for T10-L2 complete. Class D was for T10-L2 incomplete. Class S was for Cauda equina paralysis. During the 1970s, a debate began to take place in the physical disability sport community about the merits of a medical versus functional classification system. During this period, people had strong feelings both ways but few practical changes were made to existing classification systems.
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games and swimming races appear to be completely arbitrary. Impacted sportspeople were starting to demand that changes be made to address this. The German men and women's national wheelchair basketball teams were leading the charge in this regard, offering to test out and actually testing new systems that were being developed by
Cologne based Horst Strokhkendl. This process started in 1974 with a final report being written in 1978. Despite the report being submitted to ISMGF, no changes were made for years.
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the point number, the greater the player's functional ability. With five players on the court, the total number of points may not exceed fourteen. There has been sustained criticism of the classification system as being overly complex from players, coaches and leagues. These criticisms have been documented in academic research published in 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1997.
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nondisabled player; and have a permanent physical disability in the lower limb that can be objectively verified by acknowledged medical or paramedical investigations such as measurement, X-ray, CT, MRI, and so on." Lower leg amputation competitors are allowed to participate in wheelchair sport following classification rules for them based on functional mobility.
228:
187:, wheelchair, amputee and cerebral palsy disability types were eligible to participate, with classification being run through an independent classification body, with classification being done based on functional ability. General and functional classification took place in the Paralympic Village in block 2 from 29 to 31 August. At the
204:
confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case by case basis. In case there was a need for classification or reclassification at the Games despite best efforts otherwise, wheelchair basketball classification was scheduled for 4 to 6 September at
Carioca Arena 1.
72:
governed over their own wheelchair basketball classification system because they did not like the system used by the IWBF, finding it too complex. The system they use and oversea is based on a classification assigning players a maximum of three points. Historically, the IWBF has had a good and close
145:
At times, players may not easily fit into the standard full point classifications. For this reason, they can be classified in between, such as 1.5 points, 2.5 points, and 3.5 points. Classifiers are discouraged from assigning this half point classification as a competitor's initial classification.
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tried to carve out its own identity and largely ceased efforts for inclusion of disability sport on the
Olympic programme. The Games were the first ones where basketball players of different types of disabilities competed against each other, basketball players had a guaranteed right to appeal their
106:
During the 1960s and 1970s, ISMGF classification cheating occurred in both swimming and wheelchair basketball. Some of the medical classifications for both many sportspeople appeared arbitrary, with people of different functional levels being put into the same class. This made the results for many
55:
Classification in wheelchair basketball plays an important role in the sport as the classification uses total points of players to determine who can be on the court. The classifications for the sport are 1 point player, 2 point player, 3 point player, 4 point player and 4.5 point player. The higher
98:
Early classification for the sport was managed by ISMGF and was a medical classification system with three classes. The original wheelchair basketball classification system in 1966 had 5 classes: A, B, C, D, S. Each class was worth so many points. A was worth 1, B and C were worth 2. D and S were
136:
Because of issues in objectively identifying functionality that plagued the post
Barcelona Games, the IPC unveiled plans to develop a new classification system in 2003. This classification system went into effect in 2007, with standards based around identifying impaired strength, limb deficiency,
81:
As of 2012, people with physical disabilities are eligible to compete in this sport. To be eligible to play wheelchair basketball, competitors must have a physical limitation that prevents them from being able to "run, pivot, or jump at speed and with control, safety. stability, and endurance of a
102:
From 1969 to 1973, a classification system designed by
Australian Dr. Bedwell was used. This system used some muscle testing to determine which class incomplete paraplegics should be classified in. It used a point system based on the ISMGF classification system. Class IA, IB and IC were worth 1
203:
had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status
119:
Wheelchair basketball was the first disability sport to use a functional classification system instead of a medical classification system. Early experiments with this type of classification system in basketball began during the 1980s. In 1982, wheelchair basketball finally made the move to a
127:
In 1992, the
International Paralympic Committee formally took control of governance for disability sport and oversaw the classification systems as part of a review for any sport seeking IPC recognition. The debate about inclusion of competitors into able-bodied competitions was seen by some
162:
Classification appeals are handled by the IWBF. During the classification process, a player is asked to propose what classification they think they should be classified as. Once classified, changes in classification can only be made if there is unanimous decision amongst those who did the
149:
With a maximum of 14 points allowed to be on the floor at any time, teams may differ their point allocation based on the situation of the game. Having three 4 point players and two 1 point players involves the lower tiered players fulfilling the role of setting
171:. There are three types of classification available for Australian competitors: Provisional, national and international. The first is for club level competitions, the second for state and national competitions, and the third for international competitions.
166:
In most countries, classification for national competitions is done through the local national
Paralympic committee. For Australian competitors in this sport, the sport and classification is managed the national sport federation with support from the
216:, is working on improving classification to be more of an evidence-based system as opposed to a performance-based system so as not to punish elite athletes whose performance makes them appear in a higher class alongside competitors who train less.
191:, 23 assessments were conducted at the Games. This resulted in 7 class changes. There were 5 protests by PPS with all 5 classifications being upheld. There were 4 classification appeals lodged for wheelchair basketball at the
154:, while the higher tiered players create shots to bring the team back in the game. On the other hand, a team may choose to allocate their points in a more balanced manner to allow for increased mobility and handling.
846:
Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
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Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
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Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
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Doll-Tepper, Gudrun; Kröner, Michael; Sonnenschein, Werner; International Paralympic Committee, Sport Science Committee (2001). "Organisation and Administration of the Classification Process for the Paralympics".
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disability sport advocates like Horst Strokhkendl as a hindrance to the development of an independent classification system not based on the rules for able-bodied sport. These efforts ended by 1993 as the
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The wheelchair basketball classification system used during the 1980s was mostly functional, but had medical lesion based elements as a guideline. A maximum of 14 points was allowed on the floor at any
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relationship with the Federation Internationale de Basketball Association. At the same time, IWBF have striven to maintain independent governance of their support.
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44:
449:
Vernon Lin; Christopher Bono; Diana Cardenas; Frederick Frost; Laurie Lindblom; Margaret Hammond; Inder Parkash; Stevens Stiens; Robert Woolsey (19 March 2010).
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New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
393:
New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
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New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
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New Horizons in sport for athletes with a disability : proceedings of the International VISTA '99 Conference, Cologne, Germany, 28 August-1 September 1999
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1024:. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney. p. 152.
1006:. Petersham, N.S.W.: Walla Walla Press in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Olympic Studies University of Technology, Sydney. p. 151.
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498:
Wheelchairs can jump!: a history of wheelchair basketball : tracing 65 years of extraordinary Paralympic and World Championship performances
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68:, the classification system dates to 2004 and was created by the IWBF Player Classification Commission. In 1999, the United States based
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leg length differences, and stature. It also included ways to assess vision impairment and intellectual impairment.
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784:"Making Every "Point" Count: Identifying the Key Determinants of Team Success in Elite Men's Wheelchair Basketball"
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Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon; University of Technology, Sydney. Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (2008).
1002:
Cashman, Richard I; Darcy, Simon; University of Technology, Sydney. Australian Centre for Olympic Studies (2008).
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Classification for the sport is set by the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF). Going into the
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Chapter 4. 4 - Position Statement on background and scientific rationale for classification in Paralympic sport
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Chapter 4. 4 - Position Statement on background and scientific rationale for classification in Paralympic sport
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43:, the greater the player's functional ability. Classification for the sport is set by the
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Wheelchair sport : a complete guide for athletes, coaches, and teachers
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is the system that allows for even levels of competition on the court for
94:
The original ISMGF classification system used at early Paralympic Games.
358:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 355–368.
253:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. pp. 379–392.
883:. Homebush Bay, New South Wales: Australian Paralympic Committee. 2012
179:
Only wheelchair classified athletes were eligible to compete at the
23:
based on functional mobility. The classifications for the sport are
851:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 297.
395:. Vol. 1. Oxford (UK): Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 290.
109:
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Going forward, disability sport's major classification body, the
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involving 2 athletes which resulted in 2 class changes. For the
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430:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee. p. 17
726:. Barcelona: COOB'92, Paralympics Division D.L. p. 46.
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Vanlandewijck, Yves C.; Thompson, Walter R. (2016-06-01).
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Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games
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Benchmark games : the Sydney 2000 Paralympic Games
301:. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetics. pp. 16–18.
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905:. Sydney, Australia: Australian Paralympic Committee
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Francis, John; Owen, Alun; Peters, Derek M. (2019).
625:. International Paralympic Committee. December 2009.
606:. International Paralympic Committee. December 2009.
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1067:. Bonn, Germany: International Paralympic Committee
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496:Labanowich, Stan; Thiboutot, Armand (2011-01-01).
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452:Spinal Cord Medicine: Principles & Practice
45:International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
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724:Guide to the Barcelona'92 IX Paralympic Games
571:The 50th Anniversary of Wheelchair Basketball
425:"Layman's Guide to Paralympic Classification"
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758:Training and Coaching the Paralympic Athlete
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568:Thiboutot, Armand; Craven, Philip (1996).
70:National Wheelchair Basketball Association
969:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
963:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
930:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
924:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
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686:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
680:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
647:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
641:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
535:. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. p.
529:DePauw, Karen P; Gavron, Susan J (1995).
455:. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 810.
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1113:Wheelchair Basketball Classification
722:Hores Extraordinaries, S.A. (1992).
500:. Boston, MA.: Acanthus Publishing.
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17:Wheelchair basketball classification
1043:International Paralympic Committee
214:International Paralympic Committee
201:International Paralympic Committee
130:International Paralympic Committee
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1195:Disability sport classification
1036:"Rio 2016 Classification Guide"
169:Australian Paralympic Committee
297:Goosey-Tolfrey, Vicky (2010).
183:in Rome in this sport. At the
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1438:Parasports classifications
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903:"What is Classification?"
761:. John Wiley & Sons.
1065:"Classification History"
801:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01431
1407:Intellectual disability
788:Frontiers in Psychology
197:2016 Summer Paralympics
193:2000 Summer Paralympics
189:2000 Summer Paralympics
185:1992 Summer Paralympics
181:1960 Summer Paralympics
66:2012 Summer Paralympics
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927:Disability and sport
683:Disability and sport
644:Disability and sport
532:Disability and sport
1381:Wheelchair curling
1361:Para-nordic skiing
1356:Para-alpine skiing
1294:Wheelchair fencing
574:. Waxmann Verlag.
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1366:Para-snowboarding
1320:Football 7-a-side
1315:Football 5-a-side
1299:Wheelchair tennis
1202:Individual Sports
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122:Horst Strokhkendl
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