139:
when taken during the patient's daily routine, are still susceptible to the effects of daily variables such as physical activity, stress and duration of sleep. Ambulatory monitoring has been found to be the more practical and reliable method in detecting patients with white coat hypertension and for the prediction of target organ damage. Even as such, the diagnosis and treatment of white coat hypertension remains controversial.
48:
128:. This is supported by studies that repeatedly indicate that 15%–30% of those thought to have mild hypertension as a result of clinic or office recordings display normal blood pressure and no unusual response to pressure stimulus. These persons did not show any specific characteristics such as age that may be indicative of a higher susceptibility to white coat hypertension.
152:
In one
Turkish study of 438 consecutive patients, 38% were normotensive, 43% had white coat hypertension, 2% had masked hypertension, and 15% had sustained hypertension. Even patients taking medication for sustained hypertension who are normotensive at home may exhibit white coat hypertension in the
138:
device is being increasingly used to differentiate those with white coat hypertension or experiencing the white coat effect from those with chronic hypertension. This does not mean that these methods are without fault. Daytime ambulatory values, despite taking into account stresses of everyday life
111:
is made difficult as a result of the unreliable measures taken from the conventional methods of detection. These methods often involve an interface with health care professionals and frequently results are tarnished by a list of factors including variability in the individual's blood pressure,
459:"Recommendations for blood pressure measurement in humans and experimental animals: Part 1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research"
165:
may be made whereas the person actually has white coat hypertension. In general, individuals with white coat hypertension have lower morbidity than patients with sustained hypertension, but higher morbidity than the clinically normotensive.
120:
substances, and talking, amongst many other factors. Automated blood pressure measurements over 15 to 20 minutes in a quiet part of the office or clinic can reduce (but not eliminate) incorrect blood pressure measures.
105:
In studies, white coat hypertension can be defined as the presence of a defined hypertensive average blood pressure in a clinic setting, although it isn't present when the patient is at home.
87:
experienced during a clinic visit. The patient's daytime ambulatory blood pressure is used as a reference as it takes into account ordinary levels of daily stress.
851:
1424:
124:
People with white coat hypertension do not exhibit the signs indicative of trepidation and their increased blood pressure is often not accompanied by
83:
level above the normal range in a clinical setting, although they do not exhibit it in other settings. It is believed that the phenomenon is due to
97:) is the contrasting phenomenon, whereby a patient's blood pressure is above the normal range during daily living but not in a clinic setting.
1196:
1201:
131:
364:
Jhalani, Juhee a; Goyal, Tanya a; Clemow, Lynn a; Schwartz, Joseph E. b; Pickering, Thomas G. a; Gerin, William a (December 2005).
1351:
968:
983:
844:
620:"A comparison of home measurement and ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure in the adjustment of antihypertensive treatment"
1302:
143:
135:
1114:
1339:
1419:
1044:
575:
Glen S, Elliott H, Curzio J, Lees K, Reid J (1996). "White-coat hypertension as a cause of cardiovascular dysfunction".
1434:
1429:
1156:
1146:
1535:
1186:
1161:
978:
907:
837:
503:
Pickering T, James G, Boddie C, Harshfield G, Blank S, Laragh J (1988). "How common is white coat hypertension?".
1560:
1503:
1151:
1104:
954:
917:
1312:
1307:
1545:
1358:
1131:
1109:
801:
1600:
1064:
1059:
1023:
993:
1572:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1381:
1317:
959:
860:
1625:
1577:
1322:
1181:
1173:
1141:
1028:
334:
1491:
1486:
1290:
1082:
149:
Use of breathing patterns has been proposed as a technique for identifying white coat hypertension.
1567:
1334:
76:
1481:
1391:
973:
600:
563:
439:
393:
267:
224:
290:
1272:
1221:
1121:
812:
764:
723:
682:
641:
592:
555:
520:
480:
431:
385:
346:
315:
216:
56:
1277:
926:
754:
713:
672:
631:
584:
547:
512:
470:
423:
377:
305:
206:
196:
113:
1469:
1464:
1376:
1099:
1054:
934:
743:"White coat hypertension: relevance to clinical and emergency medical services personnel"
365:
242:
146:
is as accurate as a 24-hour ambulatory monitoring in determining blood pressure levels.
112:
technical inaccuracies, anxiety of the patient, inadequate cuff size of the instrument (
1518:
1368:
1231:
1191:
1126:
1087:
998:
759:
659:
Thalenberg JM, Póvoa RM, Bombig MT, de Sá GA, Atallah AN, Luna Filho B (October 2008).
475:
458:
211:
184:
80:
17:
661:"Slow breathing test increases the suspicion of white-coat hypertension in the office"
588:
551:
427:
1619:
1386:
1049:
718:
701:
381:
201:
677:
660:
604:
443:
333:
Ruxer J, Mozdzan M, Baranski M, Wozniak-Sosnowska U, Markuszewski L (October 2007).
161:
When blood pressure is measured only in a clinic setting, an incorrect diagnosis of
1527:
1439:
1254:
944:
887:
829:
636:
619:
567:
397:
228:
162:
47:
806:
1592:
988:
414:
Pickering T (1994). "Blood pressure measurement and detection of hypertension".
125:
817:
1508:
1498:
1459:
1403:
1396:
1226:
261:
742:
1262:
1003:
939:
895:
878:
873:
108:
768:
727:
686:
645:
516:
484:
389:
350:
319:
220:
618:
Niiranen TJ, Kantola IM, Vesalainen R, Johansson J, Ruuska MJ (May 2006).
596:
559:
524:
435:
310:
1476:
1078:
1015:
949:
900:
793:
117:
84:
869:
185:"The Clinical Spectrum of Labile Hypertension: A Management Dilemma"
1213:
1245:
366:"Anxiety and outcome expectations predict the white-coat effect"
833:
702:"What a high prevalence of white coat hypertension in society!"
538:
McGrath B (1996). "Is white-coat hypertension innocent?".
457:
Pickering, TG; Hall, JE; Appel, LJ; et al. (2005).
491:
376:(6). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.: 317–319.
335:""White coat hypertension" in type 2 diabetic patients"
116:) used to measure blood pressure, recent ingestion of
783:
1591:
1526:
1517:
1452:
1412:
1367:
1271:
1253:
1244:
1212:
1172:
1077:
1037:
1014:
925:
916:
886:
868:
787:
37:
32:
409:
407:
845:
741:Khan TV, Khan SS, Akhondi A, Khan TW (2007).
289:Pickering TG, Eguchi K, Kario K (June 2007).
8:
1523:
1425:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
1250:
922:
883:
852:
838:
830:
784:
46:
29:
758:
717:
676:
635:
474:
309:
210:
200:
142:A 2006 study of 98 patients showed that
175:
1197:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
134:and patient self-measurement using a
7:
1202:Generalized essential telangiectasia
189:The Journal of Clinical Hypertension
132:Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
476:10.1161/01.HYP.0000150859.47929.8e
25:
1352:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
719:10.2169/internalmedicine.45.1650
382:10.1097/00126097-200512000-00006
202:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00155.x
700:Helvaci MR, Seyhanli M (2006).
678:10.1590/s0066-782x2008001600010
291:"Masked hypertension: a review"
270:from the original on 2021-12-22
1303:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
637:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2005.10.017
144:home blood pressure monitoring
136:home blood pressure monitoring
1:
1115:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
969:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
589:10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02303-3
552:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)65069-6
428:10.1016/S0140-6736(94)91053-7
263:Health Minutes - Hypertension
260:Swan, Norman (20 June 2010).
1420:Chronic venous insufficiency
1045:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
1435:Inferior vena cava syndrome
1430:Superior vena cava syndrome
1157:Vertebral artery dissection
1147:Intracranial berry aneurysm
1642:
1536:Hypertensive heart disease
1187:Arteriovenous malformation
1162:Familial aortic dissection
157:Implications for treatment
79:in which people exhibit a
1561:Renovascular hypertension
1504:Hepatic artery thrombosis
1152:Carotid artery dissection
1105:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
955:Intermittent claudication
918:Peripheral artery disease
370:Blood Pressure Monitoring
54:
45:
1546:Hypertensive nephropathy
1359:Post-thrombotic syndrome
1340:Paget–Schroetter disease
1132:Coronary artery aneurysm
1110:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
243:"Hypertension: Overview"
183:Mann, Samuel J. (2009).
1601:Orthostatic hypotension
1583:White coat hypertension
1060:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1024:Carotid artery stenosis
65:White coat hypertension
33:White coat hypertension
18:White-coat hypertension
1573:Pulmonary hypertension
1556:Secondary hypertension
1551:Essential hypertension
1541:Hypertensive emergency
1382:Portacaval anastomosis
1318:Portal vein thrombosis
960:Critical limb ischemia
861:Cardiovascular disease
517:10.1001/jama.259.2.225
1578:Systolic hypertension
1323:Renal vein thrombosis
1182:Arteriovenous fistula
1174:Vascular malformation
1142:Intracranial aneurysm
1029:Renal artery stenosis
311:10.1291/hypres.30.479
1492:Paradoxical embolism
1487:Cholesterol embolism
1313:May–Thurner syndrome
1308:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1291:Deep vein thrombosis
1286:primarily lower limb
1065:Raynaud's phenomenon
671:(4): 243–9, 267–73.
339:Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn
1568:Benign hypertension
91:Masked hypertension
77:labile hypertension
73:white coat syndrome
41:White coat syndrome
1482:Pulmonary embolism
1392:Esophageal varices
1330:upper limb / torso
974:Arteriolosclerosis
665:Arq. Bras. Cardiol
249:. 9 November 2022.
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1453:Arteries or veins
1448:
1447:
1273:Venous thrombosis
1240:
1239:
1222:Cherry hemangioma
1122:Aortic dissection
1073:
1072:
908:Buerger's disease
827:
826:
71:), also known as
62:
61:
55:A white coat and
27:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
1633:
1524:
1335:Mondor's disease
1278:Thrombophlebitis
1251:
927:Arteriosclerosis
923:
884:
854:
847:
840:
831:
785:
773:
772:
762:
738:
732:
731:
721:
697:
691:
690:
680:
656:
650:
649:
639:
624:Am. J. Hypertens
615:
609:
608:
572:- commentary on:
571:
535:
529:
528:
500:
494:
488:
478:
454:
448:
447:
411:
402:
401:
361:
355:
354:
330:
324:
323:
313:
295:
286:
280:
279:
277:
275:
257:
251:
250:
239:
233:
232:
214:
204:
180:
153:office setting.
114:sphygmomanometer
50:
30:
21:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1587:
1513:
1470:Microangiopathy
1465:Macroangiopathy
1444:
1408:
1377:Gastric varices
1363:
1276:
1267:
1236:
1208:
1168:
1100:Aortic aneurysm
1086:
1069:
1055:Erythromelalgia
1033:
1010:
935:Atherosclerosis
912:
876:
864:
858:
828:
823:
822:
796:
782:
777:
776:
740:
739:
735:
699:
698:
694:
658:
657:
653:
617:
616:
612:
583:(9028): 654–7.
574:
573:
537:
536:
532:
502:
501:
497:
456:
455:
451:
413:
412:
405:
363:
362:
358:
332:
331:
327:
293:
288:
287:
283:
273:
271:
259:
258:
254:
241:
240:
236:
182:
181:
177:
172:
159:
103:
75:, is a form of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1519:Blood pressure
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:Varicose veins
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1282:
1280:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1259:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1232:Spider angioma
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:Vascular nevus
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1192:Telangiectasia
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1129:
1127:Aortic rupture
1124:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1092:
1090:
1088:pseudoaneurysm
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:Oxycholesterol
996:
991:
986:
981:
971:
965:
964:
963:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
931:
929:
920:
914:
913:
911:
910:
905:
904:
903:
892:
890:
881:
866:
865:
859:
857:
856:
849:
842:
834:
825:
824:
821:
820:
809:
797:
792:
791:
789:
788:Classification
781:
780:External links
778:
775:
774:
733:
692:
651:
610:
530:
495:
449:
422:(8914): 31–5.
403:
356:
325:
298:Hypertens. Res
281:
252:
234:
195:(9): 491–497.
174:
173:
171:
168:
158:
155:
102:
99:
81:blood pressure
60:
59:
52:
51:
43:
42:
39:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1638:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Caput medusae
1385:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:Degos disease
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
976:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
933:
932:
930:
928:
924:
921:
919:
915:
909:
906:
902:
899:
898:
897:
894:
893:
891:
889:
885:
882:
880:
875:
871:
867:
862:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
835:
832:
819:
815:
814:
810:
808:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
790:
786:
779:
770:
766:
761:
756:
752:
748:
744:
737:
734:
729:
725:
720:
715:
712:(10): 671–4.
711:
707:
703:
696:
693:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
655:
652:
647:
643:
638:
633:
630:(5): 468–74.
629:
625:
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:(9028): 630.
545:
541:
534:
531:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
496:
492:
486:
482:
477:
472:
469:(5): 142–61.
468:
464:
460:
453:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
410:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
360:
357:
352:
348:
345:(10): 452–6.
344:
340:
336:
329:
326:
321:
317:
312:
307:
304:(6): 479–88.
303:
299:
292:
285:
282:
269:
265:
264:
256:
253:
248:
244:
238:
235:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
194:
190:
186:
179:
176:
169:
167:
164:
156:
154:
150:
147:
145:
140:
137:
133:
129:
127:
122:
119:
115:
110:
106:
100:
98:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
58:
53:
49:
44:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1626:Hypertension
1582:
1528:Hypertension
1440:Venous ulcer
1346:
1329:
1297:
1285:
1255:Inflammation
1136:
1095:
984:Hyperplastic
945:Fatty streak
888:Inflammation
811:
800:
750:
746:
736:
709:
705:
695:
668:
664:
654:
627:
623:
613:
580:
576:
543:
539:
533:
511:(2): 225–8.
508:
504:
498:
490:
489:See p. 146,
466:
463:Hypertension
462:
452:
419:
415:
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163:hypertension
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1593:Hypotension
1137:head / neck
989:Cholesterol
879:capillaries
706:Intern. Med
126:tachycardia
38:Other names
1509:Vasculitis
1499:Thrombosis
1460:Angiopathy
1404:Varicocele
1397:Hemorrhoid
1227:Halo nevus
1083:dissection
874:arterioles
813:DiseasesDB
170:References
1263:Phlebitis
1004:Trans fat
940:Foam cell
896:Arteritis
863:(vessels)
753:(1): 52.
747:MedGenMed
274:27 August
247:eMedicine
109:Diagnosis
101:Diagnosis
1620:Category
1477:Embolism
1079:Aneurysm
1016:Stenosis
950:Atheroma
901:Aortitis
870:Arteries
769:17435652
728:16778338
687:19009177
646:16647616
605:35890241
485:15611362
444:41756474
390:16496447
351:18320786
320:17664850
268:Archived
221:19751461
1298:abdomen
979:Hyaline
807:D059466
760:1924974
597:8782756
568:6990525
560:8782749
525:3336140
436:7912303
398:2058260
229:9378265
212:8673041
118:pressor
85:anxiety
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57:scrubs
1413:Other
1246:Veins
1096:torso
1038:Other
818:14138
601:S2CID
564:S2CID
440:S2CID
394:S2CID
225:S2CID
1347:head
877:and
802:MeSH
765:PMID
724:PMID
683:PMID
642:PMID
593:PMID
556:PMID
521:PMID
505:JAMA
481:PMID
432:PMID
386:PMID
347:PMID
316:PMID
276:2010
217:PMID
994:LDL
755:PMC
714:doi
673:doi
632:doi
585:doi
581:348
548:doi
544:348
513:doi
509:259
471:doi
424:doi
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378:doi
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306:doi
294:(–)
207:PMC
197:doi
69:WHT
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