124:
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116:, features an enslaved mixed-race hero, son of a white planter and an enslaved mother, who is herself the daughter of a white planter. He can state that "both on the father's and the mother's side, I had running in my veins, the best blood of Virginia". When he and his sister decide to escape, they have no problems "in passing ourselves as white citizens." The title of the 1852 edition refers to the appearance of the hero:
213:. When Iola's uncle, Robert Johnson, escapes from slavery and distinguishes himself in the Union army, a white officer compares him to the other former slaves among his soldiers: "You do not look like them, you do not talk like them. It is a burning shame to have held such a man as you in slavery." Johnson answers: "I don't think it was any worse to have held me in slavery than the blackest man in the South."
308:
1217:
179:, and copies of her photograph were widely publicized. Botts accompanied Sumner and other abolitionists on stage; she sat with them while they lectured, and was described as a former slave. On May 19 and 20, 1856, Sumner spoke in the Senate, comparing Southern political positions to the sexual exploitation of slaves then taking place in the South. Two days later
1207:
91:, collected in the 1930s, shows that, when women discussed parentage at all, about one-third of these women ex-slaves said they had given birth to a child with a white father, or were themselves the child of a white father. The plight of these mixed-race slaves, especially as children, was often publicized as a way to further the abolitionist cause.
81:. Slavery had existed for a longer time there, and in the generally smaller holdings, slaves had lived more closely with white workers and masters, leading to more contact between the groups. The scale of the sexual exploitation is suggested by research that show the DNA of contemporary African Americans is, on average, 24% European in origin.
236:, a German immigrant orphaned as an infant soon after arrival in New Orleans. Though Muller (later known as Sally Miller) was completely of European descent, she became enslaved as an infant, and was assumed to be a mixed-race slave. The threat of white girls being seized and thrown into slavery prompted
435:
Modern scholars have examined the white slave campaign's motives and success. Mary Niall
Mitchell, in "Rosebloom and Pure White, Or So It Seemed", argues that because the slaves were depicted as being white, through both their skin color and style of dress, abolitionists could argue that the
368:'perfectly white;' 'very fair;' 'of unmixed white race.' Their light complexions contrasted sharply with those of the three adults, Wilson, Mary, and Robert; and that of the fifth child, Isaac—'a black boy of eight years; but none the less intelligent than his whiter companions.
20:
94:
Some pro-slavery activists wanted slavery legalized nationwide, overruling state prohibitions. They suggested there was no reason why slavery should be limited to blacks. They said that
Northern white laborers would actually have better lives as slaves.
479:. She also noted that the use of "white" children to illustrate the damage caused by institutional slavery, whose victims were overwhelmingly visibly people of color, demonstrated the contemporary racism of both Southern and Northern societies.
48:
The images included children with predominantly
European features photographed alongside dark-skinned adult slaves with typically African features. All these people, including the seemingly white children, were classified as black under the
464:
in
Southern slave markets may have caused Northern families to fear for the safety of their own daughters. Similarly, the idea that white slave-master fathers would sell their own children in slave markets raised Northerners' concerns.
163:, a young mixed-race slave who appeared white, gained freedom after her father got financial support from abolitionists to purchase her freedom as well as that of his wife and two other children. Among those who helped was US Senator
208:
tells the story of a "colored" family before and after emancipation. With the exception of Iola's grandmother, who is "unmistakably colored", all members of the family have so much
European ancestry that they can easily
36:
was a kind of publicity, especially photograph and woodcuts, and also novels, articles, and popular lectures, about slaves who were biracial or white in appearance. Their examples were used during and prior to the
451:
Carol
Goodman, in "Visualizing the Color Line", has argued that the photos alluded to physical and sexual abuse of the children's mothers. When publishing the photo of the eight former slaves, the editor of
53:, as they had both black and white ancestry. It was intended to shock the viewing audiences with a reminder that slaves shared their humanity, and evidence that slaves did not belong in the category of the "
123:
244:: "A white skin is no security whatsoever. I should no more dare to send white children out to play alone, especially at night...than I should dare send them into a forest of tigers and hyenas."
475:
and books, helped to provide context for
Northern viewers, and also to emphasize that the purpose of the photos was to raise money for education of former slaves by funding schools in
279:
1036:
349:
in
January 1864 with the caption "EMANCIPATED SLAVES, WHITE AND COLORED." Four of the children were predominantly white in appearance, although born into slavery.
339:(CDV) photographs of eight former slaves, five children and three adults. The former slaves were accompanied on a tour of Philadelphia and New York by Colonel
1248:
1243:
1228:
247:
Fannie
Virginia Casseopia Lawrence was a young white slave freed in early 1863. She was adopted by Catherine S. Lawrence of New York and baptized by
1253:
291:
229:(coauthored with her husband William). With majority-white ancestry, Craft often also appeared as a speaker on the abolitionist lecture circuit.
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376:
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that year. Predominantly ethnic Irish mobs had protested the draft law, as wealthier men could buy substitutes rather than serve in the war.
1155:
661:
405:
Of the many prints that were commissioned, at least twenty-two remain in existence today. Most of these were produced by
Charles Paxson and
65:
Sexual exploitation of slaves by their masters, master's sons, overseers, or other powerful white men was common in the United States. (See
812:
221:
Nonfiction accounts written by escaped mixed-race slaves who used their European appearance to "pass for white" and gain freedom include
577:
423:
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to support education of freedmen. Each of the photos noted that sale proceeds would be "devoted to the education of colored people".
1190:
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460:'gentlemen' seduce most friendless and defenseless of women." The specter of "white" girls being sold as "fancy girls" or
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66:
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The average African-American genome, for example, is 73.2% African, 24% European, and 0.8% Native American.
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492:
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and one of Withers's slaves. Withers sold Charley to a slave dealer and he was sold again in New Orleans.
241:
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of Massachusetts. She was considered the embodiment of Ida May. Articles were published about her in the
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format and were sold for twenty-five cents each, with the profits of the sale being directed to
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slaves constituted about 10% of the 4 million slaves enumerated; they were more numerous in the
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was independent of class status. Supporters of the war believed that this was needed after
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315:, an adult man, all with books in their hands; the image is entitled "Learning is Wealth"
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The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War: A New Look at the Slavery Issue, Chapter III
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471:, in "Portraits of a People", has argued that the usage of props, such as the
324:
74:
505:, whose children are generally regarded as having been fathered by president
335:, and Union officers launched a publicity campaign to raise money by selling
255:
photographs of her were also sold to raise money for the abolitionist cause.
29:
on 30 January 1864 with the caption, "Emancipated Slaves, White and Colored."
476:
399:
1206:
787:
357:
320:
141:
646:
631:
Nye, Russel B. (Summer 1946). "The Slave Power Conspiracy: 1830–1860".
415:. A portrait of Rebecca was taken by James E. McClees of Philadelphia.
1136:
The Forgotten Cause of the Civil War: A New Look at the Slavery Issue
839:
343:. A woodcut, based on a photograph of the former slaves, appeared in
1119:
also published in American Quarterly 54:3 (September 2002): 369-410
983:
606:"Free at Last? Slavery in Pittsburgh in the 18th and 19th Centuries"
422:
306:
122:
18:
427:
Charley Taylor holding an American flag. Charley was the son of
323:, serving 9,500 students, were active in areas controlled by the
409:, who took the group photo that later appeared as a woodcut in
285:
Fannie Virginia Casseopia Lawrence, a slave freed in early 1863
232:
The Crafts and other abolitionists also publicized the life of
356:
to the North. Of these, four children appeared to be white or
578:"Genetic study reveals surprising ancestry of many Americans"
251:
at the Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, New York.
45:
cause and to raise money for the education of former slaves.
16:
American abolitionist propaganda using white-looking slaves
788:""As White As Their Masters": Visualizing the Color Line"
519:, a Greek girl rescued from slavery in the Ottoman Empire
327:. Funding was needed to continue to run the schools. The
23:
A woodcut (based on a photograph) that was published in
840:"A White Slave Girl "Mulatto Raised by Charles Sumner""
144:
slave (one-quarter black ancestry), whose child also
375:
The group was accompanied by Colonel Hanks from the
151:Another popular abolitionist novel of the time was
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
297:Etching of Ellen Craft, based on a c. 1860 photo
159:(1854), a story about a "white" slave. In 1855,
319:By 1863 in Louisiana, ninety-five schools for
157:Ida May: a Story of Things Actual and Possible
1103:"'Rosebloom and Pure White,' Or So It Seemed"
984:Carol Wilson, "Sally Muller, the White Slave"
127:Eliza and her boy in an 1853 illustration to
8:
968:Barbara McCaskill, "William and Ellen Craft"
869:"Poster Child: There's Something About Mary"
666:. Scholars' Publishing House. Archived from
387:. The resulting images were produced in the
303:A special case: Freed slaves from Louisiana
1000:Brown, Tanya Ballard (December 10, 2012).
867:Morgan-Owens, Jessie (February 19, 2015).
862:
860:
781:
779:
760:. George Routledge & Company. p.
734:The White Slave; or, Memoirs of a Fugitive
118:The White Slave; or, Memoirs of a Fugitive
456:wrote that slavery permits slave-holding
191:from South Carolina, known as a hothead.
134:The character of Eliza in the 1852 novel
311:Four former slaves - three children and
1074:"'White' slave children of New Orleans"
1068:
1066:
554:
270:Mary Mildred Botts/Williams in an 1855
260:
990:, Vol. 40, 1999, accessed July 7, 2016
1174:Exactly How ‘Black’ Is Black America?
7:
1002:"A Black And White 1860s Fundraiser"
937:Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom
712:The Slave: or Memoirs of Archy Moore
690:The Slave: or Memoirs of Archy Moore
491:, common-law wife of vice president
227:Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom
110:The Slave: or Memoirs of Archy Moore
871:. Massachusetts Historical Society
563:"The Young White Faces of Slavery"
183:on the floor of the Senate in the
99:Abolitionist use of "white slaves"
14:
1249:Discrimination based on skin tone
1244:Abolitionism in the United States
1185:. UNC Press Books. pp. 3–5.
1165:Fremont Campaign Literature, 1856
1133:Tenzer, Lawrence Raymond (1997).
934:Craft, William and Ellen (1860).
660:Tenzer, Lawrence Raymond (1997).
181:Sumner was beaten almost to death
112:, published in 1836 by historian
1215:
1205:
612:. University of Pittsburgh. 2009
352:The former slaves traveled from
290:
278:
263:
1254:Propaganda in the United States
1179:Janken, Kenneth Robert (2006).
914:Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted
892:Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted
754:Stowe, Harriet Beecher (1852).
576:Lizzy Wade (18 December 2014).
333:American Missionary Association
329:National Freedman's Association
205:Iola Leroy, or Shadows Uplifted
1139:. Scholars' Publishing House.
773:See, in particular, Chapter II
108:The first abolitionist novel,
1:
974:, 2010, accessed July 6, 2016
813:"A White Slave from Virginia"
1264:Slavery in the United States
1109:. University of New Orleans
379:. They posed for photos in
1280:
89:Slave Narrative Collection
67:Children of the plantation
1035:Caust-Ellenbogen, Celia.
610:University Library System
528:Passing (racial identity)
196:Emancipation Proclamation
1222:The Barbarism of Slavery
972:New Georgia Encyclopedia
194:Three decades after the
1182:Walter White: Mr. NAACP
1212:White slave propaganda
1170:Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
1101:Mitchell, Mary Niall.
493:Richard Mentor Johnson
432:
377:18th Infantry Regiment
316:
242:William Lloyd Garrison
131:
34:White slave propaganda
30:
1214:at Wikimedia Commons
634:Science & Society
538:Mary Mildred Williams
469:Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw
426:
310:
126:
61:Historical background
22:
364:article, they were,
1082:. 21 September 2012
1079:New York Daily News
360:. According to the
140:was described as a
84:An analysis of the
1158:2016-03-21 at the
1051:on 24 January 2013
1045:Swarthmore College
565:. 30 January 2014.
433:
396:Nathaniel P. Banks
317:
249:Henry Ward Beecher
187:by Representative
161:Mary Mildred Botts
132:
39:American Civil War
31:
1220:Works related to
1210:Media related to
1041:Bryn Mawr College
988:Louisiana History
757:Uncle Tom's Cabin
517:Garafilia Mohalbi
512:Irish slaves myth
429:Alexander Withers
148:"all-but-white".
137:Uncle Tom's Cabin
129:Uncle Tom's Cabin
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1259:Human skin color
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1107:ScholarWorks@UNO
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442:the draft riots
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419:Modern analysis
412:Harper's Weekly
389:carte de visite
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362:Harper's Weekly
346:Harper's Weekly
341:George H. Hanks
337:carte de visite
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844:Mirror of Race
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202:'s 1892 novel
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1049:the original
1009:. Retrieved
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951:. Retrieved
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919:, retrieved
917:, p. 44
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907:
897:, retrieved
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873:. Retrieved
847:. Retrieved
843:
838:Gage, Joan.
833:
821:. Retrieved
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795:. Retrieved
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765:. Retrieved
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749:
739:, retrieved
737:, p. 62
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727:
717:, retrieved
715:, p. 62
711:
705:
695:, retrieved
693:, p. 19
689:
683:
672:. Retrieved
668:the original
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614:. Retrieved
609:
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585:. Retrieved
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498:Wilson Chinn
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385:Philadelphia
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43:abolitionist
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489:Julia Chinn
354:New Orleans
223:Ellen Craft
79:Upper South
71:1860 Census
1238:Categories
921:2020-04-13
899:2020-04-13
741:2020-04-12
719:2020-04-12
697:2020-04-12
674:2016-07-08
587:11 October
544:References
462:concubines
325:Union Army
217:Nonfiction
75:mixed-race
69:.) By the
1086:31 August
477:Louisiana
438:Civil War
400:Louisiana
1156:Archived
1113:June 29,
647:40399768
483:See also
398:back in
358:octoroon
321:freedmen
173:and the
142:quadroon
1055:11 July
1011:July 5,
953:July 6,
875:July 6,
849:July 5,
823:July 5,
797:July 5,
767:July 5,
616:July 7,
582:Science
383:and in
185:Capitol
104:Fiction
1189:
1153:Ch.III
1143:
944:
645:
331:, the
643:JSTOR
549:Notes
55:Other
1187:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1115:2016
1088:2013
1057:2013
1013:2016
955:2016
942:ISBN
877:2016
851:2016
825:2016
799:2016
769:2016
618:2016
589:2021
1006:NPR
444:in
155:'s
86:WPA
57:".
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