722:
encyclopedias or textbooks, may also be useful to cite for general propositions about a field. However, there are three issues to consider when using review articles. First, like any restated material, review articles may have errors. In a conflict over what a paper said, the peer-reviewed publication is more authoritative and reliable than a review article's summation of the publication's findings. Second, a review article may summarize later research or findings that shed new light on earlier research. If possible, the summarized later research should be reviewed and cited
624:. Editors should not use public records as a source about a subject — such as birth certificates, home evaluations, traffic citations, vehicle registrations, or trial transcripts — unless these have been used by a reliable, secondary source. For example, if writing about a subject who had a messy divorce, do not go the courthouse to retrieve court papers about it; instead, rely on secondary sources, such as mainstream newspapers, that have written about the divorce. If they have not written about it, nor should Knowledge.
35:
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coverage is not available for all scientific topics, and is not required to establish reliability of a scientific proposition. Lay-person language interpretations, if confusing or inaccurate, should be buttressed by reference to the original material. In a conflict, the peer-reviewed publication is more authoritative and reliable.
102:
171:. In brief, a primary source is one close to the event with firsthand knowledge (for example, an eyewitness); a secondary source is at least one step removed (for example, a book about an event written by someone not involved in it); and a tertiary source is an encyclopaedia or textbook that provides a general overview.
721:
Review articles are articles published within scientific journals that survey and synthesize the state of research in a particular area. Review articles can be very helpful in understanding a topic, and on-point review articles should be cited or included as "further research". Review articles, like
680:
as a source for propositions, ideas, observations, and other scientific data. However, care must be taken that multiple propositions, ideas, observations, and other data are not stitched together to form a new proposition or idea. The sum total of a piece of writing in
Knowledge should not advance a
195:
are sources of original work, as well as historical items and references close to the subject. Depending on the field, this can range from speeches, personal correspondence, published editorials, manuscripts, works of fiction, incidents captured on film, photographs, artwork, witness reports, legal
697:
Newspaper articles, encyclopedias, and textbooks that distill peer-reviewed literature and scientific findings into lay-person language may be easier to understand for the non-expert. If available, they must be used carefully as they are further interpretations of the original work. This sort of
174:
The way these concepts are applied to particular sources can change over time. A newspaper article that we regard as a secondary source now, might be regarded as a primary source in 100 years, because it would be close to the event in relation to those reading about that event 100 years from now.
206:
are reports that draw on research and other references to make interpretive, analytical, or synthesized claims. Depending on the field, these may include textbooks, review articles, and peer-reviewed articles publishing original research. They are best used for representing significant points of
726:
when describing any points from that research; however, it is permissible to reference the review article as citing the earlier material. Third, a review article that advances new information or its own new synthesis may be cited for those propositions, just as any publication may. However, the
709:, as published in the newspaper or on the blog, are not as reliable a description of that research as a peer-reviewed journal article. If it is important to discuss such findings in the Knowledge article, the most reliable source available should be used. If a peer-reviewed article is published
848:
An article from an old newspaper is regarded as primary-source material for an historian looking back at that period, because it's an example of writing that stems directly from the timeframe and the society he's studying. However, a recent newspaper report of, for example, a car accident is a
795:
notes that a secondary source "analyzes and interprets primary sources", is a "second-hand account of an historical event" or "interprets creative work". It also states that a secondary source "analyzes and interprets research results" or "analyzes and interprets scientific
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are the two core content policies that determine how sources are used on
Knowledge. All sources should be used in a way that does not give rise to analyses, syntheses, or original conclusions. Original analysis by Wikipedians may not be added to articles.
664:
When evaluating sources of scientific material, sources that were evaluated by someone other than the scientist / author when they were published are the most reliable. This includes peer-reviewed articles in scientific journals. The general rule is to
225:
These definitions are not mutually exclusive. Primary sources, for example, might draw on secondary sources to make interpretive, analytic, or synthetic claims. In such cases, sources should be evaluated according to how they are used.
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only make descriptive claims about the material found in the primary source, the accuracy and applicability of which is easily verifiable by any reasonable, educated person without specialist knowledge,
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The decision as to which sources are appropriate in any given situation is a matter of common sense and good editorial judgment, and should be discussed on individual article talk pages to achieve
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accuracy. For example, a newspaper may run an article on a scientist and her latest work, or a scientist might maintain a blog about his research. The descriptions of the scientist's
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a newspaper, blog, or other non-peer-reviewed publication of the research, both may be used, but in a conflict, the peer-reviewed publication is more authoritative and reliable.
261:
architectural model or drawing, building or structure, letter, motion picture, organizational records, painting, personal account, photograph, print, sculpture, sketch book
1029:
1456:
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A subject merits its own article on
Knowledge when it is notable enough to have received acknowledgment in multiple, reliable, secondary sources. If an article lacks
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When using primary sources, editors should stick to describing what the sources say. Any interpretive claims, analyses, or synthetic claims require a secondary source.
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Tertiary sources can be useful in providing context and avoiding original research in topics where there exist very large amounts of primary or secondary sources.
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Scientific findings that are originally presented in non-peer reviewed literature must be used with particular care, as they have not been reviewed for
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This essay examines how to evaluate sources within the context of
Knowledge's content policies. Part of evaluating a source is deciding whether it is a
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artifact, diary, government report, interview, letter, map, news report, oral history, organizational records, photograph, speech, work of art
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Primary sources that have been published by a reliable source may be used, but any part of an article that relies on a primary source should:
564:
Edits should not rely on unclear or inconsistent passages. Passages should not be taken out of context in a way that changes their meaning.
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states simply that: "Secondary sources are works of synthesis and interpretation based upon primary sources and the work of other authors."
673:. Journal articles that have passed through the peer-review process are thus the most highly reliable sources of scientific information.
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government report, interview, letter, personal account, press release, public opinion survey, speech, treaty or international agreement
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It contains the advice or opinions of one or more
Knowledge contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article, nor is it one of
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make no analytic, synthetic, interpretive, explanatory, or evaluative claims about the information found in the primary source.
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Material about living persons must be sourced very carefully. Without reliable secondary sources, it will violate the
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documents, laboratory notebooks, field notes, peer-reviewed articles publishing original research, and even artifacts.
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are materials that provide an overview of primary and secondary sources, such as encyclopedias, textbooks, and other
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cultural artifact, interview, oral history, organizational records, statistical data, survey
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140:. If there are inconsistencies between this page and the policies, please update this page.
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building or structure, map, geological survey, patent, schematic drawing, technical report
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source should be carefully evaluated because review articles may not be peer reviewed
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contemporary review, interview, letter, manuscript, personal account, published work
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62:. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.
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Newspaper articles, encyclopedias, textbooks, and other non-peer-reviewed sources
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620:. The use of primary sources may easily lead to syntheses that constitute
352:. Lafayette College Libraries and Academic Information Resources. 2005
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contemporary review, letter, personal account, score, sound recording
147:. In cases where a consensus is not forthcoming, it may be helpful to
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Material about living persons must be carefully evaluated to ensure
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Original research on nematodes published in a peer-reviewed journal
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was previously published in a source that reviewed that information
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A Manual for
Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations
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that reasonably demonstrate its importance, it may be listed for
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526:Table source: Saylor, Ward & Hooper, Helen –
309:code, statute, court opinion, legislative report
277:company statistics, consumer survey, data series
1037:Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources
128:source. For the policy on sourcing issues, see
1199:Do not disrupt Knowledge to illustrate a point
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269:field notes, plant specimen, research report
149:seek some assistance in reaching an agreement
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350:"Primary Sources, What Are They?"
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410:Criticism of Vincent van Gogh
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961:What Knowledge is not
956:Neutral point of view
768:. Libraries Unlimited
614:neutral point of view
605:policies, as well as
528:James Cook University
504:Biological abstracts
491:Biological abstracts
185:Further information:
58:, as it has not been
1229:Talk page guidelines
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951:No original research
634:Knowledge:Notability
595:No original research
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413:Encyclopedia of Art
1125:No personal attacks
1047:Don't create hoaxes
770:, 2006, pp. 61–79.
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