Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

1768: 1132:) and are therefore unsuitable for use in generating encyclopedic, reliable biomedical content. Scientists at Bayer reported in 2011 that they were able to replicate results in only ~20 to 25% of prominent studies they examined; scientists from Amgen followed with a 2012 publication showing that they were only able to replicate 6 (11%) of 53 high-impact publications and called for higher standards in scientific publishing. Further, the fact that a claim is published in a refereed journal need not make it true. Even well-designed randomized experiments will occasionally produce spurious results. Experiments and studies can produce flawed results or even fall victim to deliberate fraud (e.g. 1924:

summarize and integrate a topic of research into an overall view. In medicine, primary sources include clinical trials, which test new treatments. In addition to experiments, primary sources normally contain introductory, background, or review sections that place their research in the context of previous work; these sections may be cited in Knowledge (XXG) with care: they are often incomplete and typically less reliable than reviews or other sources, such as textbooks, which are intended to be reasonably comprehensive. If challenged, the primary source should be supplemented with, or replaced by, a more appropriate source.

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new and experimental treatment as "the cure" for a disease or an every-day substance as "the cause" of a disease. Newspapers and magazines may also publish articles about scientific results before those results have been published in a peer-reviewed journal or reproduced by other experimenters. Such articles may be based uncritically on a press release, which themselves promote research with uncertain relevance to human health and do not acknowledge important limitations, even when issued by an academic medical center. For Knowledge (XXG)'s purposes, articles in the popular press are

1900:, it is wise to skim-read everything available, including abstracts of papers that are not freely readable, and use that to get a feel for what reliable sources are saying. However, when it comes to actually writing a Knowledge (XXG) article, it is misleading to give a full citation for a source after reading only its abstract; the abstract necessarily presents a stripped-down version of the conclusions and omits the background that can be crucial for understanding exactly what the source says, and may not represent the article's actual conclusions. 1333: 1324: 2237:

important. Medical textbooks published by academic publishers are often excellent secondary sources. If a textbook is intended for students, it may not be as thorough as a monograph or chapter in a textbook intended for professionals or postgraduates. Ensure that the book is up to date, unless a historical perspective is required. Doody's maintains a list of core health sciences books, which is available only to subscribers. Major academic publishers (e.g.,

2355: 1059:. Controversies or uncertainties in medicine should be supported by reliable secondary sources describing the varying viewpoints. Primary sources should not be aggregated or presented without context in order to undermine proportionate representation of opinion in a field. If material can be supported by either primary or secondary sources – the secondary sources should be used. Primary sources may be presented together with secondary sources. 2524:

sources, they may have missed other sources that would have been more useful or they may generate pages and pages of less-than-useful material. A good strategy for avoiding sole reliance on search engines is to find a few recent high-quality sources and follow their citations to see what the search engine missed. It can also be helpful to perform a plain web search rather than one of scholarly articles only.

3547:, and search for the name of the journal. On the journal page, under the heading "Current Indexing Status", you can see whether or not the journal is currently indexed. Note that journals that have changed names or ceased publication will not be "currently" indexed on MEDLINE, but their indexing status, when they were being published, can be viewed under other headings on that same page. 2253:) publish specialized medical book series with good editorial oversight; volumes in these series summarize the latest research in narrow areas, usually in a more extensive format than journal reviews. Specialized biomedical encyclopedias published by these established publishers are often of good quality, but as a tertiary source, the information may be too terse for detailed articles. 61: 2463: 2570:(often not peer-reviewed). The classification scheme includes about 80 types of documents. For medical information, the most useful types of articles are typically labeled "Guideline", "Meta-analysis", "Practice guideline", or "Review". Even when an article is one of the most useful types and recently published, it can be helpful to check the journal on 1446:. Respect the levels of evidence: Do not reject a higher-level source (e.g., a meta-analysis) in favor of a lower one (e.g., any primary source) because of personal objections to the inclusion criteria, references, funding sources, or conclusions in the higher-level source. Editors should not perform detailed academic peer review. 119: 1687: 3558:

Mabizela, Mahlubi; Manca, Andrea; Milzow, Katrin; Mouton, Johann; Muchenje, Marvelous; Olijhoek, Tom; Ommaya, Alexander; Patwardhan, Bhushan; Poff, Deborah; Proulx, Laurie; Rodger, Marc; Severin, Anna; Strinzel, Michaela; Sylos-Labini, Mauro; Tamblyn, Robyn; van Niekerk, Marthie; Wicherts, Jelte M.; Lalu, Manoj M. (2019).

2334:. The reliability of these sources ranges from formal scientific reports, which can be the equal of the best reviews published in medical journals, to public guides and service announcements, which have the advantage of being freely readable but are generally less authoritative than the underlying medical literature. 2210:. A sponsored supplement need not necessarily have a COI with its medical content; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. 3649: 2523:

are commonly used to find biomedical sources. Each engine has quirks, advantages, and disadvantages, and may not return the results that the editor needs unless used carefully. It typically takes experience and practice to recognize when a search has not been effective; even if an editor finds useful

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fail to discuss important issues such as evidence quality, costs, and risks versus benefits, and news articles too often convey wrong or misleading information about health care. Articles in newspapers and popular magazines tend to overemphasize the certainty of any result, for instance, presenting a

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provide a general summary of a topic based on a survey of the literature, which can be useful when outlining a topic. A general narrative review of a subject by an expert in the field can make a good secondary source covering various aspects of a subject within a Knowledge (XXG) article. Such reviews

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may be used to describe personal opinions, but extreme care should be taken when using such sources lest more controversial opinions be taken at face value or, worse, asserted as fact. If independent sources discussing a medical subject are of low quality, then it is likely that the subject itself is

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or institutional position papers (ideal sources for clinical recommendations). It is normally best to use reviews and meta-analyses where possible. Reviews give a balanced and general perspective of a topic and are usually easier to understand. However, whereas a narrative review may give a panorama

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use sophisticated methodology to address a particular clinical question in as balanced (unbiased) a way as possible. Some systematic reviews also include a statistical meta-analysis to combine the results of several clinical trials to provide stronger quantitative evidence about how well a treatment

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In many topics, a review that was conducted more than five or so years ago will have been superseded by more up-to-date ones, and editors should try to find those newer sources, to determine whether the expert opinion has changed since the older sources were written. The range of reviews you examine

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is one in which the authors directly participated in the research and documented their personal experiences. They examined the patients, injected the rats, ran the experiments, or supervised those who did. Many papers published in medical journals are primary sources for facts about the research and

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provides a list of 114 selected "core clinical journals". Another useful grouping of core medical journals is the 2003 Brandon/Hill list, which includes 141 publications selected for a small medical library (although this list is no longer maintained, the listed journals are of high quality). Core

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s are the gold standard when it comes to assessing evidence quality. They take into account various aspects such as effect, risks, economic costs, and ethical concerns of a treatment. They seldom make recommendations, but instead explain most effective treatments and potential hazards and discuss

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Keeping an article up-to-date while maintaining the more-important goal of reliability is important. These instructions are appropriate for actively researched areas with many primary sources and several reviews, and may need to be relaxed in areas where little progress is being made or where few

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Use your best judgement when writing about topics where you may have a conflict of interest: citing yourself on Knowledge (XXG) is problematic. Citing your own organization, such as a governmental health agency or an NGO producing high-quality systematic reviews, is generally acceptable – if the

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Grudniewicz, Agnes; Moher, David; Cobey, Kelly D.; Bryson, Gregory L.; Cukier, Samantha; Allen, Kristiann; Ardern, Clare; Balcom, Lesley; Barros, Tiago; Berger, Monica; Ciro, Jairo Buitrago; Cugusi, Lucia; Donaldson, Michael R.; Egger, Matthias; Graham, Ian D.; Hodgkinson, Matt; Khan, Karim M.;

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Conference abstracts present incomplete and unpublished data and undergo varying levels of review; they are often unreviewed and their initial conclusions may have changed dramatically if and when the data are finally ready for publication. Consequently, they are usually poor sources and should

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Prefer recent reviews to older primary sources on the same topic. If recent reviews do not mention an older primary source, the older source is dubious. Conversely, an older primary source that is seminal, replicated, and often-cited may be mentioned in the main text in a context established by

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would not be appropriate in the 'Treatment' section of a disease article because future treatments have little bearing on current practice. The results might – in some cases – be appropriate for inclusion in an article specifically dedicated to the treatment in question or to the researchers or

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High-quality textbooks can be a good source to start an article, and often include general overviews of a field or subject. However, books generally move slower than journal sources, and are often several years behind the current state of evidence. This makes using up-to-date books even more

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journal). Determining the reliability of any individual journal article may also take into account whether the article has garnered significant positive citations in sources of undisputed reliability, suggesting wider acceptance in the medical literature despite any red flags suggested here.

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Peer-reviewed medical journals are a natural choice as a source for up-to-date medical information in Knowledge (XXG) articles. Journal articles come in many different types, and are a mixture of primary and secondary sources. Primary publications describe new research, while review articles

1728:(COI) must be disclosed. Editing on topics where one is involved or closely related, especially when there is potential financial gain, is discouraged. Medicine is not an exception. One way to contribute with a COI is to post on talk-pages, suggesting edits. Another alternative is the 1624:

Many treatments or proposed treatments lack good research into their efficacy and safety. In such cases, reliable sources may be difficult to find, while unreliable sources are readily available. When writing about medical claims not supported by mainstream research, it is vital that

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and animal-model data are cited on Knowledge (XXG), it should be clear to the reader that the data are pre-clinical, and the article text should avoid stating or implying that reported findings hold true in humans. The level of support for a hypothesis should be evident to a reader.

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sources should NOT normally be used as a basis for biomedical content. This is because primary biomedical literature is exploratory and often not reliable (any given primary source may be contradicted by another). Any text that relies on primary sources should usually have minimal

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with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal. Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "s" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference.

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businesses involved in it. Such information, particularly when citing secondary sources, may be appropriate in research sections of disease articles. To prevent misunderstanding, the text should clearly identify the level of research cited (e.g., "first-in-human safety testing").

1001:, only describe conclusions made by the source, and describe these findings so clearly that any editor can check the sourcing without the need for specialist knowledge. Primary sources should never be cited in support of a conclusion that is not clearly made by the authors ( 1082:"A large study published in 2010 found that selenium and Vitamin E supplements, separately as well as together, did not decrease the risk of getting prostate cancer and that vitamin E may increase the risk; they were previously thought to prevent prostate cancer." (citing 2565:

When looking at an individual abstract on the PubMed website, an editor can consult "Publication Types", "MeSH Terms", etc. at the bottom of the page to see how the document has been classified in PubMed. For example, a page that is tagged as "Comment" or "Letter" is a

2411:. A news article should therefore not be used as a sole source for a medical fact or figure. Editors are encouraged to seek out the scholarly research behind the news story. One possibility is to cite a higher-quality source along with a more-accessible popular source. 3612: 3314: 1713:

conflict of interest is disclosed, it is done to improve coverage of a topic, and not with the sole purpose of driving traffic to your site. All edits should improve neutral encyclopedic coverage; anything else, such as promoting an organization, is

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Guidelines and position statements provided by major medical and scientific organizations are important on Knowledge (XXG) because they present recommendations and opinions that many caregivers rely upon (or may even be legally obliged to follow).

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are not peer reviewed, but sometimes feature articles that explain medical subjects in plain English. As the quality of press coverage of medicine ranges from excellent to irresponsible, use common sense, and see how well the source fits the

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methodology to select primary (or sometimes secondary) studies meeting explicit criteria to address a specific question. Such reviews should be more reliable and accurate and less prone to bias than a narrative review. Systematic reviews and

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Press releases, newsletters, advocacy and self-help publications, blogs and other websites, and other sources contain a wide range of biomedical information ranging from factual to fraudulent, with a high percentage being of low quality.

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by tying together separate statements with "however", "this is not supported by", etc. The image below attempts to clarify some internal ranking of statements from different organizations in the weight they are given on Knowledge (XXG).

980:, the Knowledge (XXG) community relies on guidance contained in expert scientific reviews and textbooks, and in official statements published by major medical and scientific bodies. Note that health-related content in the general 1969:), publish third-party summaries of reviews and guidelines published elsewhere. If an editor has access to both the original source and the summary and finds both helpful, it is good practice to cite both sources together (see 2337:

Guidelines by major medical and scientific organizations sometimes clash with one another (for example, the World Health Organization and American Heart Association on salt intake), which should be resolved in accordance with

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are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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Li G, Abbade LP, Nwosu I, Jin Y, Leenus A, Maaz M, Wang M, Bhatt M, Zielinski L, Sanger N, Bantoto B, Luo C, Shams I, Shahid H, Chang Y, Sun G, Mbuagbaw L, Samaan Z, Levine MA, Adachi JD, Thabane L (December 2017).

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Findings are often touted in the popular press as soon as primary research is reported, before the scientific community has analyzed and commented on the results. Therefore, such sources should generally be omitted

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Conversely, the high-quality popular press can be a good source for social, biographical, current-affairs, financial, and historical information in a medical article. For example, popular science magazines such as

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Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Cheung CM, Hayes JA, Chalmers TC (July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal".

2546:. PubMed can be searched in a variety of ways. For example, clicking on the "Review" tab will help narrow the search to review articles. The "Filters" options can further narrow the search, for example, to 2167:

Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, note that merely being published in

2562:, provides free access to full texts. While it is often not the official published version, it is a peer-reviewed manuscript that is substantially the same but lacks minor copy-editing by the publisher. 2105:, or its content being outside the journal's normal scope (for instance, an article on the efficacy of a new cancer treatment in a psychiatric journal or the surgical techniques for hip replacement in a 1246:

Finally, make readers aware of controversies that are stated in reliable sources. A well-referenced article will point to specific journal articles or specific theories proposed by specific researchers.

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should not normally be used to source biomedical content in Knowledge (XXG) articles. (News sources may be useful for non-biomedical content, such as information about "society and culture" – see

2342:. Guidelines do not always correspond to best evidence, but instead of omitting them, reference the scientific literature and explain how it may differ from the guidelines. Remember to avoid 1093:

Given time a review will be published, and the primary sources should preferably be replaced with the review. Using secondary sources then allows facts to be stated with greater reliability:

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Several formal systems exist for assessing the quality of available evidence on medical subjects. Here, "assess evidence quality" essentially means editors should determine the appropriate

4636: 84: 1239:. Although significant-minority views are welcome in Knowledge (XXG), such views must be presented in the context of their acceptance by experts in the field. Additionally, the views of 4716: 4664: 2374:

gaps in knowledge. Their name is somewhat of a misnomer as they do not need to concern "technology" as perceived by the public – but rather any intervention intended to improve health.

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are usually acceptable sources for uncontroversial information; however, as much as possible Knowledge (XXG) articles should cite the more established literature directly.

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should be wide enough to catch at least one full review cycle, containing newer reviews written and published in the light of older ones and of more-recent primary studies.

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of randomized controlled trials can provide strong evidence of the clinical efficacy of particular treatments in given scenarios, which may, in turn, be incorporated into

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summarizes a range of secondary sources. Undergraduate- or graduate-level textbooks, edited scientific books, lay scientific books, and encyclopedias are tertiary sources.

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typically do not contain primary research but can make interpretations and draw conclusions from primary sources that no Knowledge (XXG) editor would be allowed to do.

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or position statements by internationally or nationally recognized expert bodies also often contain recommendations, along with assessments of underlying evidence (see

2089:" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles. (See also 1369:(RCTs). Systematic reviews of literature that include non-randomized studies are less reliable. Narrative reviews can help establish the context of evidence quality. 576: 1074:

of studies requires reliable secondary sources (not press releases or newspaper articles based on such sources). If conclusions are worth mentioning (such as large

3004:"Evidence-Based Decision Making: Introduction and Formulating Good Clinical Questions | Continuing Education Course | dentalcare.com Course Pages | DentalCare.com" 2717: 2681: 2466:

Reliable sources must be strong enough to support the claim. A lightweight source may be acceptable for a lightweight claim, but never for an extraordinary claim.

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of data. Studies cited or mentioned in Knowledge (XXG) should be put in context by using high-quality secondary sources rather than by using the primary sources.

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to either provide an electronic copy or read the source and summarize what it says; if none of this is possible, the editor may need to find a different source.

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are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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found in medical journals, specialist academic or professional books, and medical guidelines or position statements published by major health organizations.

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to get a correctly written citation. Although PubMed is a comprehensive database, many of its indexed journals restrict online access. Another website,

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studies and animal models serve a central role in research, and are invaluable in determining mechanistic pathways and generating hypotheses. However,

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Additionally, popular science books are useful sources, but generally should not be referenced on Knowledge (XXG) to support medical statements (see

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as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited.

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Robinson KA, Goodman SN (January 2011). "A systematic examination of the citation of prior research in reports of randomized, controlled trials".

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summarizes one or more primary or secondary sources to provide an overview of current understanding of the topic, to make recommendations, or to

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Statements and information from reputable major medical and scientific bodies may be valuable encyclopedic sources. These bodies include the

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Cooper BE, Lee WE, Goldacre BM, Sanders TA (August 2012). "The quality of the evidence for dietary advice given in UK national newspapers".

2702: 732:. Sourcing for all other types of content – including non-medical information in medicine-articles – is covered by the general guideline on 527: 2045: 1904: 3508: 1287:

information. Even in reputable medical journals, different papers are not given equal weight. Studies can be categorized into levels in a

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Prinz F, Schlange T, Asadullah K (August 2011). "Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?".

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are generally of high quality and are periodically re-examined even if their initial publication dates fall outside the 5-year window.

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Predatory open access journals in a performance-based funding model: Common journals in Beall's list and in version V of the VABB-SHW

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Primary sources should not be cited with intent of "debunking", contradicting, or countering conclusions made by secondary sources.

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If no reviews on the subject are published in a reasonable amount of time, then the content and primary source should be removed.

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undergo no independent fact-checking or peer review and, consequently, are not reliable sources. However, books published by

1420:); and non-evidence-based expert opinion or clinical experience. Case reports and series are especially avoided, as they are 1212: 3240: 2579: 2343: 1780:

can be useful as sources for images in Knowledge (XXG) articles. Because the above image was published under the terms of a

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Guidelines are important on Knowledge (XXG) because they present recommended practices and positions of major authorities.

2323: 4744: 1793: 1176:. Be careful of material published in journals lacking peer review or that report material mainly in other fields. (See: 816: 557: 408: 391: 262: 76: 2539: 2315: 2311: 2273: 1977: 685: 4256:"How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician. I: Different types of data need different statistical tests" 1751:

who reads the talk-page will not always have the knowledge to assess the sources properly. Then it is better to follow

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is less preferred as it is not possible to reference specific versions of their articles, and archives do not exist.

2085:. A journal article is probably not reliable for biomedical claims if its publisher has a reputation for exhibiting " 500: 495: 386: 381: 3761: 2450: 2844: 721: 336: 33: 3526: 2331: 1075: 659: 457: 1781: 1565: 1503: 1389: 751:, academic and professional books written by experts in the relevant fields and from respected publishers, and 4669: 2775: 2723: 2408: 2402:

The popular press is generally not a reliable source for scientific and medical information in articles. Most

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and early-stage research should not be cited to imply wide acceptance. For example, results of an early-stage

1097:"Neither vitamin E nor selenium decreases the risk of prostate cancer and vitamin E may increase it." (citing 891:

requires sourcing that complies with this guideline, whereas general information in the same article may not.

562: 187: 1850:, publish a few freely readable articles even though most are not free. A few high-quality journals, such as 2319: 2307: 1547:

Assessing reviews may be difficult. While the most-recent reviews include later research results, this does

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Evidence-Based Health Care and Public Health: How to Make Decisions About Health Services and Public Health

709: 602: 359: 326: 4297:"How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician. II: "Significant" relations and their pitfalls" 3233:

Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals

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Some baseline methods to identify questionable journals have reached consensus in the academic community.

1332: 663: 2757: 2143: 2122: 1552: 1066: 1004: 907: 607: 316: 3925:"From conference abstract to full paper: differences between data presented in conferences and journals" 1401: 1288: 667: 3781:"How do US journalists cover treatments, tests, products, and procedures? An evaluation of 500 stories" 2920:

Begley CG, Ellis LM (March 2012). "Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research".

2503: 2385: 2285: 2219: 1912: 1879: 1806: 1695: 1658: 1607: 1515: 1461: 1256: 1152: 1017: 790: 619: 614: 93: 80: 3482: 2436:. Sources for evaluating health-care media coverage include specialized academic journals such as the 3613:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 3571: 3315:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 3178: 2929: 2567: 2086: 1494:

and animal-model findings do not translate consistently into clinical effects in human beings. Where

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A biomedical claim! Strong MEDRS (MEDical Reliable Source) sourcing is definitely required here (see

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are the best place to find both primary and secondary sources. Every rigorous scientific journal is

462: 3364:"A scoping review of comparisons between abstracts and full reports in primary biomedical research" 2554:, and/or to freely readable sources. Once you have a PMID from Pubmed, you can plug that PMID into 2423: 2101:

not be reliable are its publication in a journal that is not indexed in the bibliographic database

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A reason to avoid primary sources in the biomedical field – especially papers reporting results of

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for questions about reliability of specific sources, and feel free to ask at WikiProjects such as

4090: 4073: 3953: 3906: 3750: 3642: 3594: 3435: 3344: 3198: 2952: 2903: 2752: 2551: 2403: 2161: 2121:; updates are added separately by an anonymous post-doctoral researcher. On Knowledge (XXG), the 1987: 1421: 1393: 1304: 1129: 4042: 3689:"Developing a virtual community for health sciences library book selection: Doody's Core Titles" 1966: 1955:

of current knowledge on a particular topic, a systematic review tends to have a narrower focus.

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People most interested in improving only a single article may have a connection to its subject.

1323: 4597: 4572: 4552: 4507: 4489: 4448: 4407: 4366: 4325: 4284: 4243: 4202: 4145: 4000: 3946: 3899: 3861: 3811: 3743: 3709: 3635: 3587: 3428: 3394: 3337: 3296: 3191: 3144: 3092: 3068: 2986: 2945: 2896: 2826: 2760:, a bot-compiled listing of potentially unreliable publications cited by Knowledge (XXG) (see 2057: 1963: 1951: 1789: 1308: 1292: 1208: 1105: 1098: 1083: 859: 855: 752: 744: 740: 148: 136: 132: 4566: 3041: 2771: 2128: 961: 949: 808: 4546: 4480: 4472: 4439: 4431: 4398: 4390: 4357: 4349: 4316: 4308: 4275: 4267: 4234: 4226: 4193: 4185: 4082: 3991: 3983: 3936: 3895: 3891: 3853: 3802: 3792: 3735: 3700: 3627: 3579: 3424: 3420: 3385: 3375: 3329: 3288: 3183: 3135: 3127: 2978: 2937: 2888: 2862: 2817: 2809: 2269: 2051: 1928: 1583: 1409: 1381: 1219:) and widely respected governmental and quasi-governmental health authorities (for example, 1139: 845: 717: 661: 2354: 1729: 1721: 1280: 1180:.) Be careful of material published in disreputable journals or disreputable fields. (See: 977: 4610:

Vitamin D & cancer: How can two news releases about the same study be polar opposites?

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supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the

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section below for examples of such publishers.) Other indications that a journal article

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with surprising results), they should be described appropriately as from a single study:

1052: 953: 923: 4065: 3822: 3575: 2933: 1279:, assessing evidence quality helps distinguish between minor and major views, determine 4548:

Science and Technology Resources: A Guide for Information Professionals and Researchers

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articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid

1635: 4733: 3597: 3559: 3438: 3292: 2867: 2798:"Irreproducible experimental results: causes, (mis)interpretations, and consequences" 2575: 2555: 2547: 2520: 2417: 2114: 2000: 1991:, publish speculative proposals that are not reliable sources for biomedical topics. 1903:

To access the full text of a book or journal article, the editor may need to use the

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The pills were invented by Dr Archibald Foster and released onto the market in 2015.

3841: 3201: 2955: 2265: 1942: 1417: 1397: 1181: 3544: 2718:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using style guides § Topical academic style guides

3797: 3231: 917: 905: 4420:"How to read a paper. Papers that tell you what things cost (economic analyses)" 2582:, but it is useful to compare the authors to others in the same field of study. 2176: 2153: 1645: 1629:, independent sources be used. Sources written and reviewed by the advocates of 1405: 1300: 1296: 1177: 1173: 4614: 4174:"How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about)" 3923:

Rosmarakis ES, Soteriades ES, Vergidis PI, Kasiakou SK, Falagas ME (May 2005).

3879: 3583: 1735:

These methods are often best when writing about oneself, one's organization or

1345:, but they similarly put high-level reviews and practice guidelines at the top. 1211:

issued by major professional medical or scientific societies (for example, the

4066:"Open access and accuracy: author-archived manuscripts vs. published articles" 3380: 2014: 1831: 981: 128: 4476: 4435: 4394: 4353: 4312: 4271: 4230: 4189: 4086: 3987: 3739: 3527:"Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers" 3131: 720:, and must accurately reflect current knowledge. This guideline supports the 2487: 1748: 1744: 1236: 3949: 3902: 3864: 3814: 3746: 3712: 3638: 3590: 3431: 3397: 3340: 3194: 3187: 3116:"Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)" 2989: 2969:

Wright JG (May 2007). "A practical guide to assigning levels of evidence".

2948: 2899: 2829: 2462: 2131:

script can be leveraged to facilitate the detection of predatory journals.

1985:

sections, but is rarely useful for current medicine. Still others, such as

1108: 1101: 1086: 4492: 4451: 4410: 4369: 4328: 4287: 4246: 4205: 4003: 3941: 3924: 3299: 3147: 1638:

enough to have its own article or relevant for mention in other articles.

1502:

Using small-scale, single studies makes for weak evidence, and allows for

3857: 3476:"Brandon/Hill selected list of print books for the small medical library" 2982: 2703:

Knowledge (XXG):Reliable source examples § Physical sciences and medicine

2491: 2238: 1739:– but may be less so when there is a potential conflict of interest in a 1560: 1486: 1120: 4017: 1686: 4537:

This is derived from a prepublication version of a series published in

4524: 4379:"How to read a paper. Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests" 3878:

Woloshin S, Schwartz LM, Casella SL, Kennedy AT, Larson RJ (May 2009).

3631: 3333: 2892: 2535: 2250: 2106: 2102: 2036: 1856:, publish only freely readable sources. Also, a few sources are in the 1736: 3530: 3452: 724:

with specific attention to what is appropriate for medical content in

2527: 1224: 755:

or position statements from national or international expert bodies.

151:

and position statements from national or international expert bodies.

3677:

of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Knowledge (XXG).

2941: 1958:

Journals may specialize in particular article types. A few, such as

1840:

A Knowledge (XXG) article should cite high-quality reliable sources

2117:, an early list of potentially predatory journals, can be found at 2530:

is an excellent starting point for locating peer-reviewed medical

2483: 2461: 2353: 2157: 1766: 1685: 1907:, visit a medical library, pay to read it, or ask someone at the 3453:"Abridged Index Medicus (AIM or "Core Clinical") Journal Titles" 2571: 1796:

on Knowledge (XXG). Click on the above image to find its source.

1380:). Roughly in descending order, these include: individual RCTs; 1228: 1220: 4618: 3842:"Communicating medical news—pitfalls of health care journalism" 2663:– maintenance tag for articles lacking reliable medical sources 1860:; these include many U.S. government publications, such as the 1361:

of treatments and other health interventions comes mainly from

665: 3880:"Press releases by academic medical centers: not so academic?" 1551:

automatically give more weight to the most recent review (see

1232: 668: 113: 55: 3225: 3223: 2479:, and carefully identified in the text as preliminary work. 2156:, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such 2119:

Beall's List – of Potential Predatory Journals and Publishers

3167:

Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology

1941:

works for a particular purpose. A systematic review uses a

147:), recognised standard textbooks by experts in a field, or 4215:"Assessing the methodological quality of published papers" 4142:

How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-based Medicine

1842:

regardless of whether they require a fee or a subscription

1291:, and editors should rely on high-level evidence, such as 4161:

is taken from an earlier version of this book, which was

3067:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 102–05. 2276:

tend to be well-researched and useful for most purposes.

2118: 898:

could contain both biomedical and non-biomedical claims:

79:

may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect

42:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles

4502:

Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB (2005).

3087:

Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB (2005).

3063:

Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB (2005).

2538:

database of biomedical research articles offered by the

3109: 3107: 2578:

of authors if they make extraordinary claims. There is

2511: 2393: 2293: 2227: 1981:, publish historical material that can be valuable for 1887: 1821: 1814: 1703: 1666: 1615: 1523: 1476: 1469: 1372:

Lower levels of evidence in medical research come from

1264: 1160: 1136:

Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA

1032: 1025: 798: 101: 4504:

Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

4461:"Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research)" 3089:

Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

3065:

Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

3034:"The Journey of Research - Levels of Evidence | CAPhO" 2971:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

2713:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (science)

1351:. Right: Canadian Association of Pharmacy in Oncology. 930:

They are purple and triangular, packaged one to a box,

48:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (science)

4338:"How to read a paper. Papers that report drug trials" 3514:(Report). University of Antwerp, Gezaghebbende Panel. 2845:"Scientists' Elusive Goal: Reproducing Study Results" 2532:

literature reviews on humans from the last five years

1043:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using primary sources

3543:

To determine if a journal is MEDLINE indexed, go to

3091:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 99. 2675:– a note for user talk pages with links to this page 2534:. It offers a free search engine for accessing the 1569:

as part of a discussion supported by recent reviews.

1450:

Avoid over-emphasizing single studies, particularly

1049:

Synthesis of published material advancing a position

2475:always be used with caution, never used to support 4523:. Centre for Health Evidence. 2001. Archived from 2778:which highlights potentially unreliable citations. 2049:. Core basic science and biology journals include 739:Ideal sources for biomedical information include: 2409:generally considered independent, primary sources 3507:Jakaria Rahman A, Engels TC (25 February 2015). 2708:Knowledge (XXG):Conflicts of interest (medicine) 2698:Help:Knowledge (XXG) editing for medical experts 2083:a poor reputation for fact-checking and accuracy 1682:Knowledge (XXG):Conflicts of interest (medicine) 760:should generally not be used for medical content 3560:"Predatory journals: no definition, no defence" 3273: 3271: 2621:(same as above, except the text is highlighted) 933:as no-one ever manages to swallow a second one. 67:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG) 3481:. Mt. Sinai School of Medicine. Archived from 2574:and other databases as well as the status and 2189:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series 1573:There are exceptions to these rules of thumb: 1203:, which can be found in recent, authoritative 4630: 4596:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 4506:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 4168:. Other parts of that serialization include: 2346:by only using the best possible sources, and 2149:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1642:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1095: 1080: 686: 8: 2127:compilation (updated twice monthly) and the 728:Knowledge (XXG) article, including those on 4568:Health Sciences Literature Review Made Easy 3972:"How to read a paper. The Medline database" 3762:"How far should we trust health reporting?" 2743:Dispatches: Sources in biology and medicine 2021:Journal of the American Medical Association 75:Editors should generally follow it, though 4637: 4623: 4615: 4521:"Users' Guides to Evidence-Based Practice" 3693:Journal of the Medical Library Association 2726:, an essay about why this guideline exists 2328:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2195:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements 1897: 1868:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1743:. For example, one may legitimately be an 693: 679: 451: 278: 244: 4483: 4459:Greenhalgh T, Taylor R (September 1997). 4442: 4401: 4360: 4319: 4278: 4237: 4196: 4064:Goodman D, Dowson S, Yaremchuk J (2007). 3994: 3940: 3805: 3796: 3703: 3388: 3379: 3177: 3138: 2820: 1124:experiments – is that they are often not 1055:, and Knowledge (XXG) is not a venue for 960:, articles need to be based on reliable, 2868:Challenges in Reproducibility initiative 2732:, Frequently Asked Questions about MEDRS 1844:. Some high-prestige journals, such as 1593:A newer source that is of lower quality 809:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources 3896:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00007 3425:10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00007 3163:"How to critically appraise an article" 2788: 2737:Users' Guides to the Medical Literature 1755:, disclosing any COI and to be careful 650: 627: 575: 547: 512: 480: 443: 371: 344: 270: 247: 4750:Knowledge (XXG) reliable source guides 4545:Bobick JE, Berard GL (30 April 2011). 3687:Shedlock J, Walton LJ (January 2006). 3161:Young JM, Solomon MJ (February 2009). 2482:Medical information resources such as 1873: 884:Knowledge (XXG):Biomedical information 568:Deletion guidelines for administrators 52:Knowledge (XXG):Biomedical information 3823:"Why reading should not be believing" 3655:from the original on 17 November 2018 3474:Hill DR, Stickell H, Crow SJ (2003). 2682:Reliable sources for medical articles 2207:The Times Higher Education Supplement 2006:general medical journals include the 1863:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1307:or conventional wisdom) are avoided. 1217:Infectious Disease Society of America 854:of several studies. Examples include 813:Identifying and using primary sources 143:secondary sources (such as reputable 7: 2280:Medical and scientific organizations 2129:Unreliable/Predatory Source Detector 2046:Canadian Medical Association Journal 1931:or systematic (and sometimes both). 1388:(non-experimental) studies, such as 948:Per the Knowledge (XXG) policies of 38:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 4571:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 3846:The New England Journal of Medicine 2434:general reliable sources guidelines 1759:to overemphasize your own sources. 1559:reviews. For instance, the article 4740:Knowledge (XXG) content guidelines 4645:Knowledge (XXG) biomedical editing 2544:U.S. National Institutes of Health 2257: 2081:Avoid articles from journals with 1597:an older source of higher quality. 1195:demand that we present prevailing 903:Dr Foster's pills cure everything. 166:Knowledge (XXG) biomedical editing 83:. When in doubt, discuss first on 25: 3246:from the original on 5 March 2014 2814:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.098244 2445:American Journal of Public Health 2442:. Reviews can also appear in the 2180:evidence of being published in a 1563:could mention Darwin's 1859 book 1341:There are different ways to rank 1243:minorities need not be reported. 1235:), in textbooks, or in scholarly 878:Biomedical v. general information 3368:BMC Medical Research Methodology 3293:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009 3208:from the original on 14 May 2021 2201:Supplement to the London Gazette 1913:WikiProject Medicine's talk page 1898:searching for biomedical sources 1331: 1322: 1193:not publishing original research 1187:Knowledge (XXG) policies on the 922:, and it only requires ordinary 141:reliable, third-party, published 117: 59: 4418:Greenhalgh T (September 1997). 4157: 3728:Public Understanding of Science 3114:Greenhalgh T (September 1997). 2670:Reliable medical sources please 2439:Journal of Health Communication 2094: 2009:New England Journal of Medicine 1580:sections often cite older work. 3821:Goldacre, Ben (20 June 2008). 3760:Goldacre, Ben (17 June 2011). 2881:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2348:avoid weasel words and phrases 1975:for details). Others, such as 1722:conflict of interest guideline 1676:Personal conflicts of interest 1295:. Low-level evidence (such as 1213:European Society of Cardiology 1147:Summarize scientific consensus 896:Dr Foster's Magic Purple Pills 826:In the biomedical literature: 154:Cite reviews, don't write them 1: 4565:Garrard J (25 October 2010). 3256:Conflicts-of-interest section 2658:More medical citations needed 2367:Health technology assessments 2324:National Institutes of Health 1909:WikiProject Resource Exchange 1343:level of evidence in medicine 311:Don't disrupt to make a point 34:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability 4377:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4336:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4295:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4254:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4213:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 3798:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050095 3525:Beall J (31 December 2016). 2747:The Knowledge (XXG) Signpost 2610:Medical citation needed span 2540:National Library of Medicine 2316:National Academy of Sciences 2312:National Academy of Medicine 2274:National Academy of Sciences 2264:books or books published by 1978:Journal of Medical Biography 1874:Don't just cite the abstract 1418:retrospective cohort studies 1367:randomized controlled trials 771:reliable sources noticeboard 734:identifying reliable sources 491:Categories, lists, templates 4655:Editing for medical experts 4155:The Greenhalgh citation in 4115:"PubMed: Publication Types" 3884:Annals of Internal Medicine 3611:Nestle M (2 January 2007). 3413:Annals of Internal Medicine 2031:Annals of Internal Medicine 1303:) or non-evidence (such as 894:For example, an article on 332:Other behavioral guidelines 173:Editing for medical experts 4771: 4172:Greenhalgh T (July 1997). 4043:"PubMed tutorial: filters" 3970:Greenhalgh T (July 1997). 3840:Dentzer S (January 2009). 3584:10.1038/d41586-019-03759-y 2843:Naik G (2 December 2011). 2724:Knowledge (XXG):Why MEDRS? 2501: 2451:Columbia Journalism Review 2383: 2283: 2217: 2141: 2077:WP:RS § Predatory journals 2074: 2041:(British Medical Journal), 1877: 1829: 1804: 1693: 1679: 1656: 1605: 1531: 1513: 1459: 1390:prospective cohort studies 1254: 1150: 1076:randomized clinical trials 1040: 1015: 920:not biomedical information 881: 806: 788: 249:Knowledge (XXG) guidelines 91: 85:this guideline's talk page 45: 31: 4650: 3381:10.1186/s12874-017-0459-5 3313:Nestle M (October 2001). 2796:Loscalzo J (March 2012). 2628:Unreliable medical source 2332:World Health Organization 1753:ordinary editing protocol 1012:Respect secondary sources 747:) published in reputable 337:WMF friendly space policy 4477:10.1136/bmj.315.7110.740 4436:10.1136/bmj.315.7108.596 4395:10.1136/bmj.315.7107.540 4354:10.1136/bmj.315.7106.480 4313:10.1136/bmj.315.7105.422 4272:10.1136/bmj.315.7104.364 4231:10.1136/bmj.315.7103.305 4190:10.1136/bmj.315.7102.243 4087:10.1087/095315107X204012 3988:10.1136/bmj.315.7101.180 3779:Schwitzer G (May 2008). 3740:10.1177/0963662511401782 3132:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.672 2091:WP:RS#Predatory journals 1960:Evidence-based Dentistry 1782:Creative Commons license 1566:On the Origin of Species 1283:, and identify accepted 779:WikiProject Pharmacology 473:Other editing guidelines 436:Other content guidelines 305:Don't bite the newcomers 125:This page in a nutshell: 4745:Knowledge (XXG) sources 3620:Public Health Nutrition 3322:Public Health Nutrition 2595:Medical citation needed 2320:National Health Service 2308:U.S. National Academies 1905:Knowledge (XXG) Library 1747:on a certain topic – a 1602:Use independent sources 1539:reviews are published. 1510:Use up-to-date evidence 1402:cross-sectional studies 1273:When writing about any 1251:Assess evidence quality 722:general sourcing policy 18:Knowledge (XXG):MEDINDY 4692:Plain and simple guide 4675:Biomedical information 4144:(3rd ed.). BMJ Books. 3188:10.1038/ncpgasthep1331 2730:Knowledge (XXG):MEDFAQ 2467: 2376: 2002:Abridged Index Medicus 1972:Citing medical sources 1797: 1691: 1444:quality of publication 1384:studies; prospective 1357:The best evidence for 1113: 1091: 889:Biomedical information 706:Biomedical information 210:Plain and simple guide 193:Biomedical information 27:Wikimedia project page 4687:Conflicts of interest 4140:Greenhalgh T (2006). 3942:10.1096/fj.04-3140lfe 2643:Primary source inline 2498:Searching for sources 2465: 2404:medical news articles 2357: 2260:). In addition, most 2138:Sponsored supplements 2075:Further information: 1995:List of core journals 1770: 1730:articles for creation 1726:conflicts of interest 1689: 1680:Further information: 1428:Speculative proposals 1404:(surveys), and other 1289:hierarchy of evidence 1189:neutral point of view 1041:Further information: 950:neutral point of view 944:Avoid primary sources 882:Further information: 807:Further information: 421:Don't copy long texts 205:Conflicts of interest 32:Further information: 4755:WikiProject Medicine 4697:WikiProject Medicine 3858:10.1056/NEJMp0805753 2983:10.2106/JBJS.F.01380 2568:letter to the editor 2430:verifiability policy 2344:WP:original research 1778:open access journals 1416:analyses (including 1349:Procter & Gamble 1207:, in statements and 1201:scientific consensus 954:no original research 775:WikiProject Medicine 730:alternative medicine 355:Talk page guidelines 290:Conflict of interest 215:WikiProject Medicine 4018:"PubMed User Guide" 3576:2019Natur.576..210G 3533:on 11 January 2017. 3044:on 21 February 2016 2934:2012Natur.483..531B 2849:Wall Street Journal 2552:practice guidelines 2424:Scientific American 1919:Biomedical journals 1209:practice guidelines 1170:Scientific journals 426:Don't create hoaxes 4074:Learned Publishing 3632:10.1079/PHN2001253 3334:10.1079/PHN2001253 3261:2018-12-30 at the 3008:www.dentalcare.com 2893:10.1038/nrd3439-c1 2753:Replication crisis 2468: 2377: 2270:university presses 2174:supplement is not 2071:Predatory journals 1988:Medical Hypotheses 1952:medical guidelines 1938:Systematic reviews 1798: 1692: 1595:does not supersede 1410:ecological studies 1394:longitudinal study 1382:quasi-experimental 1309:Medical guidelines 1293:systematic reviews 1130:replication crisis 978:biomedical content 860:systematic reviews 856:literature reviews 761: 745:systematic reviews 727: 638:Naming conventions 416:Offensive material 300:Disruptive editing 295:Courtesy vanishing 149:medical guidelines 137:systematic reviews 133:literature reviews 127:Ideal sources for 4727: 4726: 3570:(7786): 210–212. 2477:surprising claims 1933:Narrative reviews 1790:Wikimedia Commons 1720:According to the 1454:or animal studies 1053:original research 839:discoveries made. 756: 725: 718:secondary sources 703: 702: 508: 507: 468:Understandability 367: 366: 322:Gaming the system 285:Assume good faith 161: 160: 131:material include 112: 111: 69:content guideline 16:(Redirected from 4762: 4660:Reliable sources 4639: 4632: 4625: 4616: 4606: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4561: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4516: 4496: 4487: 4455: 4446: 4414: 4405: 4373: 4364: 4332: 4323: 4291: 4282: 4250: 4241: 4209: 4200: 4154: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3998: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3944: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3818: 3809: 3800: 3776: 3770: 3769: 3757: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3707: 3684: 3678: 3671: 3665: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3654: 3626:(5): 1015–1022. 3617: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3554: 3548: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3529:. Archived from 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3488:on 7 August 2011 3487: 3480: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3275: 3266: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3227: 3218: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3181: 3179:10.1.1.1041.1168 3158: 3152: 3151: 3142: 3111: 3102: 3101: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3040:. Archived from 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3010:. Archived from 3000: 2994: 2993: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2876: 2870: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2824: 2793: 2687:– for talk pages 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2647: 2641: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2599: 2593: 2576:publishing track 2514: 2396: 2296: 2230: 1890: 1824: 1817: 1801:Non-free content 1763:Choosing sources 1706: 1669: 1618: 1584:Cochrane Library 1526: 1479: 1472: 1408:studies such as 1335: 1326: 1267: 1163: 1070:). Determining 1035: 1028: 926: 911: 846:secondary source 822:Types of sources 817:Party and person 801: 749:medical journals 695: 688: 681: 669: 558:Deletion process 452: 411: 410:Non-free content 392:Reliable sources 312: 279: 245: 178:Reliable sources 145:medical journals 121: 120: 114: 104: 63: 62: 56: 21: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4723: 4682:Manual of style 4646: 4643: 4603: 4592:Gray M (2009). 4591: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4564: 4558: 4544: 4530: 4528: 4527:on 19 July 2014 4519: 4513: 4501: 4471:(7110): 740–3. 4458: 4430:(7108): 596–9. 4417: 4389:(7107): 540–3. 4376: 4348:(7106): 480–3. 4335: 4307:(7105): 422–5. 4294: 4266:(7104): 364–6. 4253: 4225:(7103): 305–8. 4212: 4184:(7102): 243–6. 4171: 4151: 4139: 4136: 4134:Further reading 4131: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4068: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3982:(7101): 180–3. 3969: 3968: 3964: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3839: 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2364: 2318:), the British 2310:(including the 2300: 2299: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2243:Springer Verlag 2234: 2233: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2146: 2140: 2079: 2073: 1997: 1927:Reviews may be 1921: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1882: 1876: 1838: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1765: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1684: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1622: 1621: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1588:NICE guidelines 1536: 1534:Template:Update 1530: 1529: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1464: 1456: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1328: 1327: 1271: 1270: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1205:review articles 1167: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1045: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1014: 946: 941: 886: 880: 869:tertiary source 852:combine results 824: 819: 805: 804: 797: 793: 787: 764:clinical trials 758:Primary sources 741:review articles 699: 670: 662: 577:Project content 523:Manual of Style 431:Patent nonsense 409: 404:Fringe theories 310: 258:Guidelines list 243: 242: 200:Manual of style 168: 118: 108: 107: 100: 96: 88: 60: 54: 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2637: 2622: 2604: 2587: 2584: 2560:PubMed Central 2521:Search engines 2516: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2459: 2456: 2454:, and others. 2398: 2397: 2389: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2278: 2266:vanity presses 2262:self-published 2258:#Popular press 2247:Wolters Kluwer 2232: 2231: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2139: 2136: 2113:An archive of 2072: 2069: 1996: 1993: 1920: 1917: 1892: 1891: 1883: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1826: 1825: 1818: 1815:WP:NOTONLYFREE 1810: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1764: 1761: 1741:research field 1708: 1707: 1699: 1694: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1631:marginal ideas 1620: 1619: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1581: 1571: 1570: 1556: 1545: 1528: 1527: 1519: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1504:cherry picking 1481: 1480: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1448: 1440:type of source 1432:clinical trial 1346: 1340: 1339: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1285:evidence-based 1269: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1151: 1148: 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4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4095: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4081:(3): 203–15. 4080: 4076: 4075: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3935:(7): 673–80. 3934: 3930: 3929:FASEB Journal 3926: 3919: 3916: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3813: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785:PLOS Medicine 3782: 3775: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3734:(6): 664–73. 3733: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3651: 3647: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3518: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3484: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3454: 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For 975: 974: 969: 968: 963: 959: 958:verifiability 955: 951: 943: 938: 934: 931: 928: 925: 921: 916: 913: 909: 904: 901: 900: 899: 897: 892: 890: 885: 877: 872: 871: 870: 864: 861: 857: 853: 849: 848: 847: 841: 837: 836: 835: 829: 828: 827: 821: 818: 814: 810: 800: 796: 795: 792: 784: 782: 780: 776: 772: 767: 765: 759: 754: 750: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 696: 691: 689: 684: 682: 677: 676: 674: 673: 657: 656: 653: 649: 644: 641: 639: 636: 635: 634: 633: 630: 626: 621: 618: 616: 613: 609: 606: 605: 604: 601: 599: 596: 592: 589: 588: 587: 586:Project pages 584: 583: 582: 581: 578: 574: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 554: 553: 550: 546: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 524: 521: 520: 519: 518: 515: 511: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 487: 486: 483: 479: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 442: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 407: 405: 402: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374: 370: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 351: 350: 347: 343: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 282: 281: 280: 277: 276: 273: 269: 264: 263:Policies list 261: 259: 256: 255: 254: 253: 250: 246: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 167: 157: 155: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 123: 116: 115: 103: 99: 98: 95: 90: 86: 82: 78: 72: 70: 65: 58: 57: 53: 49: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 4659: 4593: 4583:16 September 4581:. 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