Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (geographic names)

1738:, which officially changed its name from Bombay in 1995. Per Knowledge (XXG)'s naming policy, our choice of name does not automatically follow the official or local form, but depends on that change having become predominant in common global usage. That can be assessed by reviewing up-to-date references to the place in a modern context in reliable, authoritative sources such as news media, other encyclopedias, atlases and academic publications as well as the official publications of major English-speaking countries, for example the CIA World Factbook. 935:

name is used, it should be followed by the modern English name in parentheses on the first occurrence of the name in applicable sections of the article in the format: "historical name (modern name)". This resembles linking; it should not be done to the detriment of style. On the other hand, it is probably better to do too often than too rarely. If more than one historical name is applicable for a given historical context, the other names should be added after the modern English name, i.e.: "historical name (English name, other historical names)".

975:, and the article itself use either, consistently. Articles should not be moved from one national variety to the other without good reasons; our principle of most common name does not mean "use American, because there are more Americans in the English speaking world". On the other hand, especially when local usage is itself divided, we do not always follow a mere plurality of local English usage against the rest of the English-speaking world: 1622:, when the double name is the overwhelmingly most common name in English (in this case, it has become most common because it is official and customary in Switzerland; the usage does not appear to be controversial). This should not be done to settle a dispute between national or linguistic points of view; it should only be done when the double name is actually what English-speakers call the place. 1753: 1187:

period, namely, the modern era for current names, or the relevant historical period for historical names. For modern sources, it is important to identify any recent watershed moments in the location's history (such as the fall of the Soviet Union for Eastern Europe, or other revolutions, invasions and nationality changes), and limit sources to those published after that watershed.

31: 2139:, it is worth discussing whether the same should be done with all districts in the country. But titles should not be forced into uniformity when this would be a violation of idiom or otherwise inappropriate (for example, when the administrative unit is coterminous with an island and covered in the same article); it should be decided in each case on its merits. 1656:

a substantial majority of reliable modern sources do the same; this includes the names of articles relating to particular historical periods. Names have changed both because cities have been formally renamed and because cities have been taken from one state by another; in both cases, however, we are interested in what reliable English-language sources now use.

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Also generally reliable are standard histories and scientific studies of the area in question (examples: Cambridge Histories; the Library of Congress country studies; Library of Congress Subject Headings; and Oxford dictionaries). However, due caution is needed in case they are dated, not relevant to

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foreign or historical names represented in Roman script. (It is technically possible to bold or italicize Greek or Cyrillic names; but there is consensus not to do so, because they are distinguishable from running text anyway.) If this produces a garish first paragraph, consider moving the discussion

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foreign language names (one used by at least 10% of sources in the English language or that is used by a group of people which used to inhabit this geographical place) are permitted. Local official names should be listed before other alternate names if they differ from a widely accepted English name.

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For an article about a place whose name has changed over time, context is important. For articles discussing the present, use the modern English name (or local name, if there is no established English name), rather than an older one. Older names should be used in appropriate historical contexts when

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Search engine tests should be used with care: in testing whether a name is widely accepted English usage, we are interested in hits which are in English, represent English usage, mean the place in question, and are not duplicates of each other or of Knowledge (XXG). Search engine results can fail on

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There have been widespread efforts since the 1980s at the USBGN level and at state government level to remove racial slurs ("Jap", "Chink", "Squaw", and others) from official names, which may conflict with the widespread usage in historic documents. The most commonly-used name might not necessarily

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References: When referring to a place from another article (e.g. in infoboxes) note these guidelines do not prohibit, nor do they require, the suffixing of country names to the place. Both "Middletown, Connecticut, US" and "Middletown, Connecticut" are permissible. The presence of the country should

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Alternatively, all alternative names can be listed and explained in a "Names" or "Etymology" section immediately following the lead, or a special paragraph of the lead; it is recommended to have such a section if there are at least three alternate names, or there is something notable about the names

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There are cases in which the local authority recognizes equally two or more names from different languages, but English discussion of the place is so limited that none of the above tests indicate which of them is widely used in English; so there is no single local name, and English usage is hard to

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Some of these problems will be lessened if the search includes an English word, like "city" or "river", as well as the placename. (If this is done with one proposed placename, it must of course be done for all competing proposals.) Another approach is to examine the first few pages of hits, and see

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Phase 2 of the GNIS data compilation set out to add names from state and local sources; and phase 3 set out to correct for differences between actual names in use and what USGS topographic maps had said prior to 1981 (the cutoff point for phase 1). Phase 3 never happened, however, and the currency

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Using disambiguation by state in cases where it is not necessary has the advantage of providing consistent article titles for places in the United States (a majority of which are ambiguous and so require disambiguation anyway), but the disadvantage of inconsistency with titles used for articles on

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Levels below the country level are used in cases where disambiguation is needed. This means one would start with either the state/territory or the district. Most Indian place names have serious spelling issues because of their local language origin. But district names have more uniformly accepted

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Nevertheless, other names, especially those used significantly often (say, 10% of the time or more) in the available English literature on a place, past or present, should be mentioned in the article, as encyclopedic information. Two or three alternative names can be mentioned in the first line of

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Google may give unreliable estimates at the onset of a search; it is often preferable to restrict the competing searches to less than 1000 hits, and examine the number of hits on the final page. Google does not return more than 1,000 actual results; hit counts above this are estimates which cannot

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Within articles, places should generally be referred to by the same name as is used in their article title, or a historical name when discussing a past period. Use of one name for a settlement in 2000 does not determine what name we should give the same settlement in 1900 or in 1400, nor the other

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in discussing the same city in different periods. Use of one name for a settlement in 2000 does not determine what name we should give the same settlement in 1900 or in 1400, nor the other way around. Many settlements, however, should keep the same name; it is a question of fact, of actual English

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Article titles should be in the majority language (Finnish or Swedish) of the province, municipality, region or sub-region, unless there is a well-established name in English. The minority language of the area should be mentioned in the lead in italics. Any second name needs to be referenced by a

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The contents (this applies to all articles using the name in question): The same name as in the title should be used consistently throughout the article, unless there is a widely accepted historical English name for a specific historical context. In cases when a widely accepted historical English

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Please remember that Google Scholar and Google Books are imperfectly random selections out of the whole corpus of English writing. If the results could easily have arisen by chance (for example, if there are only half-a-dozen or so valid hits on all the alternatives combined), this is not a good

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search of Google Books can provide valuable insights. But even a widely recognized name change will take time to be reflected in such searches, as they may still include references to the place name before the change. Also, relatively obscure places that have a major impact on history during a

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Some sources require individual analysis to be useful; these include books and articles, such as those found at Google Scholar or Google Books. They must be looked at individually for accuracy, possible bias, and appropriateness of period. Even if a book or scholarly article was written after

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English-language news media can also be very reliable sources. Due caution must be given to the possibility of bias in some, such as for nationalistic, religious or political reasons. However, major global sources are generally reliable, such as major authoritative English-language newspapers

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A name can be considered as widely accepted if a neutral and reliable source states: "X is the name most often used for this entity". Without such an assertion, the following sources may be helpful in establishing a widely accepted name. It is important that the sources be from the appropriate

4304:, and various should all be "Hajjiabad" as that is the dominant transliteration, unless another form for a particular Hajjiabad is used in a majority of sources. Linking from a disambiguation page is required for all deviant spellings to enable a user to find the Hajjiabad in question. 2417: 904:

Where there is such a section, the article's first line should have only a link to the section, phrased, for example: "(known also by several ])". When there are several significant alternate names, the case for mentioning the names prominently is at least as strong as with

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English name should be used. If neither of these English names exist, the modern official name (in articles dealing with the present) or the local historical name (in articles dealing with a specific period) should be used. All applicable names can be used in the titles of

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is translated as "Rural District"; and these translations are used throughout. Generic geographic terms such as "river", "mountain", "island", "castle", and modifiers such as "north", "old", "new", "red", should be translated except when in names of populated places: thus

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Names of places should generally use the English name, unless it is more commonly known in English sources by the local name. For example, mountains should be titled ] rather than ], rivers should be titled ] rather than ], and islands should be titled ] rather than ].

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3779:, minor civil divisions, such as townships, the name of a minor civil division should follow the convention of Division, State, only including the relevant county of a division in between division and state if there are multiple divisions of the same name in a state. 2018:

If a place belongs to a class, and the class is conventionally capitalized as part of the proper name of the place, then Knowledge (XXG) capitalizes that class name (conversely, lowercase otherwise) whether the name appears in a sentence or a heading or a title; e.g.

1534:, which may also appear in Google Book or Google Scholar searches, are unacceptable sources. When using Google search results as a usage metric, always include "-wikipedia" in the search conditions. This will exclude some, although not all, Knowledge (XXG) mirrors. 768:, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it. This will often be a local name, or one of them; but not always. If the place does not exist anymore, or the article deals only with a place in a period when it held a different name, the widely accepted 2271:

The pages and categories below represent what discussion and opinions have actually taken place in Knowledge (XXG). Their force consists of the force of their arguments and the extent of the consensus that backs them; listing here does not warrant either virtue.

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are acceptable to settle the matter, despite their problems; one solution is to follow English usage where it can be determined, and to adopt the name used by the linguistic majority where English usage is indecisive. This has been done, for example, with the

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Another useful idea, especially when one name seems to be used often in the construct "X (also called Y)" in sources that consistently use X thereafter, is to search for "and X" against "and Y" (or "in X" versus "in Y") to see which is common in running prose.

626: 1495:. But what we want is the word they consistently use to refer to the city; it is very difficult to find that with a search engine, especially when the question is: does the source call nineteenth- or eighteenth-century Bratislava something different? 1410:, which used to be the default encoding format for computer-readable versions of the data, GNIS records for a long time were unable to include diacritic characters. The use of the tilde in Spanish names took some years to be reflected, for example. 1446:

Search engines will find hits when a paper in English is quoting foreign text, which may well include foreign placenames. This often occurs when citing a paper by title. For example, hits which are in fact citations of German papers which use

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Experience shows that the straightforward solution of a double or triple name is often unsatisfactory; there are all too many complaints that one or the other name should be first. We also deprecate any discussion of which name the place

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Google Scholar will frequently return post office addresses, especially for modern university towns. This attests to local usage, not to English usage (except of course for settlements in the English-speaking world, for which local usage

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The secondary names of municipalities should not be mentioned in other articles than the article about the municipality itself. For instance, "Helsinki (Swedish: Helsingfors)" should not be used anywhere else than in the lead section of

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Use modern English names for titles and in articles. Historical names or names in other languages can be used in the lead if they are frequently used and important enough to be valuable to readers, and should be used in articles with

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search results can provide a quick guide to the relative predominance of alternative names across the media as a whole, provided the search parameters are properly set, but as with all raw search numbers, they should be used with

1675:, these being the current names of these cities, although former names (Constantinople, Ragusa, Stalingrad, and Leningrad) are also used when referring to appropriate historical periods (if any), including such article names as 2773:, the local authority recognizes equally two or more names from different languages, and English discussion is often so limited that none of the above tests indicate which of them is widely used in English. However, there is an 1805:

It is often the case that the same widely accepted English name will apply to more than one place, or to a place and to other things; in either case disambiguation will be necessary. For general rules about this topic, see

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Many names are used for several places, often several places of the same type. In addition, many placenames have become surnames, and papers which are by authors with those surnames do not establish English usage for the

3438: 1829:). However, if idiom or specific naming conventions indicate a different article title as more appropriate, then a redirect should be created to that article from the term for which it is the primary topic. For example, 2978: 1985:

If specific disambiguation conventions apply to places of a particular type or in a particular country, then it is important to follow these. Such conventions (or links to them) can be found in the section below titled

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on the historical cities on the site of modern Istanbul – or part of it. It is sometimes common practice in English to use name forms from different languages to indicate cultural or political dominance. For example,

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use ]. Where disambiguation is required, places in Italy are disambiguated using the "comma convention" by the larger of the region, province or municipality needed to identify it uniquely, as appropriate, not as

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Geographical articles include both the English and Spanish names of the locality in the lead, but continue with the English name only. Articles on individual islands also note the Spanish name in the infobox.

4285:("village") – as these terms often distinguish the place from another place of similar or identical name. Inclusion of spaces in place names should follow English sources, if available, or official usage. 1926:

Places are often disambiguated by the country in which they lie. If using the country name would still lead to ambiguity, use the name of a smaller administrative division (such as a state or province)

2870:). If the name of the locality is not unique within a federal subject, precede the federal subject disambiguator with the name of the district on the territory of which the locality is situated (e.g., 4234:

Where possible, articles on places in Iran use ]. Where disambiguation is required, name of the highest available administrative subdivision is used (but its level is not included in the title): thus

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When necessary to disambiguate with other articles, preference is given to using the author's name (literature), the name of the work (television or movies), or other connective quality. For example:

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is spelled idiomatically either with a "u" or an "o" as last letter. For consistency on Knowledge (XXG), title articles using the "u" spelling unless a proper name in English uses the "o" spelling.

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Some websites mechanically copy and compile other websites, including Knowledge (XXG) itself. These should not be counted as separate instances of English usage, but as the same instance duplicated.

3019: 1990:. If a country has no convention listed, and there is a clear pattern among the articles on places in that country, follow it. Please note any such pattern here, as a proposed national convention. 2413: 347: 2108:, since that is the prevalent usage in English. However, English usage is sometimes inconsistent or too small, in which case the naming is a matter of editorial decision; for example, we have 4745: 718: 2871: 1010:

Names not in Roman script should be transliterated (in italics). If there are multiple frequently used transliterations (again, used by at least 10% of the English sources), include them.

2265: 1922:. The disambiguation tag provides context to the reader, and helps uniquely identify places when multiple places share the same name. The following general principles apply to such tags: 496: 3024:

Where possible, articles on places in the United Kingdom use ]. Where disambiguation is required, a different system is used in each of England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales.

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Local government areas are at their official name. Where further disambiguation is required, the local government area name is used in parentheses following the state name: ] (such as

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In brackets after the name, based on the local district, river, settlement, region or state. The brackets are often an official part of the name and appear on road signs. Examples:

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way around. Many settlements, however, should keep the same name; it is a question of fact, of actual English usage, in all cases. For example, when discussing the city now called

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If further disambiguation is required, then another form of natural and recognisable disambiguation should be used, such as traditional regions, committee areas etc. For example,

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readily be examined, and are imperfect evidence of actual usage. Adding additional search terms may reduce the number of hits to this range, but adds additional random variance.

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In some cases, a compromise is reached between editors to avoid giving the impression of support for a particular national point of view. For example, the reasonably common name

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what proportion of them are false hits. But the only certain control is to count how many hits are genuinely in English, assert English usage, and deal with the place discussed.

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Knowledge (XXG) articles must have a single title, by the design of the system; this page is intended to help editors agree on which name of a place is to appear as the title.

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is acceptable, but for other states, use the short name or "State of" or "Commonwealth of" to name the state or its government, always capitalized if matching the formal name.

3966: 3795: 3456: 3405:, irrespective of the type of landform the article's subject is, and irrespective of whether disambiguation is necessary. Thus, for example, the article on Perot Island is at 2814: 2172:

Where possible, articles about fictional cities or localities are located at ], regardless of any naming convention for the country in which the locality is set. For example:

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However, for some countries specific naming conventions recommend using a sub-national entity (state, province, county, prefecture or similar) as the disambiguation tag. See

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As an exception, a local official name different from a widely accepted English name should be both in such separate section and in the lead, in the form "(Foreign language:

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In some cases, including most settlements in the United States, the title should include state name as a comma-separated tag, even when it is not needed for disambiguation.

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When the name of the locality is unique within Russia, but conflicts with the name of another locality in a different country, disambiguate the name with "Russia" (e.g.,

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provides that article titles should be chosen for the general reader, not for specialists. By following modern English usage, we also avoid arguments about what a place

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determines official federal nomenclature for the United States. Most often, actual American usage follows it, even in such points as the omission of apostrophes, as in

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Localities (other than suburbs) and places such as train stations, parks, etc., may be disambiguated, where necessary, by reference to city rather than state (e.g.,

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This page describes conventions for determining the titles of Knowledge (XXG) articles on places, and for the use of place names in Knowledge (XXG) articles. Our

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use ]. Where disambiguation with a place outside of Indonesia is required, ] is used, if disambiguation between two places in Indonesia is required, ] is used.

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Where multiple geographic names occur in a title, the names should be placed in alphabetical order unless there is a clear reason for another order. Examples:

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use ]. Where disambiguation with a place outside of Malaysia is required, ] is used, if disambiguation between two places in Malaysia is required, ] is used.

3994: 620: 574: 229: 209: 20: 4460: 3669:(omitting the state name), if there is no other metropolitan area with this name; this applies even if the city's own article has a state name; for example, 1772:

so they stand out. If there are more names than this, or the lead section is cluttered, a separate paragraph on the names of the place is often a good idea.

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If no name can be shown to be widely accepted in English, use the local name. If more than one local name exists, follow the procedure explained below under

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the article title (unless it is a descriptive title, rarely the case with geographical articles), and its frequently used English-language synonyms, and to

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When the name of the locality is unique, but conflicts with the name of a different concept, use the parenthesized locality type as disambiguator (e.g.,

1283: 3561: 637: 509: 318: 2874:). If the title is still ambiguous, lower levels of administrative divisions and/or parenthesized locality type can be used for further disambiguation. 2286: 1821:

for the title that is most appropriate by these naming conventions, then its article should carry that name without disambiguation tag (for example,

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unless they are not the primary topic for that name. In other cases, this guideline recommends following the "comma convention" as described above.

2439: 1091:). If a native name is more often used in English sources than a corresponding traditional English name, then use the native name. Two examples are 4735: 4444: 2352: 1424: 1129: 705:, its preferred mode of dispute resolution, in several geographic naming debates. Two significant conflicts have been brought to Knowledge (XXG)'s 559: 539: 430: 251: 242: 234: 219: 199: 142: 42: 3504: 2844: 1403:

be the most up-to-date and accurate name. Or, vice versa, the official USBGN name might not yet have caught up with official state-level changes.

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Where there is no Knowledge (XXG) convention on a specific country and disambiguation is necessary, it is generally reasonable to use ], as in

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Primary topic should be judged against all encyclopedic usages of a name; thus, for example, Phoenix is considered not primary because of the

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use ]. Where disambiguation is required, ] is used. Where there are multiple South African places with the same name, then ] is used (e.g.

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The number of larger settlements or islands that are likely to be well known outside of the region, that also require disambiguation such as

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Language-filtered searches include works that contain only brief English sections. These sections may not discuss the place name in question.

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in the name; national conventions and idiom should be followed in this matter. For example, rivers in the UK and Ireland follow the pattern

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If the place does not exist any more, or the article deals only with a place in a period when it held a different name, the widely accepted

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Generic parenthetical disambiguating tags as used for most Knowledge (XXG) articles are used only occasionally for geographic names (as in

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It is Knowledge (XXG) convention to emphasize alternative names at first use, normally in the first line. It is customary to repeat and

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When naming topics related to some specific country, prefer the form "(Item) of (Country)" over forms with adjectives (for example,

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English name should be used. If there is no such name in English, use the historical name that is now used locally – for more, see

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The Google Scholar and Google Books search engines can provide helpful results, if parameters are properly set. In particular, a

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particular time period will continue to show disproportionately large search returns for the location's name during that period.

1124:. They may also appear in the lead paragraph or in a special section of the article, in accordance with the advice given in the 2740: 2117: 1502:

Y)" attest to English usage of X, and Foolanguage usage of Y. The latter matters to the Foolanguage Knowledge (XXG), not to us.

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has the same name, specify the type of local government unit in parentheses before the comma, for any article that is not the

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Infoboxes should generally be headed with the article title, and include these alternate names. The formal version of a name (

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Froke, Paula; Bratton, Anna Jo; Gross, Andale; McMillan, Jeff; Sarkar, Pia; Schwartz, Jeff; Vadarevu, Raghuram, eds. (2022).

4425:). Suburbs and neighbourhoods are sometimes also disambiguated using ] although this convention is not consistently applied. 3978: 3340:

use ]. Where disambiguation is required, ] is used. An exception applies when the city name and the state name are the same:

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It is useful for all divisions of the same type in a country to share the same article title format (for example, nearly all

1757: 1604: 1047:, in a modern context, exists for a place, we should use it. This will often be identical in form to the local name (as with 760:

These are advice, intended to guide, not force, consensus; but they are derived from actual experience in move discussions.

4680: 2151: 1890:. For many countries the additional word is used when needed for disambiguation purposes, but is otherwise omitted: compare 1531: 456: 3308:

In Latin America a lot of entities have the same names, therefore some coordination is done for toponyms from this region.

3532: 2320:. In some cases, nevertheless, ], ], etc., may be necessary for several locations within Hong Kong bearing the same name. 1589: 1371:. However, if colloquial usage does differ, we should prefer actual American usage to the official name. Similarly, its 50: 3670: 1715:

In some cases it is not the local name but the spelling of the name in English that has changed over time. For example,

1099:, which are now known more widely under their native names than under the older English names "Leghorn" and "Ratisbon". 3450: 2401: 1910:

In some cases, the article title should include additional text, such as a country name or province name, for example,

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Disinterested, authoritative reference works are almost always reliable (assuming they are current). Examples include:

3550:(e.g., "Kansas City, Missouri, US") because that is contrary to general American usage. Postal abbreviations (such as 3138: 2555: 2233:

For a list of pages dealing with the transliteration of names from other writing systems into the Latin alphabet, see

2128: 1275: 1245: 661: 654: 4644: 3516: 3380:). The cities that share names with states have been placed at ], with the state taking the ] location: for example, 2958: 1807: 451: 126: 2794:

Therefore, articles about locations in South Tyrol are placed according to the language of the linguistic majority.

4048: 3929: 3524: 3150: 3146: 2863: 2213: 2203: 1196: 4221:

Where disambiguation is required, the "Provincename" and the comma convention is used, thus ] or for districts ].

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has been adopted, mainly because it is neither Korean nor Japanese. Similarly, Knowledge (XXG)'s version of the

963:, different national varieties of the English language spell a foreign name differently, we should also consider 3921: 3589: 2634:

Where possible, articles on places on the Isle of Man use ]. Where disambiguation is required, ] is used. Thus

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for a header) can be substituted for it; extensive historical names are often better in a second infobox, as at

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An ambiguous state name is OK when clear from context or previous disambiguation e.g. "Washington" the article

2925: 2622:. This same convention applies to both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. For further guidance see 2539: 2181: 2003: 1957: 1680: 1211: 726: 4239: 2790:

In the few cases where there is a widely used English name, it is usually that of the majority language group.

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of phase 2 varies as different states completed phase 2 at different points over a span of more than a decade.

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watershed events that resulted in a name change, it may use historical place names in the context of the work.

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If disambiguation is required, and the place is in the same local government district as a larger settlement

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capitals) are named according to the most common English usage. All other settlements are named according to

4277:, not "Sorkh Castle" or "Red Castle". If no common English usage is found, use the official name, including 3744: 3162: 3032: 1395:, it is evidence of widespread English usage; where it does not, it is not addressing our primary question. 3277:

Settlements in the Highland council area. Where disambiguation is required, ] should be used. For example,

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dispute; they are older than this page). There are other cities for which policy is still debated, such as

4254:, or some such, unless disambiguation of Tidar in Bashagard is needed - which should be quite uncommon). 3674: 3496: 3410: 3345: 2551: 2046: 1964: 1949: 1853: 1849: 2682:

Articles previously used the two-letter abbreviations for the provinces: these should no longer be used.

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After a forward slash (noting that this is currently deprecated. Brackets may be used instead). Example:

1769: 702: 4152:). Municipality articles follow the format ], and if disambiguation is needed or is necessary, ] (e.g., 3660: 3406: 3109: 2954: 2619: 2614:

Where possible, articles on places in Ireland use ]. Where disambiguation is required, ] is used. Thus

2109: 2020: 1583:

We recommend choosing a single name, by some objective criterion, even a somewhat arbitrary one. Simple

1202: 722: 4340: 4181: 4117: 4023: 3981:, the long-form is preferred. There is no official short-form name for the country. The use of simply " 3899: 3718: 3573: 3462: 3205: 3063: 3001: 2901: 2826: 2752: 2530:). Where disambiguation is required, follow the official disambiguation system which may take 3 forms: 2067: 1781: 1631: 1554: 1169: 1121: 1019: 774: 67: 54: 4604:—although Washington, D.C., does have a territorial qualifier and New York is naturally disambiguated. 2412:

Native English names for places should be used, but the local language's name if there isn't one. The

4157: 4149: 3815: 3597: 3495:

when located in US territories. A placename that needs additional disambiguation should include its

3377: 3353: 3119: 3051: 2878: 1915: 1676: 4323:

Knowledge (XXG) talk:WikiProject Israel/Archive 2 § Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (settlements)

3985:" can be seen as inaccurate and ambiguous, since this name primarily refers to a geographic region. 2534:

Part of the official name itself often using a river, nearby settlement, region or state. Examples:

2450:, they are often used in village name disambiguation, instead of higher-level administrative units. 4614: 3528: 3291: 3036: 2953:

Villages are always (regardless of reason) disambiguated using municipality name, for consistency:

2921:

use undisambiguated title, where applicable. When disambiguation is needed, follow the convention:

2705: 2574: 2559: 2543: 2459: 2222: 2208: 2039: 2035: 1398:

Be aware of the conflict between what is widely accepted and what is official in several contexts.

1340: 1301: 839: 714: 4051:. So the solution for spelling issues is to disambiguate smaller places by adding the name of the 1584: 964: 4618: 4145: 4052: 3823: 3811: 3142: 2720: 2701: 2486: 2317: 2031: 1612: 1295: 1268: 3229:

When disambiguation is required for a settlement on a Scottish Island, ] is used. For example,

2862:

When the name of the locality is not unique within Russia, use the comma-separated name of the

4622: 4056: 3940: 2945: 2709: 2639: 2547: 2535: 2192: 2024: 1887: 1864: 1728: 1376: 858: 792: 3270:

Settlements in Argyll and Bute. Mainland Argyll settlements should be styled ]. For example,

2596:

For further guidance on German placenames, including geographical and man-made features, see

780: 4648: 4626: 4601: 4569: 4397: 4389: 4247: 4243: 3932:, which needs to be disambiguated from its namesake in the UK. State/territory names should 3857: 3807: 3656: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3105: 2941: 2728: 2716: 2694: 2566: 2261: 2257: 1941: 1701: 1672: 1316: 886: 874: 866: 820: 808: 800: 3593: 3042:

Disambiguation should not normally be to England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland, and

2855: 2088:

of places follow the same guidance: do what English does. For example, we write of Russian

4235: 3373: 3278: 3260: 3234: 3230: 3127: 3123: 2250: 2050: 1953: 1600: 1368: 730: 3031:

it is unambiguously within that larger settlement itself, ] should be used. For example,

2937: 2030:

Some class names are not considered parts of proper names, but rather descriptors, as in

1848:

When there are conventional means of disambiguation in standard English, use them, as in

1731:

spells the city as was customary in 1842, because modern English scholarship still does.

1383:, it has a conventional name field. Its BGN Approved is a systematic transliteration, as 682: 4651:

lists as not requiring the state qualifier in a journalistic context, unless they, like

4288:

Places with the same Persian name should generally be spelled the same in English, e.g.

4581: 3341: 3271: 3264: 3177: 2787:

Most municipalities have a large majority, often a 90% majority, of one language group.

2774: 2690: 2589: 2490: 2147:

For further guidance on the naming of articles about lakes, mountains and rivers, see:

1977:, where no regional tag would be sufficient to distinguish the town from the island of 1895: 1684: 1145: 943: 4729: 4593: 4561: 4557: 3849: 3764: 3736: 3484: 3223: 3094: 2585: 2570: 2093: 1857: 1449: 857:

language names may appear in alphabetic order of their respective languages – i.e., (

4647:. Current convention is to omit the state only with the well-known cities which the 3705:

as not requiring the state modifier in newspaper articles have their articles named

3596:

if the base name of the city is the same as the term being considered. For example,

1696:

is often written as Stettin (the German name) for the period before 1945; likewise,

4706: 4565: 4529: 4414: 4060: 3806:

The common names of states are just the state name, with disambiguation needed for

3701: 3577: 3547: 3543: 3414: 2385: 1974: 1911: 1891: 1883: 1834: 1822: 1251:

Many governments have an agency to standardize the use of place names, such as the

3349: 2892:

Titles of articles about the administrative divisions follow the same principles.

2131:

have the format "Province of X"), so if one district has its article renamed from

1752: 4422: 4418: 3876: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3740: 3706: 3680: 3666: 3640: 3636: 3569: 3531:

bear two states' names due to their peculiar locations across state lines (e.g.,

3492: 3488: 2042:. As usual, we look to sources to determine what is conventionally capitalized. 4585: 4553: 4549: 4537: 4274: 3449:

For the guideline for stylizing abbreviations for the United States itself, see

3381: 2929: 2770: 2660: 2045:

When the class name appears in a disambiguator, it is generally lowercase; e.g.

1945: 1619: 1320: 784: 783:: The title can be followed in the first line by a list of alternative names in 741:). Other long-standing problems have been settled through compromise or voting. 3372:. Where disambiguation is required, ], is used (the "comma convention", as in 3145:

should be used as appropriate to identify the relative locations. For example,

2416:

should be used for articles related to Brussels. For castles or stately homes,

956:

This page is a guideline; it is not intended to overrule all other guidelines.

4573: 4501: 4301: 3982: 3401:

All geographic articles relating to places in Bermuda have titles in the form

2471: 2313: 1826: 1488: 1375:

normally presents local official usage in the country concerned (for example,

1324: 1096: 938:

Use of widely accepted historical names implies that names can change; we use

828: 4376:

Articles that directly relate to the dispute include a translation involving

3133:

If there are multiple places of the same name within the same district, then

2671:

regions. Places in those provinces that require disambiguation take the form

4589: 4577: 4545: 4533: 4505: 4489: 4297: 4289: 4141: 4082: 4010:

A guideline in conjunction with this convention is adopted and described at

3920:; however, the name of a city or town may be used alone if the place is the 3885:

The above is meant to be descriptive of common practices, not prescriptive.

3756: 3752: 3622: 3601: 3317: 3047: 2615: 2527: 2309: 2176: 1688: 1668: 1664: 1307: 1153: 1141: 939: 894: 734: 2847:: cities/towns, urban-type settlements, and all kinds of rural localities. 2578: 1970:

Rivers can also be disambiguated by the body of water into which they flow.

1842: 1697: 4365:

is encyclopedic information, of particular importance with respect to the

3600:, includes the state name in its title and is also the primary topic for " 3100:

When the city and county use variants of the same name, disambiguate with

2979:

Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Swiss municipalities/Article title conventions

1813:

The following should be considered in disambiguating the names of places.

1347:

Raw counts from Google must be considered with extreme caution, if at all.

1272: 4521: 4463:, for articles tagged as needing editing to conform to naming conventions 4293: 4098: 3748: 3439:

Knowledge (XXG):Trinidad and Tobago Wikipedians' notice board/Style guide

3427:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (Canada-related articles) § Article names

3369: 2736: 2664: 2479: 2188: 1693: 1660: 1380: 1137: 947: 926: 843: 835: 1712:, which in various contexts is referred to as Vilnius, Wilno or Vilna. 4715: 4652: 4597: 4525: 4517: 4497: 4485: 4153: 2724: 2519: 2397: 1724: 1716: 1709: 1312: 1092: 1084: 1072: 1056: 710: 3848:. This avoids confusion with state universities and sports teams like 3562:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Abbreviations § Special considerations

1963:

With natural features, the tag normally appears in parentheses, as in

1592:, based on an officially published linguistic survey of the area (see 1332:

the period in question, or written by a non-native speaker of English.

4684: 4513: 4509: 4493: 4144:). Where disambiguation is required, city articles go under ] (e.g., 3925: 3760: 3651:

Articles on metropolitan areas may take one of the following titles:

3385: 3365: 3337: 3281:. However, mainland Skye and Lochalsh settlements should be styled ]. 2715:

Two locations in the same region, and a third in a different region:

2635: 2523: 2466:

reliable secondary source; often the best will be recognition by the

1838: 1830: 1735: 1720: 1480: 1407: 1388: 1384: 1156:

in the context of World War II. For more details on this subject see

1052: 976: 922: 4242:. The two places called Tidar in Hormozgan Province can be found at 689:

to be called, instead asking the less contentious question, what it

3290:

Where disambiguation is required, ] is normally used. For example,

3093:

Where disambiguation is required, ] is normally used. For example,

1948:. This is often applied to low-level administrative units as well ( 16:

English Knowledge (XXG) naming convention for geographical articles

4639:

places in most other countries (where redundant disambiguation is

4541: 3635:

Articles on counties and parishes themselves are typically titled

3581: 3222:

Where disambiguation is required ] is normally used. For example,

3161:

Where disambiguation is required ] is normally used. For example,

2651: 2328: 1978: 1899: 1751: 1608: 1048: 980: 3020:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (UK Parliament constituencies)

2784:

The proportions of the various language groups are fairly stable.

4435:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Capital letters § Compass points

1748:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Lead section § Alternative names

1064: 1007:

of names to a separate section, or deemphasizing some of them.

960: 3588:

should be used. When weighing a US city against other possible

3324:

and its subcategories. For the South Atlantic islands, see the

3611:

the state name (other than with a parenthetical), for example

3576:

pointing to the full-name article. In many cases, such as for

2933: 2434:

Geographic names are generally subject to standard rules from

1952:), but less so for larger subdivisions or historical regions ( 701:

The Knowledge (XXG) community has found it difficult to reach

101: 25: 4440:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Capital letters § Place names

3875:

Appending "State" is OK when it appears in proper names like

1372: 967:, which would have articles in British English call the city 3860:

is a disambiguation page; it is especially important to use

2266:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (country-specific topics)

1960:). Any specific national convention takes precedence though. 4136:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Philippine-related articles

2802:

For the name of the country and the homonymous region, see

1967:. Specific national conventions may take precedence though. 4170:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles

4077:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles

3580:, that will be impossible, because the base name may have 3527:, but not "Callicoon, New York (CDP)"). A small number of 3296:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)

2965:

Other geographic names are subject to standard rules from

2866:

on the territory of which the locality is situated (e.g.,

2624:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (Ireland-related articles)

2312:

use ]. Where disambiguation is required, ] is used. Thus

2157:

Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Mountains § Naming conventions

1723:

spelling, is used for the name of the article rather than

4012:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (places in Bangladesh)

3789:

WP:Naming conventions (U.S. state and territory highways)

3743:

when not at the base name, where "Borough" is one of the

3320:

use ]. Where disambiguation is required, ] is used. See

2872:

Mrakovo, Kugarchinsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan

2503:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/France and French-related

53:

may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect

19:

For the notability guideline on geographic features, see

3104:

for clarity throughout the English-speaking world; thus

2610:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles

2341:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style (Japan-related articles)

1148:

for the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Similarly, use

746:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles

4348: 4189: 4125: 4031: 3967:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles

3907: 3796:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles

3726: 3470: 3457:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles

3213: 3169: 3115:

For locations within Greater London, ] should be used.

3078: 3071: 3009: 2909: 2834: 2815:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Poland-related articles

2777:, by municipality, which has the following advantages: 2760: 2075: 1796: 1789: 1768:

the article; it is general Knowledge (XXG) practice to

1646: 1639: 1562: 1471:

Search engines do not normally distinguish consistent

1177: 1034: 1027: 89: 82: 75: 4042:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/India-related articles

2493:

should be mentioned in the article's lead in italics.

2482:, unless it is of a special interest in some context. 2357:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Korea-related articles

2298:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/China-related articles

713:, the island, and Ireland, the state described as the 4746:

Knowledge (XXG) naming conventions (geographic names)

3955:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Australian roads)

3089:

Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject London/Naming conventions

2991:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Ukrainian places)

2289:. Use provinces or similar units for disambiguation. 2287:

Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Chinese) § Places

4655:, conflict with another non-geographic article; the 3180:

is to be disambiguated, it should go under ]. Thus

3174:

Knowledge (XXG) talk:Welsh Wikipedians' notice board

2932:, distinguishes from numerous other toponyms called 1940:

With the names of cities, towns, villages and other

1120:

Other applicable names can be used in the titles of

4388:

alone thereafter. For example, "Falkland Islands (

3613:

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in the American Civil War

2448:

cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

1870:Rivers, lakes and mountains often include the word 1526:

Failure to represent independent usage of the name:

627:

Definite or indefinite article at beginning of name

4681:"How can I see more than 1000 results in google ?" 4659:is a reliable source, written in American English. 3558:for California) are never used in article titles. 3241:are treated as separate islands for this purpose. 2781:It is available on-line, and officially published. 2735:The region containing the autonomous provinces of 2522:use ] unless there is a common English name (e.g. 2237:. Transliteration issues are discussed further at 1944:, the tag is normally preceded by a comma, as in 1281:For spelling of place names, a good reference is 719:Arbitration Committee Ireland article naming case 4140:Where possible, articles on cities use ] (e.g., 3995:Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (New Zealand) 2928:(towns) are disambiguated using standard rules: 1194:major English-language encyclopedias (examples: 21:Knowledge (XXG):Notability (geographic features) 4456:List of European regions with alternative names 2598:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Germany/Conventions 2514:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Germany/Conventions 1515:Failure to be about the place under discussion: 827:) is a large bay in the easternmost arm of the 4380:directly after the first instance of the word 2854:, use the romanized Russian name, as per the 2804:Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Macedonia) 2369:Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Mongolian) 1453:are not evidence of English usage, either way. 1232:Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America 750:Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Macedonia) 3604:" alone, which redirects to the city's page. 3451:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style § US and U.S. 3252:; both in Scotland and in Perth and Kinross. 2431:use undisambiguated title, where applicable. 1931: 965:our guidance on national varieties of English 893:). Separate languages should be separated by 838:in the list (including names used before the 662: 8: 4461:Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope 3787:US highways should be listed as is found in 2404:(exceptions may be discussed case by case). 1700:is called Danzig (the detailed decisions at 1498:For example, hits which are of the form "X ( 4445:Knowledge (XXG):Seven rules of place naming 3916:Most Australian settlement articles are at 3592:, the US city should never be considered a 3560:(For postal abbreviations in articles, see 2353:Knowledge (XXG):Naming conventions (Korean) 2162:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Rivers § Naming 1904:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Rivers § Naming 1425:Knowledge (XXG):Google searches and numbers 1391:, which is also the BGN conventional name. 842:) should be clearly marked as such, i.e., ( 143:Category:Knowledge (XXG) naming conventions 49:Editors should generally follow it, though 4741:Knowledge (XXG) Manual of Style (regional) 4625:and New York isn't primary because of the 4451:List of country names in various languages 3878:Washington State Department of Corrections 3818:. When referring to U.S. states in prose: 3683:if disambiguation is needed; for example, 2152:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Lakes § Naming 1886:, while those in the United States follow 1607:has been resolved by naming the city page 1212:The Times Comprehensive Atlas of the World 669: 655: 121: 3483:, articles about populated places of the 3118:When further disambiguation is required, 2851: 1618:There are occasional exceptions, such as 1393:Where it acknowledges a conventional name 1351: 1284:Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary 1128:. For use of names in infoboxes, see the 1103: 4067:can appear in different parts of India. 2440:municipalities of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2388:Albanian name (e.g. "Vlorë", "Durrës"). 4672: 4473: 3777:a successful 2023 Village Pump proposal 3505:Elgin, Lancaster County, South Carolina 2845:types of inhabited localities in Russia 1365:United States Board on Geographic Names 1311:of London) or wire services (examples: 1253:United States Board on Geographic Names 607: 473: 437: 411: 390: 364: 330: 281: 241: 172: 151: 133: 124: 4413:Where possible, articles on places in 4214:) are given in the form ]. Provinces ( 4097:Where possible, articles on places in 4081:Where possible, articles on places in 3948:Springfield, Victoria (Macedon Ranges) 3685:Rochester metropolitan area, Minnesota 3572:format should also have a stand-alone 3364:Where possible, articles on places in 3336:Where possible, articles on cities in 3322:Category:Populated places in Argentina 3316:Where possible, articles on places in 2856:WP:RUS default romanization guidelines 2775:official linguistic survey of the area 2650:Where possible, articles on places in 2518:Where possible, articles on places in 2468:Institute for the Languages of Finland 2308:Where possible, articles on places in 1683:; not to mention separate articles on 1508:indicator of widespread English usage. 1459:Failure to reflect only English usage: 840:standardization of English orthography 4321:A convention was under discussion at 3794:Hawaii has different conventions per 3689:Rochester metropolitan area, New York 3673:is the metropolitan area centered on 3659:is the metropolitan area centered on 3509:Elgin, Kershaw County, South Carolina 3325: 2868:Oktyabrsky, Republic of Bashkortostan 2472:a list of Swedish-language placenames 1659:For example, we have articles called 1114: 1055:), but in many cases it will differ ( 41:documents an English Knowledge (XXG) 7: 4357:The predominant usage in English is 4198:Where possible, articles on cities ( 3546:(e.g., "Detroit, United States") or 2700:Two locations in the same province: 2689:Two locations in different regions: 1987: 1898:(which require disambiguation) with 1439:Failure to use only English sources: 1278:is current and continuously updated. 1152:when discussing the city now called 739:Arbitration Committee Macedonia case 4617:, Washington is not because of the 4104:Districts are given in the form ]. 3928:rather than ]). Note cases such as 3655:A commonly used name; for example, 2966: 2435: 1487:at least once; any good history of 1239:Geographic Names Information System 1228:Columbia Gazetteer of North America 721:), and the distinction between the 4736:Knowledge (XXG) naming conventions 3936:be abbreviated in article titles. 3607:When a place-name title continues 3392:Northern America and the Caribbean 2843:This naming convention covers all 2739:and South Tyrol is referred to as 2444:entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina 1918:. The additional text is called a 1760:, place names may be controversial 1406:For technical reasons relating to 1261:Geographical Names Board of Canada 57:. When in doubt, discuss first on 14: 4268:is translated as "District"; and 4047:names and they can be checked at 2023:and not "Buenos Aires province", 1532:Knowledge (XXG) mirrors and forks 1248:), whether printed or electronic. 729:until it was changed in 2019, to 733:) and the various other uses of 105: 29: 3973:Micronesia, Federated States of 3739:are identified by the standard 2438:, however, because many of the 2384:For places in Albania, use the 2191:, not "Manawaka, Manitoba" (in 2179:, not "Sunnydale, California" ( 1833:redirects to the article named 1379:); in a handful of cases, like 1209:widely used atlases (examples: 971:, articles in American English 4711:(56th ed.). Associated Press. 4708:The Associated Press Stylebook 4369:Argentine territorial claim. 4316:Naming conventions (West Bank) 3979:Federated States of Micronesia 3491:when located in a US state or 2886:Dikson (urban-type settlement) 2659:. The autonomous provinces of 2293: 2049:not "Rio de Janeiro (State)", 2000:France–United States relations 1808:Knowledge (XXG):Disambiguation 1727:. However, the article on the 1605:Derry/Londonderry name dispute 1: 4260:is translated as "Province"; 3838:Commonwealth of Massachusetts 3615:, a comma is included before 3538:Articles on US cities should 3533:Glenrio, New Mexico and Texas 3122:should be used. For example, 2850:When a place does not have a 2239:Knowledge (XXG):Accessibility 1590:municipalities of South Tyrol 1244:maps (such as those from the 4643:used), as well as a loss of 3671:Sacramento metropolitan area 2741:Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol 2235:Knowledge (XXG):Romanization 2096:), but of Chinese and Roman 1158:Knowledge (XXG):Proper names 1045:widely accepted English name 912:; known also by several ])". 766:widely accepted English name 4264:is translated as "County"; 4252:Tidar, Bashagard, Hormozgan 4218:) are given in the form ]. 3866:Washington State University 3713:New York City neighborhoods 3620: 3559: 3294:. For further guidance see 3176:it was agreed that where a 2556:Eschenbach in der Oberpfalz 2414:Brussels naming conventions 2062:Administrative subdivisions 1902:(which does not). See also 1276:Central Intelligence Agency 1246:National Geographic Society 989:not be changed arbitrarily. 4762: 4338: 4206:) use ]. Urban districts ( 4179: 4133: 4115: 4074: 4049:List of districts in India 4039: 4021: 3953:For Australian roads, see 3930:Newcastle, New South Wales 3897: 3716: 3529:unincorporated communities 3525:Callicoon (town), New York 3511:). If more than one place 3460: 3454: 3448: 3203: 3151:Woolston, south Shropshire 3147:Woolston, north Shropshire 3086: 3061: 3017: 2999: 2988: 2899: 2824: 2750: 2607: 2511: 2402:Belarus naming conventions 2204:Castle Rock (Stephen King) 2065: 2010:(both established names). 1932:§ Region-specific guidance 1779: 1745: 1629: 1593: 1552: 1422: 1387:– Knowledge (XXG) prefers 1266:For modern country names, 1167: 1017: 709:: the distinction between 348:Government and legislation 65: 59:this guideline's talk page 18: 4480:The cities listed in the 3521:Callicoon (CDP), New York 2209:Dunwich (H. P. Lovecraft) 2027:not "Mississippi river". 1863:(to distinguish from the 1224:Cambridge World Gazetteer 1217:Oxford Atlas of the World 878: 812: 474:Language/country-specific 4423:Heidelberg, Western Cape 4240:Tidar, Lorestan Province 4001:South and Southeast Asia 3854:Arizona State University 2540:Rothenburg ob der Tauber 2418:these naming conventions 2245:Region-specific guidance 2182:Buffy the Vampire Slayer 2004:Turks and Caicos Islands 1958:Nord (French department) 1681:Sieges of Constantinople 1475:of a name from a single 1256: 113:This page in a nutshell: 4210:) and rural districts ( 3741:"Neighborhood, Borough" 3568:Articles titled in the 3186:County Borough of Conwy 3163:Queensferry, Flintshire 3033:Bradwell, Milton Keynes 2442:predate the modern-day 2053:not "Pegnitz (River)". 1994:Order of names in title 1197:Encyclopædia Britannica 1144:in ancient Greece, and 1140:, Knowledge (XXG) uses 4401: 4396:)" or "Falklands War ( 4393: 4059:is more suitable than 3977:When referring to the 3842:state of Massachusetts 3681:" metropolitan area, " 3675:Sacramento, California 3548:"City, State, Country" 3513:within the same county 3493:"Placename, Territory" 3411:Perot Island (Bermuda) 3346:Rio de Janeiro (state) 3190:Conwy (county borough) 3153:; both in Shropshire. 3054:or postcode district. 2852:§ Widely accepted name 2673:Placename, South Tyrol 2552:Zell im Fichtelgebirge 2424:Bosnia and Herzegovina 2047:Rio de Janeiro (state) 1965:Eagle River (Colorado) 1950:Polk County, Tennessee 1854:Red River of the South 1850:Red River of the North 1761: 1719:, as the contemporary 1479:. Any good history of 1237:databases such as the 1222:gazetteers (examples: 1126:lead section guideline 890: 870: 862: 824: 804: 796: 643:Technical restrictions 257:Ethnicities and tribes 134:All naming conventions 4075:Further information: 3924:for that name (e.g., 3922:primary or only topic 3918:Town, State/Territory 3771:Minor civil divisions 3735:Neighborhoods within 3699:Cities listed in the 3661:Little Rock, Arkansas 3631:Counties and parishes 3619:after the state name 3487:are typically titled 3407:Perot Island, Bermuda 3110:Lincoln, Lincolnshire 2989:Further information: 2955:Crna Bara (Aleksinac) 2620:Westport, County Mayo 2375:Europe and North Asia 2294:Hong Kong conventions 2021:Buenos Aires Province 1755: 1203:Columbia Encyclopedia 748:. For Macedonia, see 723:Republic of Macedonia 707:Arbitration Committee 314:Programming languages 4615:mythological Phoenix 4158:San Pascual, Masbate 4150:Angeles, Philippines 3852:(which redirects to 3846:Montana state budget 3816:Georgia (U.S. state) 3667:" metropolitan area" 3598:Nashville, Tennessee 3586:DAB entry or hatnote 3255:Exceptions include: 3194:Conwy county borough 3182:Conwy County Borough 3052:former postal county 2879:Dimitrovgrad, Russia 1916:Red River (Victoria) 1677:Battle of Stalingrad 1611:and the county page 1549:Multiple local names 1419:Search engine issues 1352:Search engine issues 1164:Widely accepted name 1104:Multiple local names 951:usage, in all cases. 683:article title policy 262:Royalty and nobility 4419:Heidelberg, Gauteng 3872:for the university. 3862:State of Washington 3594:partial title match 3433:Trinidad and Tobago 3292:Bangor, County Down 3037:Sailortown, Belfast 2677:Placename, Trentino 2560:Neustadt in Sachsen 2544:Neustadt bei Coburg 2460:Toponyms of Finland 2223:Metropolis (comics) 2040:Bongaigaon District 2036:Bongaigaon district 2008:Kura–Araxes culture 1734:Another example is 1341:Google Ngram Viewer 1302:The Washington Post 715:Republic of Ireland 4402:Guerra de Malvinas 4146:Valencia, Bukidnon 3943:, rather than ]). 3864:for the state and 3824:Washington (state) 3812:Washington (state) 3647:Metropolitan areas 3584:, in which case a 3489:"Placename, State" 3326:§ Falkland Islands 3143:compass directions 3130:; both in London. 2959:Jaša Tomić, Sečanj 2926:Municipality seats 2721:Manciano, Grosseto 2489:, the name in the 2487:Sami Domicile Area 2485:For places in the 2318:Stanley, Hong Kong 2129:provinces of Italy 2032:districts of India 1920:disambiguation tag 1817:If a place is the 1762: 1640:WP:MODERNPLACENAME 1613:County Londonderry 1296:The New York Times 1274:maintained by the 1269:The World Factbook 919:Republic of Serbia 764:The title: When a 756:General guidelines 727:disputed by Greece 4623:George Washington 4057:Tanur, Malappuram 3941:The Rocks, Sydney 3834:State of New York 3641:"X Parish, State" 3637:"X County, State" 3479:According to the 3378:Córdoba, Veracruz 3354:São Paulo (state) 2940:is distinct from 2725:Region of Tuscany 2710:Province of Cuneo 2667:are treated like 2640:Peel, Isle of Man 2548:Bernau bei Berlin 2536:Offenbach am Main 2193:Margaret Laurence 2116:) of Poland but 2025:Mississippi River 1888:Mississippi River 1865:state of New York 1742:Alternative names 1729:Treaty of Nanking 1377:Frankfurt am Main 1130:infobox guideline 744:For Ireland, see 679: 678: 405:Numbers and dates 378:Latter Day Saints 358:Political parties 120: 119: 100: 99: 43:naming convention 4753: 4720: 4719: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4677: 4660: 4649:Associated Press 4636: 4630: 4611: 4605: 4602:Washington, D.C. 4478: 4424: 4420: 4359:Falkland Islands 4351: 4335:Falkland Islands 4308:Israel–Palestine 4248:Tidar, Hajjiabad 4244:Tidar, Bashagard 4192: 4128: 4034: 3910: 3880: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858:Washington State 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3808:New York (state) 3742: 3729: 3708: 3682: 3668: 3657:Central Arkansas 3642: 3638: 3626: 3571: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3494: 3490: 3481:comma convention 3473: 3286:Northern Ireland 3250:Kinnaird, Atholl 3246:Kinnaird, Gowrie 3239:Lewis and Harris 3216: 3214:WP:SCOTLANDPLACE 3106:Lincoln, England 3081: 3074: 3012: 2967:§ Disambiguation 2919:Populated places 2912: 2837: 2763: 2729:Manciano, Umbria 2717:Manciano, Arezzo 2695:Castro, Lombardy 2657:Placename, Italy 2575:Kempten (Allgäu) 2567:Velden (Pegnitz) 2436:§ Disambiguation 2429:Populated places 2420:should be used. 2262:Japanese history 2258:History of Japan 2168:Fictional cities 2143:Natural features 2078: 2014:Names of classes 1799: 1792: 1702:Talk:Gdansk/Vote 1673:Saint Petersburg 1649: 1642: 1626:Use modern names 1565: 1317:Associated Press 1180: 1115:Use modern names 1037: 1030: 880: 814: 725:(whose name was 671: 664: 657: 629: 272:Baseball players 129: 122: 109: 108: 102: 92: 85: 78: 33: 32: 26: 4761: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4750: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4704: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4637: 4633: 4612: 4608: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4431: 4411: 4361:, but the name 4355: 4354: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4332: 4310: 4236:Tidar, Lorestan 4232: 4227: 4196: 4195: 4188: 4184: 4178: 4166: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4126:WP:NCPHILIPPINE 4124: 4120: 4114: 4095: 4079: 4073: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4008: 4003: 3991: 3975: 3963: 3914: 3913: 3906: 3902: 3896: 3891: 3804: 3785: 3773: 3733: 3732: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3697: 3649: 3633: 3544:"City, Country" 3477: 3476: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3435: 3423: 3399: 3394: 3374:Nogales, Sonora 3362: 3334: 3314: 3306: 3288: 3279:Wick, Caithness 3261:Perth, Scotland 3235:Balfour, Orkney 3231:Tarbert, Harris 3220: 3219: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3159: 3141:, or lowercase 3128:Belmont, Harrow 3124:Belmont, Sutton 3091: 3085: 3084: 3079:WP:ENGLANDPLACE 3077: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3022: 3016: 3015: 3008: 3004: 2998: 2993: 2987: 2975: 2916: 2915: 2908: 2904: 2898: 2864:federal subject 2841: 2840: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2811: 2800: 2767: 2766: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2648: 2632: 2612: 2606: 2516: 2510: 2499: 2456: 2426: 2410: 2394: 2382: 2377: 2365: 2349: 2337: 2326: 2306: 2283: 2278: 2251:Shire, Ethiopia 2247: 2231: 2229:Transliteration 2170: 2145: 2082: 2081: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2059: 2057:Specific topics 2051:Pegnitz (river) 2016: 1996: 1988:Specific topics 1954:Galicia (Spain) 1803: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1750: 1744: 1653: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1634: 1628: 1601:Liancourt Rocks 1569: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1427: 1421: 1369:St. Marys River 1361: 1184: 1183: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1016: 996: 959:Where, as with 789:Gulf of Finland 758: 731:North Macedonia 699: 675: 625: 483:Writing systems 160:Fauna (animals) 125: 106: 96: 95: 88: 81: 74: 70: 62: 30: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4759: 4757: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4697: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4631: 4606: 4582:Salt Lake City 4472: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4427: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4394:Islas Malvinas 4374: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4309: 4306: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4194: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4165: 4162: 4148:) or ] (e.g., 4130: 4129: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4094: 4091: 4072: 4069: 4036: 4035: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3990: 3987: 3974: 3971: 3962: 3959: 3912: 3911: 3903: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3873: 3830:New York State 3827: 3803: 3800: 3784: 3781: 3772: 3769: 3731: 3730: 3722: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3691: 3678: 3664: 3648: 3645: 3632: 3629: 3590:primary topics 3475: 3474: 3466: 3461: 3446: 3443: 3434: 3431: 3422: 3419: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3361: 3358: 3342:Rio de Janeiro 3333: 3330: 3313: 3310: 3305: 3302: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3272:Tarbet, Argyll 3268: 3265:Jura, Scotland 3218: 3217: 3209: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3178:county borough 3158: 3155: 3083: 3082: 3075: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2996:United Kingdom 2994: 2986: 2983: 2974: 2971: 2963: 2962: 2950: 2949: 2946:Raška (region) 2914: 2913: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2882: 2875: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2810: 2807: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2765: 2764: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2733: 2732: 2713: 2698: 2691:Castro, Apulia 2679:respectively. 2647: 2644: 2631: 2628: 2605: 2602: 2594: 2593: 2590:Harz mountains 2582: 2563: 2509: 2506: 2498: 2495: 2491:Sami languages 2455: 2452: 2425: 2422: 2409: 2406: 2396:Major cities ( 2393: 2390: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2364: 2361: 2348: 2345: 2336: 2333: 2325: 2322: 2305: 2302: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2246: 2243: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2211: 2206: 2197: 2196: 2186: 2169: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2144: 2141: 2118:municipalities 2114:municipalities 2080: 2079: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2015: 2012: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1982: 1971: 1968: 1961: 1938: 1935: 1928: 1908: 1907: 1896:Achelous River 1868: 1846: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1785: 1780: 1777: 1776:Disambiguation 1774: 1743: 1740: 1685:Constantinople 1651: 1650: 1643: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1567: 1566: 1558: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1469: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1444: 1430:all of these. 1420: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1411: 1404: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1348: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1290: 1289: 1288: 1279: 1264: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1220: 1207: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1146:Constantinople 1039: 1038: 1031: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1012: 995: 992: 991: 990: 986: 985: 984: 954: 953: 952: 944:Constantinople 932: 931: 930: 915: 914: 913: 906: 898: 847: 778: 757: 754: 698: 695: 677: 676: 674: 673: 666: 659: 651: 648: 647: 646: 645: 640: 635: 630: 623: 618: 616:Capitalization 610: 609: 605: 604: 603: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 500: 493: 486: 476: 475: 471: 470: 469: 464: 459: 454: 447: 446: 445: 444: 441: 435: 434: 433: 428: 421: 420: 419: 418: 415: 409: 408: 407: 400: 399: 398: 397: 394: 388: 387: 386: 385: 380: 375: 367: 366: 362: 361: 360: 355: 350: 343: 342: 341: 340: 337: 334: 328: 327: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 294: 293: 292: 291: 288: 285: 279: 278: 277: 276: 275: 274: 264: 259: 254: 246: 245: 239: 238: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 185: 184: 183: 182: 179: 176: 170: 169: 168: 167: 165:Flora (plants) 162: 154: 153: 149: 148: 147: 146: 136: 135: 131: 130: 127:Article titles 118: 117: 110: 98: 97: 94: 93: 86: 79: 71: 66: 63: 48: 47: 34: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4758: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4701: 4698: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4666: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594:San Francisco 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4562:Oklahoma City 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4477: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4426: 4416: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4350: 4349:WP:NCFALKLAND 4346: 4345: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4314: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4284: 4281:("town") and 4280: 4276: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4202:) and towns ( 4201: 4191: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4175: 4173: 4171: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4119: 4111: 4109: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4078: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4025: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3879: 3874: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3850:Arizona State 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3765:Staten Island 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3745:five boroughs 3738: 3737:New York City 3728: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3712: 3710: 3704: 3703: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3646: 3644: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3570:"City, State" 3566: 3563: 3557: 3553: 3541: 3536: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3517:primary topic 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3486: 3485:United States 3482: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3445:United States 3444: 3442: 3440: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3309: 3304:Latin America 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3224:Cullen, Moray 3215: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3095:Halling, Kent 3090: 3080: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3003: 2995: 2992: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Raška (river) 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2903: 2895: 2893: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2797: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2723:(both in the 2722: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708:(both in the 2707: 2706:Ronchi, Cuneo 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2637: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2586:Neustadt/Harz 2583: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2571:River Pegnitz 2568: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2505: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2481: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2379: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2296:, below; and 2295: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2214:Springfield ( 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2200: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2124:) of Italy. 2123: 2120:(rather than 2119: 2115: 2112:(rather than 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2094:Moscow Oblast 2091: 2087: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2061: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1841:redirects to 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1819:primary topic 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1798: 1797:WP:NCPLACEDAB 1794: 1791: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1648: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1573: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1494: 1491:will mention 1490: 1486: 1483:will mention 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450:Riesengebirge 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1418: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:GEOnet server 1370: 1366: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1013: 1011: 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