1141:
frequently discussed in their
Knowledge (XXG) articles than in articles on men. This suggests differences in how the Knowledge (XXG) community conceptualizes notable men and women. Because modern search and recommendation algorithms exploit both structural and lexical information on Knowledge (XXG), women might be discriminated when it comes to ranking articles about notable people. To reduce such effects, the editor community could pay particular attention to the gender balance of links included in articles about men and women, and could adopt a more gender-balanced vocabulary when writing articles about notable people."
1131:
article that mentions that a person is divorced is 4.7 times more likely about a woman, in the
Russian Knowledge (XXG) its 4.8 times more likely about a woman and in the Spanish, Italian and French Knowledge (XXG) it is 4.2 times more likely about a woman. This example shows that a lexical bias is indeed present on Knowledge (XXG) and can be observed consistently across different language editions. This result is in line with (Bamman and Smith 2014) who also observed that in the English Knowledge (XXG) biographies of women disproportionately focus on marriage and divorce compared to those of men."
147:
967:
429:
136:
83:
944:) in the biographies of female actors. Be careful not to include trivia that appeals predominantly to men. A source need not be overtly sexist to set a bad example. For example, most women are underrepresented in certain institutions that are slow to change. Often such institutions can be fine to use as a source for men, but for women, not so much.
31:
269:"Marked" treatment includes describing a person's appearance ahead of their achievements. For example, it is usually unnecessary to describe an individual's hair color, use the word "attractive", or otherwise detail their appearance, especially before clearly describing their significance to the article.
496:
about a man, consider visiting the latter to check that it includes reciprocal information about the relationship; if it merits mention in the woman's article, it is likely germane to his. Failure to mention the relationship in both can affect search algorithms in a way that discriminates against women.
452:
Women's biographies mention marriage and divorce more often than men's biographies do. Biographies that refer to the subject's divorce are 4.4 times more likely to be about a woman on the
English Knowledge (XXG). The figures are similar on the German, Russian, Spanish, Italian, and French Wikipedias.
416:
Wherever possible, avoid defining a notable woman, particularly in the title or first sentence, in terms of her relationships (wife/mother/daughter of). Do not begin a biography with: "Susan Smith is the daughter of historian Frank Smith and wife of actor John Jones. She is known for her work on game
265:
According to
Graells-Garrido et al. (2015), the lead is a "good proxy for any potential biases expressed by Knowledge (XXG) contributors". The lead may be the only part of an article that is read—especially on mobile devices—so pay close attention to how women are described there. Again, giving women
251:
First names are sometimes needed for clarity. For example, when writing about a family with the same surname, after the initial introductions they can all be referred to by first names. A first name might also be used when a surname is long and double-barreled, and its repetition would be awkward to
1140:
Wagner et al. (2015): "omen on
Knowledge (XXG) tend to be more linked to men than vice versa, which can put women at a disadvantage in terms of—for example—visibility or reachability on Knowledge (XXG). In addition, we find that women's romantic relationships and family-related issues are much more
456:
he greater frequency and burstiness of words related to cognitive mechanisms in men, as well as the more frequent words related to sexuality in women, may indicate a tendency to objectify women in
Knowledge (XXG). ... en are more frequently described with words related to their cognitive processes,
495:
The focus on relationships in articles about women affects internal linking and, therefore, search engine results. One study found that women on
Knowledge (XXG) are more linked to men than men are linked to women. When writing an article about a woman, if you include an internal link to an article
315:
Avoid language that places being a woman ahead of the subject's achievements. Opening the lead with "Smith was the first woman to do X", or "Smith was the first female X", immediately defines her in terms of men who have done the same thing, and it can inadvertently imply: "She may not have been a
482:
When introducing a woman as the parent of an article subject, avoid the common construction, "Smith was born in 1960 to John Smith and his wife, Susan." Consider whether there is an editorial reason to begin with the father's name. If not, try "Susan Jones and her husband, John Smith" or, if the
1130:
Wagner et al. (2015): "n the
English Knowledge (XXG) an article about a notable person that mentions that the person is divorced is 4.4 times more likely to be about a woman rather than a man. We observe similar results in all six language editions. For example, in the German Knowledge (XXG) an
1111:
Milman (2014): "More stylistic choices by journalists further contributed to the paternalistic construction of the protesters as girls and their subjugation to father-like figures ...he press ... infantilized the protesters by referring to them as "the girls" ... and by using their first names
1003:
When illustrating articles about women's health and bodies, use authoritative medical images wherever possible. Make sure the images accurately represent the topic and would not mislead readers. Be particularly careful when using "before and after" images that purport to show the benefits of a
620:
Some will set the cart before the horse, as thus: "My mother and my father are both at home", even as though the goodman of the house did wear no breeches, or that the gray mare were the better horse. ... in speaking at the least let us keep a natural order and set the man before the woman for
451:
researchers found that
Knowledge (XXG) articles about women are more likely to discuss their family, romantic relationships, and sexuality, while articles about men are more likely to contain words about cognitive processes and work. This suggests that Knowledge (XXG) articles objectify women.
316:
very good X, but at least she was the first woman." When prioritizing that the subject is a "first woman", make sure it really is the only notable thing about her. Otherwise start with her own position or accomplishments, and mention the fact that she is a woman afterwards if it is notable.
457:
while women are more frequently described with words related to sexuality. In the full biography text, the cognitive processes and work concerns categories are more bursty in men biographies, meaning that those aspects of men's lives are more important than others at the individual level."
243:
In most situations, avoid referring to a woman by her first name, which can serve to infantilize her. As a rule, after the initial introduction ("Susan Smith is an
Australian anthropologist"), refer to women by their surnames ("Smith is the author of ...").
1075:
216:
Avoid labelling a woman as a female author or female politician, unless her gender is explicitly relevant to the article. In April 2013 several media stories noted that editors on the English Knowledge (XXG) had begun moving women from
461:
A woman's relationships are inevitably discussed prominently when essential to her notability, but try to focus on her own notable roles or accomplishments first. For example, consider starting articles about women who were
122:; as of November 2020, only 18.64% of our biographies are about women. This page may help to identify the subtle and more obvious ways in which titles, language, images, and linking practices can discriminate against women.
474:
When discussing a woman married to a man, write "A is married to B" instead of "A is the wife of B", which casts the male as possessor. Avoid the expression "man and wife", which generalizes the husband and
159:
As of 10 March 2020, the English Knowledge (XXG) hosted 1,693,225 biographies, 291,649 (18.27%) of which were about women. As a result of sourcing issues, almost all biographies before 1900 are of men.
213:, than articles about men are to contain the male equivalents. This suggests that editors see male as the default or null gender, and that biographies are assumed to be of men unless otherwise stated.
1121:
Graells-Garrido, Lalmas and Menczer (2015): "Sex-related content is more frequent in women biographies than men's, while cognition-related content is more highlighted in men biographies than women's."
167:(BLPs) about women was under 20%, but the numbers have been rising steadily since 2012–2013. As of 5 May 2019, the English Knowledge (XXG) hosted 906,720 BLPs, according to figures produced by
229:. Treating a man who is a writer as a "writer" and a woman as a "woman writer" presents women as "marked", or the Other, requiring an adjective to differentiate them from the male default.
479:
the wife. Do not refer to a woman as Mrs. John Smith; when using an old citation that does this, try to find and use the woman's own name, as in: "Susan Smith (cited as Mrs. J. Smith)".
466:, which is a significant role, with "served as First Lady of the United States from to ", followed by a brief summary of her achievements, rather than "is/was the wife of President X".
1000:
imagery, where women are presented as objects of heterosexual male appreciation. When adding an image of part of a woman's body, consider cropping the image to focus on that body part.
175:. Wikidata identified 697,402 of these as male and 205,117 as female. The percentages of those that specified a gender were 77.06% male and 22.67% female; 0.27% had another gender.
1013:
590:. Sentences such as "man has difficulty in childbirth" illustrate that these are not grammatically inclusive terms (trans men notwithstanding). Depending on the context, use
364:. It includes parameters for hair and eye colour and previously contained parameters for bust, hip, waist size and weight. The latter were removed in March 2016 following
487:
Jones, and her husband, John", or "Susan and John Smith". Where there are several examples of "X and spouse" in an article, alternate the order of male and female names.
928:
Avoid using openly sexist sources unless there is a strong editorial reason to use them. For example, do not use pornographic or men's websites and magazines (such as
1634:
2008:
Wagner, Claudia; Garcia, David; Jadidi, Mohsen; Strohmaier, Markus (2015). "It's a Man's Knowledge (XXG)? Assessing Gender Inequality in an Online Encyclopedia".
1280:
715:
156:
Among editors of the English Knowledge (XXG) who specify a gender in their preferences, 115,941 (16.7%) were female and 576,106 male as of 13 June 2019.
2348:
671:
Do not refer to adult women as girls or ladies, unless when quoting, using common expressions, proper nouns, or titles that cannot be avoided (e.g.,
1290:
310:
if it mentions that "she's the first woman to ...." The test raises awareness of how gender becomes more important than a person's achievements.
2062:
2159:
1051:
1069:
684:
118:
who have declared a gender say that they are female. The gender disparity, together with the need for reliable sources, contributes to the
46:
It contains the advice or opinions of one or more Knowledge (XXG) contributors. This page is not an encyclopedia article, nor is it one of
47:
448:
331:, as of the same date, began with the positions they held, and only then said that they were the first or only women to have held them.
2343:
982:
418:
1842:
Graells-Garrido, Eduardo; Lalmas, Mounia; Menczer, Filippo (August 2015). "First Women, Second Sex: Gender Bias in Knowledge (XXG)".
2126:
1868:
222:
2114:
1309:
744:) is increasingly avoided in sentences that might refer to women and men or girls and boys. Instead of "each student must hand in
1954:
Holmes, Janet (2000). "Ladies and gentlemen: corpus analysis and linguistic sexism". In Mair, Christine; Hundt, Marianne (eds.).
1999:
Milman, Noa (2014). "Mothers, Mizrahi, and Poor: Contentious Media Framings of Mothers' Movements". In Woehrle, Lynne M. (ed.).
463:
365:
1990:
McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2014). "Gender and its relation to sex: The myth of 'natural' gender". In Corbett, Greville G. (ed.).
1958:. Freiburg im Breisgau: 20th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora, 1999. pp. 143–155.
443:, a professor of botany. Her artistic talent was recognized early on and she became a renowned painter of floral still lifes."
1004:
particular treatment. Check that the images really do show the same woman and that the source of the images can be trusted.
981:
Avoid images that objectify women. In particular, do not use pornography images in articles that are not about pornography.
985:
states that "photographs taken in a pornography context would normally be inappropriate for articles about human anatomy".
719:
518:
2338:
966:
627:
218:
146:
2085:
1018:
When writing about women's health, make sure medical claims are sourced according to the medical sourcing guideline,
119:
1798:
Bodine, Ann (1975). "Androcentrism in prescriptive grammar: singular 'they,' sex-indefinite 'he,' and 'he or she'".
2218:
2207:
McConnell-Ginet, Sally (1984). "The origins of sexist language in discourse", in S. J. White and V. Teller (eds.).
1328:
252:
read and write. When a decision is made to use first names for editorial reasons, use them for both women and men.
2028:
1896:"The Knowledge (XXG) Gender Gap Revisited: Characterizing Survey Response Bias with Propensity Score Estimation"
1885:
Hegarty, Peter (2014). "Ladies and gentlemen: Word order and gender in English". In Corbett, Greville G. (ed.).
428:
1112:
rather than referring to them by their family names as is the custom when writing about political figures ..."
354:
When writing about a woman who works or has worked as a model but is not primarily known for that role, avoid
1731:
524:
372:
201:. Researchers have found that Knowledge (XXG) articles about women are more likely to contain words such as
1235:
1026:, which in this context refers to studies in which the authors participated. Rely instead on peer-reviewed
957:
358:
2127:"'Blatant sexism': why is a great painter who lived to 101 still defined by a man she left in the 1950s?"
51:
2095:
135:
392:
284:
61:
1907:
1764:
1184:
864:
115:
1030:
that offer an overview of several studies. Secondary sources acceptable for medical claims include
514:
2274:
39:
2013:
1874:
1847:
1822:
1815:
1787:
696:
198:
184:
1019:
699:
which said there had been "30 young ladies in the competition", and in a March 2015 revision of
1093:
Women are thought to comprise between 8.5% and 16.1% of editors on the English Knowledge (XXG).
1934:
1865:
1674:
1628:
1577:
1569:
1047:
1039:
1035:
874:
328:
1620:
1561:
1553:
1537:
1505:
1256:
1063:
2297:
1925:
1915:
1857:
1807:
1779:
1027:
940:
680:
422:
168:
164:
111:
language, perpetuate sexist stereotypes, or otherwise demonstrate prejudice against women.
2262:
1945:
Holmes, Janet (2004). "Power, Ladies and Linguistic Politeness". In Bucholtz, Mary (ed.).
857:
850:
676:
440:
307:
278:
1281:"Computational Linguistics Reveals How Knowledge (XXG) Articles Are Biased Against Women"
1911:
2252:
2242:
2091:
1929:
1895:
1031:
1023:
974:
417:
theory." An example of the kind of title the Knowledge (XXG) community has rejected is
1346:
2332:
2286:
1825:
1043:
811:
436:
324:
248:
is an example of an editor correcting the inappropriate use of a woman's first name.
192:
2078:
1790:
773:
Rewrite the sentence to remove the pronoun: "student assignments must be handed in."
663:—has implications for their status, so consider alternating the order as you write.
54:. Some essays represent widespread norms; others only represent minority viewpoints.
2307:
2190:
2176:
2155:
2131:
1877:
1076:
Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Women in Red/Essays/Writing women into the encyclopedia
672:
320:
238:
188:
82:
2071:
1920:
1102:
Another 2,464 had some other value, 1,220 had none, and 517 were not on Wikidata.
770:
Alternate between the masculine and feminine in different paragraphs or sections.
961:
763:
assignment." This is often done to signal the writer's rejection of the generic
700:
432:
2180:
2067:
2010:
Proceedings of the Ninth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media
1811:
989:
869:
688:
476:
226:
1861:
1385:
1383:
997:
953:
319:
For example, as of 10 March 2015, Knowledge (XXG) described Russian chemist
1937:
1706:
2115:"Eight words that reveal the sexism at the heart of the English language"
1783:
1724:
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition
1163:
340:
172:
2081:, Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Open Collaboration.
1818:
993:
934:
729:
510:
344:
323:
solely in terms of four first-woman benchmarks. But the biographies of
17:
1844:
Proceedings of the 26th ACM Conference on Hypertext & Social Media
347:) and a source of discrimination against women. For example, the word
2018:
929:
108:
89:
2202:
The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing for Writers, Editors and Speakers
1852:
197:
Avoid language and images that make male the "Self" and female the
1650:
1648:
1291:"More Like Dude-ipedia: Study Shows Knowledge (XXG)'s Sexist Bias"
965:
427:
81:
2079:"Monitoring the Gender Gap with Wikidata Human Gender Indicators"
16:"WP:WAW" redirects here. For the "words as words" guideline, see
1329:"Knowledge (XXG) bumps women from 'American novelists' category"
368:. If you add an infobox (they are not required), consider using
351:
is more likely to appear in a woman's infobox than in a man's.
225:, while leaving men in the main category. Linguists call this
25:
1772:
Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics
703:, which discussed "the different numbers of men and ladies".
266:"marked" treatment can convey subtle assumptions to readers.
2247:
Speaking Freely: Unlearning the Lies of the Fathers' Tongues
1765:"Unsupervised Discovery of Biographical Structure from Text"
1489:
1477:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1389:
1374:
1268:
1221:
988:
Except when the topic is necessarily tied to it (examples:
752:
Rewrite the sentence in the plural: "students must hand in
1846:. HT '15. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.
2304:, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons; 2nd edition, 2014.
2257:
You Just Don't Understand: Women and Men in Conversation
2228:
Frank, Francine Harriet and Treichler, Paula A. (1989).
2044:. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
1635:"Ladies First: German Universities Edit Out Gender Bias"
2003:. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. pp. 53–82.
1754:
pronoun". In Renouf, Antoinette; Kehoe, Andrew (eds.).
1592:
1588:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1014:
Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine)
407:
400:
292:
245:
69:
2215:. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences, 123–135.
1981:
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach (2004) . Bucholtz, Mary (ed.).
1549:
1158:
1156:
767:, the "linguistic equivalent of affirmative action".
2232:. New York: Modern Language Association of America.
1310:"Knowledge (XXG)'s Sexism Toward Female Novelists"
1179:
1177:
759:Use feminine pronouns: "each student must hand in
483:woman has taken her husband's name, "Susan Smith,
2291:Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries
1983:Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries
1947:Language and Woman's Place: Text and Commentaries
1833:Eckert, Penelope; McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003).
1756:Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments
2040:Wilson, Thomas (1994) . Medine, Peter E. (ed.).
1963:Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002).
1686:
1666:
1654:
1604:
2302:The Handbook of Language, Gender, and Sexuality
2225:. London: Routledge; revised 2nd edition, 1992.
1616:
618:
454:
304:
1965:The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
1689:, 493; for a history of "singular they", see
1345:For marked and unmarked, see Deborah Tannen,
1185:"Gender by language: All time, as of Mar '20"
8:
2077:Klein, Maximilian, et al. (17 August 2016).
2237:The Feminist Critique of Language: A Reader
1737:(Report). Wikimedia Foundation. April 2011.
1726:. American Psychological Association. 2009.
1595:, en.wikipedia.org, accessed 12 March 2015.
1465:
1420:, en.wikipedia.org, accessed 10 March 2015.
1404:, en.wikipedia.org, accessed 10 March 2015.
716:Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns
582:Do not refer to human beings as a group as
527:when describing professions and positions:
435:, Amsterdam, 2017, the artist's hometown: "
306:An article about a woman does not pass the
2230:Language, Gender, and Professional Writing
2213:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
2185:Words and Women: New Language in New Times
1742:Adami, Elisabetta (2009). "To each reader
1454:Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015
1442:Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015
1430:Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015
1390:Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015
1375:Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015
1222:Graells-Garrido, Lalmas & Menczer 2015
1187:. Wikidata Human Gender Indicators (WHGI).
2312:A Beginner's Guide to Language and Gender
2086:"The hidden sexism in workplace language"
2017:
1974:A Beginner's Guide to Language and Gender
1928:
1919:
1894:Hill, Benjamin Mako; Shaw, Aaron (2013).
1851:
1052:Knowledge (XXG) talk:WikiProject Medicine
639:The order in which groups are introduced—
114:As of June 2019, 16.7% of editors on the
2278:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2113:Shariatmadari, David (27 January 2016).
1967:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1956:Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
1236:"Gender and deletion on Knowledge (XXG)"
1209:
1070:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Women in Red
840:
821:assignment". It is most often used with
799:Use a composite form for the nominative—
695:can be seen in a March 2015 revision of
48:Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
2275:Gender Shifts in the History of English
2269:, New York: Cambridge University Press.
2110:to modify nouns, as in "woman doctor").
1837:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1694:
1533:
1152:
1086:
748:assignment", try one of the following.
2200:Miller, Casey and Swift, Kate (1980).
2063:User:Tony1/How to improve your writing
1690:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1517:
1362:
983:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Images
105:writing about women on Knowledge (XXG)
2074:, TEDx (discusses sexualized images).
2029:"Do's and Don'ts for Singular 'They'"
1670:
1624:
1289:Titlow, John Paul (2 February 2015).
387:Defining women by their relationships
339:Infoboxes are an important source of
7:
2293:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2209:Discourse and Reading in Linguistics
1985:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1949:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1501:
1252:
2349:Knowledge (XXG) essays about gender
2317:Corbett, Greville G. (ed.) (2014).
2265:and McConnell-Ginet, Sally (2003).
2204:. New York: Lippincott and Crowell.
2197:, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
2072:"Growing Up in a Pornified Culture"
2001:Intersectionality and Social Change
1763:Bamman, David; Smith, Noel (2014).
1529:
1308:Amanda Filipacchi (24 April 2013).
1197:
1164:"Overall ratio of declared genders"
1072:, addressing the content gender gap
685:Ladies' Gaelic Football Association
185:Other (philosophy) § Sex and gender
2285:(original text), in Robin Lakoff,
419:Sarah Brown (wife of Gordon Brown)
52:thoroughly vetted by the community
14:
2239:. London and New York: Routledge.
1550:Eckert & McConnell-Ginet 2003
1050:. When in doubt, ask for help at
895:When someone leaves the library,
223:Category:American women novelists
2314:, Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
1022:. As a rule this means avoiding
579:) unless the topic requires it.
145:
134:
29:
23:Essay on editing Knowledge (XXG)
2235:Cameron, Deborah (ed.) (1990).
1732:Knowledge (XXG) Editors' Survey
464:First Lady of the United States
120:gender imbalance of our content
2223:Feminism and Linguistic Theory
2084:Peters, Mark (30 March 2017).
2027:Whitman, Neal (4 March 2010).
1633:Wilder, Charly (5 July 2013).
1327:Alison Flood (25 April 2013).
870:Independent possessive pronoun
1:
2344:Knowledge (XXG) how-to essays
2173:. New York: Harper & Row.
2125:Hessel, Katy (12 June 2023).
888:When I greet a friend, I hug
817:: "each student must hand in
165:biographies of living persons
107:, ensure articles do not use
93:
2160:"Language and women's place"
2096:"Language: Woman vs. female"
1921:10.1371/journal.pone.0065782
1687:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1667:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1655:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1605:Huddleston & Pullum 2002
1347:"Marked Women, Unmarked Men"
881:When I tell someone a joke,
865:Dependent possessive pronoun
720:Gender neutrality in English
691:). The inappropriate use of
519:Gender marking in job titles
2259:, New York: William Morrow.
2249:, New York: Pergamon Press.
1351:The New York Times Magazine
1234:Gray, Andrew (6 May 2019).
971:Girl Straightening Her Hair
776:Write out the alternatives—
279:Finkbeiner test § Checklist
219:Category:American novelists
2365:
2283:Language and Woman's Place
2171:Language and Women's Place
1011:
951:
713:
508:
390:
282:
276:
236:
182:
163:In 2009 the percentage of
59:
15:
2187:. Anchor Press/Doubleday.
1812:10.1017/S0047404500004607
909:Each person drives there
2319:The Expression of Gender
1992:The Expression of Gender
1887:The Expression of Gender
902:A friend lets me borrow
707:Pronouns: Avoid generic
1976:. Multilingual Matters.
1862:10.1145/2700171.2791036
1466:Bamman & Smith 2014
1066:, Gender gap task force
724:The use of the generic
571:. Avoid adding gender (
505:Gender-neutral language
179:Male is not the default
116:English Knowledge (XXG)
2339:Knowledge (XXG) essays
2281:Lakoff, Robin (2004).
2169:Lakoff, Robin (1975).
1972:Jule, Allyson (2008).
1758:. Rodopi. pp. 281–307.
978:
958:Sexual objectification
623:
459:
444:
312:
261:Importance of the lead
100:
92:by an unknown artist,
2272:Curzon, Anne (2003).
1709:, Geek Feminism Wiki.
1693:, p. 131ff. Also see
1285:MIT Technology Review
996:), avoid examples of
969:
431:
85:
50:, as it has not been
2321:. Walter de Gruyter.
1994:. Walter de Gruyter.
1889:. Walter de Gruyter.
1784:10.1162/tacl_a_00189
1617:McConnell-Ginet 2014
1589:"Miss Universe 1956"
1210:Hill & Shaw 2013
661:ladies and gentlemen
525:gender-neutral nouns
439:was the daughter of
2300:, ] (eds.) (2005).
2267:Language and Gender
2164:Language in Society
2070:(2 December 2014).
2042:The Art of Rhetoric
1912:2013PLoSO...865782H
1835:Language and Gender
1800:Language in Society
1287:, 2 February 2015.
846:
515:Language and gender
421:(now a redirect to
2100:The New York Times
1490:Wagner et al. 2015
1478:Wagner et al. 2015
1314:The New York Times
1269:Wagner et al. 2015
1168:quarry.wmflabs.org
1048:medical guidelines
1040:literature reviews
1036:systematic reviews
979:
913:(or, nonstandard,
841:
697:Miss Universe 1956
657:brother and sister
632:Arte of Rhetorique
445:
101:
2298:Meyerhoff, Miriam
2195:Man Made Language
2102:(discusses using
2094:(18 March 2007).
1418:Margaret Thatcher
1240:generalist.org.uk
1028:secondary sources
921:
920:
329:Margaret Thatcher
80:
79:
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2296:Ehrlich, Susan,
2263:Eckert, Penelope
2219:Cameron, Deborah
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635:
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423:Sarah Jane Brown
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2243:Penelope, Julia
2148:(chronological)
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1024:primary sources
1016:
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926:
722:
712:
681:ladies' singles
677:lady-in-waiting
669:
645:male and female
637:
625:
621:manners' sake.
616:
521:
507:
502:
493:
472:
441:Frederik Ruysch
414:
413:
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2167:
2166:, 2(1), 45–80.
2158:(April 1973).
2152:
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2005:
1996:
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1806:(2): 129–146.
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1006:
975:Magnus Enckell
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569:police officer
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491:Internal links
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1906:(6): e65782.
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1532:, pp. 72–73;
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1414:Indira Gandhi
1410:
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756:assignments."
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642:
641:man and woman
636:
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629:
628:Thomas Wilson
622:
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382:Relationships
381:
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359:Infobox model
352:
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325:Indira Gandhi
322:
317:
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302:"First woman"
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293:WP:FIRSTWOMAN
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193:Androcentrism
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2184:
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2163:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2132:The Guardian
2130:
2119:The Guardian
2118:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2055:
2054:
2041:
2032:
2019:1501.06307v1
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1843:
1834:
1803:
1799:
1775:
1771:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1723:
1702:
1695:Whitman 2010
1682:
1662:
1638:
1632:
1612:
1600:
1584:
1545:
1534:Hegarty 2014
1525:
1513:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1425:
1409:
1402:Anna Volkova
1397:
1370:
1358:
1350:
1341:
1333:The Guardian
1332:
1322:
1313:
1303:
1295:Fast Company
1294:
1288:
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1167:
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781:
777:
764:
760:
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741:
737:
733:
725:
723:
708:
692:
673:leading lady
670:
660:
656:
652:
649:Mr. and Mrs.
648:
644:
640:
638:
631:
624:
619:
607:
603:
600:human beings
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
581:
576:
573:female pilot
572:
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522:
494:
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455:
446:
415:
353:
348:
338:
321:Anna Volkova
318:
314:
305:
268:
264:
250:
242:
239:MOS:LASTNAME
233:Use surnames
215:
210:
206:
202:
196:
189:Male as norm
162:
158:
155:
113:
104:
102:
86:
37:
2181:Swift, Kate
2106:instead of
2068:Dines, Gail
2012:: 454–463.
1778:: 363–376.
1716:Works cited
1707:"Male gaze"
1691:Bodine 1975
1639:Der Spiegel
1593:Mixer dance
1574:Holmes 2000
1566:Holmes 2004
1558:Lakoff 2004
1518:Wilson 1994
1363:Milman 2014
1012:Main page:
962:Scopophilia
728:(masculine
701:Mixer dance
553:firefighter
433:Rijksmuseum
273:First woman
169:Andrew Gray
38:This is an
2333:Categories
1853:1502.02341
1671:Adami 2009
1669:, p. 493;
1625:Adami 2009
1148:References
990:downblouse
952:See also:
911:themselves
858:Accusative
854:(subject)
851:Nominative
786:his or her
782:him or her
714:See also:
689:First Lady
614:Word order
577:male nurse
509:See also:
277:See also:
237:See also:
227:markedness
183:See also:
1826:146362006
1657:, p. 493.
1607:, p. 492.
1520:, p. 193.
1502:Jule 2008
1480:, p. 460.
1468:, p. 369.
1253:Jule 2008
998:male-gaze
954:Male gaze
875:Reflexive
861:(object)
842:Singular
812:singular
778:he or she
596:humankind
541:bartender
447:In 2015,
408:WP:SPOUSE
393:Shortcuts
378:instead.
335:Infoboxes
2310:(2008).
2255:(1990).
2245:(1990).
2221:(1985).
2193:(1980).
2183:(1976).
1938:23840366
1900:PLOS ONE
1791:10896312
1530:APA 2009
1198:WMF 2011
1058:See also
1020:WP:MEDRS
915:themself
831:everyone
810:Use the
732:such as
730:pronouns
634:, 1553).
592:humanity
549:comedian
500:Language
470:Marriage
341:metadata
285:Shortcut
173:Wikidata
62:Shortcut
2289:(ed.),
2056:General
1930:3694126
1908:Bibcode
1878:1082360
1819:4166805
1675:294–295
1629:297–298
1578:143–155
1570:151–157
1492:, p. 9.
1456:, p. 2.
1432:, p. 4.
1392:, p. 8.
1377:, p. 3.
1200:, p. 2.
1064:WP:GGTF
994:upskirt
935:Playboy
924:Sources
823:someone
794:his/her
790:him/her
588:mankind
537:aviator
511:MOS:GNL
345:DBpedia
199:"Other"
18:MOS:WAW
2108:female
2088:, BBC.
1673:, pp.
1627:, pp.
1576:, pp.
1552:, pp.
1536:, pp.
977:, 1902
960:, and
948:Images
938:, and
930:AskMen
904:theirs
885:laugh.
835:no one
827:anyone
693:ladies
533:author
517:, and
349:spouse
207:female
191:, and
171:using
109:sexist
90:fresco
87:Sappho
70:WP:WAW
2104:woman
2014:arXiv
1875:S2CID
1848:arXiv
1823:S2CID
1816:JSTOR
1788:S2CID
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