865:...Richards' supervisor in moral science for his "last two years, nearly" .... W. E. Johnson ... was important "not so much for any one thing, but in the general intellectual rigor and imagination brought to bear upon issues." He was a "quiet, gentle man" who suffered badly from asthma. When Richards went to King's for supervision he would often find him lying in bed and would take notes from a man "quietly delivering monologues." Compared with McTaggart ... Johnson was "more judicious, more balanced, more interested in trying to say and restate what others thought. McTaggart was ... always trying to push his theories..." ... Johnson's were "lessons in intellectual integrity."
947:
College, W. E. Johnson. The arrangement lasted only a few weeks. Wittgenstein later told F. R. Leavis: 'I found in the first hour that he had nothing to teach me.' ... Leavis was also told by
Johnson: 'At our first meeting he was teaching me.' ... The difference is that Johnson's remark was sardonic, Wittgenstein's completely in earnest. It was actually Johnson who put an end to the arrangement ...
275:
410:, being 1891's "Exchange and Distribution" and 1894's "On Certain Questions Connected with Demand" (the latter being co-written with C. P. Langer). ‘The Pure Theory of Utility Curves’ (1913) was an important paper, representing "a considerable advance in the development of utility theory". Prior to the latter he would also write fourteen entries for the first edition of
330:
have to express my great obligations to my former pupil, Miss Naomi
Bentwich, without whose encouragement and valuable assistance in the composition and arrangement of the work, it would not have been produced in its present form". A fourth volume on probability was never finished, but parts of it would be published posthumously as articles in
1008:
W. E. Johnson ... is very able, but lacking in vigour, and has published almost nothing. His family make a cult of him, and talk as if having the ideas were everything, and writing them out a mere vulgar mechanical labour. It vexes me, because anybody who has ever written knows the intolerable labour
946:
On 1 February 1912 Wittgenstein was admitted as a member of
Trinity College, with Russell as his supervisor. Knowing that he had never received any formal tuition in logic, and feeling that he might benefit from it, Russell arranged for him to be 'coached' by the eminent logician and Fellow of King's
1120:
Johnson was a most acute thinker and a very hard and conscientious worker. He wrote much, but owing to ill-health and excessive diffidence and self-criticism he published very little. After contributing a series of three important articles, entitled "The
Logical Calculus,' to the first three volumes
329:
This work may never have been published if it had not been for the efforts of
Newnham student Naomi Bentwich (1891–1988). Bentwich persuaded him to publish, typed and co-edited the manuscript and encouraged him to finish the project. The preface to the first volume carries the acknowledgement: "I
1093:
he gave above all the impression of one steadily pursuing his own way, and of not caring very much whether his views became known or not, or whether anyone agreed with him. It was the pure intellectual desire to reach truth, rather than the desire to-spread it or the hope of acquiring reputation,
258:
in logic but this was an arrangement that was both brief and unsuccessful. Although they had strong disagreements on logic and philosophy, when they did not speak about these things they got along very well. Wittgenstein committed 200 pounds a year to a research fund for
Johnson.
402:"His neologisms, as rarely happens, have won wide acceptance: such phrases as "ostensive definition", such contrasts as those between ... "determinates" and "determinables", "continuants" and "occurrents", are now familiar in philosophical literature." (Passmore, 1957, p.346)
355:
and
Bertrand Russell. Gandon contends that "many of Johnson's insights are today an integral part of philosophy" and that this is so especially of Johnson's doctrine of determinable and determinate. Johnson's work and influence in this latter regard is discussed in the
45:
1009:
of getting one's ideas into proper shape, long after they have seemed all right as mere thoughts. Universities are full of people who ought to write and don't — I always feel annoyed with them, and with people who minimize the labour of actually producing something.
1399:, would be unfair and would not give credit to the richness of his thought. Indeed, many of Johnson's insights are today an integral part of philosophy. ... This is especially the case with Johnson's doctrine of determinable and determinate ..
311:
also proffered a charitable partial explanation of his reluctance to publish. In plainer terms, C. D. Broad wrote that
Johnson "wrote much, but owing to ill-health and excessive diffidence and self-criticism he published very little."
804:
289:
Johnson, who suffered poor health, published little. That, though "very able", he was "lacking in vigour" and had "published almost nothing" is a matter
Bertrand Russell commented upon unsympathetically in a letter to
174:, Cambridge, and the Liverpool Royal Institution School. At the age of around eight he became seriously ill and developed severe asthma and lifelong ill health. Due to this his education was frequently disrupted.
381:"As a material machine economises the exertion of force, so a symbolic calculus economises the exertion of intelligence ... the more perfect the calculus, the smaller the intelligence compared to the results."
344:
was "dated", even at publication, Sébastien Gandon argues that it would be unfair, given "the richness of his thought", to see
Johnson "only as a member of the British logic 'old guard' pushed aside by the
1761:
565:
983:
1845:
1021:
199:, which he held for several years. He was a University Teacher of Theory of Education 1893-98 and, from 1896 until 1901, University Lecturer in Moral Sciences at the
1121:
of Mind in 1892 to 1894, he published nothing in philosophy until 1918, when he broke his long silence with two articles in Mind entitled "The Analysis of Thinking'.
1025:
1456:
1043:
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373:"The Logical Calculus" (1892) reveals the technical capabilities of Johnson's youth, and that he was significantly influenced by the formal logical work of
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77:
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the book was already dated at the time of its publication. But seeing Johnson only as a member of the British logic 'old guard', pushed aside by the
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ensured his election to the British Academy and won him honorary degrees from the universities of Manchester and Aberdeen. Though conceding that
1819:
475:
195:
Having failed to win a prize fellowship, he taught mathematics. His first teaching post was as a lecturer in Psychology and Education at the
710:
1812:
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which seemed to drive him on. And this perhaps partly explains that reluctance to publish, which was in the end so fortunately overcome.
358:
185:
in 1882. He stayed on to study for the Moral Sciences Tripos from which he graduated in 1883 with a First Class degree. He was also a
776:
274:
182:
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In 1895 he married Barbara Keymer. After her sudden death in 1904 his sister Fanny moved in with him to care for his two sons.
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He attended the Llandaff House School, Cambridge where his father was the proprietor and headteacher, then the
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305:, more kindly reports that "his critical intellect did not readily lend itself to authorship". A memorial in
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200:
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564:"may have been taken in 1902, when Johnson became a Fellow of King's College" -Zabell, Sandy L. (1982) "
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Johnson was born in Cambridge on 23 June 1858 to William Henry Farthing Johnson and his wife, Harriet (
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which was based on his lectures, Its volumes appeared, along with favourable reviews in the journal
823:
The Harvard Lectures of Alfred North Whitehead, 1924-1925: Philosophical Presuppositions of Science
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1913, with W. E. Johnson sat in the middle of the front row (to the right of Bertrand Russell)
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Lecturership, positions he held until his death. In 1923 he was elected a Fellow of the
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44:
1829:
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1704:
1684:
1667:
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1519:
1106:
Broad, C. D. (1957). "The local historical background of contemporary Cambridge". In
395:
167:
Brimley). He was their fifth child. The family were Baptists and political liberals.
1773:
638:
406:
Johnson also wrote three papers on economics. The first two, both published in the
302:
1822:(a 'local history' article with information about Johnson's school and ancestors).
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266:, Northampton, on 14 January 1931 and is buried at Grantchester, Cambridgeshire.
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144:
1552:"W. E. Johnson's 1913 Paper and the Question of his Knowledge of Pareto"
1625:
1497:
1283:
1241:
1199:
1157:
1088:
1064:
906:
622:
541:
532:
985:
The selected letters of Bertrand Russell. The private years, 1884-1914
523:
1476:
Prior, A. N. (1949). "Determinables, Determinates and Determinants".
1419:(Spring 2017 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
204:
1617:
1536:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.
1465:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd.
181:
to read mathematics having won a scholarship and was placed 11th
147:
and economic theorist. He is mainly remembered for his 3 volume
1643:. London School of Economics and Political Science. p. 96.
1373:
Early Analytic Philosophy - New Perspectives on the Tradition
821:
First semester. (2017). In P. Bogaard & J. Bell (Eds.),
1369:"Wittgenstein's Color Exclusion and Johnson's Determinable"
1114:
British Philosophy in the mid-century a cambridge symposium
988:. Griffin, Nicholas. London: Routledge. pp. 433–434.
1257:"Mr. Johnson on the Logical Foundations of Science (II.)"
1436:
Having also been discussed in that article's precursor
524:"Probability: The Relations of Proposal to Supposal.,"
877:
Wisdom, John (1944). "L. Susan Stebbing, 1885-1943".
465:
Bibliothèque du Congrès International de Philosophie,
542:"Probability: The Deductive and Inductive Problems,"
315:
Johnson's major publication was a three volume work
1215:"Mr. Johnson on the Logical Foundations of Science"
139:(23 June 1858 – 14 January 1931), usually cited as
122:
114:
104:
85:
54:
30:
16:
British philosopher, logician and economic theorist
1641:Precursors in Mathematical Economics: An Anthology
1375:. Springer International Publishing. p. 269.
1111:
964:
1524:"Some Cambridge Philosophers; and Wittgenstein's
971:. Cornell University Press. pp. 108, 121.
254:'s request) Johnson also attempted to 'coach'
1045:The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes
8:
1639:Baumol, W. J.; Goldfeld, S.N., eds. (1968).
1020:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
719:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
657:"W. E. Johnson's "Sufficientness" Postulate"
19:For other people named William Johnson, see
1820:The Story of Llandaff House and its Academy
1744:1930 photographic portrait of W. E. Johnson
1320:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
1118:. p. 23 – via Internet Archive.
589:(2nd ed, 2008.) Palgrave Macmillan, London
294:of 23 February 1913. Johnson's obituary in
78:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1559:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
1065:"W. E. Johnson (1858-1931): An Impression"
1024:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
43:
27:
1764:featuring Johnson (with, amongst others,
672:
587:The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.
425:(and had been a colleague of his father
273:
1797:. London: Gerald Duckworth And Co. Ltd.
1417:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
923:Ludwig Wittgenstein: The Duty of Genius
716:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
557:
421:He was also of particular influence on
211:, and appointed to the (newly-created)
1312:
1310:
1013:
982:Russell, Bertrand, 1872-1970. (2002).
461:"Sur la théorie des equations logiques
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1656:
1654:
1652:
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1545:
1543:
1362:
1360:
967:Letters to Russell, Keynes, and Moore
711:"Johnson, William Ernest (1858–1931)"
583:"Johnson, William Ernest (1858–1931)"
538:, vol. 41, no. 163, 1932, pp. 281–96,
7:
1846:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
805:"Johnson, William Ernest (JHN878WE)"
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547:, vol. 41, no. 164, 1932, pp. 409–23
1861:People educated at The Perse School
1813:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1602:"The Pure Theory of Utility Curves"
585:In: Durlauf S.N., Blume L.E. (eds)
529:, vol. 41, no. 161, 1932, pp. 1–16,
469:, Logique et Histoire des Sciences,
359:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
118:Philosopher, logician and economist
777:Proceedings of the British Academy
392:cites this article several times.
197:Cambridge Women's Training College
14:
1752:National Portrait Gallery, London
845:. London: Routledge. p. 46.
476:The Pure Theory of Utility Curves
377:. The article begins as follows:
364:on Determinables and Determinates
1413:"Determinables and Determinates"
1344:www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk
1053:doi:10.1017/upo9781139524230.037
1042:, 15 January 1931. Reprinted in
842:I.A. Richards: His Life and Work
151:which introduced the concept of
21:William Johnson (disambiguation)
926:. London: Vintage. p. 42.
415:Dictionary of Political Economy
1807:Determinates vs. Determinables
1439:Determinates vs. Determinables
829:). Edinburgh University Press.
604:"Predicting the unpredictable"
1:
1794:A Hundred Years of Philosophy
1533:A Hundred Years of Philosophy
1462:A Hundred Years Of Philosophy
1415:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1340:"William Johnson (1858-1931)"
1303:. Cambridge University Press.
1160:– via Internet Archive.
959:Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1974).
143:, was a British philosopher,
1758:Cambridge Moral Science Club
1371:. In Costreie, Sorin (ed.).
737:UK public library membership
485:Vol. 23, No. 92 (Dec., 1913)
222:Johnson's students included
1457:"New Developments in Logic"
809:A Cambridge Alumni Database
709:Braithwaite, R. B. (2004).
203:. In 1902 he was elected a
1877:
1367:Gandon, Sébastien (2016).
1317:"Johnson, William Ernest."
1173:"Review of Logic, Part II"
1135:"Review of Logic: Part I."
811:. University of Cambridge.
18:
1571:10.1080/09557570500183553
891:10.1093/mind/LIII.211.283
839:Russo, John Paul (2015).
655:Zabell, Sandy L. (1982).
326:in 1921, 1922, and 1924.
179:King's College, Cambridge
109:King's College, Cambridge
99:, England, United Kingdom
42:
1490:10.1093/mind/lviii.229.1
1411:Wilson, Jessica (2017),
769:"William Ernest Johnson"
661:The Annals of Statistics
488:"Analysis of Thinking,"
440:Treatise on Trigonometry
1729:hypertext transcription
1709:hypertext transcription
1689:hypertext transcription
1600:Johnson, W. E. (1913).
1455:Passmore, John (1957).
1297:Johnson, W. E. (1921).
412:R. H. Inglis Palgrave's
408:Cambridge Economic Club
201:University of Cambridge
1550:Moscati, Ivan (2005).
1133:Gibson, James (1921).
725:10.1093/ref:odnb/34206
674:10.1214/aos/1176345975
602:Zabell, S. L. (1992).
533:"Probability: Axioms,"
404:
383:
375:Charles Sanders Peirce
353:Alfred North Whitehead
286:
133:William Ernest Johnson
59:William Ernest Johnson
49:W. E. Johnson (c.1902)
1397:Principia Mathematica
1255:Broad, C. D. (1924).
1213:Broad, C. D. (1924).
1171:Broad, C. D. (1922).
767:Broad, C. D. (1931).
446:"The Logical Calculus
400:
379:
348:Principia Mathematica
277:
126:Barbara Keymer Heaton
1856:British philosophers
1768:, Bertrand Russell,
1606:The Economic Journal
581:Zabell, S.L. (2008)
481:The Economic Journal
264:St Andrew's Hospital
920:Monk, Ray. (1991).
520:, (Cambridge, 1924)
512:, (Cambridge, 1922)
504:, (Cambridge, 1921)
433:Select publications
427:John Neville Keynes
423:John Maynard Keynes
256:Ludwig Wittgenstein
228:John Maynard Keynes
177:In 1879 he entered
1782:J. M. E. McTaggart
667:(4 ): 1097, 1099.
623:10.1007/BF00485351
287:
280:Moral Science Club
1851:British logicians
1802:Sanford, David H.
1038:"W. E. JOHNSON,"
961:von Wright, G. H.
735:(Subscription or
471:pp. 185–199.
244:R. B. Braithwaite
187:Cambridge Apostle
130:
129:
1868:
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1721:Internet Archive
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727:. Archived from
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292:Ottoline Morrell
252:Bertrand Russell
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731:on 9 June 2019.
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153:exchangeability
105:Alma mater
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467:Volume 3, 1901
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368:Jessica Wilson
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250:. In 1912 (at
248:Susan Stebbing
236:Dorothy Wrinch
224:I. A. Richards
209:King's College
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1770:Dawes Hicks
1108:Mace, C. A.
617:(2 ): 229.
591:also online
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552:References
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