610:
877:
94:
31:
863:
2090:
627:, water would begin to pond in the divide between a moraine and the ice front. The ice would act as a dam as water could not drain through the ice sheet, which in the Wisconsin period covered most of the proglacial river valleys. Numerous small, isolated water bodies formed between the moraine and the ice front. As the ice sheet would continue to melt and recede northward, these ponds combined into
631:. In areas without an available outlet, the water levels would either continue to rise until reaching one or more low spots along the rim of a moraine, or the ice sheet would retreat, opening access to a lower portion of the moraine. Multiple outlets could form through low spots too until one would become dominant after erosion lowered both the outlet and lake surface.
814:
North
American flora and fauna species were distributed quite differently during the Wisconsin era, due to altered temperatures, surface water distribution, and in some cases coverage of earth surface by glaciers. A number of scientific studies have been conducted to determine species distribution,
218:
glacial topography that its glaciers extended over. The Late
Wisconsin ice sheet extended more towards the west than the earlier movements. This may have been due to changes in the accumulation center of the ice sheet, topographic changes introduced by the Early phase or by pressure changes in the
213:
Two related movements have been termed
Wisconsin: Early Wisconsin and Late Wisconsin. The Early Wisconsin was the bigger of the two and extended farther west and south. It retreated an unknown distance before halting. During this period of quiet, the glacial deposits were eroded and weathered.
1361:
Correlation of
Wisconsin Glacial Maxima; Ernst Antevs; ca 1943; The Quaternary Geology of Southeastern Wisconsin with a Chapter on the Older Rock Formations, Professional Paper 106; William C. Alden; United States Geological Survey; Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.;
727:
Northern
Washington, Idaho, and Montana to the Continental Divide – north of Edmonton – 65 miles east of Edmonton – northwest corner of North Dakota – Des Moines – west end of Lake Superior – Milwaukee – Port Huron – Buffalo – Schuylerville – St. Johnsbury.
1257:
Chapter II. Glacial
History of the Huron-Erie Basin; Geological Report on Wayne County; W.H. Sherzer; Michigan Geological and Biological Survey, Publication 12, Geological Series 9; Lansing, Michigan; Wynkoop Hallenbeck Crawford Co., State Printers;
601:. The Cordilleran Ice Sheet has more of an Alpine style of many glaciers merged into a whole. The striations made by the ice field in moving over the bedrock show that it moved principally to the west through the passes of the coast range.
70:, which covered the high latitudes of central and eastern North America. This advance was synchronous with global glaciation during the last glacial period, including the North American alpine glacier advance, known as the
1283:
Boellstorff, J (1978). "Chronology of some Late
Cenozoic deposits from the central United States and the Ice Ages"(pdf). Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Science 6: 35–49. Retrieved 2012-04-04.
177:, North America's northernmost point that remained south of the continental ice sheets. During much of the glaciation, sea level was low enough to permit land animals, including
1430:
683:. Till is highly permeable and creates a large ground reserve for water. This formation is highly desirable for human economic development as a source of water.
1876:
557:. The ice moved south some 1,500 miles (2,400 km) into Kansas and Missouri. To the west, it reached 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the foothills of the
1352:
The southern
Laurentide Ice Sheet; Cavid M. Mickelson and Patrick M. Colgan; Department of Geology, University of Wisconsin Madison; Madison, Wisconsin; 2003
1870:
790:
is believed to have allowed human occupation of this area which provided potential access for some of the first humans to move between North
America and
2119:
1804:
1780:
1768:
778:
Prehistoric human migration was likely greatly influenced by this last glacial period, as during much of the
Wisconsin era, the formation of a
609:
1423:
1228:
SERC Media; Glacial Grooves, Central Park; Image 14884 is a 208 by 173 pixel JPEG; Uploaded: Apr5 09; Wayne Powell, CUNY Brooklyn College;
815:
particularly during the Late Wisconsin and early to mid-Holocene. An example of findings is from the investigation of flora species using
1810:
1267:
Attig, John W.; Mickelson, David M. (1999). Glacial processes past and present. Boulder, Colo: The Geological Society of America, Inc.
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from the ice mass. Clays could be moved long distances by moving water, while sand and gravel could not. Thus, sand and gravel
847:
is an example of a plant present in the early Holocene following Wisconsin glacial retreat, a species no longer present at the
931:
1737:
2164:
2154:
2114:
371:
The Labrador Ice Sheet centered east of Hudson Bay. Expanding towards the southwest, it reached into the eastern edge of
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2149:
2144:
2129:
1471:
902:
753:
Rockford, Ill. – Peoria – south of Indianapolis – north of Cincinnati – northwestern Pennsylvania – central Long Island
742:
Minneapolis – north Wisconsin – south of Chicago – Central Ohio – 50 miles south of Buffalo – Binghamton - Northampton
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developed along the sides and front of the ice sheet; elongated accumulations of this material are known as
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1960:
1858:
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of the North American ice sheet complex, peaking more than 20,000 years ago. This advance included the
1384:
946: – Time period c. 12,900–11,700 years ago with Northern Hemisphere glacial cooling and SH warming
613:
Proglacial lakes formed in the glacier carved Great Lakes basin, as the ice continued its long retreat
414:
Glacial lobes and sublobes of the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet during the late Wisconsin Glaciation.
1990:
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Northern Washington, Idaho, and Montana – northwest North Dakota – east central Iowa - Minneapolis
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63:
205:, which reshaped the landscape south of modern Chicago as far as the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers.
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1995:
897:
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Chamberlin, Thomas C. and Salisbury, Rollin T., Geology, 3 Vols. 1906, Vol III., pp. 330-333.
1600:
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590:
202:
34:
Maximum glaciation of the Northern Hemisphere (black) during the Quaternary climatic cycles
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1908:
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995:
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928: – Period of major glaciations of the Northern Hemisphere (115,000–12,000 years ago)
17:
30:
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1944:
1903:
891:
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142:
74:. The Wisconsin glaciation extended from about 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, between the
1329:
Geological Framework and Glaciation of the Eastern Area; Christopher L. Hill; pg 82-98
2108:
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2020:
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383:, upwards of 1,600 miles (2,600 km) from its source. Its eastern lobes covered
2005:
1970:
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663:. Wherever a subglacial tunnel began infilling, long winding formations known as
2030:
2015:
2010:
1864:
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816:
802:). Other human migration routes also opened during interglacial periods in both
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would form. The sweeping plain of sand and gravel beyond the ice margin and a
380:
150:
106:
553:
The Keewatin Ice Sheet began west of Hudson Bay in the Canadian Territory of
1154:
1076:
1054:
1017:
1012:
652:
268:
215:
146:
114:
173:
a suture zone between the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets formed the
82:. The maximum ice extent occurred about 25,000–21,000 years ago during the
1408:
1918:
1626:
1176:
919:
783:
660:
576:
388:
372:
182:
79:
675:. The materials left under the glacier when it melts back is called the
1975:
1585:
1575:
1159:
1022:
791:
624:
598:
589:. Unlike the other two ice sheets, this one is mountain based covering
331:
194:
170:
134:
1142:
803:
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648:
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118:
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608:
197:. As the glaciers retreated, glacial lakes were breached in great
130:
92:
29:
1641:
795:
656:
644:
640:
1412:
958:
Historical names of the "four major" glacials in four regions.
105:
This glaciation radically altered the geography north of the
585:
The Cordilleran Ice Sheet has left remnants throughout the
934: – Recent shrinking of glaciers due to global warming
230:
Table VII – Estimated Age of Glacial Episodes (Leverett)
165:
by these glaciers can be easily observed. In southwestern
113:. At the height of the Wisconsin Episode glaciation, the
1208:
Ann G. Harris, Esther Tuttle, Sherwood D. Tuttle. 1997.
482:
Minor lobes: Milwaukee, Two Rivers; Straits of Mackinac
916: – Long-distance hiking trail in the United States
659:. Mounds along the frontal edge of the ice are called
1373:
Why geography matters: three challenges facing America
940: – Chronology of the major ice ages of the Earth
819:
samples in present-day northern Arizona. Here in the
58:; the Innuitian ice sheet, which extended across the
922: – Cylindrical sample drilled from an ice sheet
1953:
1927:
1896:
1759:
1694:
1678:
1619:
1568:
1527:
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1444:
1230:http://serc.carleton.edu/details/images/14884.html
841:has been a continuously present understory plant.
639:Ice melt and rainfall carried large quantities of
623:Whenever the ice sheet melted from the north at a
910: – Prehistoric lake that became Lake Ontario
835:were early to mid-Holocene dominant trees, while
1877:Withrow Moraine and Jameson Lake Drumlin Field
894: – Geological region in the Midwestern US
1424:
605:Formation of proglacial and prehistoric lakes
8:
1871:Two Creeks Buried Forest State Natural Area
214:This first Wisconsin period erased all the
1691:
1616:
1524:
1431:
1417:
1409:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1253:
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1210:Geology of National Parks: Fifth Edition
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1805:Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail
1769:Chippewa Moraine State Recreation Area
1389:, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
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530:unnamed lobe in Quebec – New England
7:
101:caused a much lower global sea level
1811:Ice Age National Scientific Reserve
1090:Historical names of interglacials.
699:Maxima of the Wisconsin ice sheets
1387:Elephant Tree: Bursera microphylla
78:and the current interglacial, the
54:, which nucleated in the northern
25:
1799:Horicon Marsh State Wildlife Area
2089:
2088:
1744:Origin of the Oak Ridges Moraine
1212:, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Publishing
875:
861:
27:North American glacial ice sheet
2120:Glaciology of the United States
687:Stages of the Wisconsin episode
251:Culmination of Early Wisconsin
1807:, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
932:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
243:Culmination of Late Wisconsin
1:
2051:Huelmo–Mascardi Cold Reversal
1398:External links and references
1472:Glacial history of Minnesota
903:Glacial history of Minnesota
763:
749:
738:
723:
702:
417:
199:glacial lake outburst floods
1835:Kettle Moraine State Forest
1738:Lion's Head Provincial Park
593:and reaching into northern
300:
298:Beginning of Pre-Illinoian
292:
280:
272:
261:
253:
245:
238:Years before Present (YBP)
60:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
2191:
1981:Penultimate Glacial Period
1708:Big Rock (glacial erratic)
952:Pleistocene historic names
800:Settlement of the Americas
616:
574:
568:
364:
311:
48:most recent glacial period
2135:Pleistocene United States
2084:
2046:Late Glacial Interstadial
1825:, Minnesota and Wisconsin
1702:Arrowhead Provincial Park
1477:List of prehistoric lakes
733:(Great reduction of ice)
732:
698:
693:
619:List of prehistoric lakes
481:
464:
421:
413:
405:
330:
325:
229:
224:
56:North American Cordillera
44:Wisconsin glacial episode
18:Wisconsin Glacial Episode
2001:Holocene glacial retreat
1793:Glacial Lakes State Park
1732:Foothills Erratics Train
1404:britannica.com reference
1385:C. Michael Hogan, 2009.
587:Northern Rocky Mountains
219:ice mass in the north.
2041:Bølling–Allerød warming
1781:Devil's Lake State Park
1750:Ovayok Territorial Park
1439:Continental glaciations
1371:Harm J. De Blij. 2005.
823:researchers found that
774:Role in human migration
713:Position of ice border
278:Beginning of Illinoian
259:Beginning of Wisconsin
1883:Yosemite National Park
1787:Glacial Lake Wisconsin
1726:Eskers Provincial Park
1714:Cypress Hills (Canada)
1512:Timeline of glaciation
938:Timeline of glaciation
614:
308:Continental ice sheets
290:, i.e., old Nebraskan
129:, as well as parts of
102:
35:
2026:Quaternary glaciation
1961:Quaternary glaciation
1859:Mill Bluff State Park
1823:Interstate State Park
1637:Giant current ripples
1452:Cordilleran ice sheet
908:Glacial Lake Iroquois
826:Juniperus osteosperma
612:
571:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
565:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
393:Long Island, New York
387:and reached south to
349:Newfoundland Ice Cap
96:
52:Cordilleran Ice Sheet
33:
2165:Quaternary Wisconsin
2155:Quaternary Minnesota
2115:Glaciology of Canada
2036:Wisconsin glaciation
1991:Last Glacial Maximum
1507:Post-glacial rebound
1462:Last Glacial Maximum
1457:Laurentide ice sheet
883:North America portal
838:Monardella arizonica
710:Proximate years ago
408:Laurentide Ice Sheet
346:Nova Scotia Ice Cap
342:Laurentide Ice Sheet
314:Laurentide Ice Sheet
163:grooves left in rock
86:, also known as the
84:last glacial maximum
68:Laurentide Ice Sheet
40:Wisconsin glaciation
2175:Last Glacial Period
2150:Quaternary Michigan
2145:Quaternary Colorado
2130:Pleistocene geology
2021:Pre-Illinoian Stage
1986:Last Glacial Period
1775:Coteau des Prairies
1686:Greenland ice sheet
1091:
959:
926:Last Glacial Period
581:Last glacial period
533:Connecticut Valley
338:Keewatin ice sheet
189:) and move between
99:Last Glacial Period
72:Pinedale glaciation
64:Greenland ice sheet
2170:Quaternary Wyoming
2160:Quaternary Montana
2066:4.2 kiloyear event
2061:8.2 kiloyear event
1996:Mousterian Pluvial
1728:, British Columbia
1089:
957:
898:Geology of Ontario
849:Waterman Mountains
615:
549:Keewatin Ice Sheet
471:Harvard-Princeton
361:Labrador Ice Sheet
187:Bering Land Bridge
103:
90:in North America.
66:; and the massive
42:, also called the
36:
2140:Quaternary Canada
2102:
2101:
2071:Piora Oscillation
2031:Sangamonian Stage
1892:
1891:
1674:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1375:, 308 pages, p.69
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1191:
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1086:
844:Celtis reticulata
771:
770:
546:
545:
452:Wisconsin Valley
358:
357:
353:Greenland Ice Cap
305:
304:
169:and southeastern
76:Sangamonian Stage
16:(Redirected from
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1601:Terminal moraine
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669:terminal moraine
629:proglacial lakes
591:British Columbia
403:
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203:Kankakee Torrent
117:covered most of
21:
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2189:
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1966:Illinoian Stage
1949:
1940:Lambert Glacier
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1909:Killary Harbour
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1841:Lake Bonneville
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1482:Proglacial lake
1467:Canadian Shield
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1101:Interglacial 2
1098:Interglacial 1
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810:Flora and fauna
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559:Rocky Mountains
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518:Lake Champlain
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375:and across the
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286:Culmination of
267:Culmination of
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335:
334:
328:
327:
320:
317:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
295:
294:
291:
283:
282:
279:
275:
274:
271:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
210:
207:
143:Kelleys Island
88:Late Wisconsin
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2187:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2056:Younger Dryas
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1853:Lake Missoula
1851:
1848:
1847:Lake Lahontan
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1817:Ice Age Trail
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1720:Eramosa River
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:North America
1677:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1611:Veiki moraine
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1596:Rogen moraine
1594:
1592:
1591:Pulju moraine
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1581:Erratic block
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Tunnel valley
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1508:
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1500:
1498:
1495:
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1490:
1488:
1485:
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1480:
1478:
1475:
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1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:0-8137-2337-X
1270:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1218:0-7872-5353-7
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1150:British Isles
1148:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
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1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1035:British Isles
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
961:
951:
945:
944:Younger Dryas
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
914:Ice Age Trail
912:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
893:
890:
889:
884:
873:
870:
864:
859:
854:
852:
850:
846:
845:
840:
839:
834:
833:
828:
827:
822:
818:
809:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
788:Bering Strait
785:
781:
773:
766:
761:No known ice
760:
757:
756:
752:
746:
745:
741:
735:
731:
726:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
706:
703:
697:
692:
686:
684:
682:
678:
674:
673:outwash plain
671:is called an
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
620:
611:
604:
602:
600:
596:
592:
588:
582:
578:
572:
564:
562:
560:
556:
548:
542:Georges Bank
541:
538:
536:Buzzards Bay
535:
532:
529:
528:
525:
523:
521:Hudson River
520:
517:
515:Lake Ontario
514:
513:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
492:
488:
487:
484:
480:
476:
473:
470:
467:
463:
459:
458:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
426:
425:
418:
412:
409:
404:
398:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
368:
360:
354:
351:
348:
345:
343:
340:
337:
336:
333:
329:
324:
318:
315:
307:
297:
296:
289:
288:Pre-Illinoian
285:
284:
277:
276:
270:
266:
265:
258:
257:
250:
249:
242:
241:
237:
234:
233:
228:
223:
220:
217:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:North America
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:Cypress Hills
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:New York City
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:Upper Midwest
120:
116:
112:
108:
100:
95:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2035:
2006:Oldest Dryas
1976:Interstadial
1971:Interglacial
1954:Time periods
1885:, California
1879:, Washington
1620:Glacifluvial
1569:Depositional
1492:Lake Chicago
1487:Lake Agassiz
1386:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1348:
1279:
1263:
1224:
1209:
1204:
1172:Midwest U.S.
1171:
1149:
1139:Holsteinian
1132:North Europe
1131:
1109:
1062:Midwest U.S.
1061:
1034:
1008:North Europe
1007:
980:
842:
836:
830:
824:
813:
777:
707:Eastern Ice
704:Western Ice
638:
622:
584:
552:
422:Minor Lobes
419:Major Lobes
370:
212:
201:such as the
181:, to occupy
167:Saskatchewan
159:Central Park
104:
87:
43:
39:
37:
2016:Pleistocene
2011:Older Dryas
1873:, Wisconsin
1865:Oneida Lake
1861:, Wisconsin
1837:, Wisconsin
1819:, Wisconsin
1813:, Wisconsin
1801:, Wisconsin
1795:, Minnesota
1789:, Wisconsin
1783:, Wisconsin
1771:, Wisconsin
1657:Outwash fan
1652:Kettle hole
1545:Ribbon lake
1502:Teays River
1187:Sangamonian
1182:Yarmouthian
1120:Mindel-Riss
1115:Günz-Mindel
1082:Wisconsinan
1028:Weichselian
817:pollen core
786:across the
780:land bridge
497:East White
494:Lake Huron
430:Grantsburg
427:Des Moines
385:New England
377:Great Lakes
367:Great Lakes
149:, northern
127:New England
111:Great Lakes
2109:Categories
1935:Antarctica
1928:Antarctica
1914:Monte Rosa
1867:, New York
1647:Kame delta
1606:Till plain
1497:Lake Tight
1196:References
1165:Ipswichian
1050:Wolstonian
1040:Beestonian
975:Glacial 4
972:Glacial 3
969:Glacial 2
966:Glacial 1
806:and Asia.
681:till plain
617:See also:
597:State and
595:Washington
575:See also:
510:Lake Erie
460:Green Bay
433:St. Louis
406:Table III
381:Ohio River
365:See also:
312:See also:
301:1,200,000
151:New Jersey
139:Washington
107:Ohio River
46:, was the
1855:, Montana
1752:, Nunavut
1746:, Ontario
1740:, Ontario
1734:, Alberta
1722:, Ontario
1710:, Alberta
1704:, Ontario
1528:Erosional
1521:Landforms
1155:Cromerian
1125:Riss-Würm
1077:Illinoian
1067:Nebraskan
1055:Devensian
1018:Elsterian
1013:Eburonian
782:known as
747:Tazewell
694:Table IV
653:landforms
539:Cape Cod
455:Langlade
449:Chippewa
399:Ice lobes
326:Table II
269:Illinoian
216:Illinoian
147:Lake Erie
115:ice sheet
2125:Ice ages
2094:Category
1919:Svalbard
1849:, Nevada
1627:Diluvium
1177:Aftonian
1136:Waalian
920:Ice core
855:See also
784:Beringia
721:Valders
718:Mankato
661:moraines
577:glaciers
555:Keewatin
489:Saginaw
477:Decatur
468:Delavan
389:Cape Cod
373:Manitoba
332:Ice Caps
319:Ice caps
293:550,000
281:350,000
273:300,000
262:150,000
254:100,000
225:Table I
183:Beringia
80:Holocene
1897:Eurasia
1586:Moraine
1576:Drumlin
1445:General
1160:Hoxnian
1095:Region
1045:Anglian
1023:Saalian
963:Region
792:Siberia
764:65,500
750:40,000
739:27,500
724:25,000
625:moraine
599:Montana
503:Scioto
474:Peoria
446:Wadena
436:Rainey
379:to the
246:50,000
195:Siberia
171:Alberta
153:and in
135:Montana
1843:, Utah
1831:, Ohio
1762:States
1760:United
1695:Canada
1662:Sandur
1271:
1216:
1143:Eemian
1072:Kansan
991:Mindel
851:site.
804:Europe
758:Iowan
665:eskers
649:gravel
647:, and
500:Miami
179:humans
161:, the
137:, and
125:, and
121:, the
119:Canada
62:; the
1632:Esker
1535:Fjord
798:(see
736:Cary
657:kames
209:Times
185:(the
141:. On
131:Idaho
1642:Kame
1362:1918
1269:ISBN
1258:1913
1214:ISBN
1110:Alps
1001:Würm
996:Riss
986:Günz
981:Alps
829:and
796:Asia
645:sand
641:clay
579:and
391:and
235:Age
193:and
97:The
38:The
794:in
679:or
157:'s
145:in
2111::
1334:^
1288:^
1236:^
643:,
561:.
395:.
133:,
1432:e
1425:t
1418:v
20:)
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