4765:, p. 92 (1996); Purkis provides detailed examples, and also demonstrates how some documents have been misread in a manner which attributes accusations or legal prosecution to men, when in fact the action was brought by a woman. "More numerous than midwives among the accused were women who were engaged in caring for other women's children. Lyndal Roper has shown that many witchcraft accusations in Ausburg in the late sixteenth and early 17th century arose out of conflicts between mothers and the lying-in maids who provided care for them and their infants for a number of weeks after birth. It was not unnatural for the mothers to project their anxieties about their own health, as well as the precarious health of their infants, on to these women. When some misfortune did occur, therefore, the lying-in maids were highly vulnerable to charges of having deprived the baby of nourishment or of having killed it. What is interesting about these accusations is that they originated in tensions among women rather than between men and women. The same can be said regarding many other accusations made against women for harming young children.", Levack,
4793:"In Lorraine the majority were men, particularly when other men were on trial, yet women did testify in large numbers against other women, making up 43 per cent of witnesses in these cases on average, and predominating in 30 per cent of them.", Briggs, 'Witches & Neighbors: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft', p. 264 (1998). "It appears that women were active in building up reputations by gossip, deploying counter-magic and accusing suspects; crystallization into formal prosecution, however, needed the intervention of men, preferably of fairly high status in the community.", ibid., p. 265. "The number of witchcraft quarrels that began between women may actually have been higher; in some cases, it appears that the husband as 'head of household' came forward to make statements on behalf of his wife, although the central quarrel had taken place between her and another woman.", Willis,
1401:
3074:"Doubts about their ability to prove witches unequivocally guilty according to due legal procedure, fears that they would invoke God's wrath against themselves and their subjects if they overstepped its bounds, and a certain humility in thinking that witchcraft was a matter best left up to God, all played a part in encouraging the Rothenburg councillors and their advisers to handle witchcraft cases with caution.", Rowlands, 'Witchcraft narratives in Germany: Rothenburg 1561–1652', p. 59 (2003). "Compelling legal reasons almost always also existed in specific cases to discourage the councillors and their advisers from taking action against sabbat-attenders.", Rowlands, 'Witchcraft narratives in Germany: Rothenburg 1561–1652', p. 57 (2003).
786:
1334 the political dimension of witchcraft accusations disappeared, while the charges remained mild. The large majority of trials until 1375 were in France and
Germany. The number of witch trials rose after 1375, when many municipal courts adopted inquisitorial procedure and penalties for false accusations were abolished. Prominent centres of witch prosecutions were France, Germany, Switzerland and Italy. In Italy a new development occurred when accusations of diabolism gradually became more common and more important in prosecutions, although they were still less common than trials for sorcery. Records of witch trials from this century also lacked extensive descriptions of meetings of witches.
1829:. There are various reasons as to why this was the case. In Early Modern Europe, it was widely believed that women were less intelligent than men and more susceptible to sin. Many modern scholars argue that the witch hunts cannot be explained simplistically as an expression of male misogyny, as indeed women were frequently accused by other women, to the point that witch-hunts, at least at the local level of villages, have been described as having been driven primarily by "women's quarrels". Especially at the margins of Europe, in Iceland, Finland, Estonia, and Russia, the majority of those accused were male.
917:
1552:
959:
great, and very great. Slight could be something as simple as a small group meeting to practice witchcraft, while on the other hand, very great included respecting and admiring heretics. Kramer begins his work in opposition to the Canon
Episcopi, but oddly, he does not cite Jacquier, and he may not have been aware of his work. Like most witch-phobic writers, Kramer had met strong resistance by those who opposed his heterodox view; this inspired him to write his work as both propaganda and a manual for like-minded zealots. The
1578:. Furthermore, this scenario would clearly not offer a universal explanation, for trials also took place in areas which were free from war, famine, or pestilence. Additionally, these theories—particularly Behringer's —have been labeled as oversimplified. Although there is evidence that the Little Ice Age and subsequent famine and disease was likely a contributing factor to increase in witch persecution, Durrant argues that one cannot make a direct link between these problems and witch persecutions in all contexts.
4797:, p. 36 (1995). "In Peter Rushton's examination of slander cases in the Durham church courts, women took action against other women who had labeled them witches in 61 percent of the cases.", ibid., p. 36. "J.A. Sharpe also notes the prevalence of women as accusers in seventeenth-century Yorkshire cases, concluding that 'on a village level witchcraft seems to have been something peculiarly enmeshed in women's quarrels.'14 To a considerable extent, then, village-level witch-hunting was women's work.', ibid., p. 36
764:
1781:, published an extended pamphlet in which they put forward the idea that the women persecuted had been the traditional healers and midwives of the community, who were being deliberately eliminated by the male medical establishment. This theory disregarded the fact that the majority of those persecuted were neither healers nor midwives, and that in various parts of Europe these individuals were commonly among those encouraging the persecutions. In 1994, Anne Llewellyn Barstow published her book
2600:"Christian theology underwent a major shift of attitude only during the 13th century. In his Summa contra Gentiles, Thomas Aquinas (1255–74) not only confirmed Augustine's semiotic theory, according to which spells, amulets or magical rituals indicated a secret pact with demons but gave the impression that sorcerers, through the support of the devil, could physically commit their crimes." Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", pp. 35–36 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.
1646:. There is also some evidence, particularly from the Holy Roman Empire, in which adjacent Roman Catholic and Protestant territories were exchanging information on alleged local witches, viewing them as a common threat to both. Additionally, many prosecutions were instigated not by the religious or secular authorities, but by popular demands from within the population, thus making it less likely that there were specific inter-denominational reasons behind the accusations.
760:). The records seem to have often been targeted by the accused or their friends and family, wishing to thereby sabotage the proceedings or failing that, to spare their reputations and the reputations of their descendants. This would be all the more true for those who were accused of practicing witchcraft. Difficulty in understanding the larger witchcraft trials which were to come in later centuries is deciding how much can be extrapolated from what remains.
988:. Given the book was published nearly thirty times between the years 1487 and 1669 across Europe, it easily provided Europe's literate citizens with a more concrete, solidified depiction of a witch. Kramer creates an idea of a new medieval witch, that being an evil woman, which far outstretches to the modern day. Through the spread of Kramer's depiction of a witch through this book, the public outlook of witchcraft soon transformed from evil to demonic.
1594:, which displaced many nuns. Many communities saw the proportion of unmarried women climb from less than 10% to 20% and in some cases as high as 30%, whom few communities knew how to accommodate economically. Miguel (2003) argues that witch killings may be a process of eliminating the financial burdens of a family or society, via elimination of the older women that need to be fed, and an increase in unmarried women would enhance this process.
1328:
suspicion". The sole identifier of a witch was the Devil's mark. A scar, given to a witch by the devil, that could be anywhere on the body. However, in order to find this scar, it had to be through thorough examination. This lack of a recognizable feature led to flexibility. This flexibility enabled the phenomenon of witches to expand, solidifying the fear that witches are a danger that could be within anyone, anywhere.
893:(1431–1437) and some scholars have suggested a new anti-witchcraft doctrinal view may have spread among certain theologians and inquisitors in attendance at this council as the Valais trials were discussed. Not long after, a cluster of powerful opponents of the Canon Episcopi emerged: a Dominican inquisitor in Carcassonne named Jean Vinet, the Bishop of Avila Alfonso Tostado, and another Dominican Inquisitor named
7394:
725:
1574:
Additionally, the peaks of witchcraft persecutions overlap with hunger crises that occurred in 1570 and 1580, the latter lasting a decade. Problematically for these theories, it has been highlighted that, in that region, the witch hunts declined during the 1630s, at a time when the communities living there were facing increased disaster as a result of plague, famine, economic collapse, and the
1566:
Midelfort suggested that in southwestern
Germany, war and famine destabilised local communities, resulting in the witch prosecutions of the 1620s. Behringer also suggests an increase in witch prosecutions due to socio-political destabilization, stressing the Little Ice Age's effects on food shortages, and the subsequent use of witches as scapegoats for consequences of climatic changes.
1618:, examining "more than 43,000 people tried for witchcraft across 21 European countries over a period of five-and-a-half centuries", found that "more intense religious-market contestation led to more intense witch-trial activity. And, compared to religious-market contestation, the factors that existing hypotheses claim were important for witch-trial activity—weather, income, and
1480:
1469:
1458:
1539:
parts of Europe, trials by the
Venetian Holy Office never saw conviction for the crime of malevolent witchcraft, or "maleficio". Because the notion of diabolical cults was not credible to either popular culture or Catholic inquisitorial theology, mass accusations and belief in Witches' Sabbath never took root in areas under such inquisitorial influence.
4732:'On the whole, however, the literature of witchcraft conspicuously lacks any sustained concern for the gender issue; and the only reason for the view that it was extreme and outspoken in its anti-feminism is the tendency for those interested in this subject to read the relevant sections of the Malleus maleficarum and little or nothing else.' Clark,
1350:
a heretic. If accused of witchcraft, the accused was forced to confess, even if they were innocent, through brutal torture, just to in the end be killed for their crimes. In certain instances, the clergy became truly concerned about the souls they were executing. Therefore, they decided to burn the accused witches alive in order to "save them".
1449:(1841) named "thousands upon thousands". By contrast, a popular news report of 1832 cited a number of 3,192 victims "in Great Britain alone". In the early 20th century, some scholarly estimates on the number of executions still ranged in the hundreds of thousands. The estimate was only reliably placed below 100,000 in scholarship of the 1970s.
1384:
1976:, although modern historical investigation has led scholars to believe that this coven was not ancient as Gardner believed, but was instead founded in the 1920s or 1930s by occultists wishing to fashion a revived witch-cult based upon Murray's theories. Taking this New Forest Coven's beliefs and practices as a basis, Gardner went on to found
1924:. However, the majority of scholarly reviews of Murray's work produced at the time were largely critical, and her books never received support from experts in the Early Modern witch trials. Instead, from her early publications onward many of her ideas were challenged by those who highlighted her "factual errors and methodological failings".
4806:'The widespread division of labour, which conceives of witches as female, and witch-doctors male, can hardly be explained by Christian influence. In some European countries, like Iceland, Finland, and Estonia, the idea of male witchcraft was dominant, and therefore most of the executed witches were male. As
6934:
2007:
In the early 20th century, a number of individuals and groups emerged in Europe, primarily
Britain, and subsequently the United States as well, claiming to be the surviving remnants of the pagan witch-cult described in the works of Margaret Murray. The first of these actually appeared in the last few
1372:
In Italy, an accused witch was deprived of sleep for periods up to forty hours. This technique was also used in
England, but without a limitation on time. Sexual humiliation was used, such as forced sitting on red-hot stools with the claim that the accused woman would not perform sexual acts with the
1016:
rather than the crime of witchcraft, whereas
Protestant Scotland had a much larger number of witchcraft trials. In contrast, the witch trials in the Protestant Netherlands stopped earlier and they were among the least numerous in Europe, while the large-scale mass witch trials which took place in the
1849:; this view has been rejected by mainstream historians. The historian of medicine David Harley criticised the notion of the midwife-witch as a prevalent type of victim of witch hunts and commented on Heinsohn and Steiger as belonging to a set of polemicists who misportrayed the history of midwifery.
1667:
It has been argued that a translation choice in the King James Bible justified "horrific human rights violations and fuel the epidemic of witchcraft accusations and persecution across the globe". The translation issue concerned Exodus 22:18, "do not suffer a ... ...to live," Both the King James and
1625:
Until recently, this theory received limited support from other experts in the subject. This is because there is little evidence that either Roman
Catholics were accusing Protestants of witchcraft, or that Protestants were accusing Roman Catholics. Furthermore, the witch trials regularly occurred in
1349:
for witchcraft, either by burning at the stake, hanging, or beheading. Similarly, in New
England, people convicted of witchcraft were hanged. Meanwhile, in the Middle Ages, heresy became a heinous crime, warranting severe punishment, so when one was accused of being a witch they were thus labeled as
1294:
In the 1830s, a prosecution for witchcraft was commenced against a man in
Fentress County, Tennessee, either named Joseph or William Stout, based upon his alleged influence over the health of a young woman. The case against the supposed witch was dismissed upon the failure of the alleged victim, who
958:
is split up into three different sections, each individual section addressing an aspect of witches and their culture. The following sections were magic, a witches origin, and appropriate punishment. The appropriate punishment section divides offenses into three different levels, ranging from slight,
900:
Nicholas Jacquier's lengthy and complex argument against the Canon Episcopi was written in Latin. It began as a tract in 1452 and was expanded into a fuller monograph in 1458. Many copies seem to have been made by hand (nine manuscript copies still exist), but it was not printed until 1561. Jacquier
1585:
had gradually risen by the late sixteenth century; the population had stabilized after a period of growth, and availability of jobs and land had lessened. In the last decades of the century, the age at marriage had climbed to averages of 25 for women and 27 for men in England and the Low Countries,
1565:
Various suggestions have been made that the witch trials emerged as a response to socio-political turmoil in the Early Modern world. One form of this is that the prosecution of witches was a reaction to a disaster that had befallen the community, such as crop failure, war, or disease. For instance,
1309:
The killing of people who were suspected of performing malevolent sorcery against their neighbors continued into the 20th and 21st centuries. In 1997, two Russian farmers killed a woman and injured five members of her family because they believed that the woman and her relatives had used folk magic
785:
was another engine for witchcraft accusations. There were also a significant number of trials in England and Germany. The charges were generally mild. Diabolism, believed to involve nocturnal orgies and traditionally linked to accusations of heresy, was a very rare charge in the witch trials. After
2577:
mostly in the Holy Roman Empire, the British Isles and France, and to some extent, in the European colonies in North America; largely excluding the Iberian Peninsula and Italy; "Inquisition Spain and Portugal, obsessed with heresy, ignored the witch craze. In Italy, witch trials were comparatively
2033:
Wiccans extended claims regarding the witch-cult in various ways, for instance by utilising the British folklore associating witches with prehistoric sites to assert that the witch-cult used to use such locations for religious rites, in doing so legitimising contemporary Wiccan use of them. By the
1861:
of witches and all of those people who were persecuted and executed as such were innocent of the crime of witchcraft. However, at this time, various scholars suggested that there had been a real cult that had been persecuted by the Christian authorities, and it had pre-Christian origins. The first
1658:
In south-western Germany, between 1561 and 1670, there were 480 witch trials. Of the 480 trials that took place in southwestern Germany, 317 occurred in Catholic areas and 163 in Protestant territories. During the period from 1561 to 1670, at least 3,229 persons were executed for witchcraft in the
1189:
In 1712, Rabbi Hirsch Fränkel was convicted of witchcraft after completion of an inquisition by the Theological & Legal Faculties at the University of Aldorf. Rabbi Fränkel was a self-avowed Kabbalist, a follower the ancient Jewish tradition of mystical interpretation of the Bible. The Fränkel
715:
in the 13th century helped lay the groundwork for a shift in Christian doctrine, by which certain Christian theologians eventually began to accept the possibility of collaboration with devil(s), resulting in a person obtaining certain real supernatural powers. Christians as a whole were not of the
1870:, who put forward the idea in 1828; he suggested that witchcraft had been a pre-Christian German religion that had degenerated into Satanism. Jarcke's ideas were picked up by the German historian Franz Josef Mone in 1839, although he argued that the cult's origins were Greek rather than Germanic.
1832:
Barstow (1994) claimed that a combination of factors, including the greater value placed on men as workers in the increasingly wage-oriented economy, and a greater fear of women as inherently evil, loaded the scales against women, even when the charges against them were identical to those against
1538:
effectively restrained secular courts under its influence from liberal application of torture and execution. The methodological Instructio, which served as an "appropriate" manual for witch hunting, cautioned against hasty convictions and careless executions of the accused. In contrast with other
1421:
Attempts at estimating the total number of executions for witchcraft have a history going back to the end of the period of witch-hunts in the 18th century. A scholarly consensus only emerges in the second half of the 20th century, and historical estimates vary wildly depending on the method used.
847:
were highly dubious and possible forgeries. Kieckhefer notes that a 1855 publication of a summary inventory from inquisitorial records from Carcassonne did not match with Lamothe-Langon's work at all. Besides, the language and stereotypes in the supposed records were anachronistic. Lamothe-Langon
1193:
In France, scholars have found that with increased fiscal capacity and a stronger central government, the witchcraft accusations began to decline. The witch trials that occurred there were symptomatic of a weak legal system and "witches were most likely to be tried and convicted in regions where
1011:
Authors have debated whether witch trials were more intense in Catholic or Protestant regions; however, the intensity had not so much to do with Catholicism or Protestantism as both regions experienced a varied intensity of witchcraft persecutions. In Catholic Spain and Portugal for example, the
776:
There was no concept of demonic witchcraft during the fourteenth century; only at a later time did a unified concept combine the ideas of noxious magic, a pact with the Devil and an assembly of witches for Satanic worship into one category of crime. Witch trials were infrequent compared to later
1522:
There are particularly important differences between the English and continental witch-hunting traditions. In England the use of torture was rare and the methods far more restrained. The country formally permitted it only when authorized by the monarch, and no more than 81 torture warrants were
1082:, was a witch, and after the latter fled in fear of his life he was outlawed as a traitor. The king subsequently set up royal commissions to hunt down witches in his realm, recommending torture in dealing with suspects, and in 1597 wrote a book about the menace witches posed to society entitled
868:
has supported the scholarly proposal that some ideas concerning witchcraft were taking hold in the region around western Switzerland during the 1430s, recasting the practice of witchcraft as an alliance between a person and the devil that would undermine and threaten the Christian foundation of
1727:
Inspired by ethnographically recorded witch trials that anthropologists observed happening in non-European parts of the world, various historians have sought a functional explanation for the Early Modern witch trials, thereby suggesting the social functions that the trials played within their
755:
Records were usually kept by the French inquisitors, but the majority of these records did not survive, and one historian who was working in 1880, Charles Molinier, refers to the surviving records as only scanty debris. Molinier notes that the inquisitors themselves describe their attempts to
1797:
of their claims, instead promoting it because it is perceived as authorising the continued struggle against patriarchal society. She asserted that many radical feminists nonetheless clung to it because of its "mythic significance" and firmly delineated structure between the oppressor and the
1362:
were used against accused witches to coerce confessions and cause them to provide names of alleged co-conspirators. Most historians agree that the majority of those persecuted in these witch trials were innocent of any involvement in Devil worship. The torture of witches began to increase in
1336:
A variety of different punishments were employed for those found guilty of witchcraft, including imprisonment, flogging, fines, or exile. Non-capital punishment, especially for a first offence, was most common in England. Prior to 1542, Church courts dealt with most cases in England and most
1214:. c. 5) put an end to the traditional form of witchcraft as a legal offense in Britain. Those accused under the new act were restricted to those that pretended to be able to conjure spirits (generally being the most dubious professional fortune tellers and mediums), and punishment was light.
963:
had only recently been invented along the Rhine River, and Kramer fully utilized it to shepherd his work into print and spread the ideas that had been developed by inquisitors and theologians in France into the Rhineland. The theological views espoused by Kramer were influential but remained
1327:
as a defense because witchcraft did not require the presence of the accused at the scene. Witnesses were called to testify to motives and effects because it was believed that witnessing the invisible force of witchcraft was impossible: "half proofes are to be allowed, and are good causes of
1573:
argue that these cooling temperatures brought about crop failure, war, and disease, and that witches were subsequently blamed for this turmoil. Historical temperature indexes and witch trial data indicate that, generally, as temperature decreased during this period, witch trials increased.
716:
belief that magic in its entirety is demonic, for members of the clergy practiced crafts such as necromancy, the practice of communicating with the dead. However, witchcraft was still assumed as inherently demonic, so backlash to witches was inevitable due to the collective negative image.
1792:
described it as "not politically helpful" because it constantly portrays women as "helpless victims of patriarchy" and thus does not aid them in contemporary feminist struggles. She also condemned it for factual inaccuracy by highlighting that radical feminists adhering to it ignore the
777:
centuries and a significant proportion of them were held in France. Until 1330 the trials were linked to prominent figures in the church or politics, as victims or as accused suspects, and more than half took place in France, where it was the usual way of explaining royal deaths in the
830:
included large excerpts from the book, though Lamothe-Langon's sources could not be found at the end of the nineteenth century. Through reuse by other writers, Lamothe-Langon's work established the view that witch hunts suddenly began in the late Middle Ages and implied a link with
2988:"In Switzerland, the rustic 'forest cantons' of the original Confederation apparently remained unaffected by witch trials until after 1560.", Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 19 (2004). Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 21 (2004).
1929:
We Neopagans now face a crisis. As new data appeared, historians altered their theories to account for it. We have not. Therefore an enormous gap has opened between the academic and the 'average' Pagan view of witchcraft. We continue to use of out-dated and poor writers, like
3065:"even the Roman Inquisition recognized that abuses were common; in 1635 it admitted that "the Inquisition has found scarcely one trial conducted legally."", Midelfort, "Witch hunting in southwestern Germany, 1562–1684: the social and intellectual foundations", p. 28 (1972).
825:
in 1829. He described a sudden outburst of mass witch trials ending in hundreds of executions, and the accused were portrayed as the stereotypical demonic witch. He purported to extensively quote in translation from inquisitorial records. His book proved influential.
1495:
There were many regional differences in the manner in which the witch trials occurred. The trials themselves emerged sporadically, flaring up in some areas but neighbouring areas remaining largely unaffected. In general, there seems to have been less witch-phobia in
1139:
Although the witch trials had begun to fade out across much of Europe by the mid-17th century, they continued on the fringes of Europe and in the American Colonies. In the Nordic countries, the late 17th century saw the peak of the trials in a number of areas: the
2535:"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper
1523:
issued (for all offenses) throughout English history. The death toll in Scotland dwarfed that of England. It is also apparent from an episode of English history, that during the civil war in the early 1640s, witch-hunters emerged, the most notorious of whom was
848:
also had a track record in forging several genealogies about his ancestry and his political motive was shown by his polemics against censorship. By the time that historians rejected his work, it was already firmly entrenched in the popular image of witchcraft.
1239:
In the late 18th century the practice of witchcraft had ceased to be considered a criminal offense throughout Europe, but there are a number of trials which, while technically not witch trials, are suspected to have involved a belief in witches. In 1782,
1190:
witchtrial was one of the first convictions obtained without the use of spectral evidence or confession obtained through torture. Fränkel was sentenced to life imprisonment and spent twenty-four years in solitary confinement in the tower of Schwabach.
4849:, International Journal of Women's Studies, 3, May 1982, pp. 193–214. Gunnar Heinsohn/Otto Steiger: "Witchcraft, Population Catastrophe and Economic Crisis in Renaissance Europe: An Alternative Macroeconomic Explanation.", University of Bremen 2004
533:
1719:, all began to investigate the phenomenon and brought different insights to the subject. This was accompanied by analysis of the trial records and the socio-cultural contexts on which they emerged, allowing for varied understanding of the trials.
1201:
was among the last subjects of a typical witch trial in England in 1712, but was pardoned after her conviction and set free. The last execution for witchcraft in England took place in 1716, when Mary Hicks and her daughter Elizabeth were hanged.
880:
retained many supporters, and still seems to have been supported by the theological faculty at the University of Paris in their decree from 1398. It was never officially repudiated by a majority of bishops within the papal lands, nor even by the
1770:. She also repeated the erroneous statement, taken from the works of several German authors, that nine million people had been killed in the witch hunt. The United States has become the centre of development for these feminist interpretations.
1542:
The number of people tried for witchcraft between the years of 1500–1700 (by region) include: Holy Roman Empire: 50,000 Poland: 15,000 Switzerland: 9,000 French Speaking Europe: 10,000 Spanish and Italian peninsulas: 10,000 Scandinavia: 4,000.
1413:
The scholarly consensus on the total number of executions for witchcraft ranges from 40,000 to 60,000 (not including unofficial lynchings of accused witches, which went unrecorded but are nevertheless believed to have been somewhat rare in the
1586:
as more people married later or remained unmarried due to lack of money or resources and a decline in living standards, and these averages remained high for nearly two centuries and averages across Northwestern Europe had done likewise. The
1034:
The mass witch trials took place in Southern Catholic Germany in waves between the 1560s and the 1620s. Some trials went on to continue for years and would result in hundreds of executions of all sexes, ages and classes. These included the
756:
carefully safeguard their records, especially when they were moving from town to town. The inquisitors were widely hated and they would be ambushed on the road, but their records were more often the target than the inquisitors themselves (
2030:. Whilst historians and folklorists have accepted that there are folkloric elements to the gospel, none have accepted it as being the text of a genuine Tuscan religious group, and believe it to be of late-nineteenth-century composition.
1029:
The Roman Catholic subjects, farmers, winegrowers, and artisans in the episcopal lands are the most terrified people on earth, since the false witch trials affect the German episcopal lands incomparably more than France, Spain, Italy or
2363:, pp. 6–7) In an earlier unpublished essay, Hutton counted local estimates, and in areas where estimates were unavailable attempted to extrapolate from nearby regions with similar demographics and attitudes towards witch hunting.
2591:"Clearly, there was an increase in skeptical voices during the Carolingian period, even if we take into account an increase in surviving sources." Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 31 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.
1833:
men. Thurston (2001) saw this as a part of the general misogyny of the Late Medieval and Early Modern periods, which had increased during what he described as "the persecuting culture" from which it had been in the Early Medieval.
1310:
against them. It has been reported that between 2005 and 2011, more than 3,000 people were killed for allegedly being witches by lynch mobs in Tanzania. Witchcraft was officially a crime in Papua New Guinea from 1971 until 2013.
968:
was printed 13 times between 1486 and 1520, and — following a 50-year pause that coincided with the height of the Protestant reformations — it was printed again another 16 times (1574–1669) in the decades following the important
905:, against whom the main charge seems to have been that he had preached a sermon in support of the Canon Episcopi claiming that witchcraft was merely an illusion. Edelin eventually recanted this view, most likely under torture.
508:
4810:
has demonstrated, only one of the twenty-two witches executed in Iceland was female. In Normandy three-quarters of the 380 known witchcraft defendants were male.', Behringer, 'Witches and Witch-Hunts: a global history', p. 39
1728:
communities. These studies have illustrated how accusations of witchcraft have played a role in releasing social tensions or in facilitating the termination of personal relationships that have become undesirable to one party.
1337:
sanctions were directed more to penance and atonement than harsh punishments. Often the guilty party was ordered to attend the parish church, wearing a white sheet and carrying a wand, and swear to lead a reformed life. The
2526:, "Records suggest that in Europe, as a whole, about 80 per cent of trial defendants were women, though the ratio of women to men charged with the offence varied from place to place, and often, too, in one place over time."
1007:
The period of the European witch trials with the most active phase and which saw the largest number of fatalities seems to have occurred between 1560 and 1630. The period between 1560 and 1670 saw more than 40,000 deaths.
670:' were sometimes prosecuted for witchcraft, but seem to have made up a minority of the accused. Roughly 80% of those convicted were women, most of them over the age of 40. In some regions, convicted witches were
1686:
From the 1970s onward, there was a "massive explosion of scholarly enthusiasm" for the study of the Early Modern witch trials. This was partly because scholars from a variety of different disciplines, including
2868:"... the doctrine of witchcraft crystallized during the middle third of the 15th century...(Ostorero et al. 1999).", Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", pp. 18–19 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.
7376:
564:
1418:). It would also have been the case that various individuals would have died as a result of the unsanitary conditions of their imprisonment, but again this is not recorded within the number of executions.
897:. It is unclear whether the three men were aware of each other's work. The coevolution of their shared view centres around "a common challenge: disbelief in the reality of demonic activity in the world."
4880:; "there is no evidence that the majority of those accused were healers and midwives; in England and also some parts of the Continent, midwives were more than likely to be found helping witch-hunters." (
1295:
had sworn out a warrant against him, to appear for the trial. However, some of his other accusers were convicted on criminal charges for their part in the matter, and various libel actions were brought.
7371:
559:
3460:
2616:
1569:
The Little Ice Age, lasting from about 1300 to 1850, is characterized by temperatures and precipitation levels lower than the 1901–1960 average. Historians such as Wolfgang Behringer, Emily Oster, and
1252:. Officially she was executed for "poisoning" (her employer, who believed that she had practiced witchcraft on his daughter)—a ruling at the time widely denounced throughout Switzerland and Germany as
503:
1132:
acknowledged its own trials had "found scarcely one trial conducted legally". In the middle of the 17th century, the difficulty in proving witchcraft according to the legal process contributed to
2915:
to move against witches who were explicitly accused of having "slain infants yet in the mother's womb" (abortion) and of "hindering men from performing the sexual act and women from conceiving."
1825:
Nevertheless, it has been argued that the supposedly misogynistic agenda of works on witchcraft has been greatly exaggerated, based on the selective repetition of a few relevant passages of the
1737:
1438:
201:
3681:
518:
4873:
7014:
1960:
made it accessible to "journalists, film-makers popular novelists and thriller writers", who adopted it "enthusiastically". Influencing works of literature, it inspired writings by
4278:
De Moor, Tine; Van Zanden, JAN Luiten (2010). "Girl power: The European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period1".
1762:, which was criticized as "written in a tearing hurry and in time snatched from a political activism which left no space for original research". Likely influenced by the works of
1814:, c. 1595) or "The Devil uses them so, because he knows that women love carnal pleasures, and he means to bind them to his allegiance by such agreeable provocations." Scholar
789:
In 1329, with the papacy in nearby Avignon, the inquisitor of Carcassonne sentenced a Carmelite friar called Peter Recordi to the dungeon for life. The sentence refers to ...
166:
2553:
1422:
Early estimates tend to be highly exaggerated, as they were still part of rhetorical arguments against the persecution of witches rather than purely historical scholarship.
1323:
Peculiar standards applied to witchcraft allowing certain types of evidence "that are now ways relating Fact, and done many Years before". There was no possibility to offer
3741:
1810:
on the part of those persecuting witches, evident from quotes such as " not unreasonable that this scum of humanity, , should be drawn chiefly from the feminine sex" (
7418:
615:
5530:
Lavenia, Vincenzo (2015). "The Alpine Model of Witchcraft. The Italian Context in the Early Modern Period". In Marco Bellabarba; Hannes Obermair; Hitomi Sato (eds.).
1883:, in which he put forth the idea that the witches had been following a pagan religion. The theory achieved greater attention when it was taken up by the Egyptologist
1668:
the Geneva Bible, which precedes the King James version by 51 years, chose the word "witch" for this verse. The proper translation and definition of the Hebrew word
889:, lasting six to eight years, started in the French-speaking lower Valais and eventually spread to German-speaking regions. This time period also coincided with the
1857:
Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the common belief among the educated sectors of the European populace was that there had never been any genuine
1655:
argues that both Catholics and Protestants used the hunt for witches, regardless of the witch's denomination, in competitive efforts to expand power and influence.
1400:
856:
Witch trials were still uncommon in the 15th century when the concept of diabolical witchcraft began to emerge. The study of four chronicles concerning events in
3734:'however incredible it may appear, the enormous sum of three thousand one hundred and ninety-two individuals were condemned and executed in Great Britain alone'
3152:
Johnson, Noel D. and Mark Koyama, "Taxes, Lawyers, and the Decline of Witch Trials in France," The Journal of Law and Economics 57, no. 1 (February 2014): 77–112
6878:
6791:
817:
Earlier works on witchcraft often placed a large number of stereotypical witch trials in southern France in the early fourteenth century. This is the result of
666:. Among the lower classes, accusations of witchcraft were usually made by neighbors, and women made formal accusations as much as men did. Magical healers or '
1612:
advocated the idea that the witch trials emerged as part of the conflicts between Roman Catholics and Protestants in Early Modern Europe. A 2017 study in the
7007:
2749:
Christa Tuczay, The Nineteenth Century: Medievalism and Witchcraft, in Jonathan Barry, Owen Davies, Palgrave Advances in Witchcraft Historiography, 55-56
1534:
Italy has had fewer witchcraft accusations, and even fewer cases where witch trials ended in execution. In 1542, the establishment of the Roman Catholic
1287:
in England (1863). In France, there was sporadic violence and there was even murder in the 1830s, with one woman reportedly burnt in a village square in
1123:
569:
513:
494:
4850:
1785:, which was later described by Scarre and Callow as "perhaps the most successful" attempt to portray the trials as a systematic male attack on women.
6178:
6168:
1895:(1931) in which she claimed that the witches had been following a pre-Christian religion which she termed "the witch-cult" and "ritual witchcraft".
3793:
752:. The Dominicans eventually evolved into the most zealous prosecutors of persons accused of witchcraft in the years leading up to the Reformation.
6957:
6674:
4677:. p. 42. According to Anne Llewellyn Barstow, 80% of those accused and 85% of those executed in Europe were women. Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (1994)
2154:
1841:, in a 1982 publication, speculated that witch-hunts targeted women skilled in midwifery specifically in an attempt to extinguish knowledge about
7000:
6056:
3689:
3289:
236:
6514:
7366:
6326:
6099:
5903:
5873:
5773:
5733:
5710:
5539:
5387:
5251:
5124:
4870:
4019:
3922:
3887:
3862:
3837:
3565:
3509:
3370:
3343:
3273:
3026:
2434:
2139:
2089:
1079:
549:
3965:
Seitz, Jonathan (2009). "'The Root is Hidden and the Material Uncertain': The Challenges of Persecuting Witchcraft in Early Modern Venice".
1098:
The witch-panic phenomenon reached the more remote parts of Europe as well as North America later in the 17th century, among them being the
5482:
2026:
608:
4652:
818:
4858:
1163:
when the practice was waning in Europe. In the 1690s, Winifred King Benham and her daughter Winifred were thrice tried for witchcraft in
6697:
4857:, in: History of Political Economy, 31, No. 3, pp. 423–448; Heinsohn, G. (2005): "Population, Conquest and Terror in the 21st Century."
3319:
1284:
6615:
6838:
6436:
6079:
6024:
5837:
5664:
5520:
5501:
5411:
5329:
5305:
5184:
4118:
Pfister, Christian; Brázdil, Rudolf (1999). "Climatic Variability in Sixteenth-Century Europe and its Social Dimension: A Synthesis".
3413:
2109:
2034:
1990s, many Wiccans had come to recognise the inaccuracy of the witch-cult theory and had accepted it as a mythological origin story.
2004:(1959), and in these books, Gardner used the phrase "the burning times" in reference to the European and North American witch trials.
1067:
3386:
1268:
occurred in 1783, and two additional women were executed for sorcery. They were tried by a legal court, but with dubious legitimacy.
7428:
6133:
5925:
5864:
5754:
5603:
5162:
3216:
3180:
3137:
1981:
1582:
973:
which had remained silent with regard to Kramer's theological views. It inspired many similar works, such as an influential work by
288:
1946:. We avoid the somewhat dull academic texts that present solid research, preferring sensational writers who play to our emotions.
6104:
4761:'the theory that witch-hunting equals misogyny is embarrassed by the predominance of women witness against the accused', Purkis,
3206:
3938:
Deutscher, Thomas (1991). "The Role of The Episcopal Tribunal of Novara in The Suppression of Heresy and Witchcraft 1563–1615".
7398:
7087:
7082:
6669:
2119:
1766:
about the witch-cult, she claimed that the witches persecuted in the Early Modern period were pagan priestesses adhering to an
1746:
interpretations of the witch trials have been offered and published. One of the earliest individuals to do so was the American
601:
404:
399:
36:
3233:
6822:
2903:
1551:
1186:
Rationalist historians in the 18th century came to the opinion that the use of torture had resulted in erroneous testimony.
1148:(1674), where 71 people were executed for witchcraft in a single day, the peak of witch hunting in Swedish Finland, and the
523:
2885:
2355:, p. 247) Wolfgang Behringer and Lyndal Roper had independently calculated the number as being between 50,000–60,000.(
1659:
German Southwest. Of this number, 702 were tried and executed in Protestant territories and 2,527 in Catholic territories.
1012:
numbers of witch trials were few because the Spanish and Portuguese Inquisitions preferred to focus on the crime of public
7433:
6240:
6144:
4304:
Levack, Brian P. (1995). The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe (Second Edition). London and New York: Longman. Pg. 156–157
2916:
2173:
1302:
was beaten and burned to death by her husband in Ireland because he suspected that fairies had taken the real Bridget and
196:
1806:
An estimated 75% to 85% of those accused in the early modern witch trials were women, and there is certainly evidence of
1095:
of 1612 are some of the most prominent in English history, resulting in the hanging of ten of the eleven who were tried.
7423:
7223:
7077:
6862:
6491:
6309:
6162:
6084:
5983:
5206:
Doyle White, Ethan (2014). "Devil's Stones and Midnight Rites: Folklore, Megaliths, and Contemporary Pagan Witchcraft".
2383:
931:
916:
589:
463:
394:
159:
6279:
3903:
2218:
2188:
1433:'s estimate of "several hundred thousand" as too low. Voigt's number has shown remarkably resilient as an influential
1198:
701:, mainstream Christian doctrine had denied the belief in the existence of witches and witchcraft, condemning it as a
1380:, as those being tortured were more likely to accuse a wide array of other local individuals of also being witches.
6886:
6733:
6414:
6274:
6127:
6049:
3461:"The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze"
1059:
129:
4068:
Behringer, Wolfgang (1999). "Climatic Change and Witch-Hunting: The Impact of The Little Ice Age on Mentalities".
1369:
and thereby removed all legal limits on the application of torture in cases where evidence was difficult to find.
7109:
6918:
6603:
6583:
6378:
6234:
5452:
5426:
4153:
Lehmann, Hartmut (1988). "The Persecution of Witches as Restoration of Order: The Case of Germany, 1590s–1650s".
2000:
1426:
1376:
The use of torture has been identified as a key factor in converting the trial of one accused witch into a wider
1044:
827:
688:
663:
448:
341:
119:
5865:
Cunning Folk and Familiar Spirits: Shamanistic Visionary Traditions in Early Modern British Witchcraft and Magic
7201:
7181:
6926:
6798:
6768:
6756:
6750:
6588:
6402:
6396:
5813:
2243:
2134:
2054:
1838:
1767:
1626:
regions with little or no inter-denominational strife, and which were largely religiously homogeneous, such as
1288:
1218:
1164:
1133:
984:
The increased demonization of witches blossomed in relation with the expansion and increased popularity of the
960:
809:. He was accused of using love magic to seduce women and of invoking Satan and sacrificing a butterfly to him.
692:
443:
88:
6543:
6519:
6384:
4481:
3044:
Ankarloo, Bengt, Witchcraft and magic in Europe. Vol. 4, The period of the witch trials, Athlone, London, 2002
1265:
1141:
1103:
1048:
7308:
7211:
7037:
6854:
6806:
6703:
6650:
6632:
6531:
6485:
6467:
6446:
6441:
6431:
6348:
6342:
6252:
6224:
6207:
6089:
5401:
5194:
3718:
3314:
History of Fentress County, Tennessee, Albert R. Hogue, compiled by the Fentress County Historical Society,
2502:
2099:
2094:
2079:
2074:
2069:
1992:, and the practice of ritual magic. He also went on to write several books about the historical witch-cult,
1879:
1818:, in his first monography on the subject (in Dutch, 1948), mentions this aspect of the witch trials even as
1643:
1446:
1275:
and killings of those who were accused of practicing witchcraft in parts of Europe, such as the killings of
1172:
300:
266:
2856:
2684:
Richard Kieckhefer, Witch trials in mediaeval Europe, in Darren Oldridge (ed), The Witchcraft Reader, 25-35
991:
It is unknown if a degree of alarm at the extreme superstition and witch-phobia expressed by Kramer in the
7023:
6910:
6902:
6609:
6593:
6555:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6408:
6336:
6269:
6229:
5969:
Gerald Gardner and the Cauldron of Inspiration: An Investigation into the Sources of Gardnerian Witchcraft
5818:
Religion and the Decline of Magic: Studies in Popular Beliefs in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century England
5513:
The Uses of Supernatural Power: The Transformation of Popular Religion in Medieval and Early-Modern Europe
4323:
4200:
3238:
2273:
2159:
2144:
2129:
2124:
2084:
1591:
996:
870:
584:
44:
2642:
L'Inquisition dans le Midi de la France au XIIIe et au XIVe siècle, étude sur les sources de son Histoire
1271:
Despite the official ending of the trials for witchcraft, there would still be occasional and unofficial
952:, published in 1487 by clergyman and German inquisitor Heinrich Kramer, accompanied by Jacobus Sprenger.
7438:
7244:
6969:
6762:
6727:
6644:
6598:
6578:
6549:
6496:
6372:
6331:
6303:
6297:
6042:
3967:
3800:
2967:
2758:
Richard Kieckhefer, Witch trials in mediaeval Europe, in Darren Oldridge (ed), The Witchcraft Reader, 29
2710:
2488:
2288:
2149:
2104:
2059:
1899:
1704:
1249:
1149:
1099:
763:
458:
310:
278:
6525:
3794:"To what extent was the Protestant Reformation responsible for the witch-hunts in the years 1520-1650?"
2838:
2718:
2663:
1988:, which revolves around the worship of a Horned God and Goddess, the celebration of festivals known as
4720:
For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-Hunts, and the End of Slavery
2351:
Third Edition. Longman. Page 23. Hutton (2010) estimated that the numbers were between 40,000–50,000,(
802:
7330:
7216:
6709:
6508:
6390:
6291:
6189:
6094:
2114:
2044:
1867:
1651:
1614:
1575:
1111:
1052:
139:
4861:
Mainstream scholarship has remained critical of this "macroeconomic approach", e.g. Walter Rummel: '
4673:
According to R. W. Thurston, 75–80% of the victims across both Europe and North America were women,
4328:
4205:
3301:
3098:
7361:
7266:
7261:
7249:
7166:
6979:
6964:
6870:
6830:
6691:
6685:
6638:
6561:
6502:
6473:
6360:
6246:
5134:
2922:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1603:
1415:
1207:
1025:, and the contemporary writer Herman Löher described how they affected the population within them:
954:
948:
926:
886:
659:
635:
293:
261:
231:
221:
134:
17:
7131:
6774:
6620:
6366:
6354:
6285:
6201:
6156:
6150:
6121:
5825:
5783:
5573:
5281:
5235:
5223:
4388:
4218:
4170:
4135:
4085:
3992:
3947:
2343:, p. 247. Scarre and Callow (2001) put forward 40,000 as an estimate for the number killed.(
2283:
2248:
2238:
2049:
1774:
1389:
1346:
1234:
1156:
1107:
1063:
1040:
1036:
840:
374:
283:
78:
2365:
2012:
claimed he had been given by a woman who was a member of a group of witches worshipping the god
1128:
There had never been a lack of skepticism regarding the trials. In 1635, the authorities of the
554:
1171:. Even though they were found innocent, they were compelled to leave Wallingford and settle in
7278:
7171:
7072:
6721:
5921:
5899:
5869:
5847:
5833:
5769:
5750:
5729:
5706:
5660:
5599:
5535:
5516:
5497:
5478:
5407:
5383:
5325:
5301:
5247:
5180:
5158:
5146:
5120:
4863:
Weise' Frauen und 'weise' Männer im Kampf gegen Hexerei. Die Widerlegung einer modernen Fabel.
4380:
4015:
3984:
3918:
3883:
3858:
3833:
3561:
3515:
3505:
3421:
3366:
3339:
3333:
3269:
3212:
3176:
3133:
3022:
2737:
2430:
2178:
2017:
1863:
1609:
1509:
1394:
1129:
894:
655:
480:
412:
389:
181:
176:
144:
6005:
3360:
3315:
2800:"Ein klarer Fall? Wie Perrissona Gappit aus Chatel St Denis im Jahr 1465 zu einer Hexe warde"
1066:, became involved himself. James had developed a fear that witches planned to kill him after
7161:
6537:
6115:
6028:
5948:
Gibbons, Jenny (1998). "Recent Developments in the Study of the Great European Witch Hunt".
5830:
Witch, Wicce, Mother Goose: The Rise and Fall of the Witch Hunts in Europe and North America
5799:
5565:
5461:
5435:
5352:
5319:
5273:
5215:
4372:
4333:
4287:
4210:
4162:
4127:
4077:
3976:
3825:
2926:
2842:
p. 36. See translations and interpretation in Matthew Champion, Scourging the Temple of God
2298:
2253:
2193:
2064:
1994:
1977:
1973:
1935:
1811:
1696:
1631:
1280:
1074:, earlier that year. Returning to Scotland, the king heard of trials that were occurring in
970:
902:
890:
882:
671:
453:
438:
315:
149:
124:
5645:
Between the Living and the Dead: A Perspective on Witches and Seers in the Early Modern Age
5298:
The Night Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
1972:
claimed to have been initiated into a surviving group of the pagan witch-cult known as the
7345:
7335:
7283:
7206:
7191:
7156:
7151:
7114:
6974:
6715:
6195:
6109:
6014:
5964:
5934:
5913:
5239:
4877:
4807:
3908:
2889:
2627:
2228:
2208:
1931:
1884:
1834:
1778:
1716:
1712:
1570:
1524:
1253:
1078:, and ordered the suspects to be brought to him—he subsequently believed that a nobleman,
1071:
978:
741:
709:
647:
574:
528:
475:
433:
423:
346:
305:
246:
216:
186:
93:
6479:
940:
The Hammer of Witches which destroyeth Witches and their heresy as with a two-edged sword
798:
5615:
Witch Hunting in Southwestern Germany 1562–1684: The Social and Intellectual Foundations
7340:
7323:
7298:
7239:
7124:
7062:
7047:
6138:
5722:
5640:
5315:
5293:
5093:
4191:
Oster, Emily (2004). "Witchcraft, Weather, and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe".
2878:
2714:
2198:
2009:
1969:
1943:
1939:
1874:
1815:
1763:
1619:
1561:
of Bamberg, Germany, where suspected witches were held and interrogated: 1627 engraving
1299:
1176:
1145:
1092:
936:
MALLEUS MALEFICARUM, Maleficas, & earum hæresim, ut phramea potentissima conterens.
877:
778:
712:
336:
273:
251:
211:
154:
3161:
Johnson and Koyama, ""Taxes, Lawyers, and the Decline of Witch Trials in France," 2014
2979:
Behringer, "Witches and Witch-hunts: a Global History", p. 19 (2004). Wiley-Blackwell.
1373:
devil. In most cases, those who endured the torture without confessing were released.
946:
The most important and influential book which promoted the new heterodox view was the
7412:
7381:
7273:
7104:
7052:
6173:
5893:
5652:
5577:
5447:
5421:
5397:
5373:
5285:
5261:
5227:
5151:
5114:
4392:
4291:
4174:
4139:
4089:
2480:
2347:, pp. 1, 21) Levack (2006) came to an estimate of 45,000. Levack, Brian (2006).
2268:
2263:
2213:
1965:
1961:
1842:
1789:
1516:
1338:
1257:
1241:
1075:
1022:
1018:
68:
58:
5852:
The European Witch-Craze of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays
5246:(second ed.). New York: The Feminist Press at the City University of New York.
4222:
3591:
The European Witch-Craze of The Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and Other Essays
873:
tried in Switzerland in 1465 is noted for the thoroughness of the surviving record.
7313:
7303:
7141:
7119:
7067:
7057:
6894:
6846:
6183:
3996:
2258:
1692:
1678:) in Exodus 22:18 was much debated during the time of the trials and witch-phobia.
1434:
1377:
1342:
1276:
1084:
901:
describes a number of trials he personally witnessed, including one of a man named
861:
724:
705:
667:
384:
358:
351:
226:
5804:
5787:
5532:
Communities and Conflicts in the Alps from the Late Middle Ages to Early Modernity
5356:
4691:
2966:
Increase Mather, Cases Concerning Evil Spirits p. 272 Appended to his son's book,
2768:
Kieckhefer, Richard (2013). "The First Wave of Trials for Diabolical Witchcraft".
744:. It was intended to prosecute Christian groups considered heretical, such as the
5895:
Magic and Superstition in Europe: A Concise History from Antiquity to the Present
5744:
5377:
5219:
4855:
Birth Control: The Political-Economic Rationale Behind Jean Bodin's "Démonomanie"
3912:
3016:
2424:
1788:
Other feminist historians have rejected this interpretation of events; historian
995:
may have been one of the numerous factors that helped prepare the ground for the
758:
better to take the papers the judge carries than to make the judge himself perish
658:. Prosecutions for witchcraft reached a high point from 1560 to 1630, during the
7318:
7099:
7094:
7042:
6814:
5942:
5685:
A Razor for a Goat: A Discussion of Certain Problems in Witchcraft and Diabolism
5172:
3763:
3702:
2912:
2882:
2384:"Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition"
2223:
2183:
1846:
1794:
1708:
1557:
1535:
1528:
1442:
1222:
1203:
1168:
865:
836:
749:
698:
579:
418:
379:
331:
256:
241:
63:
5550:
4214:
3084:
2717:, considers "sortilegus" to have been shortened to become the French "sorcier"
6952:
6626:
5859:
5179:. Sussex and London: Sussex University Press and Heinemann Educational Books.
5116:
Witches and Neighbours: The Social and Cultural Context of European Witchcraft
4847:
The Elimination of Medieval Birth Control and the Witch Trials of Modern Times
4166:
4131:
4081:
3766:
rejected estimates in the hundreds of thousands as "fantastic exaggerations".
3682:"Neun Millionen Hexen. Enstehung, Tradition und Kritik eines populären Mythos"
3519:
2908:
2729:
2293:
2278:
2203:
1921:
1905:
1700:
1303:
1272:
974:
733:
651:
639:
629:
98:
5989:
5939:
The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
4384:
3425:
3208:
The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
2770:
The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
2452:
The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
2366:"Estimates of Executions (based on Hutton's essay 'Counting the Witch Hunt')"
2325:
The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America
7293:
7288:
6010:
4893:
David Harley, "Historians as Demonologists: The Myth of the Midwife-witch",
4718:
Stark, Rodney (2003). "God's Enemies: Explaining the European Witch-Hunts".
4337:
3736:
2467:
Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England
2233:
1909:
1688:
1221:
outlawed witch-burning and torture in 1768. The last capital trial, that of
1160:
832:
793:... and it frequently uses the same Latin synonym as a word for witchcraft,
782:
206:
191:
103:
83:
5465:
5439:
4471:
Foxcroft, Gary. "Hunting Witches." World Policy Journal 31, 1. 90–98 (2014)
3988:
3742:
The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser (NSW : 1803 – 1842)
2554:"Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today"
1479:
1468:
1457:
1225:
occurred in 1750 in Salzburg, which was then outside the Austrian domain.
7176:
7136:
6992:
6679:
5379:
The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles: Their Nature and Legacy
1807:
1743:
1430:
1211:
1180:
737:
702:
73:
5657:
The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations
5534:. Bologna and Berlin: Il mulino–Duncker & Humblot. pp. 151–64.
5300:. John and Anne Tedeschi (translators). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
3951:
7146:
5569:
5515:. Susan Singerman (translator). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4376:
3265:
2942:"first printed in... Speyer, by then a medium sized town on the Rhine."
2021:
2013:
2008:
years of the 19th century, being a manuscript that American folklorist
1917:
1862:
person to advance this theory was the German Professor of Criminal Law
1359:
1261:
921:
745:
428:
3501:
Access to History : The Witchcraze of the 16th and 17th Centuries
3499:
3260:
Robert Tombs (1996). "Collective Identities: Community and Religion".
2709:, Vol. III (1922), p. 455, 657. Lea includes the entire 1329 sentence
1383:
885:, which immediately preceded the peak of the trials. But in 1428, the
7196:
7186:
5999:
1913:
1639:
1635:
1505:
1245:
1013:
857:
650:. Between 40,000 and 60,000 were executed, almost all in Europe. The
643:
469:
6935:
Treatises on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants
2799:
638:, from about 1400 to 1775, about 100,000 people were prosecuted for
6025:
Caliban and the Witch — Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation
5277:
4734:
Thinking with Demons: the idea of witchcraft in early modern Europe
4653:"Recent Developments in the Study of the Great European Witch Hunt"
3980:
3018:
Jerusalem, Jerusalem: How the Ancient City Ignited Our Modern World
2578:
rare and did not involve torture and executions." Anne L. Barstow,
6013:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Alison Rowlands, Lyndal Roper &
5918:
Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body, and Primitive Accumulation
5177:
Europe's Inner Demons: An Enquiry Inspired by the Great Witch-Hunt
3745:. NSW: National Library of Australia. 29 September 1832. p. 4
1985:
1908:
and involved the celebration of four Witches' Sabbaths each year:
1627:
1550:
1501:
1497:
1478:
1467:
1456:
1441:. In the 19th century, some scholars were agnostic, for instance,
1399:
1382:
1324:
1136:(German) following advice to treat witchcraft cases with caution.
915:
835:. Academics continued to rely on Lamothe-Langon as a source until
762:
723:
4363:
Leeson, Peter T.; Russ, Jacob W. (1 March 2017). "Witch trials".
2610:
2608:
2606:
1802:
Male and Female conflict and reaction to earlier feminist studies
7256:
5766:
The Life of Margaret Alice Murray: A Woman's Work in Archaeology
5746:
Witchcraft and Magic in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Europe
5450:(2011). "Revisionism and Counter-Revisionism in Pagan History".
4865:
In: Christof Dipper, Lutz Klinkhammer und Alexander Nützenadel:
1858:
1845:
and "repopulate Europe" after the population catastrophe of the
1404:
The burning of a French midwife in a cage filled with black cats
1345:
states, "Thou shalt not permit a sorceress to live". Many faced
1264:, not technically for witchcraft, but for arson. In Poland, the
171:
6996:
6038:
6034:
5692:
Runciman, Steven (1962). "Foreword". In Margaret Murray (ed.).
4867:
Europäische Sozialgeschichte. Festschrift für Wolfgang Schieder
2939:
2485:
The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present
1152:
in Austria (where 139 people were executed from 1675 to 1690).
5424:(2010). "Writing the History of Witchcraft: A Personal View".
4722:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 201–288.
4524:
4522:
4419:
4417:
4404:
4402:
3387:"3,000 Lynched in Tanzania For 'Witchcraft' In Past Six Years"
1587:
1363:
frequency after 1468, when the Pope declared witchcraft to be
1062:
occurred in Scotland and were of particular note as the king,
843:
showed independently in the 1970s that the alleged records in
5403:
The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft
4493:
4491:
3631:
3629:
2732:
in an anti-witchcraft work written in French in 1580. Bodin,
1183:
was tried by ducking and jailed for allegedly being a witch.
852:
15th century trials and the growth of the new heterodox view
5950:
The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies
5703:
A New History of Witchcraft: Sorcerers, Heretics and Pagans
5453:
The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies
5427:
The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies
5496:(second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5244:
Witches, Midwives & Nurses: A History of Women Healers
4869:(= Historische Forschungen 68), Berlin 2000, pp. 353–375,
2696:
Jeffrey Burton Russell, Witchcraft in the Middle Ages, 186
2617:"The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze"
1159:
were a brief outburst of witch panic that occurred in the
5005:
5003:
4482:"Bible Gateway passage: Exodus 22:18 – 1599 Geneva Bible"
3902:
A detailed account of Hopkins and his fellow witchfinder
3234:"Last Person Executed as a Witch in Europe Gets a Museum"
1738:
Feminist interpretations of the Early Modern witch trials
805:, where it is claimed that 900 persons were executed for
791:
multas et diversas daemonum conjurationes et invocationes
4586:
4584:
4539:
4537:
4107:. United States of America: Basic Books. pp. 47–61.
3832:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 81 ff.
2998:
2996:
2994:
5724:
A Deed Without a Name: The Witch in Society and History
5596:
Lure of the Sinister: The Unnatural History of Satanism
3132:. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad, Publishing House Ltd.
2728:
was the term used in the title of another contemporary
1425:
Notably, a figure of nine million victims was given by
1194:
magistrates departed from established legal statutes".
4692:"Witch-hunts in early modern Europe (circa 1450-1750)"
4265:
Witchcraft, Gender and Society in Early Modern Germany
4105:
The Little Ice Age: How Climate Made History 1300-1850
3621:
Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431–1933
3604:
Death Comes to the Maiden: Sex and Execution 1431–1933
3362:
America Bewitched: The Story of Witchcraft After Salem
1904:
Murray claimed that this faith was devoted to a pagan
1437:, surviving well into the 20th century, especially in
1197:
During the early 18th century, the practice subsided.
5958:
Witch hunts and State Building in Early Modern Europe
5339:
Halliday, W. R. (1922). "Review of Margaret Murray's
5095:
Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts
4822:
Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts
4679:
Witchcraze: A New History of the European Witch Hunts
2580:
Witchcraze: a New History of the European Witch Hunts
1956:
However, the publication of the Murray thesis in the
1206:
was executed for witchcraft in Scotland in 1727. The
5264:(1975). "Some Observations on European Witchcraft".
4314:
Miguel, Edward (2005). "Poverty and Witch Killing".
3335:
Touring the East Tennessee Backroads, Second Edition
1968:. Subsequently, in 1939, an English occultist named
1649:
The more recent research from the 2017 study in the
728:
Dominican Inquisitors and the Growth of Witch-phobia
7354:
7232:
7030:
6945:
6784:
6743:
6660:
6571:
6424:
6319:
6262:
6217:
6072:
5157:. Nigel Glendinning (translator). London: Phoenix.
3914:
Witchfinders: A Seventeenth Century English Tragedy
2713:. A Francophone writer and contemporary of N Remy,
674:, the traditional punishment for religious heresy.
167:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
5721:
5598:. New York and London: New York University Press.
5150:
5092:
3414:"Papua New Guinea Considers Repealing Sorcery Law"
1531:and proclaimed himself the "Witchfinder General".
1519:. In Ireland, for example, there were few trials.
1068:he suffered from storms while traveling to Denmark
4575:
2785:Encyclopedia of Witchcraft: The Western Tradition
2518:
2516:
5589:(second ed.). London and New York: Longman.
5406:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
4777:
4775:
3556:Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (eds.).
3130:משפטו של רב מדינת ברנדנבורג-אנסבך צבי־הירש פרנקל
1742:Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, various
1021:in Southern Germany were infamous in all of the
5701:Russell, Jeffrey B.; Alexander, Brooks (2007).
5475:The Path of the Devil: Early Modern Witch Hunts
2954:Witchcraft and magic in Europe: the Middle Ages
2911:of Pope Innocent VIII in which he approved the
2901:Attached to front of Kramer's book is the 1484
2675:Darren Oldridge (ed), The Witchcraft Reader, 22
1927:
1663:Translation from the Hebrew: Witch or poisoner?
736:established a new branch of the inquisition in
6792:Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament
5199:Cunning-Folk: Popular Magic in English History
3857:(2nd ed.). London: Longman. p. 202.
2824:Matthew Champion, Scourging the Temple of God
2507:Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History
1980:, one of the most prominent traditions in the
720:A branch of the inquisition in southern France
7008:
6879:A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts
6050:
6000:The Decline and End of Witch Trials in Europe
4706:Servants of Satan: The Age of the Witch Hunts
3449:. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2002.
3290:"Old Stories - Posted in the Jamestown Forum"
1773:In 1973, two American second-wave feminists,
1515:There was much regional variation within the
609:
8:
5788:"Margaret Murray: Who Believed Her and Why?"
5647:. Budapest: Central European Academic Press.
4745:
4614:
4555:
4528:
4509:
4497:
4435:
4423:
4408:
4350:
4247:
4235:
4034:
3882:. London: Chatto and Windus. pp. 62–3.
3779:
3663:
3647:
3635:
3544:
3532:
3485:
3115:
2523:
2344:
1669:
1486:, c. 1892 lithograph by Joseph E. Baker
1475:, c. 1892 lithograph by Joseph E. Baker
1464:, c. 1892 lithograph by Joseph E. Baker
5382:. Oxford, UK and Cambridge, US: Blackwell.
5321:Ecstasies: Deciphering the Witches' Sabbath
5062:
2469:. Cornell University Press. pp. 35–36.
1768:ancient religion venerating a Great Goddess
1409:Estimates of the total number of executions
1364:
7015:
7001:
6993:
6057:
6043:
6035:
5749:(second ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave.
3880:Enemies of God: The Witch-hunt in Scotland
3723:Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions
2024:, Italy. He published the work in 1899 as
1750:, a writer who was deeply involved in the
1445:(1844) talked of "countless" victims and
1124:Protests against early modern witch trials
616:
602:
31:
5803:
5564:(613). John Wiley & Sons: 2066–2105.
4459:
4447:
4327:
4204:
4050:
4038:
3686:Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht
3300:(17, 057). 10 August 1834. Archived from
3099:"Va. Woman Seeks To Clear Witch of Pungo"
2356:
654:were particularly severe in parts of the
4970:
4749:
3040:
3038:
2938:See 2004 essay by Wolfgang Behringer on
2454:. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8.
2327:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5–6.
938:" (Generally translated into English as
708:. Some have argued that the work of the
7419:Christianity in the early modern period
6675:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
5986:—a series of articles by Jenny Gibbons.
5743:Scarre, Geoffrey; Callow, John (2001).
5074:
5009:
4922:
4881:
4638:
4626:
4602:
4590:
4567:
3558:Historical Dictionary of Stuart England
2692:
2690:
2315:
2155:Witch trials in the Spanish Netherlands
1017:autonomous territories of the Catholic
541:
493:
366:
323:
111:
50:
43:
5477:. Plymouth: Rowman & Littlefield.
4994:
4982:
4958:
4954:
4942:
4926:
4571:
4513:
4258:
4256:
3667:
3651:
3593:(New York: Harper and Row, 1969), 118.
3577:
3447:Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England
2952:Jolly; Raudvere; Peters, eds. (2002).
2423:Levack, Brian P. (2006). "Chapter 7".
2352:
2340:
7367:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
6327:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
6100:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
5587:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe
5139:The Inquisition: The Hammer of Heresy
4767:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe
4186:
4184:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3855:The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe
3619:, p. 236 as quoted in Camille Naish,
3171:Bath, Jo; Newton, John, eds. (2008).
2615:Foster-Feigenbaum, Elizabeth (2018).
2547:
2545:
2426:The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe
2360:
2349:The Witch Hunt in Early Modern Europe
2140:Witch trials in early modern Scotland
2090:Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire
1080:Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell
981:, then president of Harvard College.
550:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
27:Prosecutions for witchcraft in Europe
7:
6179:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1661–62
6169:Great Scottish witch hunt of 1649–50
6006:Research on witch trials in Scotland
5820:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
5687:. Toronto: Toronto University Press.
4938:
4918:
4906:
4014:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3767:
2839:Flagellum Haereticorum Fascinariorum
2418:
2416:
2378:
2376:
2336:
2334:
2027:Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches
6980:Witchcraft Act 1735 (Great Britain)
6698:Amersfoort and Utrecht witch trials
5868:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press.
5678:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
3294:Poulson's American Daily Advertiser
3175:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 243–244.
3085:"Witchcraft Cases other than Salem"
2798:Modestin, Georg (14 January 2015).
1670:
1598:Catholic versus Protestant conflict
1429:in 1784 in an argument criticizing
1285:Dummy, the Witch of Sible Hedingham
977:, and was cited as late as 1692 by
823:Histoire de l'inquisition en France
767:Witch persecutions in modern period
6839:De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus
6437:Witch trials in Estonia and Latvia
6080:Witchcraft in early modern Britain
4267:. Boston: Brill. pp. 15, 246.
3688:. pp. 664–685. Archived from
3504:(2nd ed.). Hodder Education.
3465:Trinity College Digital Repository
3205:Levack, Brian P. (28 March 2013).
2110:Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia
1758:. In 1893, she published the book
25:
18:Witch-hunts in Early Modern Europe
6134:Great Scottish Witch Hunt of 1597
3623:(London: Routledge, 1991), p. 28.
3606:(London: Routledge, 1991), p. 27.
3359:Davies, Owen (21 February 2013).
2720:De Veneficis Quos Olim Sortilegos
2038:Witch trials by country or region
1439:feminist and neo-pagan literature
7393:
7392:
6105:Witchcraft in early modern Wales
5694:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe
5624:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe
5341:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe
5091:Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (1994).
4292:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00483.x
4193:Journal of Economic Perspectives
3105:. Associated Press. 9 July 2006.
2877:The English translation is from
1889:The Witch-Cult in Western Europe
1853:Were there any sorts of witches?
1118:Decline of the trials: 1630–1750
6670:Witch trials in the Netherlands
6361:Pappenheimer family witch trial
5728:. Oxford and Washington: Berg.
4820:Barstow, Anne Llewellyn (1994)
3015:Carroll, James (9 March 2011).
2711:reprinted in the original Latin
2120:Witch trials in the Netherlands
1229:Sporadic witch-hunts after 1750
6823:Summis desiderantes affectibus
6616:Navarre witch trials (1525–26)
6515:Vardø witch trials (1651–1653)
5764:Sheppard, Kathleen L. (2013).
4853:Gunnar Heinsohn/Otto Steiger:
4845:Gunnar Heinsohn/Otto Steiger:
4010:Black, Christopher F. (2009).
3459:Foster-Feigenbaum, Elizabeth.
3412:Siegel, Matt (12 April 2013).
3173:Witchcraft and the Act of 1604
2968:Wonders of the Invisible World
2904:Summis desiderantes affectibus
2734:De la Demonomanie des Sorciers
2624:digitalrepository.trincoll.edu
819:Étienne-Léon de Lamothe-Langon
1:
6241:Northern Moravia witch trials
6145:Northamptonshire witch trials
6027:, by Silvia Federici. at the
5920:. Brooklyn, NY: Autonomedia.
5854:. New York: Harper & Row.
5805:10.1080/0015587x.1994.9715877
5768:. New York: Lexington Books.
5705:. London: Thames and Hudson.
5631:Murray, Margaret A. (1952) .
5622:Murray, Margaret A. (1962) .
5357:10.1080/0015587X.1922.9719242
4681:San Francisco: Pandora. p. 23
4576:Ehrenreich & English 2010
3232:Panko, Ben (29 August 2017).
2509:. A&C Black. p. 164.
2174:List of common misconceptions
1583:average age at first marriage
1167:, the last of such trials in
1070:in order to claim his bride,
1003:Peak of the trials: 1560–1630
495:International legal framework
7224:Violence against prostitutes
6958:accusations against children
6863:The Discoverie of Witchcraft
6310:Trial of the Wizards of Lyon
6163:Bury St Edmunds witch trials
6085:Channel Islands Witch Trials
5898:. Rowman & Littlefield.
5492:Kieckhefer, Richard (2000).
5364:Hughes, Pennethorne (1952).
5220:10.1080/0015587x.2013.860766
5104:Behringer, Wolfgang (2004).
5084:General and cited references
3917:. Harvard University Press.
3830:Torture and the Law of Proof
3680:Behringer, Wolfgang (1987).
3338:. John F. Blair, Publisher.
3128:Gath, Isak Nethanël (2013).
2857:The Literature of Witchcraft
2707:A History of the Inquisition
1388:Burning of three witches in
932:University of Sydney Library
797:—found on the title page of
590:Violence against LGBT people
464:Online gender-based violence
160:Violence against prostitutes
6280:Aix-en-Provence possessions
5984:The Stages of a Witch Trial
5892:Bailey, Michael D. (2006).
4769:, p. 140 (2nd edition 1995)
4280:The Economic History Review
2219:List of mass hysteria cases
2189:List of conspiracy theories
740:, France, to be led by the
7455:
6887:Daemonolatreiae libri tres
6734:Liechtenstein witch trials
6415:Witch trial of Fuersteneck
6275:Labourd witch-hunt of 1609
6128:North Berwick witch trials
5956:Gouges, Linnea de (2018).
5696:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5635:. London: Faber and Faber.
5626:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5613:Midelfort, H.C.E. (1972).
5594:Medway, Gareth J. (2001).
5050:
5046:
5033:
5021:
4895:Social History of Medicine
4833:
4781:
4674:
4543:
4316:Review of Economic Studies
4263:Durrant, Jonathan (2007).
4215:10.1257/089533004773563502
3940:Catholic Historical Review
3878:Larner, Christina (1981).
3332:Sakowski, Carolyn (2007).
3053:
3002:
2883:Summers' 1928 introduction
2812:
2524:Scarre & Callow (2001)
2407:
2234:Role of women in Catharism
1897:
1735:
1601:
1453:Causes and interpretations
1354:Interrogations and torture
1314:Procedures and punishments
1232:
1121:
1060:North Berwick witch trials
920:Title page of the seventh
686:
627:
130:Sexual violence statistics
7390:
7110:Female genital mutilation
6919:A Guide to Grand-Jury Men
6604:Val Camonica witch trials
6584:Witch trials in Catalonia
6492:Vardø witch trials (1621)
6235:Kasina Wielka witch trial
6174:Alloa witch trials (1658)
5585:Levack, Brian P. (1995).
5511:Klaniczay, Gábor (1990).
5099:. San Francisco: Pandora.
4167:10.1017/S000893890001270X
3853:Levack, Brain P. (1995).
2918:The Bull of Innocent VIII
2888:27 September 2007 at the
2787:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1310.
2065:Pennsylvania witch trials
2001:The Meaning of Witchcraft
1820:"a war against old women"
1427:Gottfried Christian Voigt
864:and the nearby region of
845:Histoire de l'inquisition
732:In 1233, a papal bull by
689:Christianity and paganism
664:European wars of religion
449:Intimate partner violence
342:Female genital mutilation
120:Causes of sexual violence
7429:Early Modern witch hunts
7202:Islamic religious police
7182:Murder of pregnant women
6927:The Discovery of Witches
6799:Directorium Inquisitorum
6769:Witch trials in New York
6757:Connecticut Witch Trials
6751:Witch trials in Virginia
6589:Witch trials in Portugal
6403:Mergentheim witch trials
6397:Baden-Baden witch trials
6165:(1645, 1662, 1655, 1694)
5971:. Somerset: Capall Bann.
5720:Sanders, Andrew (1995).
5494:Magic in the Middle Ages
5153:The World of the Witches
4746:Scarre & Callow 2001
4615:Scarre & Callow 2001
4556:Scarre & Callow 2001
4529:Scarre & Callow 2001
4510:Scarre & Callow 2001
4498:Scarre & Callow 2001
4436:Scarre & Callow 2001
4424:Scarre & Callow 2001
4409:Scarre & Callow 2001
4248:Scarre & Callow 2001
4236:Scarre & Callow 2001
4155:Central European History
4035:Scarre & Callow 2001
3780:Scarre & Callow 2001
3664:Scarre & Callow 2001
3648:Scarre & Callow 2001
3636:Scarre & Callow 2001
3545:Scarre & Callow 2001
3533:Scarre & Callow 2001
3486:Scarre & Callow 2001
3116:Scarre & Callow 2001
2465:Willis, Deborah (2018).
2345:Scarre & Callow 2001
2244:Christian views on magic
2135:Witch trials in Portugal
2055:Witch trials in Virginia
1958:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1732:Feminist interpretations
1260:was executed in 1811 in
1165:Wallingford, Connecticut
961:Gutenberg printing press
693:Christian views on magic
7212:Kano State Hisbah Corps
7038:Abuse during childbirth
6855:De praestigiis daemonum
6807:De maleficis mulieribus
6704:Bredevoort witch trials
6651:Witch trial of Nogaredo
6532:Kastelholm witch trials
6468:Copenhagen witch trials
6447:Witch trials in Iceland
6442:Witch trials in Finland
6432:Witch trials in Denmark
6349:Rottenburg witch trials
6343:Wiesensteig witch trial
6225:Witch trials in Hungary
6208:Islandmagee witch trial
6090:Witch trials in England
5943:excerpt and text search
5659:. Abingdon: Routledge.
5106:Witches and Witch-Hunts
4824:San Francisco: Pandora.
4651:Gibbons, Jenny (1998).
4338:10.1111/0034-6527.00365
4132:10.1023/A:1005585931899
4082:10.1023/A:1005554519604
4012:The Italian Inquisition
2100:Witch trials in Iceland
2095:Witch trials in Hungary
2080:Witch trials in Finland
2075:Witch trials in England
2070:Witch trials in Denmark
1873:In 1862, the Frenchman
1760:Woman, Church and State
1682:1970s folklore emphasis
1547:Socio-political turmoil
1500:and the papal lands of
1173:Staten Island, New York
964:contested. Nonetheless
934:). The Latin title is "
301:Secondary victimisation
125:Child sexual initiation
112:Sexual assault and rape
7024:Violence against women
6911:Compendium Maleficarum
6903:Magical Investigations
6794:(8th–2nd centuries BC)
6610:Mirandola witch trials
6594:Witch trials in Sicily
6457:Witch trials in Sweden
6452:Witch trials in Norway
6409:Esslingen witch trials
6379:Eichstätt witch trials
6337:Derenburg witch trials
6270:Witch trials in France
6230:Witch trials in Poland
5996:. Retrieved April 2011
5832:. Edinburgh: Longman.
5674:Roper, Lyndal (2004).
5633:The God of the Witches
5549:Leeson, Peter (2017).
5466:10.1558/pome.v12i2.239
5440:10.1558/pome.v12i2.239
5324:. London: Hutchinson.
5113:Briggs, Robin (1996).
3709:Volume III. Page 1067.
3467:. Trinity Publications
2582:, HarperCollins, 1995.
2450:Levack, Brian (2013).
2323:Levack, Brian (2013).
2274:Violence against women
2160:Witch trials in Sweden
2145:Witch trials in Sicily
2130:Witch trials in Poland
2125:Witch trials in Norway
2085:Witch trials in France
1984:religion now known as
1948:
1893:The God of the Witches
1644:Spanish Basque Country
1608:The English historian
1592:Protestant Reformation
1562:
1487:
1476:
1465:
1405:
1397:
1365:
1283:in Poland (1836), and
1045:Eichstätt witch trials
1032:
997:Protestant Reformation
943:
871:Perrissona Gappit case
768:
729:
585:Violence against women
45:Violence against women
7245:Campus sexual assault
6970:Werewolf witch trials
6763:Maryland Witch Trials
6728:Salzburg witch trials
6645:Terrassa witch trials
6599:Witch trials in Spain
6579:Witch trials in Italy
6550:Katarina witch trials
6544:Torsåker witch trials
6520:Kirkjuból witch trial
6497:Akershus witch trials
6385:Würzburg witch trials
6373:Ellwangen witch trial
6332:Rottweil Witch Trials
6304:Affair of the Poisons
6298:Normandy witch trials
6253:Doruchowo witch trial
5994:entry on "Witchcraft"
5992:Catholic Encyclopedia
5683:Rose, Elliot (1962).
5473:Jensen, Gary (2007).
4876:29 April 2007 at the
4103:Fagan, Brian (2000).
3968:Renaissance Quarterly
3498:Farmer, Alan (2020).
2653:Molinier (1880), p. 6
2489:Yale University Press
2289:Women in Christianity
2150:Witch trials in Spain
2105:Witch trials in Italy
2060:Maryland witch trials
1951:—Jenny Gibbons (1998)
1900:Witch-cult hypothesis
1887:, who published both
1705:philosophy of science
1602:Further information:
1554:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1403:
1386:
1266:Doruchów witch trials
1233:Further information:
1150:Salzburg witch trials
1142:Torsåker witch trials
1122:Further information:
1104:Torsåker witch trials
1100:Salzburg witch trials
1051:(1626–1631), and the
1049:Würzburg witch trials
1027:
919:
766:
727:
459:Marry-your-rapist law
454:Marriage by abduction
311:Virgin cleansing myth
7434:Magic (supernatural)
7331:Cybersex trafficking
7233:Sexual assault, rape
7217:Polisi Syariat Islam
6710:Roermond witch trial
6680:Stedelen witch trial
6633:Witches of Laspaúles
6509:Rosborg witch trials
6486:Finspång witch trial
6391:Bamberg witch trials
6292:Louviers possessions
6190:Bideford witch trial
6095:Witchcraft in Orkney
6073:In the British Isles
5558:The Economic Journal
5266:History of Religions
5201:. London: Continuum.
5108:. Cambridge: Polity.
4921:, pp. 103–104;
4763:The Witch in History
4365:The Economic Journal
3725:Volume II. Page 168.
3692:on 20 December 2014.
3589:H.vR. Trevor-Roper,
3304:on 28 February 2017.
3021:. HMH. p. 166.
2662:Molinier (1880), p.
2115:Witch-hunts in Nepal
2045:Bideford witch trial
1868:University of Berlin
1588:convents were closed
1491:Regional differences
1112:Colonial New England
1053:Bamberg witch trials
779:direct Capetian line
444:Forced sterilisation
140:Cybersex trafficking
7424:Early modern period
7362:Istanbul Convention
7250:Mass sexual assault
7167:Forced prostitution
6871:Newes from Scotland
6831:Malleus Maleficarum
6692:Geneva witch trials
6686:Valais witch trials
6639:Basque witch trials
6562:Thisted witch trial
6556:Rugård witch trials
6503:Ramsele witch trial
6474:Gyldenstierne-sagen
6462:Põlula witch trials
6247:Szeged witch trials
5826:Thurston, Robert W.
5784:Simpson, Jacqueline
5236:Ehrenreich, Barbara
5119:. London: Penguin.
4945:, pp. 136–137.
3615:Henry Charles Lea,
3560:, Greenwood, 1996.
2940:Malleus Maleficarum
2923:Malleus Maleficarum
2846:(2011) 28.1 p 1-24.
2828:(2011) 28.1 p 9-10.
2783:Golden, Richard M.
2429:. Pearson Longman.
1827:Malleus maleficarum
1752:first-wave feminist
1748:Matilda Joslyn Gage
1604:Counter-Reformation
1416:Early Modern period
1279:in Denmark (1800),
1256:. Like Anna Göldi,
1208:Witchcraft Act 1735
1093:Pendle witch trials
993:Malleus Maleficarum
986:Malleus Maleficarum
966:Malleus Maleficarum
955:Malleus Maleficarum
949:Malleus Maleficarum
927:Malleus Maleficarum
911:Malleus Maleficarum
887:Valais witch trials
678:Medieval background
660:Counter-Reformation
636:early modern period
135:Forced prostitution
7132:Female infanticide
6775:Salem witch trials
6621:Lisbon witch trial
6572:In Southern Europe
6526:Vardø witch trials
6425:In Northern Europe
6367:Fulda witch trials
6355:Trier witch trials
6286:Loudun possessions
6202:Pittenweem witches
6157:Witches of Belvoir
6151:Samlesbury witches
6122:Witches of Warboys
6021:, 21 October 2004)
5848:Trevor-Roper, Hugh
5570:10.1111/ecoj.12498
5368:. Longmans, Green.
5147:Caro Baroja, Julio
5049:. pp. 142–148 and
4641:, pp. 11, 16.
4570:, pp. 19–20;
4377:10.1111/ecoj.12498
4371:(613): 2066–2105.
4037:, pp. 41–42;
3707:Teutonic Mythology
3445:MacFarlane, Alan.
3418:The New York Times
2640:Charles Molinier,
2284:Women and religion
2249:Modern witch-hunts
2239:Magic and religion
2050:Salem witch trials
1982:contemporary pagan
1775:Barbara Ehrenreich
1563:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1406:
1398:
1390:Baden, Switzerland
1347:capital punishment
1235:Modern witch-hunts
1157:Salem witch trials
1108:Salem witch trials
1106:and, in 1692, the
1041:Fulda witch trials
1037:Trier witch trials
944:
841:Richard Kieckhefer
769:
730:
683:Christian doctrine
672:burnt at the stake
375:Narcissistic abuse
7406:
7405:
7172:Human trafficking
7073:Domestic violence
6990:
6989:
6744:Outside of Europe
6722:Lukh witch trials
6218:In Eastern Europe
5905:978-0-7425-3386-8
5875:978-1-84519-078-1
5775:978-0-7391-7417-3
5735:978-1-85973-053-9
5712:978-0-500-28634-0
5541:978-3-428-14821-9
5389:978-0-631-17288-8
5253:978-1-55861-661-5
5126:978-0-14-014438-3
5045:See for instance
4795:Malevolent Nature
4752:, pp. 42–45.
4558:, pp. 57–58.
4462:, pp. 31–32.
4438:, pp. 44–45.
4351:Trevor-Roper 1969
4021:978-0-300-11706-6
3924:978-0-674-01976-8
3889:978-0-7011-2424-3
3864:978-0-582-08069-0
3839:978-0-226-46806-8
3826:Langbein, John H.
3566:978-0-313-28391-8
3547:, pp. 1, 21.
3511:978-1-5104-5911-3
3372:978-0-19-957871-9
3345:978-0-89587-476-4
3275:978-0-582-49314-8
3118:, pp. 69–70.
3028:978-0-547-54905-7
2491:. pp. 24–25.
2436:978-0-582-41901-8
2179:Conspiracy theory
1864:Karl Ernst Jarcke
1610:Hugh Trevor-Roper
1576:Thirty Years' War
1510:Holy Roman Empire
1504:in comparison to
1395:Johann Jakob Wick
1130:Roman Inquisition
1047:(1613–1630), the
1043:(1603–1606), the
1039:(1581–1593), the
930:, 1520 (from the
895:Nicholas Jacquier
807:sortilegii crimen
656:Holy Roman Empire
626:
625:
481:Toxic masculinity
413:Droit du seigneur
390:Domestic violence
145:Human trafficking
16:(Redirected from
7446:
7396:
7395:
7162:Forced pregnancy
7017:
7010:
7003:
6994:
6538:Mora witch trial
6116:St Osyth Witches
6059:
6052:
6045:
6036:
6029:Internet Archive
5972:
5965:Heselton, Philip
5953:
5931:
5914:Federici, Silvia
5909:
5879:
5855:
5843:
5821:
5809:
5807:
5779:
5760:
5739:
5727:
5716:
5697:
5688:
5679:
5670:
5648:
5636:
5627:
5618:
5609:
5590:
5581:
5555:
5545:
5526:
5507:
5488:
5484:978-0-7425-46974
5469:
5443:
5417:
5393:
5369:
5360:
5335:
5311:
5289:
5257:
5240:English, Deirdre
5231:
5202:
5190:
5168:
5156:
5142:
5130:
5109:
5100:
5098:
5078:
5072:
5066:
5063:Doyle White 2014
5060:
5054:
5043:
5037:
5031:
5025:
5019:
5013:
5007:
4998:
4992:
4986:
4980:
4974:
4968:
4962:
4952:
4946:
4936:
4930:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4843:
4837:
4831:
4825:
4818:
4812:
4804:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4770:
4759:
4753:
4743:
4737:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4715:
4709:
4704:Klaits, Joseph.
4702:
4696:
4695:
4688:
4682:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4630:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4532:
4526:
4517:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4427:
4421:
4412:
4406:
4397:
4396:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4322:(4): 1153–1172.
4311:
4305:
4302:
4296:
4295:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4260:
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4208:
4188:
4179:
4178:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4065:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3909:Gaskill, Malcolm
3906:can be found in
3900:
3894:
3893:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3805:
3799:. Archived from
3798:
3789:
3783:
3777:
3771:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3732:
3726:
3716:
3710:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3677:
3671:
3661:
3655:
3645:
3639:
3633:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3600:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3575:
3569:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3536:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3329:
3323:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3262:France 1814–1914
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3168:
3162:
3159:
3153:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3000:
2989:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2949:
2943:
2936:
2930:
2927:Montague Summers
2899:
2893:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2859:" (1890) p. 252.
2855:George L. Burr "
2853:
2847:
2835:
2829:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2741:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2685:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2612:
2601:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2558:Gendercide Watch
2549:
2540:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2511:
2510:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2420:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2380:
2371:
2369:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2299:Anton Praetorius
2254:Margaret Mattson
2194:False accusation
1995:Witchcraft Today
1978:Gardnerian Wicca
1974:New Forest Coven
1952:
1936:Montague Summers
1756:women's suffrage
1697:cultural studies
1673:
1672:
1652:Economic Journal
1632:Lowland Scotland
1615:Economic Journal
1484:The Witch, No. 3
1473:The Witch, No. 2
1462:The Witch, No. 1
1368:
1358:Various acts of
1281:Krystyna Ceynowa
1244:was executed in
971:Council of Trent
903:Guillaume Edelin
891:Council of Basel
883:Council of Trent
821:, who published
781:. The papacy of
618:
611:
604:
439:Forced pregnancy
32:
21:
7454:
7453:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7409:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7386:
7350:
7346:Sexual violence
7336:Sex trafficking
7228:
7207:Guidance Patrol
7157:Forced marriage
7152:Forced abortion
7115:Gishiri cutting
7026:
7021:
6991:
6986:
6975:Witchcraft Acts
6941:
6780:
6739:
6716:Spa witch trial
6662:
6656:
6567:
6420:
6315:
6258:
6213:
6196:Paisley witches
6110:Windsor Witches
6068:
6063:
6015:Malcolm Gaskill
6002:by James Hannam
5980:
5975:
5963:
5947:
5935:Levack, Brian P
5928:
5912:
5906:
5891:
5887:
5885:Further reading
5882:
5876:
5858:
5846:
5840:
5824:
5812:
5782:
5776:
5763:
5757:
5742:
5736:
5719:
5713:
5700:
5691:
5682:
5673:
5667:
5651:
5639:
5630:
5621:
5612:
5606:
5593:
5584:
5553:
5548:
5542:
5529:
5523:
5510:
5504:
5491:
5485:
5472:
5446:
5420:
5414:
5396:
5390:
5372:
5363:
5338:
5332:
5316:Ginzburg, Carlo
5314:
5308:
5294:Ginzburg, Carlo
5292:
5260:
5254:
5234:
5205:
5193:
5187:
5171:
5165:
5145:
5141:. Dorset Press.
5133:
5127:
5112:
5103:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5061:
5057:
5044:
5040:
5032:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4981:
4977:
4969:
4965:
4953:
4949:
4941:, p. 104;
4937:
4933:
4917:
4913:
4905:
4901:
4892:
4888:
4878:Wayback Machine
4859:webcitation.com
4844:
4840:
4832:
4828:
4819:
4815:
4808:Kirsten Hastrup
4805:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4773:
4760:
4756:
4744:
4740:
4736:, p. 116 (1999)
4731:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4703:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4672:
4668:
4657:The Pomegranate
4650:
4649:
4645:
4637:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4613:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4589:
4582:
4574:, p. 342;
4566:
4562:
4554:
4550:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4520:
4508:
4504:
4496:
4489:
4480:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4446:
4442:
4434:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4407:
4400:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4349:
4345:
4329:10.1.1.370.6294
4313:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4299:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4242:
4234:
4230:
4206:10.1.1.526.7789
4190:
4189:
4182:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4120:Climatic Change
4117:
4116:
4112:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4070:Climatic Change
4067:
4066:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3907:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3840:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3809:
3807:
3806:on 12 June 2013
3803:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3778:
3774:
3762:
3758:
3748:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3719:Mackay, Charles
3717:
3713:
3701:
3697:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3662:
3658:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3627:
3614:
3610:
3602:Camille Naish,
3601:
3597:
3588:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3555:
3551:
3543:
3539:
3531:
3527:
3512:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3468:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3391:Huffington Post
3385:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3346:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3313:
3309:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3268:. p. 245.
3259:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3195:9 Geo. 2, c. 5.
3194:
3190:
3183:
3170:
3169:
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2965:
2961:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2925:translation by
2900:
2896:
2890:Wayback Machine
2876:
2872:
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2854:
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2652:
2648:
2639:
2635:
2628:Trinity College
2619:
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2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
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2576:
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2422:
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2392:
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2381:
2374:
2364:
2359:, p. 149;
2339:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2229:Witchcraft Acts
2209:Labeling theory
2169:
2164:
2040:
1954:
1950:
1932:Margaret Murray
1902:
1885:Margaret Murray
1855:
1835:Gunnar Heinsohn
1804:
1779:Deirdre English
1740:
1734:
1725:
1717:feminist theory
1713:literary theory
1684:
1665:
1606:
1600:
1571:Hartmut Lehmann
1549:
1525:Matthew Hopkins
1493:
1455:
1411:
1366:crimen exceptum
1356:
1334:
1321:
1316:
1254:judicial murder
1237:
1231:
1126:
1120:
1005:
979:Increase Mather
924:edition of the
914:
854:
815:
774:
722:
697:Throughout the
695:
687:Main articles:
685:
680:
648:British America
632:
622:
575:Sex and the law
555:Women's shelter
476:Sexual bullying
434:Forced marriage
424:Forced abortion
347:Gishiri cutting
316:Widow cleansing
306:Sexual violence
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7452:
7450:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
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7404:
7403:
7391:
7388:
7387:
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7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7356:
7355:Related topics
7352:
7351:
7349:
7348:
7343:
7341:Sexual slavery
7338:
7333:
7328:
7327:
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7321:
7316:
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7306:
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7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7264:
7254:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7240:Sexual assault
7236:
7234:
7230:
7229:
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7204:
7194:
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7169:
7164:
7159:
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7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
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7128:
7127:
7125:Husband stitch
7122:
7117:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7070:
7065:
7063:Child marriage
7060:
7055:
7050:
7048:Breast ironing
7045:
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6142:
6139:Pendle witches
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5987:
5979:
5978:External links
5976:
5974:
5973:
5961:
5954:
5952:. Vol. 5.
5945:
5932:
5926:
5910:
5904:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5874:
5856:
5844:
5839:978-0582438064
5838:
5822:
5810:
5798:(1–2): 89–96.
5780:
5774:
5761:
5755:
5740:
5734:
5717:
5711:
5698:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5666:978-0415087629
5665:
5653:Purkiss, Diane
5649:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5610:
5604:
5591:
5582:
5551:"Witch Trials"
5546:
5540:
5527:
5522:978-0691073774
5521:
5508:
5503:978-0521785761
5502:
5489:
5483:
5470:
5460:(2): 225–256.
5448:Hutton, Ronald
5444:
5434:(2): 239–262.
5422:Hutton, Ronald
5418:
5413:978-0192854490
5412:
5398:Hutton, Ronald
5394:
5388:
5374:Hutton, Ronald
5370:
5361:
5336:
5331:978-0394581637
5330:
5312:
5307:978-0801843860
5306:
5290:
5278:10.1086/462721
5272:(3): 149–172.
5262:Eliade, Mircea
5258:
5252:
5232:
5203:
5191:
5186:978-0435821838
5185:
5169:
5163:
5143:
5135:Burman, Edward
5131:
5125:
5110:
5101:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5067:
5055:
5051:Magliocco 2002
5038:
5026:
5014:
4999:
4997:, p. 152.
4987:
4985:, p. 198.
4975:
4973:, p. 169.
4963:
4947:
4931:
4929:, p. 136.
4925:, p. 34;
4911:
4909:, p. 103.
4899:
4886:
4871:historicum.net
4838:
4826:
4813:
4799:
4786:
4771:
4754:
4748:, p. 59;
4738:
4725:
4710:
4708:(1985), p. 68.
4697:
4683:
4666:
4643:
4631:
4619:
4607:
4595:
4580:
4560:
4548:
4533:
4518:
4516:, p. 248.
4502:
4487:
4473:
4464:
4460:Midelfort 1972
4452:
4448:Midelfort 1972
4440:
4428:
4413:
4398:
4355:
4343:
4306:
4297:
4270:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4180:
4161:(2): 107–121.
4145:
4110:
4095:
4055:
4051:Midelfort 1972
4043:
4039:Behringer 2004
4027:
4020:
4002:
3981:10.1086/598373
3975:(1): 102–129.
3957:
3946:(3): 403–421.
3930:
3923:
3895:
3888:
3870:
3863:
3845:
3838:
3817:
3784:
3772:
3756:
3727:
3711:
3695:
3672:
3670:, p. 248.
3666:, p. 34;
3656:
3654:, p. 248.
3650:, p. 21;
3640:
3625:
3608:
3595:
3582:
3570:
3549:
3537:
3525:
3510:
3490:
3478:
3451:
3438:
3404:
3378:
3371:
3365:. OUP Oxford.
3351:
3344:
3324:
3307:
3281:
3274:
3252:
3224:
3217:
3211:. OUP Oxford.
3197:
3188:
3181:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3138:
3120:
3108:
3090:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3046:
3034:
3027:
3007:
2990:
2981:
2972:
2959:
2956:. p. 241.
2944:
2931:
2894:
2870:
2861:
2848:
2830:
2817:
2805:
2790:
2775:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2715:Lambert Daneau
2698:
2686:
2677:
2668:
2655:
2646:
2644:(1880), p. ii.
2633:
2602:
2593:
2584:
2570:
2541:
2528:
2512:
2494:
2481:Hutton, Ronald
2472:
2457:
2442:
2435:
2412:
2400:
2372:
2357:Behringer 2004
2330:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
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2276:
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2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2199:Fear mongering
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2010:Charles Leland
1970:Gerald Gardner
1944:Jules Michelet
1940:Gerald Gardner
1926:
1898:Main article:
1875:Jules Michelet
1854:
1851:
1816:Kurt Baschwitz
1803:
1800:
1764:Jules Michelet
1736:Main article:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1683:
1680:
1664:
1661:
1620:state capacity
1599:
1596:
1581:Moreover, the
1548:
1545:
1492:
1489:
1454:
1451:
1447:Charles Mackay
1410:
1407:
1355:
1352:
1343:Exodus (22:18)
1333:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1306:with a witch.
1300:Bridget Cleary
1230:
1227:
1177:Grace Sherwood
1119:
1116:
1102:, the Swedish
1019:prince-bishops
1004:
1001:
913:
907:
878:Canon Episcopi
876:The skeptical
853:
850:
814:
813:Lamothe-Langon
811:
803:work from 1595
773:
770:
721:
718:
713:Thomas Aquinas
684:
681:
679:
676:
628:Main article:
624:
623:
621:
620:
613:
606:
598:
595:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
544:
543:
542:Related topics
539:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
498:
497:
491:
490:
489:
488:
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478:
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451:
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426:
421:
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409:
408:
407:
402:
397:
387:
382:
377:
369:
368:
364:
363:
362:
361:
356:
355:
354:
349:
339:
337:Breast ironing
334:
326:
325:
321:
320:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
297:
296:
291:
286:
281:
274:Sexual assault
271:
270:
269:
264:
262:Unacknowledged
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
169:
164:
163:
162:
157:
155:Sexual slavery
152:
147:
142:
132:
127:
122:
114:
113:
109:
108:
107:
106:
101:
96:
91:
89:Pregnant women
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
53:
52:
48:
47:
41:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7451:
7440:
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7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7401:
7400:
7389:
7383:
7382:Serial rapist
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7372:November 25th
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7359:
7357:
7353:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7322:
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7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
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7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7274:Types of rape
7272:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7262:and pregnancy
7260:
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7246:
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7153:
7150:
7148:
7147:Force-feeding
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7123:
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7118:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7105:Honor killing
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7089:
7088:and pregnancy
7086:
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7079:
7076:
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7074:
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7064:
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7059:
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7054:
7053:Bride burning
7051:
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6380:
6377:
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6172:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6060:
6055:
6053:
6048:
6046:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5927:1-57027-059-7
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5896:
5890:
5889:
5884:
5877:
5871:
5867:
5866:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5814:Thomas, Keith
5811:
5806:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5756:9780333920824
5752:
5748:
5747:
5741:
5737:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5677:
5672:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5625:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5605:9780814756454
5601:
5597:
5592:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5533:
5528:
5524:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5480:
5476:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5164:9781842122426
5160:
5155:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5122:
5118:
5117:
5111:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5077:, p. 95.
5076:
5071:
5068:
5065:, p. 68.
5064:
5059:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5022:Heselton 2004
5018:
5015:
5012:, p. 89.
5011:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4971:Sheppard 2013
4967:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4903:
4900:
4897:, 1990, 1-26.
4896:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4835:
4834:Thurston 2001
4830:
4827:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4751:
4750:Thurston 2001
4747:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4714:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4675:Thurston 2001
4670:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4632:
4629:, p. 17.
4628:
4623:
4620:
4617:, p. 75.
4616:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4531:, p. 45.
4530:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:, p. 2;
4511:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4453:
4450:, p. 31.
4449:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4429:
4426:, p. 44.
4425:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4411:, p. 43.
4410:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4347:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4310:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4274:
4271:
4266:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4250:, p. 41.
4249:
4244:
4241:
4238:, p. 42.
4237:
4232:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4041:, p. 88.
4040:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4023:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3961:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3785:
3782:, p. 22.
3781:
3776:
3773:
3770:, p. 253
3769:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3641:
3638:, p. 32.
3637:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3580:, p. 70.
3579:
3574:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3535:, p. 12.
3534:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3491:
3488:, p. 34.
3487:
3482:
3479:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3393:. 29 May 2012
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3368:
3364:
3363:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3328:
3325:
3321:
3320:transcription
3317:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3253:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3218:9780191648830
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3184:
3182:9789004165281
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3139:9783877078129
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3054:Thurston 2001
3050:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3003:Thurston 2001
2999:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2813:Thurston 2001
2809:
2806:
2801:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:(1575), p. 14
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2559:
2555:
2552:Jones, Adam.
2548:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2408:Thurston 2001
2404:
2401:
2389:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2269:Satanic panic
2267:
2265:
2264:Social stigma
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:Mass hysteria
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:Robert Graves
1963:
1962:Aldous Huxley
1959:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1843:birth control
1840:
1836:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1812:Nicholas Rémy
1809:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1790:Diane Purkiss
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:movement for
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1731:
1729:
1723:Functionalism
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1517:British Isles
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Old Testament
1331:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1258:Barbara Zdunk
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1219:Maria Theresa
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1076:North Berwick
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:(1626–1631).
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1023:Western world
1020:
1015:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
962:
957:
956:
951:
950:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
918:
912:
908:
906:
904:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
874:
872:
869:society. The
867:
863:
859:
851:
849:
846:
842:
838:
834:
829:
828:Joseph Hansen
824:
820:
812:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
771:
765:
761:
759:
753:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
726:
719:
717:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
694:
690:
682:
677:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
631:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
599:
597:
596:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
524:Belém do Pará
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
496:
492:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
471:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:Force-feeding
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
414:
410:
406:
405:and pregnancy
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
370:
365:
360:
357:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
324:Disfigurement
322:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
170:
168:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
150:Fetish slaves
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:
110:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
69:Honor killing
67:
65:
62:
60:
59:Bride burning
57:
56:
55:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
30:
19:
7439:Witch trials
7397:
7377:February 6th
7279:by deception
7142:Foot binding
7120:Infibulation
7068:Dating abuse
7058:Bride buying
6933:
6925:
6917:
6909:
6901:
6895:Daemonologie
6893:
6885:
6877:
6869:
6861:
6853:
6847:Laienspiegel
6845:
6837:
6829:
6821:
6813:
6805:
6797:
6606:(1505, 1518)
6480:Køge Huskors
6184:Bute witches
6066:Witch trials
6065:
6018:
5991:
5968:
5957:
5949:
5938:
5917:
5894:
5863:
5851:
5829:
5817:
5795:
5791:
5765:
5745:
5723:
5702:
5693:
5684:
5675:
5656:
5644:
5632:
5623:
5614:
5595:
5586:
5561:
5557:
5531:
5512:
5493:
5474:
5457:
5451:
5431:
5425:
5402:
5378:
5365:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5320:
5297:
5269:
5265:
5243:
5214:(1): 60–79.
5211:
5207:
5198:
5195:Davies, Owen
5176:
5173:Cohn, Norman
5152:
5138:
5115:
5105:
5094:
5075:Simpson 1994
5070:
5058:
5041:
5034:Gardner 1954
5029:
5017:
5010:Simpson 1994
4990:
4978:
4966:
4950:
4934:
4923:Purkiss 1996
4914:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4884:, p. 8)
4882:Purkiss 1996
4866:
4862:
4854:
4846:
4841:
4836:. pp. 42–45.
4829:
4821:
4816:
4802:
4794:
4789:
4782:Gibbons 1998
4766:
4762:
4757:
4741:
4733:
4728:
4719:
4713:
4705:
4700:
4686:
4678:
4669:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4639:Purkiss 1996
4634:
4627:Purkiss 1996
4622:
4610:
4603:Barstow 1994
4598:
4593:, p. 8.
4591:Purkiss 1996
4568:Purkiss 1996
4563:
4551:
4505:
4500:, p. 2.
4476:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4346:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4300:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4264:
4243:
4231:
4196:
4192:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4073:
4069:
4046:
4030:
4011:
4005:
3972:
3966:
3960:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3913:
3904:John Stearne
3898:
3879:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3829:
3820:
3808:. Retrieved
3801:the original
3787:
3775:
3759:
3749:30 September
3747:. Retrieved
3740:
3737:"WITCHCRAFT"
3730:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3703:Grimm, Jacob
3698:
3690:the original
3685:
3675:
3659:
3643:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3573:
3557:
3552:
3540:
3528:
3500:
3493:
3481:
3469:. Retrieved
3464:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3417:
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3390:
3381:
3361:
3354:
3334:
3327:
3310:
3302:the original
3297:
3293:
3284:
3261:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3237:
3227:
3207:
3200:
3191:
3172:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3111:
3102:
3093:
3079:
3070:
3061:
3056:, pp. 80–81.
3049:
3017:
3010:
2984:
2975:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2934:
2917:
2902:
2897:
2873:
2864:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2820:
2808:
2793:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2745:
2738:1598 edition
2733:
2725:
2719:
2706:
2701:
2680:
2671:
2658:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2623:
2596:
2587:
2579:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2557:
2539:(2004)p. 160
2536:
2531:
2506:
2503:Davies, Owen
2497:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2425:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:
2348:
2324:
2318:
2259:Social panic
2032:
2025:
2016:and goddess
2006:
1999:
1993:
1989:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1928:
1903:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1856:
1839:Otto Steiger
1831:
1826:
1824:
1819:
1805:
1787:
1782:
1772:
1759:
1741:
1726:
1693:anthropology
1685:
1675:
1671:מְכַשֵּׁפָ֖ה
1666:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1624:
1622:—were not."
1613:
1607:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1541:
1533:
1521:
1514:
1494:
1483:
1472:
1461:
1435:popular myth
1424:
1420:
1412:
1387:
1378:social panic
1375:
1371:
1357:
1335:
1322:
1308:
1304:replaced her
1297:
1293:
1277:Anna Klemens
1270:
1238:
1217:In Austria,
1216:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1154:
1138:
1127:
1097:
1090:
1085:Daemonologie
1083:
1058:In 1590 the
1057:
1033:
1030:Protestants.
1028:
1010:
1006:
992:
990:
985:
983:
965:
953:
947:
945:
939:
935:
925:
910:
899:
875:
862:Bernese Alps
855:
844:
822:
816:
806:
799:Nicolas Rémy
794:
790:
788:
775:
772:14th century
757:
754:
731:
706:superstition
699:medieval era
696:
668:cunning folk
633:
486:Witch trials
485:
468:
411:
385:Dating abuse
367:Other issues
359:Foot binding
352:Infibulation
182:By Deception
177:Acquaintance
29:
7100:Eve teasing
7095:Dowry death
7043:Acid attack
6815:Formicarius
6777:(1692–1693)
6771:(1642–1790)
6765:(1654–1712)
6759:(1647–1663)
6753:(1626–1730)
6736:(1679–1682)
6730:(1675–1681)
6724:(1656–1660)
6700:(1591–1595)
6688:(1428–1447)
6682:(1397–1407)
6647:(1615–1619)
6629:(1575–1650)
6612:(1522–1525)
6564:(1696–1698)
6534:(1665–1668)
6511:(1639–1642)
6482:(1608–1615)
6411:(1662–1666)
6405:(1628–1631)
6399:(1627–1631)
6393:(1626–1631)
6387:(1626–1631)
6381:(1617–1630)
6375:(1611–1618)
6369:(1603–1606)
6357:(1581–1593)
6351:(1578–1613)
6345:(1562–1563)
6312:(1742–1745)
6306:(1679–1682)
6124:(1589–1593)
6019:In Our Time
5860:Wilby, Emma
5676:Witch Craze
5351:: 224–230.
5047:Hutton 1999
4995:Eliade 1975
4983:Hutton 1999
4959:Murray 1962
4955:Murray 1952
4943:Hutton 1999
4927:Hutton 1999
4572:Hutton 1999
4544:Hutton 1999
4514:Hutton 2010
4199:: 215–228.
4076:: 335–351.
3792:Horn, Dan.
3764:Norman Cohn
3668:Hutton 2010
3652:Hutton 2010
3578:Medway 2001
3431:11 February
3239:Smithsonian
2913:inquisition
2815:. p. 67,77.
2537:Witch Craze
2353:Hutton 2010
2341:Hutton 2010
2224:Moral panic
2184:Blood libel
1998:(1954) and
1891:(1921) and
1880:La Sorciere
1847:Black Death
1798:oppressed.
1795:historicity
1709:criminology
1676:məḵaššêp̄āh
1590:during the
1558:malefizhaus
1536:Inquisition
1529:East Anglia
1443:Jacob Grimm
1393:(1585), by
1341:'s book of
1332:Punishments
1273:witch-hunts
1250:Switzerland
1223:Maria Pauer
1204:Janet Horne
1199:Jane Wenham
1175:. In 1706,
1169:New England
837:Norman Cohn
750:Waldensians
652:witch-hunts
580:Victimology
560:25 November
419:Eve teasing
380:Gaslighting
332:Acid attack
79:Infanticide
64:Dowry death
7413:Categories
7284:corrective
7083:management
6965:Drudenhaus
6953:Witch-hunt
6661:Elsewhere
6627:Benandanti
6320:In Germany
6011:Witchcraft
5366:Witchcraft
4851:(download)
3617:Witchcraft
3568:. (p.552).
3520:1148949640
3264:. London:
2909:papal bull
2730:Jean Bodin
2563:19 October
2361:Roper 2004
2306:References
2294:Thomas Ady
2279:Witch-hunt
2204:Gendercide
1922:Lughnasadh
1906:Horned God
1877:published
1783:Witchcraze
1701:philosophy
1642:, and the
1242:Anna Göldi
1134:Rothenburg
975:Jean Bodin
795:sortilegia
742:Dominicans
734:Gregory IX
640:witchcraft
630:Witch-hunt
570:By country
565:6 February
400:management
289:In Service
247:Statistics
237:Prevention
187:Corrective
99:Sororicide
7324:statutory
7299:genocidal
6663:in Europe
6653:(1646–47)
6623:(1559–60)
6558:(1685–86)
6528:(1662–63)
6300:(1669–70)
6288:(1633–34)
6263:In France
6249:(1728–29)
5641:Pócs, Éva
5578:219395432
5296:(1983) .
5286:161503454
5228:216643366
5149:(2001) .
5036:. p. 139.
4939:Cohn 1975
4919:Cohn 1975
4907:Cohn 1975
4663:. Lammas.
4546:. p. 141.
4393:219395432
4385:1468-0297
4324:CiteSeerX
4201:CiteSeerX
4175:145501088
4140:189869419
4090:189869470
3810:2 October
3768:Cohn 1975
3705:(1883 ).
3426:0362-4331
3245:21 August
3103:USA Today
2879:this note
2664:xvi–xviii
2393:24 August
2311:Citations
1910:Halloween
1689:sociology
1298:In 1895,
1161:New World
1155:The 1692
833:Catharism
783:John XXII
710:Dominican
252:Statutory
232:Pregnancy
212:Genocidal
104:Uxoricide
84:Matricide
7399:Category
7177:Misogyny
7137:Femicide
5967:(2004).
5916:(2004).
5862:(2005).
5850:(1969).
5828:(2001).
5816:(1971).
5792:Folklore
5786:(1994).
5655:(1996).
5643:(1999).
5400:(1999).
5376:(1991).
5345:Folklore
5318:(1990).
5242:(2010).
5208:Folklore
5197:(2003).
5175:(1975).
5137:(1984).
4874:Archived
4286:: 1–33.
4223:22483025
4126:: 5–53.
3989:19618523
3952:25023586
3911:(2005).
3828:(1977).
3721:(1841).
3397:23 March
3005:. p. 79.
2970:, (1693)
2886:Archived
2844:Parergon
2826:Parergon
2726:sorciers
2505:(2007).
2483:(2017).
2410:. p. 01.
2167:See also
1808:misogyny
1744:feminist
1508:and the
1431:Voltaire
1319:Evidence
1212:9 Geo. 2
1181:Virginia
1064:James VI
866:Dauphiné
748:and the
738:Toulouse
662:and the
534:Istanbul
74:Femicide
37:a series
35:Part of
7314:marital
7078:outline
6946:Related
5941:(2013)
3997:6237431
3471:9 April
3266:Longman
2705:HC Lea,
2022:Tuscany
2014:Lucifer
1990:Sabbats
1918:Beltane
1866:of the
1360:torture
1262:Prussia
922:Cologne
746:Cathars
634:In the
395:outline
267:Wartime
227:Marital
217:History
202:Factors
197:Effects
51:Killing
7319:prison
7309:in war
7304:halala
7197:Sharia
7187:Raptio
7031:Issues
6938:(1751)
6930:(1647)
6922:(1627)
6914:(1608)
6906:(1599)
6898:(1597)
6890:(1595)
6882:(1593)
6874:(1591)
6866:(1584)
6858:(1563)
6850:(1509)
6842:(1489)
6834:(1487)
6826:(1484)
6818:(1475)
6810:(1440)
6802:(1376)
6718:(1616)
6712:(1613)
6706:(1610)
6694:(1571)
6641:(1609)
6635:(1593)
6552:(1676)
6546:(1675)
6540:(1669)
6522:(1656)
6505:(1634)
6499:(1624)
6488:(1617)
6476:(1596)
6470:(1590)
6464:(1542)
6417:(1703)
6363:(1600)
6339:(1555)
6294:(1647)
6282:(1611)
6255:(1783)
6243:(1678)
6237:(1634)
6210:(1711)
6204:(1704)
6198:(1696)
6192:(1682)
6186:(1662)
6159:(1619)
6153:(1612)
6147:(1612)
6141:(1612)
6130:(1590)
6118:(1582)
6112:(1579)
5937:. ed.
5924:
5902:
5872:
5836:
5772:
5753:
5732:
5709:
5663:
5602:
5576:
5538:
5519:
5500:
5481:
5410:
5386:
5328:
5304:
5284:
5250:
5226:
5183:
5161:
5123:
4811:(2004)
4391:
4383:
4326:
4221:
4203:
4173:
4138:
4088:
4018:
3995:
3987:
3950:
3921:
3886:
3861:
3836:
3564:
3518:
3508:
3424:
3369:
3342:
3272:
3215:
3179:
3136:
3025:
2433:
2388:Quartz
1942:, and
1920:, and
1914:Imbolc
1715:, and
1640:Venice
1636:Geneva
1506:France
1246:Glarus
1146:Sweden
1014:heresy
909:1486:
860:, the
858:Valais
644:Europe
529:Maputo
470:Raptio
279:Campus
257:Threat
242:Prison
6785:Texts
5990:1913
5574:S2CID
5554:(PDF)
5282:S2CID
5224:S2CID
4389:S2CID
4219:S2CID
4171:S2CID
4136:S2CID
4086:S2CID
3993:S2CID
3948:JSTOR
3804:(PDF)
3797:(PDF)
3316:p. 67
2620:(PDF)
2018:Diana
1986:Wicca
1628:Essex
1527:from
1502:Italy
1498:Spain
1325:alibi
703:pagan
519:DEVAW
509:CEDAW
504:DEDAW
284:Child
7294:gang
7289:date
7267:laws
7257:Rape
7192:Sati
5922:ISBN
5900:ISBN
5870:ISBN
5834:ISBN
5770:ISBN
5751:ISBN
5730:ISBN
5707:ISBN
5661:ISBN
5600:ISBN
5536:ISBN
5517:ISBN
5498:ISBN
5479:ISBN
5408:ISBN
5384:ISBN
5326:ISBN
5302:ISBN
5248:ISBN
5181:ISBN
5159:ISBN
5121:ISBN
4381:ISSN
4016:ISBN
3985:PMID
3919:ISBN
3884:ISBN
3859:ISBN
3834:ISBN
3812:2023
3751:2013
3562:ISBN
3516:OCLC
3506:ISBN
3473:2024
3433:2023
3422:ISSN
3399:2015
3367:ISBN
3340:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3247:2022
3213:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3023:ISBN
2921:see
2907:, a
2724:and
2565:2018
2522:Per
2431:ISBN
2395:2018
1964:and
1859:cult
1837:and
1777:and
1555:The
1289:Nord
1091:The
1072:Anne
839:and
691:and
646:and
514:VDPA
294:Mass
222:Laws
207:Gang
192:Date
172:Rape
94:Sati
5800:doi
5796:105
5566:doi
5562:128
5462:doi
5436:doi
5353:doi
5343:".
5274:doi
5216:doi
5212:125
4373:doi
4369:128
4334:doi
4288:doi
4211:doi
4163:doi
4128:doi
4078:doi
3977:doi
2881:to
2020:in
1179:of
1144:of
1110:in
801:'s
642:in
7415::
5794:.
5790:.
5572:.
5560:.
5556:.
5458:13
5456:.
5432:12
5430:.
5349:33
5347:.
5280:.
5270:14
5268:.
5238:;
5222:.
5210:.
5002:^
4957:;
4774:^
4659:.
4655:.
4583:^
4536:^
4521:^
4490:^
4416:^
4401:^
4387:.
4379:.
4367:.
4332:.
4320:72
4318:.
4284:63
4282:.
4255:^
4217:.
4209:.
4197:18
4195:.
4183:^
4169:.
4159:21
4157:.
4134:.
4124:43
4122:.
4084:.
4074:43
4072:.
4058:^
3991:.
3983:.
3973:62
3971:.
3944:77
3942:.
3739:.
3684:.
3628:^
3514:.
3463:.
3420:.
3416:.
3389:.
3298:LX
3296:.
3292:.
3236:.
3101:.
3037:^
2993:^
2689:^
2626:.
2622:.
2605:^
2556:.
2544:^
2515:^
2487:.
2415:^
2386:.
2375:^
2333:^
1938:,
1934:,
1916:,
1912:,
1822:.
1711:,
1707:,
1703:,
1699:,
1695:,
1691:,
1638:,
1634:,
1630:,
1512:.
1291:.
1248:,
1114:.
1088:.
999:.
942:).
39:on
7016:e
7009:t
7002:v
6058:e
6051:t
6044:v
6031:.
6017:(
5960:.
5930:.
5908:.
5878:.
5842:.
5808:.
5802::
5778:.
5759:.
5738:.
5715:.
5669:.
5617:.
5608:.
5580:.
5568::
5544:.
5525:.
5506:.
5487:.
5468:.
5464::
5442:.
5438::
5416:.
5392:.
5359:.
5355::
5334:.
5310:.
5288:.
5276::
5256:.
5230:.
5218::
5189:.
5167:.
5129:.
5053:.
5024:.
4961:.
4784:.
4694:.
4661:5
4605:.
4578:.
4484:.
4395:.
4375::
4353:.
4340:.
4336::
4294:.
4290::
4225:.
4213::
4177:.
4165::
4142:.
4130::
4092:.
4080::
4053:.
4024:.
3999:.
3979::
3954:.
3927:.
3892:.
3867:.
3842:.
3814:.
3753:.
3522:.
3475:.
3435:.
3401:.
3375:.
3348:.
3322:)
3318:(
3278:.
3249:.
3221:.
3185:.
3142:.
3087:.
3031:.
2929:.
2892:.
2802:.
2772:.
2740:)
2736:(
2666:.
2630:.
2567:.
2439:.
2397:.
2370:.
2368:.
1674:(
1210:(
617:e
610:t
603:v
20:)
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