1006:
received and methods of payment. Employment in worker-owned firms tends to be more stable than conventional firms, which fluctuate more. This was attributed to conventional firms fixing wages and having to lay off employees during times of economic difficulty, as workers would not accept a wage cut since they could not guarantee restoration of their original wages at a later date, requiring workers to be laid off instead. In a cooperative, workers can accept a wage cut since they know they can restore it at a later date. Cooperatives have a higher survival rate than traditional firms, which seems to be down to greater employment stability and willingness of workers to make adjustments to allow the firm to survive, rather than other possible explanations like greater productivity or financial strength. Worker cooperatives and conventional firms tend to have similar wages after controlling for other possible variables, with any wage differentiation being due to other characteristics aside from firm organization. If the workers are not satisfied with their work and participation, they can express their disengagement with higher rates of
374:
cost of capital, fixed costs, and deviations in its real sales, this changed to 14 percent. The authors suggest this might be due to worker cooperatives being more likely than capitalist firms to cut wages instead of laying off employees during periods of economic difficulty, or because co-op workers may be willing to accept lower wages than workers in capitalist firms. A study looking at all firms in
Uruguay concluded that when controlling for variables such as industry, firm size, gender, age and tenure, workers employed in a worker-managed firm earn 3 percent higher wages compared with similar workers employed in the conventional firms. However, this wage premium declines significantly with increasing pay and becomes negative for top earners. According to research by Virginie Pérotin, which looked at two decades worth of international data, the tendency for greater wage flexibility and employment stability helps explain why some research observes higher and others lower pay in worker cooperatives relative to conventional businesses. A study by
414:, worker cooperatives are the only form of enterprise that fosters social trust between employees. A survey conducted in Seoul suggests that in conventional firms, employees become less committed to their job as their work becomes more demanding; however, this was not the case in worker cooperatives. In the US, home health aides in worker cooperatives were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than in other agencies. A study from 2013 about home aid workers found that "Home health aides at the worker-owned, participative decision-making organization were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than those at other agencies." One 1995 study from the US also indicates that "employees who embrace an increased influence and participation in workplace decisions also reported greater job satisfaction" and a 2011 study in France found that worker-owned businesses "had a positive effect on workers' job satisfaction." One 2019 study indicates that "the impact on the happiness of workers is generally positive".
912:(DPO's) are loans or donations generated either socially by communities or individually by both accredited and non-accredited investors. The voting rights that this investment produces for the community or investor varies depending on the cooperative and offering type. This form of financing is especially popular with cooperatives that provide services to local communities. One of the primary attributes of DPO's that attract cooperatives is that by advertising investment opportunities to local communities, the firm not only generates financial capital but it also employs an efficient method of advertising that keeps the community engaged in the firm's products and success. For cooperatives undergoing an ownership transition, DPO's are often a source of financial support to the initial loan of the retiring owner. Examples of firms that have utilized Direct Public Offerings for financial support are Real Pickles and the CERO Cooperative.
365:
or put up to sale have a 3-year survival rate of 87%, compared to 48% of all
Italian businesses. A 2012 study of Spanish and French worker cooperatives found that they "have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis." In France, the three year survival rate of worker cooperatives is 80–90%, compared to the 66% overall survival rate for all businesses. During the 2008 economic crisis, the number of workers in worker owned cooperatives in France increased by 4.2%, while employment in other businesses decreased by 0.7%. More than three quarters of UK co-op start-ups (76%) are still flourishing after the difficult first five years, however, other business forms are far less likely to survive, with only 42% of all new UK companies making it through to the end of year five.
981:
layoffs during a crisis, though the effect is small and only an average, meaning it is not necessarily guaranteed to bring benefits. A 2016 metanalysis concluded that employee ownership had a small positive effect on firm performance but no effects on efficiency or growth-related outcomes. However some researchers have argued that while cooperatives can have higher performance in some circumstances, there is generally little difference in performance between cooperatives and conventional firms and that ultimately they are, on average, just as productive as each other. Economists have explained the clustering of worker coops through leagues or "supporting structures" Regions where large clusters of worker cooperatives are found supported by leagues include
741:, a composites and specialty polymer plastics manufacturing company in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, which its owner Ernest Bader gave to the workforce in installments through the late 1950s to early 1960s. Contrary to the popular concept of common ownership organizations as being small organisations, this is a high-technology chemical manufacturer whose turnover has exceeded £100 million per annum since the early 1990s with a workforce of hundreds. In London, Calverts is an example of an established worker co-operative with a policy of pay parity. From the collective movement, one of the most successful ventures is probably
1328:, in his effort to democratize the workforce, established a lot of worker-owned and operated cooperatives the moment he got into office, in 1998. By 2006, there had been 100,000 worker co-ops set up, which represented around 1.5 million workers. From day one, he made sure to give them cheap start-up credit, technical training, and preferential treatment with government purchases of goods and equipment. Not even a year later, in 1999, he increased the number of co-ops that got tax incentives. A 2006 census showed that 50% of the co-ops were either functioning improperly or were simply created just to get access to public funds.
256:
1106:, the area where the most co-ops are located, employing around over 4% of the labour force, actually paid their workers 14% less than capitalist firms and their wages were more volatile. This was after controlling for various variables, such as schooling, age, gender, occupation, industry, location, firm-size, user cost of capital, fixed costs, and deviations in its real sales. The cooperative movement in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, successfully melds two divergent philosophical currents: Socialism and Catholicism. With more than a century of cooperative history, the region includes more than 8,000 cooperatives.
858:(Marcora Law) provisions of 1985, reformed in 2001, has established a financing mechanism of patient capital for creating worker cooperatives, social cooperatives, and for worker buyouts of firms that are in trouble or that have retiring owners, especially for traditional businesses that require extra financial assistance while transitioning or converting into cooperatives. Originally, this state investment was equivalent to three times the collective internal capital account investment from workers. As of 2001, the state investment is on a 1:1 ratio with workers' capital contributions.
697:(iii) that, if on the winding up or dissolution of the body any of its assets remain to be disposed of after its liabilities are satisfied, the assets are not distributed among its members but are transferred to such a common ownership enterprise or such a central fund maintained for the benefit of common ownership enterprises as may be determined by the members at or before the time of the winding-up or dissolution or, in so far as the assets are not so transferred, are held for charitable purposes; and
679:(i) that only persons who are employed by, or by a subsidiary of, the body may be members of it, that (subject to any provision about qualifications for membership which is from time to time made by the members of the body by reference to age, length of service or other factors of any description which do not discriminate between persons by reference to politics or religion) all such persons may be members of the body and that members have equal voting rights at meetings of the body,
193:. As employment moved to industrial areas and job sectors declined, workers began organizing and controlling businesses for themselves. Worker cooperatives were originally sparked by "critical reaction to industrial capitalism and the excesses of the industrial revolution," with the first worker owned and managed firm first appearing in England in 1760. Some worker cooperatives were designed to "cope with the evils of unbridled capitalism and the insecurities of wage labor".
877:
specialists to determine the legal and financial logistics of the transition. Third, a transition group or the selling owner must organize the new managerial structure, business practices, and ownership policies. Fourth, legal contracts are signed to establish the new management while methods of finance are drawn upon to jumpstart the newfound cooperative. Fifth, an adjustment period occurs in which training is provided for workers regarding new business policies.
891:(CDFI's). CDFI's often do not supply the majority of finance for cooperatives, but act as collateral for other forms of investment and/or as support for another form of finance. Additionally, many cooperatives utilize external finance for improvements to their physical capital in order to improve productivity. Several U.S. CDFIs include the Cooperative Fund of New England, the Common Wealth Revolving Loan Fund, the Shared Capital Cooperative of Minneapolis, and
170:
440:
45:
1036:, which has been in force since 2006, permits worker cooperatives to be created by individuals or corporate bodies in different EU countries. It is a loose framework that devolves much detail to the national legislation of the country in which the European Cooperative Society (ECS) is registered. It permits a minority of shares to be held by 'investor members' which are not employees.
306:
1177:(IPS), though other legal forms are available. A number of model rules have been devised to enable cooperatives to register under both acts; for workers' cooperatives, these rules restrict membership to those who are employed by the workplace. Most workers' co-operatives are incorporated bodies, which limits the liability if the co-operative fails and goes into liquidation.
1346:, many Argentinian workers occupied the premises of bankrupt businesses and began to run them as worker-owned cooperatives. As of 2005, there were roughly 200 worker-owned businesses in Argentina, most of which were started in response to this crisis. By 2020, around 16,000 Argentine workers were running over 400 recuperated enterprises in Argentina. The documentary film
1048:, workshops abandoned by their owners were taken over by their workers. In 1884 a chamber of workers' cooperatives was founded. By 1900 France had nearly 250 workers' cooperatives and 500 by 1910. The movement was to rise and fall throughout the twentieth century, with growth in 1936, after the Second World War, between 1978 and 1982 and since 1995.
336:(ICOM) as a separate federation. Buoyed up by the alternative and ecological movements and by the political drive to create jobs, the sector peaked at around 2,000 enterprises. However, the growth rate slowed, the sector contracted, and in 2001 ICOM merged with the Co-operative Union (which was the federal body for consumer cooperatives) to create
275:' on which they ran their cooperative. This became the basis for the development and growth of the modern cooperative movement. As the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution was forcing more and more skilled workers into poverty, these tradesmen decided to band together to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford.
540:"Labor is the hiring factor, therefore the voting and property rights are assigned to the people who do the work and not to capital, even though the worker-members supply capital through membership fees and retained earnings...Any profit or loss after normal operating expenses is assigned to members on the basis of their labor contribution."
533:
co-operatives have to accommodate a range of interests to survive and have experimented with different voice and voting arrangements to accommodate the interests of trade unions, local authorities, those who have invested proportionately more labor, or through attempts to mix individual and collective forms of worker-ownership and control.
220:. It was here that the first co-operative store was opened. Spurred on by the success of this, he had the idea of forming "villages of co-operation" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing. He tried to form such communities in
786:, are shares of capital offered to external accredited investors that are not a part of the cooperative. In order to maintain workers' ownership over the firm's decisions, these external investors have limited to no voting rights within the cooperative. Committed Capital often have non-guaranteed rates of return. However,
1005:
Worker cooperatives do not seem to differ in innovation or management capabilities from conventional firms. Workers at cooperatives tend to report higher levels of involvement in their tasks, more positive evaluations of supervisors and greater fairness in their perception of the amount of wages they
922:
Many worker cooperatives utilize surplus profits to provide loans or establish offering funds in order to support other developing or struggling cooperatives. These funds are also used as collateral for other forms of finance by cooperatives in need. Examples of Peer
Financing in the U.S. include the
872:
When the owner of a traditional business decides to resign and transition the ownership of the firm into a workers' cooperative, they often provide initial financial investment. However, this typically is not a sustainable form of capital investment and cooperatives often use it to begin business and
524:
Even though there is no universally accepted definition of a workers' cooperative, they can be considered to be businesses that make a product or offer a service to sell for profit where the workers are members or worker-owners. Worker-owners work in the business, govern it and manage it. Unlike with
373:
A 2006 study found that wages on co-ops pay in Italy were 15 to 16 percent lower than those that capitalist firms paid on average, and were more volatile, while employment was more stable. After controlling for variables, such as schooling, age, gender, occupation, industry, location, firm-size, user
1149:
A small number of such co-operatives were formed during the 1974 Labour
Government as worker takeovers following the bankruptcy of a private firm in a desperate attempt to save the jobs at risk. However the change in ownership structure was usually unable to resist the underlying commercial failure.
528:
As mentioned above, the majority—if not all—of the workers in a given worker cooperative enterprise are worker-owners, although some casual or wage workers may be employed with whom profits and decision making are not necessarily shared equally. Workers also often undergo a trial or screening period
1098:
there are 29,414 worker cooperatives in Italy. A study conducted by the organization measured the survival rates of worker buyouts (WBOs) of failed firms that transitioned to worker cooperatives in the manufacturing sector and found that they generally had greater rates of survival than the average
764:
Cooperatives in low-income communities often raise donations to assist workers in meeting the ICA Buy-In requirement, as in the case of the
Mariposa Food Coop. This method of financing is one of the most prominent due to its high rates of success in maintaining financial stability for cooperatives.
525:
conventional firms, ownership and decision-making power of a worker cooperative should be vested solely with the worker-owners and ultimate authority rests with the worker-owners as a whole. Worker-owners control the resources of the cooperative and the work process, such as wages or hours of work.
364:
According to an analysis of all businesses in
Uruguay between 1997 and 2009, worker cooperatives have a 29% smaller chance of closure after controlling for variables such as industry. In Italy, worker owned cooperatives that have been created by workers buying a business when it is facing a closure
320:
When the current cooperative movement resurfaced in the 1960s, it developed mostly on a new system of "collective ownership" where par value shares were issued as symbols of egalitarian voting rights. Typically, a member may only own one share to maintain the egalitarian ethos. Once brought in as a
1226:
The
Eastern Conference for Workplace Democracy and Western Worker Co-operative Conference hold conferences every other year for their respective regions. In addition, there are national and regional nonprofit organizations that focus on providing technical support and assistance to both create new
842:
set up the
National Cooperative Development Agency and in subsequent years common ownership was promoted as a model to create employment, leading approximately 100 local authorities to establish cooperative development agencies. The Industrial Common Ownership Act authorized the Secretary of State
1001:
problem that helps explain why few coops get started. Research has suggested that the primary appeal of a cooperative for its members is in security of employment, as workers can actually become decoupled from a cooperative's ostensible worker ownership (due to a mixture of interests and the more
976:
examined behavior of an "inegalitarian" LMF. Worker cooperatives tend to have a more compressed wage distribution, which can potentially turn off high-ability workers, potentially causing the cooperative to suffer a "brain drain" as they leave to seek higher wages elsewhere, though this effect is
898:
In France, worker cooperatives contribute funds to the SOCODEN (Société coopérative de développement et d'entraide), a cooperative financial institution that finances developing and struggling cooperatives. Additionally, this fund provides collateral for other sources of funding and subsidies for
286:
per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On 21 December 1844, they opened their store with a very meager selection of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal, and a few candles. Within three months, they expanded their selection to include tea and tobacco, and they were soon known for providing high
967:
In the neoclassical version, the objective of the LMF is to maximize not total profit, but rather income per worker. But such a scenario implies "perverse" behavior, such as laying off workers when output price rises so as to divide increased profits among fewer members. Evidence supporting such
793:
Because the communal ownership model of cooperatives makes it difficult for investors to determine the credit and reliability of their investments, they often rely on close analysis of the structure, management, and experience of each cooperative in order to decide in which one to acquire stock.
401:
According to
Virginie Pérotin's research which looked at two decades worth of international data, worker cooperatives are more productive than conventional businesses. Another 1987 study of worker cooperatives in Italy, the UK, and France found "positive" relationships with productivity. It also
1419:
There are significant differences between ends and means between firms where capital controls labor or firms where the state controls both labor and capital. These distinctions are easily seen when measured by essential elements of commerce: purpose, organization, ownership, control, sources of
980:
Generally, the evidence indicates that worker cooperatives have higher productivity than conventional companies although this difference may be modest in size. Research indicates that employee ownership can improve company performance, increase firm stability, increase survival rates and reduce
760:
Internal
Capital Accounts (ICA's), also known as Member Buy-Ins, are shares of capital distributed equally and exclusively to workers. They act as a mandated buy-in loan to the cooperative that generates financial return over time in the form of interest. ICA's are typically equal to a specific
547:
In short, workers' co-operatives are organized to serve the needs of worker-owners by generating benefits (which may or may not be profits) for the worker-owners rather than external investors. This worker-driven orientation makes them fundamentally different from other corporations. Additional
1359:
According to a recent statement by the International Co-operative Alliance, cooperative businesses (most of which are not worker co-ops) in Argentina have nearly 20 million members across a number of business sectors from health care to housing to factory work and beyond. These businesses are
1217:
is the only organization in the U.S. representing worker cooperative interests nationally. Offering a voice on national level, promoting the worker co-operative model, uniting co-ops at conferences and providing a base of support and technical assistance to the worker co-operative community.
532:
Participation is based on one vote per worker-owner, regardless of the number of shares or equity owned by each worker-owner. Voting rights are not tied to investment or patronage in the workers' co-operative, and only worker-owners can vote on decisions that affect them. In practice, worker
876:
The transition process often takes several years and is executed in 5 stages. First, the selling owners must evaluate if a transition is an appropriate step for the business and must consult with advisors and employees regarding new leadership changes. Second, the selling owner must employ
543:
Nevertheless, recent developments in the co-operative movement have started to shift thinking more clearly towards multi-stakeholder perspectives. This has resulted in repeated attempts to develop model rules that differentiate control rights from investment and profit-sharing rights.
208:. Robert Owen, considered by many as the father of the cooperative movement, made his fortune in the cotton trade but believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the
861:
Canadian worker cooperatives also rely on government funding to finance their early development. State sources of finance, which often come in the form of grants, include the Quebec Local Development Centre, the Co-op Development Initiative, and the Young Entrepreneurs program.
804:
In many countries, the state provides loans or direct funding for worker cooperatives' production, community programs, and investments. Government funding is especially important in assisting newly developing cooperatives in securing finances for the initial stages of business.
688:(ii) that the assets of the body are applied only for the purposes of objects of the body which do not include the making over of assets to any member of the body except for value and except in pursuance of arrangements for sharing the profits of the body among its members, and
1002:
individualistic values of more recent workers), making secure employment, particularly in economically precarious times, a major draw. While it has been suggested that cooperatives could be a solution to unemployment, research indicates that this is unlikely to be the case.
1051:
In 2004 France had 1700 workers' co-operatives, with 36,000 people working in them. The average size of a co-operative was 21 employees. More than 60% of co-operative employees were also members. French workers' co-operatives today include some large organisations such as
402:
found that worker cooperatives do not become less productive as they get larger. A 1995 study of worker cooperatives in the timber industry in Washington, USA found that "co-ops are more efficient than the principal conventional firms by between 6 and 14 percent".
950:
The idea of achieving economic democracy through worker ownership on a national scale has been argued by economist Tom Winters, who states that "building a cooperative economy is one small step on the journey to reclaiming the wealth we all collectively create."
332:; and while it was overshadowed by the consumer and agricultural types, it also made up a small section of its own within the national apex body, the Cooperative Union. The 'new wave' of worker cooperatives that took off in Britain in the mid-1970s joined the
1272:
was a notable cooperative founded in Alabama during the midst of the Civil Rights movement, and was instrumental in helping underprivileged black workers in the area escape poverty, amassing enough success to fill orders for major department stores such as
959:
Economists have modeled the worker cooperative as a firm in which labor hires capital, rather than capital hiring labor as in a conventional firm. The classic theoretical contributions of such a "labor managed firm" (LMF) model are due to Benjamin Ward and
3553:
Vieta, Marcelo (2020). Saving jobs and businesses in times of crisis: The Italian road to creating worker cooperatives from worker buyouts. In B. Roelants, S. Esim, W. Katajamäki, & S. Novkovic (Eds.), Cooperatives and the world of work. London:
608:
as well as to give workers a wider range of experiences and exposure to the different jobs in a workplace so that they are better able to make decisions about the whole workplace. This has proved sustainable with workforces as large as 300, as at
968:
behavior is lacking, however; a review of the empirical economics literature is found in Bonin, Jones, and Putterman. But alternative behavioral models have been proposed. Peter Law examined LMFs that value employment and income. Nobel Laureate
559:
Profits (or losses) earned by the worker's cooperative are shared by worker-owners. Salaries generally have a low ratio difference which ideally should be "guided by principles of proportionality, external solidarity and internal solidarity".
1356:, provides and extensive academic, case study, and historical account of the phenomenon. The overall survival rate of these recuperated firms is almost ninety percent, displaying the resilience of the model even in times of economic turmoil.
1390:
in India were started by the Coffee Board in the early 1940s, during British rule. In the mid-1950s the Board closed down the Coffee Houses, due to a policy change. The thrown-out workers then took over the branches, under the leadership of
504:
They have the objective of creating and maintaining sustainable jobs and generating wealth, to improve the quality of life of the worker-members, dignify human work, allow workers' democratic self-management and promote community and local
3749:, Fall 1993. See also W. Bartlett, J. Cable, S. Estrin, D.C. Jones, and S.C. Smith, "Labor Managed Cooperatives and Private Firms in North Central Italy: An Empirical Comparison," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46, 103–118, 1992.
930:
In Italy, large cooperative federations utilize excess profits to develop peer financing funds that not only financially assist other cooperatives, but are also used for workers' training programs and for research into cooperatives.
343:
Since 2006, Co-operatives UK's Worker Cooperative Council wrote and updated a worker co-operative code, the booklet that "sets out what anyone should expect and should work together to achieve, as a member of a worker co-operative".
321:
member and after a period of time on probation usually so the new candidate can be evaluated, they would be given the power to manage the coop without "ownership" in the traditional sense. In the UK, this system is known as
536:
As noted by theorists and practitioners alike, the importance of capital should be subordinated to labor in workers' cooperatives. Indeed, Adams et al. see workers' cooperatives as "labor-ist" rather than "capital-ist":
727:
dissolution", an "asset lock", whereby if the enterprise is wound up, remaining assets exceeding liabilities shall not be divided among the members but shall be transferred to another enterprise with similar aims or to
576:
one. This structure is influenced by activist collectives and civic organizations, with all members allowed and expected to play a managerial role. Such structures may be associated with political aims such as
1424:, operational practices, and tax treatment. The following chart compares the commercial elements of capitalism, state ownership, and cooperative worker-ownership. It is based on US rules and regulations.
3526:
Co-operating in Employment Creation. The role of common ownership enterprise in the economic and social regeneration of areas of high unemployment: a request and a challenge to local authority leadership
496:, the International Organisation of Industrial, Artisanal and Service Producers' Cooperatives, gives an 8-page definition in their World Declaration on Workers' Cooperatives, which was approved by the
1227:
worker cooperatives (start-ups) and conversions of existing businesses into worker cooperatives, usually when the business owner is retiring and wants to sell the company. These organizations include
1166:. Meanwhile, many more worker co-operatives were founded as start-up businesses, and by the late 1980s, there were some 2,000 in existence. Since then the number has declined to about 400 in 2022.
769:
utilizes a 10-20-70 system, in which 10% of profits are placed into community development and infrastructure programs, 20% back into corporate reserves, and 70% into individual capital accounts.
161:
in a democratic fashion, or it may refer to one in which management is elected by every worker-owner who each have one vote. Worker cooperatives may also be referred to as labor-managed firms.
772:
In certain cases, like the Mumbai Tiffin Box Supplier's Association in India, Member Buy-In's allow cooperatives to become completely financially independent from other sources of investment.
3294:
556:. As another example, worker cooperatives' flattened management structure and more egalitarian ideology often give workers more options and greater freedom in resolving work-place problems.
3019:
4447:
1987:
Adams, Frank and Gary Hansen (1993) Putting Democracy To Work: A Practical Guide for Starting and Managing Worker-Owned Businesses, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc, San Francisco. Page 11.
873:
then transition to depend on other forms of finance. Examples of this method of financing include Select Machines, Inc., Metis Construction, A Slice of New York, and Rock City Roasters.
1638:
390:, the world's largest worker cooperative, the pay ratio between the lowest and the highest earner was 1:9 in 2018. The ratio is decided by a democratic vote by the worker-members.
1292:
Ontario has its own federation with well-developed standards. Quebec has a distinct worker co-operative history, and is presently organised into a number of regional federations.
1174:
520:
They shall be autonomous and independent, before the State and third parties, in their labor relations and management, and in the usage and management of the means of production.
511:
As a general rule, work shall be carried out by the members. This implies that the majority of the workers in a given worker cooperative enterprise are members and vice versa.
3515:
Cornforth, Chris (1984). The role of local co-operative development agencies in promoting worker co-operatives. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 55(3) pp. 253–280
247:, the first edition of which appeared on 1 May 1828. This gave a mixture of co-operative philosophy and practical advice about running a shop using cooperative principles.
514:
The worker-members' relation with their cooperative shall be considered as different from that of conventional wage-based labor and to that of autonomous individual work.
508:
The free and voluntary membership of their members, in order to contribute with their personal work and economic resources, is conditioned by the existence of workplaces.
3758:
Law showed that if enough weight were placed on employment LMFs would not behave "perversely"; Peter J. Law, "The Illyrian firm and Fellner's union-management model,
847:
and the Scottish Co-operatives Development Committee, while loans were administered through Common Ownership Finance Ltd. However, this section was repealed in 2004.
4065:
Bailly, Franck, Karine Chapelle, and Lionel Prouteau. "Wage differentials between conventional firms and non-worker cooperatives: Analysis of evidence from France."
1232:
1214:
977:
less of an issue in a cooperative with a less compressed wage distribution. Hiring managers from capitalist firms can be very difficult because of the lower wages.
393:
In France, the pay ratio between the highest and lowest paid 10% of the employees is 14% lower in worker cooperatives than in otherwise similar conventional firms.
4026:
Frohlich, Norman, John Godard, Joe A. Oppenheimer, and Frederick A. Starke. "Employee versus conventionally‐owned and controlled firms: an experimental analysis."
548:
cooperative structural characteristics and guiding principles further distinguish them from other business models. For example, worker-owners may not believe that
3711:, The General Theory of Labor-Managed Market Economies, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970; Ward, Benjamin, 1958. "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism,"
2608:
2135:
5473:
3234:
888:
720:
The first provides that the company's assets shall be applied solely in furtherance of its objectives and may not be divided among the members or trustees.
568:
If exercised directly, all members meet regularly to make—and vote on—decisions on how the co-operative is run. Direct workers' cooperatives sometimes use
3137:
4725:
3762:
4 29–37 (1977). Evidence is consistent with this scenario e.g. for Italian Lega labor-managed firms; see Bonin, Jones and Putterman op cit pp. 1299-1300.
4039:
Albanese, Marina, Cecilia Navarra, and Ermanno C. Tortia. "Employer moral hazard and wage rigidity. The case of worker-owned and investor-owned firms."
2460:
835:
in India often provide initial loans for cooperatives in order to help them eventually transition into relying primarily on Internal Capital Accounts.
704:(c) that the body is controlled by a majority of the people working for the body and of the people working for the subsidiaries, if any, of the body.
5412:
3366:"Financing Cooperatives: Strategies for Financing the Inclusive Economy: Financing Cooperatives as a Tool to Create Jobs and Build Community Wealth"
3365:
2487:
2108:
1804:
4339:
4903:
3606:
3016:
832:
790:, a U.S.-based worker cooperative, offers preferred stock that still ensures at least a 5% return rate even during periods of economic recession.
4463:
3930:
Monteiro, Natalia P., and Odd Rune Straume. "Are Cooperatives More Productive than Investor‐Owned Firms? Cross‐Industry Evidence from Portugal."
3917:
Arando, Saioa, Monica Gago, Derek C. Jones, and Takao Kato. "Efficiency in employee-owned enterprises: An econometric case study of Mondragon."
3631:
5437:
5311:
4079:
2834:, Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory & Labor-Managed Firms, vol. 14, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 3–25,
2253:
1082:
268:
260:
3428:
4820:
4758:
2847:
2810:
2433:
1343:
1119:
986:
4702:
Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión
4682:
Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión
4662:
Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión
4013:
Basterretxea, Imanol, and Ricardo Martínez. "Impact of management and innovation capabilities on performance: Are cooperatives different?."
761:
term's wages, like an annual salary, that is given a fixed rate of return that is not directly tied to the cooperative's losses or profits.
5489:
2035:
2025:
844:
843:
for Industry to make grants and loans to organizations that assisted common ownership and cooperative enterprises. Grants were made to the
426:
suggests that "cooperatives will tend to use natural resource inputs more efficiently and will be less growth oriented than corporations."
333:
3975:
3574:
3461:
1115:
990:
4282:
1363:
Worker-owned cooperatives in Argentina have played a role in developing their surrounding communities. For example, the worker-owners of
290:
By 1880 some 200 cooperatives had been started in Britain, but they were generally short-lived and by 1975 there were only 19 remaining.
5528:
4999:
497:
457:
62:
4565:
4521:
4228:"The Liberal Democrats: A Strategy for a Relevant Basis of Philosophy and Political Values –And for Reviving and Developing the Party"
3878:
See Chris Doucouliagos, "Worker participation and productivity in labor-managed and participatory capitalist firms: A Meta-Analysis,"
3696:
1367:
voted to use excess profits to establish education programs, healthcare facilities, and recreational activities for its neighborhood.
4543:
4251:
2300:
2100:
5116:
4212:
479:
243:
would need to set up co-operatives for themselves, so he saw his role as one of instruction. He founded a monthly periodical called
128:
3017:
ICA (2005) World Declaration on Worker Cooperatives, Approved by the ICA General Assembly in Cartagena, Colombia, 23 September 2005
1869:
1029:
Worker co-operation is well established in most countries in Europe, with the largest movements being in Italy, Spain, and France.
3659:
2636:
255:
4990:
4583:
1601:
b) Working conditions determined by labor law and assembly of worker-members, or internal dialogue between members and managers.
997:. Leagues provide various kinds of scale economies to make coops viable. But as leagues need coops to start them the result is a
839:
713:
109:
3825:"Can employee ownership and human resource management policies clash in worker cooperatives? Lessons from a defunct cooperative"
3632:"Transitioning a Private Business to a Worker Cooperative: A Viable Community Development Tool | Grassroots Economic Organizing"
1950:
Worker Democracy (YouTube video by Unlearning Economics), comprehensive review of the economic literature on worker cooperatives
1248:
517:
Their internal regulation is formally defined by regimes that are democratically agreed upon and accepted by the worker-members.
3104:
2382:
2287:
765:
When the cooperative allocates profits, a significant portion are paid back to the workers through these capital accounts. The
81:
4186:
4164:
3082:
5579:
5463:
5381:
5004:
2325:
Burdín, Gabriel (2014). "Are Worker-Managed Firms More Likely to Fail Than Conventional Enterprises? Evidence from Uruguay".
1240:
1010:. Managers can refrain from proposing controversial, needed changes if they feel that they would be rejected by the workers.
461:
423:
66:
5458:
3987:
Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki. "The ties that bind? Exploring the basic principles of worker-owned organizations in practice."
820:
financially assists Mondragon in acquiring declining capitalist businesses and transitioning them into worker cooperatives.
2921:
2259:. Milton Keynes, Open University Press. cited in Mellor, Mary (n.d) – via The Worker Cooperative Movement in Britain.
5569:
5468:
4384:
3118:
1309:
88:
31:
2653:
1162:
company, although there were instances of successful employee buy-outs of nationalized industries in the period, notably
938:(SCOPs), are required to allocate a small portion of profits to a financial fund for other French worker cooperatives in
5554:
5427:
5180:
5140:
5043:
3956:
2361:
1879:
1854:
1599:
a) Workers set production schedules either through elected boards and appointed managers or directly through assemblies
1404:
1033:
3429:"What Works for Workers' Cooperatives?: An Empirical Research on Success & Failure of Indian Workers' Cooperatives"
2055:
1244:
1236:
1114:
Spain is home to over 17,000 worker cooperatives. One of the world's best known examples of worker cooperatives is the
5356:
5076:
4965:
4896:
4643:
2869:
2619:
1928:
1286:
1019:
310:
1720:
1076:
150:
2696:"Participation and Productivity: A Comparison of Worker Cooperatives and Conventional Firms in the Plywood Industry"
235:
Similar early experiments were made in the early 19th century and by 1830 there were several hundred co-operatives.
95:
4956:
4813:
For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America
4366:
2142:
1680:
1645:
1159:
3462:"Investing in Worker Ownership: How Finance Institutions Can Create Deep Impact at Scale with Worker Cooperatives"
3176:
450:
55:
5564:
5495:
5206:
4976:
2828:"Effects of Cooperative Membership and Participation in Decision Making on Job Satisfaction of Home Health Aides"
2787:"Effects of cooperative membership and participation in decision making on job satisfaction of home health aides"
1949:
1228:
709:
569:
4704:
4684:
4664:
3226:
3162:
2695:
500:
General Assembly in September 2005. Below is the section on the basic characteristics of workers' cooperatives:
5559:
5507:
5417:
5103:
3134:
1935:
1650:
738:
77:
4721:
4205:"Smith, Julia. BC Institute for Co-operative Studies "The Most Famous Worker Co-operative of All...Mondragon""
4142:
1943:
This Way Out: A Guide to Starting a Worker Cooperative. (and other films by Jai Jai Noire, Mighty Small Films)
665:(ii) a registered society within the meaning of the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014; and
4316:
3491:"Workers cooperatives in India – A Study With Reference to Their Potential Social and Economic contributions"
2449:
1589:
a) Owners or managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation
656:(i) a company which has no share capital, is limited by guarantee and is a bona fide co-operative society; or
645:
a body as to which the registrar has given, and has not revoked, a certificate stating that he is satisfied—
5336:
4104:
Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE)
892:
590:
3198:
2512:
1396:
5331:
5121:
4986:
4971:
4889:
4124:
2238:
1155:
1151:
1139:
939:
924:
909:
887:
Most finance firms that specialize in providing capital for worker cooperatives are Cooperative Funds and
4000:
Staber, Udo. "Worker cooperatives and the business cycle: are cooperatives the answer to unemployment?."
2480:
1383:
India has a substantial set of laws, rules & regulations for enterprises in the co-operative sector.
5213:
5159:
5149:
5126:
5091:
5086:
4424:
4406:
3575:"The Worker Co-operative Movements in Italy, Mondragon and France: Context, Success Factors and Lessons"
2040:
1819:
1685:
1138:
being a prominent advocate. The principle has also found some support from the more radical wing of the
813:
766:
582:
387:
236:
186:
4103:
3724:
This is known as the Ward effect; see Ward, Benjamin, 1958. "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism,"
4829:
Créer en Scop, le guide de l'entreprise participative, Ed Scop Edit 2005 (disponible gratuitement sur
5218:
5154:
5066:
4947:
3967:
2983:
1705:
1655:
1348:
1269:
1262:
1053:
828:
601:
348:
225:
4625:
4052:
Park, Rhokeun, Douglas Kruse, and James Sesil. "Does employee ownership enhance firm survival?." In
2213:
1252:
5306:
5253:
5164:
5136:
5058:
5038:
5025:
4916:
4834:
1909:
1730:
1725:
1710:
1700:
1670:
1594:
a) Managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation
1387:
1337:
1258:
1181:
1143:
851:
824:
742:
610:
572:
to make decisions. Direct worker control ensures a formally flat management structure instead of a
553:
549:
314:
279:
272:
239:
made Owen's ideas more workable and practical. He believed in starting small and realized that the
5574:
5501:
5386:
5346:
5228:
5111:
4492:
4187:"Voinea, Anca. TheNews.coop "Spanish worker co-ops continue to grow despite pandemic challenges""
3854:
2952:
2885:"Working in Cooperatives and Social Economy: Effects on Job Satisfaction and the Meaning of Work"
2740:
2563:
2342:
1715:
1675:
1170:
221:
4606:
102:
3248:
2672:
410:
According to a study drawing on a questionnaire from the population of the Italian province of
5432:
5371:
5223:
4816:
4782:
4764:
4754:
4455:
4378:
3804:
Burdín, Gabriel. "Equality Under Threat by the Talented: Evidence from Worker‐Managed Firms."
3692:
3112:
2999:
2944:
2902:
2843:
2806:
2429:
2112:
1864:
1859:
1131:
817:
809:
621:
The term 'worker collective' is sometimes used to describe worker cooperatives which are also
278:
With lessons from prior failed attempts at co-operation in mind, they designed the now famous
1095:
5248:
5201:
5185:
5048:
3844:
3836:
3745:, "Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Labor Managed Firm: Will the Twain Ever Meet?"
3498:
2991:
2936:
2892:
2835:
2798:
2767:
2732:
2555:
2421:
2334:
1914:
1874:
1784:
1759:
1660:
1628:
1163:
337:
322:
4557:
4513:
3660:"Becoming Employee-Owned: A Small Business Toolkit for Transitioning to Employee Ownership"
2839:
2802:
2425:
1567:
a) To members after funds are set aside for reserves and allocated to a collective account
1360:
increasing in number at a drastic rate, with over 6,000 having been created in 2012 alone.
1064:
378:
found that in the US, worker cooperatives can increase worker incomes by 70 to 80 percent.
5351:
5081:
4838:
4708:
4688:
4668:
4535:
3971:
3823:
Basterretxea, Imanol; Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki; Lertxundi, Aitziber (20 February 2019).
3742:
3141:
3023:
2758:
Park, Rhokeun (2018). "Responses to job demands: moderating role of worker cooperatives".
1889:
1809:
1633:
1438:
783:
672:(b) that the articles of association or rules of the body include provisions which secure—
605:
205:
190:
158:
4204:
3490:
4881:
4486:
2987:
639:
351:
development kit in collaboration with 5 pilot cooperatives, which are all worker-owned.
17:
5361:
4797:
Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative. The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi
4227:
3943:
3738:
3708:
2468:
1894:
1849:
1814:
1794:
1769:
1749:
1744:
1531:
b) Policy set by directors elected by worker-members, or by assembly of worker-members
1370:
The overall number of worker cooperatives within Argentina seems to be at over 23,000.
1325:
1195:
In 2022 a new federation of worker co-operatives in the UK, workers.coop, was founded.
998:
994:
961:
787:
283:
4579:
3399:
2971:
2717:
2271:"ICOM (Industrial Common Ownership Movement) – Papers of Roger Sawtell - Archives Hub"
2270:
1407:
one of the leaders of the ICH movement. Another very large network of worker coops is
1134:'s enthusiasm for worker cooperatives was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s, with
5548:
5442:
5402:
3858:
3824:
2995:
2956:
2827:
2786:
2582:
2409:
2346:
1899:
1829:
1392:
1045:
240:
229:
2744:
1942:
1044:
Workers' associations were legalized in 1848 and again in 1864. In 1871, during the
708:
The principle is typically implemented through inserting two clauses in a company's
297:. CICOPA has two regional organizations: CECOP – CICOPA Europe and CICOPA Americas.
5407:
5341:
5033:
4160:
2567:
1799:
1779:
1754:
1433:
1265:, which seeks to build worker-owned coops and other locally operated institutions.
597:
586:
573:
2540:
982:
169:
3295:"The Original Community Investment: A Guide to Worker Coop Conversion Investment"
3078:
2654:"New report highlights lessons from Mondragon – the world's largest worker co-op"
2239:"Why is labour-managed firm entry so rare?: An analysis of UK manufacturing data"
2085:
927:, the Share Capital Cooperative, and the Valley Alliance of Worker Cooperatives.
816:
and for many of Mondragon's education and healthcare programs. Additionally, the
5422:
4912:
3788:
3771:
1904:
1884:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1824:
1789:
1774:
1764:
1695:
1665:
1007:
973:
969:
622:
439:
209:
201:
174:
146:
44:
4847:
Histoire des Scop et de la coopération, Jean Gautier, Ed Scop Edit, 2006 (DVD).
2559:
2338:
529:(such as three or six months) before being allowed to have full voting rights.
4750:
Take back the economy : an ethical guide for transforming our communities
4448:"Meet the Radical Workers' Cooperative Growing in the Heart of the Deep South"
4344:
3364:
Kelly, Majorie; Duncan, Violeta; Dubb, Steve; Abello, Oscar (September 2016).
3212:
2922:"Happiness theory and worker cooperatives: A critique of the alignment thesis"
2884:
2736:
1074:. Other cooperatives whose names are generally known to include the magazines
305:
213:
4768:
4644:"Benjamin Dangl, 'Occupy, Resist, Produce: Worker Cooperatives in Argentina'"
4459:
4252:
Ridley-Duff, R. J. (2007) "Communitarian Perspectives on Social Enterprise",
3607:"The Worker Co-op Sector in Canada: Success Factors, and Planning for Growth"
3003:
2948:
2906:
2410:"The relative survival of worker cooperatives and barriers to their creation"
30:"Labour cooperative" redirects here. For the British electoral alliance, see
5376:
5071:
3322:
2771:
2188:
2167:
2063:
1454:
a) To provide goods and services, or hold and manage resources for citizens.
1400:
1395:
and renamed the network as Indian Coffee House. This history is recorded in
1135:
578:
197:
4647:
3689:
The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale.
2583:"Equality Under Threat by the Talented: Evidence from Worker-Managed Firms"
1545:
b) From profitable subsidiaries or by retaining all or part of the profits
1058:
3262:
2883:
Castel, Davy; Lemoine, Claude; Durand-Delvigne, Annick (1 November 2011).
2791:
Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms
2414:
Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms
196:
The philosophy that underpinned the cooperative movement stemmed from the
2011:
Roger D. Branigin, "Robert Owen's New Harmony: An American Heritage," in
1591:
b) Working conditions determined by labor law and collective bargaining.
1421:
1364:
1189:
827:
provides financing, often in the form of loans, to new cooperatives. The
724:
271:, established in England in 1844. The Rochdale Pioneers established the '
217:
3502:
2897:
1596:
b) Working conditions determined by labor law and collective bargaining
1553:
b) From net earnings, a portion of which are set aside for reinvestment
1352:
described this phenomenon journalistically, while Marcelo Vieta's book,
625:: that is, managed without hierarchies such as permanent manager roles.
5366:
5259:
3849:
2940:
1305:
1185:
1086:, the driving school ECF CERCA and the toy manufacturer "Moulin Roty".
552:
is the best or only goal for their co-operative or they may follow the
492:
Many definitions exist as to what qualifies as a workers' cooperative.
464: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
178:
154:
3840:
2539:
Pencavel, John; Pistaferri, Luigi; Schivardi, Fabiano (October 2006).
2457:
The International Organisation of Industrial and Services Cooperatives
1999:
Co-operation and the Owenite Socialist Communities in Britain, 1825–45
1485:
b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws – varies by country
1467:
b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws – varies by country
4748:
4701:
4681:
4661:
4308:
3154:
2541:"Wages, Employment, and Capital in Capitalist and Worker-Owned Firms"
2362:"The path to worker buyouts: Does the UK need its own 'Marcora Law'?"
1408:
972:
examined pay according to work and according to need. Nobel Laureate
493:
411:
294:
267:
The first successful cooperative organization was the consumer-owned
3105:"Co-operative Workplace Dispute Resolution by Elizabeth A. Hoffmann"
2832:
Sharing Ownership, Profits, and Decision-Making in the 21st Century
1069:
293:
The International organization representing worker cooperatives is
263:
was established in 1844 and defined the modern cooperative movement
5533:
5266:
3537:"Common Ownership (Grants and Loans) (Hansard, 7 December 1978)".
1690:
1274:
1103:
328:
In Britain, this type of cooperative was traditionally known as a
4795:
See T.M. Thomas Isaac, Richard W. Franke, and Pyaralal Raghavan,
2673:"Wage inequality in workers' cooperatives and conventional firms"
2030:
1289:(CWCF). Members of the CWCF are found throughout English Canada.
3891:
Kruse, Douglas. "Does employee ownership improve performance?."
1403:, the mother tongue of A. K. Gopalan. The author of the book is
1301:
737:
A very significant early influence on the movement has been the
638:
The principle of common ownership was codified in UK law in the
5288:
4927:
4885:
4876:
3787:
Such firms would not exhibit the "Ward effect" even in theory:
2513:"Co-op economy 2020 – A report on the UK's co-operative sector"
2301:"Google.org Awards $ 1 Million for Jobs Cooperative Consortium"
1180:
The largest examples of a British worker cooperatives include,
282:, and over a period of four months, they struggled to pool one
4340:"Looking back on the first year of the UK's worker co-op body"
4125:"EURICSE. "Structure and Performance of Italian Cooperatives""
3791:, "The Theory of Labour Managed Firms and of Profit Sharing,"
1451:
a) To earn profit for owners, to increase the value of shares.
433:
38:
4420:
4398:
3904:
O'Boyle, Ernest H., Pankaj C. Patel, and Erik Gonzalez-Mulé.
1561:
a) To stockholders on the basis of the number of shares owned
1411:
Dinesh Beedi, originally started by exploited beedi rollers.
4866:
4558:"Canadian Worker Co-op Federation 'What is a Worker Co-op?'"
3963:, 68, 1, October 2008, 217–233. Examples of leagues include
3605:
Hough, Peter; Wilson, David; Corcoran, Hazel (31 May 2010).
3190:
181:
fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place)
4536:"Ontario Worker Co-op Federation 'What is a Worker Co-op?'"
3959:, "Endogenous Formation of Coops and Cooperative Leagues,"
2889:
Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail et la Santé
1487:
c) Only worker-members may own stock, one share per member
4871:
4859:
3964:
1469:
c) Except for closely held companies anyone may buy stock
1277:
while helping to spark contemporary interest in quilting.
3906:
Employee ownership and firm performance: a meta-analysis.
3227:"Differences Between Worker Cooperatives and Collectives"
27:
Cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers
1581:
a) Limited to an interest-like percentage set by policy
1169:
Co-operatives are typically registered under either the
4830:
4783:"Davis, Josh. "Argentina's Worker Co-ops Under Attack""
1551:
a) By members or by lenders who have no equity or vote
1513:
b) Policies set by stockholders or board of directors.
4143:"EURICSE. "Italy's Worker Buyouts in Times of Crisis""
3549:
3547:
1639:
Worker representation on corporate boards of directors
1575:
a) No limit, amount set by owner or Board of Directors
4054:
Employee Participation, Firm Performance and Survival
2383:"Worker Cooperatives Performance and Success Factors"
2060:
Cotton Times, understanding the industrial revolution
1175:
Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014
4283:"New federation planned for worker co-ops in the UK"
4267:
Spear, R. (1999) "Employee-Owned UK Bus Companies",
2609:"What do we really know about worker co-operatives?"
2288:
The worker co-operative code, Co-operatives UK, 2012
5482:
5451:
5395:
5320:
5299:
5241:
5194:
5173:
5135:
5102:
5057:
5024:
5017:
4985:
4945:
4938:
4488:
Economic Update: Cooperation Jackson: A Closer Look
4056:, pp. 3–33. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004.
3774:, "Labour Allocation in a Cooperative Enterprise,"
1150:This was true in particular of the best known, the
833:
Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission
347:In 2018, Google announced a $ 1 million grant to a
177:'s visionary project for a cooperative settlement (
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1102:Pencavel et al. (2006) found that in the north of
642:which defines a "common ownership enterprise" as:
185:Worker cooperatives rose to prominence during the
4373:. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015.
3066:The Growth of the New Social Economy in Catalonia
3047:
3045:
2718:"Do cooperative enterprises create social trust?"
1457:a) To maximize net and real worth of all owners.
934:France's worker cooperatives, otherwise known as
406:Worker satisfaction, trust, health and commitment
3107:. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013.
2972:"Economic democracy as an environmental measure"
4722:"Argentinas Co-Operative Sector Continues Grow"
3818:
3816:
3814:
3667:University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives
2534:
2532:
1615:a) Special tax treatment in some jurisdictions
1543:a) Investors, banks, pension funds, the public
1285:Worker co-ops in Canada are represented by the
1215:United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives
1099:for all Italian businesses in the same sector.
3573:Corcoran, Hazel; Wilson, David (31 May 2010).
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
2870:"Co-operatives make for a happy place to work"
2602:
2600:
1483:a) Organized and controlled by worker-members
867:Financing via Traditional Business Transitions
4897:
4254:Corporate Governance: An International Review
3961:Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization
2252:Mellor, M.; Hannah, J.; Stirling, J. (1988).
1476:b) Chartered by relevant level of government
946:Political philosophy of workers' cooperatives
812:assists in financing cooperatives within the
8:
4514:"Canadian Worker Co-op Federation 'Members'"
3946:termed such leagues "supporting structures."
3778:, Vol. 33, No. 4 (October 1966), pp. 361–371
3359:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
2254:"Worker Cooperatives in Theory and Practice"
1471:d) Stock may be traded in the public market
889:Community Development Financial Institutions
4002:American journal of economics and sociology
3400:"The Mondragon System: Cooperation at Work"
3177:"Industry: A Distributist Solution Part II"
2377:
2375:
2024:Forestville Commonwealth was listed on the
899:interests on loans for these cooperatives.
5296:
5285:
5021:
4942:
4935:
4924:
4904:
4890:
4882:
4015:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
3932:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics
3795:82, 325 (Supplement, March 1972): 402–428.
3489:P, Sureshramana Mayya (31 December 2002).
1249:Rhode Island Center for Employee Ownership
340:, thus reunifying the cooperative sector.
5312:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity
4799:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
4041:International Review of Law and Economics
3848:
3130:
3128:
2896:
2677:European Journal of Comparative Economics
2450:"The resilience of the cooperative model"
1465:a) Organized and controlled by investors
1261:is a federation of cooperatives based in
1158:which took over the assets of the ailing
955:An economic model: the labor-managed firm
596:Some workers' cooperatives also practice
480:Learn how and when to remove this message
309:The old Co-operative building behind the
157:where every worker-owner participates in
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
2637:"Worker Cooperatives: Pathways to Scale"
2168:"Philosophy | Department of Agriculture"
2109:National Cooperative Grocers Association
1426:
1415:Comparison with other work organizations
1300:After the revolt on 1 January 1994 from
755:Internal Capital Accounts/Member Buy-Ins
304:
254:
168:
4724:. International Co-operative Alliance.
4421:"Western Worker Cooperative Conference"
4309:"Home – Employee Ownership Association"
2088:. 14 May 2018 – via Google Books.
2056:"Social strife: The birth of the co-op"
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1192:-based Infinity Foods Cooperative Ltd.
1188:Essential Trading Co-operative and the
936:sociétés coopératives et participatives
4611:Dollar and Sense: Real World Economics
4485:Democracy at Work (17 December 2018),
4376:
3611:Canadian Worker Cooperative Federation
3582:Canadian Worker Cooperative Federation
3201:from the original on 24 February 2007.
3110:
3055:, Milton Keynes: Open University Press
2031:"National Register Information System"
1522:b) Policy set by government planners.
1233:U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives
269:Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers
261:Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers
4568:from the original on 8 February 2007.
4495:from the original on 17 November 2021
3880:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
3654:
3652:
3600:
3598:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3422:
3420:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3165:from the original on 8 February 2007.
2703:Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
2548:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
2327:Industrial and Labor Relations Review
2101:"Cooperative Principles Then and Now"
1474:a) Organized and controlled by state
1354:Workers' Self-Management in Argentina
629:Common ownership worker co-operatives
7:
5490:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation
4728:from the original on 29 October 2013
4626:"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution"
4607:"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution"
4524:from the original on 15 August 2006.
4427:from the original on 17 January 2012
4371:US Federation of Worker Cooperatives
3469:US Federation of Worker Cooperatives
3085:from the original on 3 November 2013
2036:National Register of Historic Places
2026:National Register of Historic Places
1609:a) Subject to normal corporate taxes
1308:started the reconstruction of their
845:Industrial Common Ownership Movement
640:Industrial Common Ownership Act 1976
462:adding citations to reliable sources
334:Industrial Common Ownership Movement
67:adding citations to reliable sources
5529:History of the cooperative movement
5000:International Co-operative Alliance
4586:from the original on 6 January 2015
4167:from the original on 9 October 2014
3237:from the original on 3 August 2017.
2826:Berry, Daphne P. (1 January 2013),
2493:from the original on 6 January 2023
1738:Other workers' cooperative thinkers
498:International Co-operative Alliance
4546:from the original on 2 March 2007.
4446:Moskowitz, Peter (24 April 2017).
4409:from the original on 4 April 2013.
3427:Sapovadia, Vrajlal; Patel, Akash.
3293:Lingane, Alison; McShiras (2017).
3035:Whyte, W. F., Whyte, K. K. (1991)
2970:Booth, Douglas E. (1 March 1995).
2840:10.1108/S0885-3339(2013)0000014002
2803:10.1108/S0885-3339(2013)0000014002
2466:from the original on 18 July 2020.
2426:10.1108/S0885-3339(2013)0000014005
1922:Videos about workers' cooperatives
1515:c) Voting on basis of shares held
1420:capital, distribution of profits,
25:
4269:Economic and Industrial Democracy
4028:Managerial and Decision Economics
3976:Mondragón Cooperative Corporation
3404:Institute for Local Self-Reliance
1245:Vermont Employee Ownership Center
1237:Cooperative Development Institute
1116:Mondragón Cooperative Corporation
991:Mondragón Cooperative Corporation
782:Committed Capital, also known as
777:Committed Capital/Preferred Stock
4815:, PM Press, by John Curl, 2009,
4215:from the original on 1 May 2007.
3436:International Labor Organization
1287:Canadian Worker Co-op Federation
1083:Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace
882:External Finance Firm Investment
714:industrial and provident society
438:
430:Definition of worker cooperative
43:
4319:from the original on 8 May 2015
3882:, Vol. 49, No. 1, October 1995.
3808:126, no. 594 (2016): 1372–1403.
2189:"VIPA Rochdale Pioneers Museum"
1154:motor-cycle cooperative in the
449:needs additional citations for
355:Research on worker cooperatives
232:, but both communities failed.
200:writings of thinkers including
54:needs additional citations for
5382:Socially responsible investing
4313:Employee Ownership Association
3776:The Review of Economic Studies
3747:Journal of Economic Literature
3135:How to set up a Workers' Co-op
3039:, New York: ILR Press/Itchaca.
2305:Philanthropy News Digest (PND)
2001:. Manchester University Press.
1535:d) Proxy votes seldom allowed
1241:Ohio Employee Ownership Center
1014:Worker cooperatives by country
287:quality, unadulterated goods.
1:
5005:Cooperative wholesale society
4711:, Brill, Leiden, pp. 115–117.
4671:, Brill, Leiden, pp. 517–519.
4080:"Cooperatives and Employment"
3669:. Democracy at Work Institute
3460:Democracy at Work Institute.
2111:, Minneapolis. Archived from
2013:Robert Owen's American Legacy
1310:Zapatista coffee cooperatives
422:A 1995 analysis published in
32:Labour and Co-operative Party
5428:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
5181:Health insurance cooperative
5044:Savings and loan association
4030:19, no. 4–5 (1998): 311–326.
2996:10.1016/0921-8009(94)00046-X
2929:Journal of Labor and Society
2099:David Thompson (July 1994).
1855:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen
1405:Nadakkal Parameswaran Pillai
1344:economic crisis in Argentina
1034:European Cooperative Statute
604:to overcome inequalities of
369:Pay and employment stability
4605:Bowman, Betsy; Stone, Bob.
4338:Press, Susan (2 May 2023).
3760:Journal of Economic Studies
3155:"About Us – SouthEnd Press"
2062:. p. 2. Archived from
1870:José María Arizmendiarrieta
1558:Distribution of net margin
1489:d) No public sale of stock
1304:, the indigenous people in
1229:Democracy at Work Institute
1130:In the United Kingdom, the
1020:List of worker cooperatives
993:and in Italy, particularly
945:
745:in Elland, West Yorkshire.
376:The Democracy Collaborative
311:Gateshead Millennium Bridge
151:self-managed by its workers
5596:
4747:Gibson-Graham, J. (2013).
4281:Harvey, R. (1 June 2022).
4069:21, no. 4 (2017): 321–341.
4017:83, no. 3 (2012): 357–381.
4004:52, no. 2 (1993): 129–143.
3991:21, no. 5 (2014): 645–665.
3934:89, no. 2 (2018): 377–414.
3921:68, no. 2 (2015): 398–425.
3398:Morris, David (May 1992).
2607:Pérotin, Virginie (2016).
2560:10.1177/001979390606000102
2339:10.1177/001979391406700108
1681:Economics of participation
1646:Employee-owned corporation
1517:d) Proxy voting permitted
1335:
1017:
153:. This control may mean a
29:
5524:
5496:United Farmers of Alberta
5295:
5284:
4934:
4923:
4624:Betsy Bowman; Bob Stone.
4383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3829:Human Resource Management
3249:"What makes us different"
3117:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3079:"Common Cause Foundation"
2737:10.1007/s11187-013-9494-8
2136:"The Meaning of Rochdale"
723:The second provides for "
710:memorandum of association
570:consensus decision-making
5508:Nepal Co-operative Party
4367:"USFWC Member Directory"
4067:Competition & Change
3970:30 November 2009 at the
3726:American Economic Review
3713:American Economic Review
3497:. Mangalore University.
3140:15 December 2013 at the
2920:Kaswan, Mark J. (2019).
2725:Small Business Economics
2716:Sabatini, Fabio (2014).
2671:Magne, Nathalie (2017).
2581:Burdín, Gabriel (2015).
1997:Garnett, Ronald (1972).
1936:Capitalism: A Love Story
1721:Workers' self-management
1651:Employee stock ownership
1533:c) One person, one vote
1077:Alternatives économiques
739:Scott Bader Commonwealth
360:Longevity and resilience
230:United States of America
18:Worker-owned cooperative
4837:11 January 2011 at the
3728:, 48, 4, 1958, 566–589.
3715:, 48, 4, 1958, 566–589.
3373:Democracy Collaborative
3053:Reluctant Entrepreneurs
2772:10.1108/ER-06-2017-0137
2694:Pencavel, John (1995).
1439:State-owned enterprises
1434:For-profit corporations
940:cooperative federations
910:Direct Public Offerings
904:Direct Public Offerings
893:Capital Impact Partners
591:participatory economics
5337:Cooperative federalism
5332:Co-operative economics
4700:Vieta, Marcelo, 2020,
4680:Vieta, Marcelo, 2020,
4660:Vieta, Marcelo, 2020,
4226:Meadowcroft, Michael.
3064:Holmstrom, M. (1993),
2785:Berry, Daphne (2013).
2275:archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk
1222:Regional organizations
987:Basque region of Spain
925:Evergreen Cooperatives
602:balanced job complexes
317:
264:
182:
5580:Types of organization
5150:Community wind energy
4946:Primary cooperative (
4831:le site de la CG SCOP
3524:Manuela Sykes (1981)
3022:25 March 2009 at the
2360:Voinea, Anca (2015).
2041:National Park Service
1860:The Rochdale Pioneers
1686:Voluntary association
1529:a) By worker-members
1397:Coffee Housinte Katha
1209:National organization
814:Mondragon Corporation
767:Mondragon Corporation
649:(a) that the body is—
583:libertarian socialism
388:Mondragon Corporation
308:
258:
187:Industrial Revolution
172:
5570:Mutualism (movement)
4917:mutual organizations
3806:The Economic Journal
3687:Winters, Tom (2018)
2976:Ecological Economics
2587:The Economic Journal
2481:"Co-op Economy 2020"
2408:Olsen, Erik (2013).
1929:Anarchism in America
1706:Democratic Education
1656:Industrial democracy
1586:Operating practices
1443:Worker cooperatives
1388:Indian Coffee Houses
1270:Freedom Quilting Bee
1263:Jackson, Mississippi
829:government of Kerala
458:improve this article
424:Ecological Economics
349:platform cooperative
330:producer cooperative
226:New Harmony, Indiana
78:"Worker cooperative"
63:improve this article
5555:Worker cooperatives
5307:Rochdale Principles
5254:Agent-owned company
5039:Mutual savings bank
4650:on 29 October 2013.
4613:. Dollar and Sense.
4562:canadianworker.coop
4518:canadianworker.coop
4043:43 (2015): 227–237.
3327:Cooperation Jackson
2988:1995EcoEc..12..225B
2898:10.4000/pistes.2635
2625:on 13 January 2017.
2214:"Our history | ICA"
2105:Co-operative Grocer
1910:William Foote Whyte
1731:Workplace democracy
1711:Housing Cooperative
1701:Benefit Corporation
1540:Sources of capital
1430:Commercial criteria
1342:In response to the
1338:Recovered factories
1259:Cooperation Jackson
1144:Michael Meadowcroft
554:Rochdale Principles
550:profit maximization
315:Newcastle upon Tyne
280:Rochdale Principles
273:Rochdale Principles
224:in Scotland and in
5502:Co-operative Party
5387:Solidarity economy
5347:Economic democracy
5112:Collective farming
4707:2020-02-17 at the
4687:2020-02-17 at the
4667:2020-02-17 at the
4580:"Zapatista coffee"
4540:ontarioworker.coop
4466:on 29 October 2019
4131:. 30 January 2019.
3893:IZA World of Labor
3068:, Berg Publishers.
2941:10.1111/wusa.12442
2760:Employee Relations
2486:. 6 January 2023.
2134:Fairbairn, Brett.
2115:on 10 October 2007
1716:Employee ownership
1676:Economic democracy
1572:Capital dividends
1503:a) Worker members
1171:Companies Act 2006
852:Italian Government
617:Worker collectives
564:Internal structure
318:
265:
183:
143:worker cooperative
5542:
5541:
5520:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5483:Political parties
5438:Rochdale Pioneers
5433:David Schweickart
5372:Social enterprise
5324:economic theories
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5237:
5236:
5013:
5012:
4821:978-1-60486-072-6
4760:978-0-8166-7606-4
4630:Dollars and Sense
4287:Co-operative News
3965:Legacoop in Italy
3841:10.1002/hrm.21957
3539:api.parliament.uk
3195:haymarketcafe.org
3159:southendpress.org
3144:by Radical Routes
3051:Paton, R. (1989)
2849:978-1-78190-750-4
2812:978-1-78190-750-4
2435:978-1-78190-750-4
2389:. 22 October 2014
2086:"The Co-operator"
1865:David Schweickart
1619:
1618:
1140:Liberal Democrats
825:Indian government
818:Basque Government
810:Basque Government
490:
489:
482:
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
5587:
5565:Market socialism
5297:
5286:
5249:Friendly society
5186:Mutual insurance
5049:Building society
5022:
4943:
4936:
4925:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4883:
4863:
4862:
4860:Official website
4846:
4828:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4718:
4712:
4698:
4692:
4678:
4672:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4646:. Archived from
4640:
4634:
4633:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4576:
4570:
4569:
4554:
4548:
4547:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4462:. Archived from
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4405:. 4 March 2017.
4395:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4374:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4232:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4084:
4076:
4070:
4063:
4057:
4050:
4044:
4037:
4031:
4024:
4018:
4011:
4005:
3998:
3992:
3985:
3979:
3957:Stephen C. Smith
3955:Sumit Joshi and
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3852:
3820:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3793:Economic Journal
3785:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3756:
3750:
3735:
3729:
3722:
3716:
3706:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3664:
3656:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3555:
3551:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3466:
3457:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3424:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3395:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3370:
3361:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3333:
3323:"Our Principles"
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3191:"Haymarket Cafe"
3187:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3108:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3040:
3037:Making Mondragon
3033:
3027:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2872:. 20 March 2013.
2866:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2722:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2618:. Archived from
2613:
2604:
2595:
2594:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2545:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2517:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2465:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2141:. Archived from
2140:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2043:. 13 March 2009.
2022:
2016:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1915:Richard D. Wolff
1880:Stephen C. Smith
1875:E. F. Schumacher
1785:John Stuart Mill
1760:G. K. Chesterton
1726:Workers' control
1671:Workers' control
1661:Social ownership
1629:Market socialism
1511:a) By Investors
1497:a) Stockholders
1427:
1231:(created by the
1199:In North America
1164:National Express
1073:
1062:
485:
478:
474:
471:
465:
442:
434:
338:Co-operatives UK
323:common ownership
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
5595:
5594:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5560:Business models
5545:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5512:
5478:
5447:
5413:David Griffiths
5391:
5352:Guild socialism
5325:
5323:
5316:
5291:
5272:
5233:
5229:Social services
5190:
5169:
5131:
5098:
5082:Housing society
5077:Student housing
5053:
5009:
4981:
4930:
4919:
4910:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4844:
4839:Wayback Machine
4826:
4809:
4807:Further reading
4804:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4761:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4731:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4715:
4709:Wayback Machine
4699:
4695:
4691:, Brill, Leiden
4689:Wayback Machine
4679:
4675:
4669:Wayback Machine
4659:
4655:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4623:
4622:
4618:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4498:
4496:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4469:
4467:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4375:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4348:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4291:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4262:
4256:, 15(2):382–392
4250:
4246:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4203:
4202:
4198:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4161:"emiliaromagna"
4159:
4158:
4154:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4077:
4073:
4064:
4060:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4034:
4025:
4021:
4012:
4008:
3999:
3995:
3986:
3982:
3972:Wayback Machine
3954:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3929:
3925:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3886:
3877:
3873:
3863:
3861:
3822:
3821:
3812:
3803:
3799:
3786:
3782:
3770:
3766:
3757:
3753:
3743:Louis Putterman
3736:
3732:
3723:
3719:
3707:
3703:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3558:
3552:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3523:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3473:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3443:
3431:
3426:
3425:
3418:
3408:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3341:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3270:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3153:
3152:
3148:
3142:Wayback Machine
3133:
3126:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3043:
3034:
3030:
3024:Wayback Machine
3015:
3011:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2757:
2756:
2752:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2698:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2652:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2622:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2598:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2407:
2406:
2402:
2392:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2197:
2195:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2148:on 1 March 2017
2145:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2066:on 25 July 2008
2053:
2052:
2048:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1919:
1890:Leland Stanford
1810:George Holyoake
1805:David Griffiths
1735:
1634:Codetermination
1624:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1564:a) To the State
1552:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1417:
1381:
1376:
1340:
1334:
1323:
1318:
1298:
1283:
1206:
1201:
1182:Suma Wholefoods
1142:, such as from
1128:
1112:
1092:
1067:
1056:
1054:Chèque Déjeuner
1042:
1027:
1022:
1016:
957:
948:
920:
907:
885:
870:
802:
799:State Financing
784:Preferred Stock
780:
758:
751:
743:Suma Wholefoods
735:
636:
631:
619:
611:Suma Wholefoods
566:
486:
475:
469:
466:
455:
443:
432:
420:
408:
399:
384:
371:
362:
357:
303:
253:
251:Modern movement
245:The Co-operator
241:working classes
237:Dr William King
206:Charles Fourier
191:labour movement
189:as part of the
167:
159:decision-making
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5593:
5591:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5469:United Kingdom
5466:
5461:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5362:Neo-capitalism
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5282:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5251:
5245:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5108:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5094:
5089:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4959:
4953:
4951:
4940:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4921:
4920:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4872:NYCWorker.Coop
4869:
4864:
4853:
4852:External links
4850:
4849:
4848:
4842:
4824:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4788:
4774:
4759:
4739:
4713:
4693:
4673:
4653:
4635:
4616:
4597:
4571:
4549:
4527:
4505:
4477:
4438:
4412:
4390:
4358:
4330:
4300:
4273:
4271:, 20: 253–268.
4260:
4244:
4218:
4196:
4193:. August 2022.
4178:
4152:
4134:
4116:
4107:
4096:
4071:
4058:
4045:
4032:
4019:
4006:
3993:
3980:
3948:
3944:Jaroslav Vanek
3936:
3923:
3910:
3897:
3884:
3871:
3835:(6): 585–601.
3810:
3797:
3780:
3764:
3751:
3739:Derek C. Jones
3730:
3717:
3709:Jaroslav Vanek
3701:
3697:978-1726628839
3680:
3648:
3623:
3594:
3556:
3543:
3530:
3528:, Leeds: ICOM.
3517:
3508:
3481:
3441:
3416:
3385:
3339:
3314:
3302:Project Equity
3268:
3254:
3251:. 25 May 2023.
3240:
3231:cultivate.coop
3218:
3204:
3182:
3168:
3146:
3124:
3096:
3070:
3057:
3041:
3028:
3009:
2982:(3): 225–236.
2962:
2935:(3): 637–660.
2912:
2875:
2861:
2848:
2818:
2811:
2777:
2766:(2): 346–361.
2750:
2731:(3): 621–641.
2708:
2686:
2663:
2645:
2628:
2596:
2573:
2528:
2504:
2472:
2441:
2434:
2400:
2371:
2352:
2333:(1): 202–238.
2317:
2291:
2280:
2262:
2244:
2230:
2205:
2180:
2159:
2126:
2091:
2077:
2054:Doug Peacock.
2046:
2017:
2004:
1989:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1895:Jaroslav Vanek
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Carole Pateman
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:Derek C. Jones
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1795:David Ellerman
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1770:Robert A. Dahl
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:Hilaire Belloc
1747:
1745:Michael Albert
1741:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:Tax treatment
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1416:
1413:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1333:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1297:
1294:
1282:
1279:
1255:, and others.
1253:Project Equity
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1127:
1126:United Kingdom
1124:
1120:Basque Country
1111:
1108:
1091:
1088:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1023:
1015:
1012:
999:chicken or egg
995:Emilia-Romagna
962:Jaroslav Vanek
956:
953:
947:
944:
919:
917:Peer Financing
914:
906:
901:
884:
879:
869:
864:
854:, through the
808:In Spain, the
801:
796:
788:Equal Exchange
779:
774:
757:
752:
750:
747:
734:
731:
730:
729:
721:
706:
705:
701:
700:
699:
698:
692:
691:
690:
689:
683:
682:
681:
680:
674:
673:
669:
668:
667:
666:
660:
659:
658:
657:
651:
650:
635:
632:
630:
627:
618:
615:
565:
562:
522:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
488:
487:
446:
444:
437:
431:
428:
419:
416:
407:
404:
398:
395:
383:
382:Pay inequality
380:
370:
367:
361:
358:
356:
353:
302:
299:
284:pound sterling
252:
249:
166:
163:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5592:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5509:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5474:United States
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5450:
5444:
5443:Beatrice Webb
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5403:G. D. H. Cole
5401:
5400:
5398:
5396:Key theorists
5394:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5322:Political and
5319:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5283:
5269:
5268:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5240:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5176:
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5117:Reforestation
5115:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4939:By governance
4937:
4933:
4929:Organizations
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4907:
4902:
4900:
4895:
4893:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4877:USWorker.Coop
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4825:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4743:
4740:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4697:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4677:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4489:
4481:
4478:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4442:
4439:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4403:usworker.coop
4400:
4394:
4391:
4386:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4362:
4359:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4229:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4097:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3737:Bonin, John,
3734:
3731:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3668:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3263:"Cooperation"
3258:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3169:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2683:(2): 303–329.
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2489:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2127:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2028:in 1974. See
2027:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1900:Beatrice Webb
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1830:Michael Moore
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1548:a) The state
1547:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1462:Organization
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:A. K. Gopalan
1389:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1316:South America
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1204:United States
1203:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:Bristol-based
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:West Midlands
1153:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1094:According to
1089:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1046:Paris Commune
1039:
1037:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
978:
975:
971:
965:
963:
954:
952:
943:
941:
937:
932:
928:
926:
918:
915:
913:
911:
905:
902:
900:
896:
894:
890:
883:
880:
878:
874:
868:
865:
863:
859:
857:
856:Legge Marcora
853:
848:
846:
841:
840:UK government
838:In 1978, the
836:
834:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
800:
797:
795:
791:
789:
785:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
762:
756:
753:
748:
746:
744:
740:
732:
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
715:
711:
703:
702:
696:
695:
694:
693:
687:
686:
685:
684:
678:
677:
676:
675:
671:
670:
664:
663:
662:
661:
655:
654:
653:
652:
648:
647:
646:
643:
641:
633:
628:
626:
624:
616:
614:
612:
607:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
571:
563:
561:
557:
555:
551:
545:
541:
538:
534:
530:
526:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
501:
499:
495:
484:
481:
473:
470:February 2023
463:
459:
453:
452:
447:This section
445:
441:
436:
435:
429:
427:
425:
417:
415:
413:
405:
403:
396:
394:
391:
389:
381:
379:
377:
368:
366:
359:
354:
352:
350:
345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
316:
312:
307:
300:
298:
296:
291:
288:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
262:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
180:
176:
171:
164:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5418:William King
5408:Charles Gide
5342:Distributism
5265:
5258:
5104:Agricultural
5034:Credit union
4961:
4913:Cooperatives
4812:
4796:
4791:
4777:
4749:
4742:
4730:. Retrieved
4716:
4696:
4676:
4656:
4648:the original
4638:
4629:
4619:
4610:
4600:
4588:. Retrieved
4574:
4561:
4552:
4539:
4530:
4517:
4508:
4497:, retrieved
4487:
4480:
4468:. Retrieved
4464:the original
4451:
4441:
4429:. Retrieved
4415:
4402:
4393:
4370:
4361:
4349:. Retrieved
4343:
4333:
4321:. Retrieved
4312:
4303:
4292:22 September
4290:. Retrieved
4286:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4253:
4247:
4235:. Retrieved
4221:
4208:
4199:
4191:thenews.coop
4190:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4155:
4146:
4137:
4128:
4119:
4110:
4099:
4089:22 September
4087:. Retrieved
4074:
4066:
4061:
4053:
4048:
4040:
4035:
4027:
4022:
4014:
4009:
4001:
3996:
3989:Organization
3988:
3983:
3960:
3951:
3939:
3931:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3879:
3874:
3864:13 September
3862:. Retrieved
3832:
3828:
3805:
3800:
3792:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3733:
3725:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3688:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3666:
3639:. Retrieved
3635:
3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:
3585:. Retrieved
3581:
3538:
3533:
3525:
3520:
3511:
3503:10603/131273
3494:
3484:
3472:. Retrieved
3468:
3435:
3407:. Retrieved
3403:
3376:. Retrieved
3372:
3330:. Retrieved
3326:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3301:
3257:
3243:
3230:
3221:
3207:
3194:
3185:
3171:
3158:
3149:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3073:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3036:
3031:
3012:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2932:
2928:
2915:
2888:
2878:
2864:
2853:, retrieved
2831:
2821:
2794:
2790:
2780:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2728:
2724:
2711:
2702:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2657:
2648:
2631:
2620:the original
2615:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2554:(1): 35–36.
2551:
2547:
2521:22 September
2519:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2475:
2456:
2444:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2391:. Retrieved
2387:Co-opLaw.org
2386:
2365:
2355:
2330:
2326:
2320:
2308:. Retrieved
2304:
2294:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2247:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:
2208:
2196:. Retrieved
2192:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2143:the original
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2113:the original
2104:
2094:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2064:the original
2059:
2049:
2034:
2020:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1992:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1820:William King
1800:Charles Gide
1780:Noam Chomsky
1755:Kevin Carson
1520:a) By state
1478:c) No stock
1418:
1399:, a book in
1385:
1382:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1324:
1299:
1291:
1284:
1267:
1257:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1194:
1179:
1168:
1148:
1132:Labour Party
1129:
1113:
1101:
1093:
1081:
1075:
1050:
1043:
1031:
1028:
1004:
979:
966:
958:
949:
935:
933:
929:
921:
916:
908:
903:
897:
886:
881:
875:
871:
866:
860:
855:
849:
837:
822:
807:
803:
798:
792:
781:
776:
771:
763:
759:
754:
736:
707:
644:
637:
620:
598:job rotation
595:
587:distributism
574:hierarchical
567:
558:
546:
542:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
505:development.
491:
476:
467:
456:Please help
451:verification
448:
421:
409:
400:
397:Productivity
392:
385:
375:
372:
363:
346:
342:
329:
327:
319:
292:
289:
277:
266:
244:
234:
210:cotton mills
195:
184:
142:
140:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
5423:Robert Owen
5087:egalitarian
4845:(in French)
4827:(in French)
4499:20 December
4470:20 December
4431:28 February
4233:. p. 2
3850:10810/31804
3789:James Meade
3772:Amartya Sen
3213:"Our Co-op"
2393:15 November
2310:17 November
2223:23 November
2198:23 November
2173:23 November
2152:23 November
1905:Sidney Webb
1885:Roger Spear
1845:Mario Bunge
1840:James Meade
1835:Robert Owen
1825:Naomi Klein
1790:Gregory Dow
1775:Sam Dolgoff
1765:G.D.H. Cole
1696:Collectives
1666:Syndicalism
1326:Hugo Chávez
1068: [
1057: [
1008:absenteeism
974:James Meade
970:Amartya Sen
623:collectives
418:Environment
202:Robert Owen
175:Robert Owen
147:cooperative
5549:Categories
5127:Wheat pool
5122:Winemaking
5018:By product
4987:Federation
4972:Purchasing
4732:28 October
4452:The Nation
4345:Co-op News
4147:euricse.eu
4129:euricse.eu
3919:ILR Review
3554:Routledge.
3495:University
2420:: 83–107.
2193:vipauk.org
1962:References
1494:Ownership
1336:See also:
1018:See also:
989:, home of
725:altruistic
716:'s rules:
634:Definition
214:New Lanark
149:owned and
119:April 2023
89:newspapers
5575:Socialism
5452:By region
5377:Socialism
5357:Mutualism
5214:Recycling
5174:Insurance
5165:Broadband
5160:Telephone
5072:Cohousing
4769:880821723
4460:0027-8378
3859:159410290
3004:0921-8009
2957:203106631
2949:2471-4607
2907:1481-9384
2366:Coop News
2347:154970350
1500:a) State
1422:dividends
1401:Malayalam
1332:Argentina
1321:Venezuela
1136:Tony Benn
985:, in the
983:Mondragón
749:Financing
579:anarchism
198:socialist
173:Model of
5498:(Canada)
5492:(Canada)
5300:Identity
5219:Platform
5155:Electric
5067:Building
4977:Retailer
4957:Consumer
4867:GEO.Coop
4835:Archived
4726:Archived
4705:Archived
4685:Archived
4665:Archived
4584:Archived
4566:Archived
4544:Archived
4522:Archived
4493:archived
4425:Archived
4407:Archived
4379:cite web
4317:Archived
4213:Archived
4165:Archived
3968:Archived
3691:p. 275.
3673:28 April
3641:28 April
3636:geo.coop
3616:28 April
3587:28 April
3474:18 April
3409:18 April
3378:18 April
3332:19 April
3307:18 April
3235:Archived
3199:Archived
3163:Archived
3138:Archived
3113:cite web
3083:Archived
3020:Archived
2891:(13–2).
2855:20 April
2797:: 3–25.
2745:16528387
2658:uk.coop/
2497:14 April
2488:Archived
2461:Archived
2459:. 2012.
2299:Candid.
2218:ica.coop
2015:, p. 20.
1622:See also
1508:Control
1448:Purpose
1365:FaSinPat
1349:The Take
1190:Brighton
831:and the
733:Examples
728:charity.
712:, or an
222:Orbiston
218:Scotland
179:Owenites
5464:Ukraine
5367:Owenism
5260:Stokvel
5137:Utility
5092:commune
5059:Housing
5026:Banking
4209:uvic.ca
3908:(2016).
3895:(2016).
2984:Bibcode
2660:. 2019.
2642:. 2014.
2616:uk.coop
2568:1096260
2469:Alt URL
2119:26 June
2070:26 June
1526:d) n/a
1524:c) n/a
1480:d) n/a
1306:Chiapas
1173:or the
1160:Triumph
1152:Meriden
1118:in the
1096:EURICSE
386:In the
228:in the
165:History
103:scholar
5459:Canada
5290:Topics
4962:Worker
4819:
4767:
4757:
4458:
4399:"Home"
4237:6 June
4114:CGSCOP
4085:. 2017
3857:
3695:
3002:
2955:
2947:
2905:
2846:
2809:
2743:
2593:(594).
2566:
2432:
2345:
1612:a) n/a
1578:a) n/a
1409:Kerala
1296:Mexico
1281:Canada
1040:France
1025:Europe
589:, and
494:CICOPA
412:Trento
295:CICOPA
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
5534:.coop
5267:Artel
5242:Other
5224:Media
5195:Other
4590:2 May
4351:3 May
4323:2 May
4231:(PDF)
4171:2 May
4083:(PDF)
3855:S2CID
3663:(PDF)
3578:(PDF)
3465:(PDF)
3432:(PDF)
3369:(PDF)
3298:(PDF)
3089:2 May
2953:S2CID
2925:(PDF)
2741:S2CID
2721:(PDF)
2699:(PDF)
2640:(PDF)
2623:(PDF)
2612:(PDF)
2564:S2CID
2544:(PDF)
2516:(PDF)
2491:(PDF)
2484:(PDF)
2464:(PDF)
2453:(PDF)
2343:S2CID
2257:(PDF)
2146:(PDF)
2139:(PDF)
1957:Notes
1691:Artel
1379:India
1275:Sears
1110:Spain
1104:Italy
1090:Italy
1072:]
1065:Acome
1061:]
606:power
301:Today
145:is a
110:JSTOR
96:books
5504:(UK)
5207:list
5202:Food
5141:list
4991:list
4966:list
4948:list
4915:and
4817:ISBN
4765:OCLC
4755:ISBN
4734:2013
4592:2015
4501:2018
4472:2018
4456:ISSN
4433:2013
4385:link
4353:2023
4325:2015
4294:2023
4239:2021
4173:2015
4091:2023
3974:and
3866:2019
3741:and
3693:ISBN
3675:2021
3643:2021
3618:2021
3589:2021
3476:2021
3411:2021
3380:2021
3334:2021
3309:2021
3119:link
3091:2015
3000:ISSN
2945:ISSN
2903:ISSN
2857:2021
2844:ISBN
2807:ISBN
2523:2023
2499:2023
2430:ISBN
2395:2019
2312:2019
2225:2020
2200:2020
2175:2020
2154:2020
2121:2008
2072:2008
1386:The
1374:Asia
1302:EZLN
1268:The
1213:The
1080:and
1063:and
1032:The
850:The
823:The
259:The
204:and
155:firm
82:news
3845:hdl
3837:doi
3499:hdl
2992:doi
2937:doi
2893:doi
2836:doi
2799:doi
2768:doi
2733:doi
2591:126
2556:doi
2422:doi
2335:doi
1235:),
600:or
460:by
313:in
212:of
65:by
5551::
4841:).
4833:.
4763:.
4753:.
4628:.
4609:.
4582:.
4564:.
4560:.
4542:.
4538:.
4520:.
4516:.
4491:,
4454:.
4450:.
4423:.
4401:.
4381:}}
4377:{{
4369:.
4342:.
4315:.
4311:.
4285:.
4211:.
4207:.
4189:.
4163:.
4145:.
4127:.
3853:.
3843:.
3833:58
3831:.
3827:.
3813:^
3665:.
3651:^
3634:.
3609:.
3597:^
3580:.
3559:^
3546:^
3493:.
3467:.
3444:^
3434:.
3419:^
3402:.
3388:^
3371:.
3342:^
3325:.
3300:.
3271:^
3233:.
3229:.
3197:.
3193:.
3161:.
3157:.
3127:^
3115:}}
3111:{{
3081:.
3044:^
2998:.
2990:.
2980:12
2978:.
2974:.
2951:.
2943:.
2933:22
2931:.
2927:.
2901:.
2887:.
2842:,
2830:,
2805:.
2795:14
2793:.
2789:.
2764:40
2762:.
2739:.
2729:42
2727:.
2723:.
2701:.
2681:14
2679:.
2675:.
2656:.
2614:.
2599:^
2589:.
2585:.
2562:.
2552:60
2550:.
2546:.
2531:^
2455:.
2428:.
2418:14
2416:.
2412:.
2385:.
2374:^
2364:.
2341:.
2331:67
2329:.
2303:.
2273:.
2216:.
2191:.
2107:.
2103:.
2058:.
2039:.
2033:.
1970:^
1312:.
1251:,
1247:,
1243:,
1239:,
1184:,
1146:.
1122:.
1070:fr
1059:fr
964:.
942:.
895:.
613:.
593:.
585:,
581:,
325:.
216:,
141:A
5143:)
5139:(
4993:)
4989:(
4968:)
4964:(
4950:)
4905:e
4898:t
4891:v
4823:.
4785:.
4771:.
4736:.
4632:.
4594:.
4474:.
4435:.
4387:)
4355:.
4327:.
4298:/
4296:.
4258:.
4241:.
4175:.
4149:.
4093:.
3978:.
3868:.
3847::
3839::
3699:,
3677:.
3645:.
3620:.
3591:.
3541:.
3505:.
3501::
3478:.
3438:.
3413:.
3382:.
3336:.
3311:.
3265:.
3215:.
3179:.
3121:)
3093:.
3026:.
3006:.
2994::
2986::
2959:.
2939::
2909:.
2895::
2838::
2815:.
2801::
2774:.
2770::
2747:.
2735::
2705:.
2570:.
2558::
2525:.
2501:.
2438:.
2424::
2397:.
2368:.
2349:.
2337::
2314:.
2277:.
2241:.
2227:.
2202:.
2177:.
2156:.
2123:.
2074:.
483:)
477:(
472:)
468:(
454:.
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.