Worker cooperative - Knowledge (XXG)

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received and methods of payment. Employment in worker-owned firms tends to be more stable than conventional firms, which fluctuate more. This was attributed to conventional firms fixing wages and having to lay off employees during times of economic difficulty, as workers would not accept a wage cut since they could not guarantee restoration of their original wages at a later date, requiring workers to be laid off instead. In a cooperative, workers can accept a wage cut since they know they can restore it at a later date. Cooperatives have a higher survival rate than traditional firms, which seems to be down to greater employment stability and willingness of workers to make adjustments to allow the firm to survive, rather than other possible explanations like greater productivity or financial strength. Worker cooperatives and conventional firms tend to have similar wages after controlling for other possible variables, with any wage differentiation being due to other characteristics aside from firm organization. If the workers are not satisfied with their work and participation, they can express their disengagement with higher rates of

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cost of capital, fixed costs, and deviations in its real sales, this changed to 14 percent. The authors suggest this might be due to worker cooperatives being more likely than capitalist firms to cut wages instead of laying off employees during periods of economic difficulty, or because co-op workers may be willing to accept lower wages than workers in capitalist firms. A study looking at all firms in Uruguay concluded that when controlling for variables such as industry, firm size, gender, age and tenure, workers employed in a worker-managed firm earn 3 percent higher wages compared with similar workers employed in the conventional firms. However, this wage premium declines significantly with increasing pay and becomes negative for top earners. According to research by Virginie Pérotin, which looked at two decades worth of international data, the tendency for greater wage flexibility and employment stability helps explain why some research observes higher and others lower pay in worker cooperatives relative to conventional businesses. A study by

414:, worker cooperatives are the only form of enterprise that fosters social trust between employees. A survey conducted in Seoul suggests that in conventional firms, employees become less committed to their job as their work becomes more demanding; however, this was not the case in worker cooperatives. In the US, home health aides in worker cooperatives were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than in other agencies. A study from 2013 about home aid workers found that "Home health aides at the worker-owned, participative decision-making organization were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than those at other agencies." One 1995 study from the US also indicates that "employees who embrace an increased influence and participation in workplace decisions also reported greater job satisfaction" and a 2011 study in France found that worker-owned businesses "had a positive effect on workers' job satisfaction." One 2019 study indicates that "the impact on the happiness of workers is generally positive". 912:(DPO's) are loans or donations generated either socially by communities or individually by both accredited and non-accredited investors. The voting rights that this investment produces for the community or investor varies depending on the cooperative and offering type. This form of financing is especially popular with cooperatives that provide services to local communities. One of the primary attributes of DPO's that attract cooperatives is that by advertising investment opportunities to local communities, the firm not only generates financial capital but it also employs an efficient method of advertising that keeps the community engaged in the firm's products and success. For cooperatives undergoing an ownership transition, DPO's are often a source of financial support to the initial loan of the retiring owner. Examples of firms that have utilized Direct Public Offerings for financial support are Real Pickles and the CERO Cooperative. 365:

or put up to sale have a 3-year survival rate of 87%, compared to 48% of all Italian businesses. A 2012 study of Spanish and French worker cooperatives found that they "have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis." In France, the three year survival rate of worker cooperatives is 80–90%, compared to the 66% overall survival rate for all businesses. During the 2008 economic crisis, the number of workers in worker owned cooperatives in France increased by 4.2%, while employment in other businesses decreased by 0.7%. More than three quarters of UK co-op start-ups (76%) are still flourishing after the difficult first five years, however, other business forms are far less likely to survive, with only 42% of all new UK companies making it through to the end of year five.

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layoffs during a crisis, though the effect is small and only an average, meaning it is not necessarily guaranteed to bring benefits. A 2016 metanalysis concluded that employee ownership had a small positive effect on firm performance but no effects on efficiency or growth-related outcomes. However some researchers have argued that while cooperatives can have higher performance in some circumstances, there is generally little difference in performance between cooperatives and conventional firms and that ultimately they are, on average, just as productive as each other. Economists have explained the clustering of worker coops through leagues or "supporting structures" Regions where large clusters of worker cooperatives are found supported by leagues include

741:, a composites and specialty polymer plastics manufacturing company in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, which its owner Ernest Bader gave to the workforce in installments through the late 1950s to early 1960s. Contrary to the popular concept of common ownership organizations as being small organisations, this is a high-technology chemical manufacturer whose turnover has exceeded £100 million per annum since the early 1990s with a workforce of hundreds. In London, Calverts is an example of an established worker co-operative with a policy of pay parity. From the collective movement, one of the most successful ventures is probably 1328:, in his effort to democratize the workforce, established a lot of worker-owned and operated cooperatives the moment he got into office, in 1998. By 2006, there had been 100,000 worker co-ops set up, which represented around 1.5 million workers. From day one, he made sure to give them cheap start-up credit, technical training, and preferential treatment with government purchases of goods and equipment. Not even a year later, in 1999, he increased the number of co-ops that got tax incentives. A 2006 census showed that 50% of the co-ops were either functioning improperly or were simply created just to get access to public funds. 256: 1106:, the area where the most co-ops are located, employing around over 4% of the labour force, actually paid their workers 14% less than capitalist firms and their wages were more volatile. This was after controlling for various variables, such as schooling, age, gender, occupation, industry, location, firm-size, user cost of capital, fixed costs, and deviations in its real sales. The cooperative movement in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, successfully melds two divergent philosophical currents: Socialism and Catholicism. With more than a century of cooperative history, the region includes more than 8,000 cooperatives. 858:(Marcora Law) provisions of 1985, reformed in 2001, has established a financing mechanism of patient capital for creating worker cooperatives, social cooperatives, and for worker buyouts of firms that are in trouble or that have retiring owners, especially for traditional businesses that require extra financial assistance while transitioning or converting into cooperatives. Originally, this state investment was equivalent to three times the collective internal capital account investment from workers. As of 2001, the state investment is on a 1:1 ratio with workers' capital contributions. 697:(iii) that, if on the winding up or dissolution of the body any of its assets remain to be disposed of after its liabilities are satisfied, the assets are not distributed among its members but are transferred to such a common ownership enterprise or such a central fund maintained for the benefit of common ownership enterprises as may be determined by the members at or before the time of the winding-up or dissolution or, in so far as the assets are not so transferred, are held for charitable purposes; and 679:(i) that only persons who are employed by, or by a subsidiary of, the body may be members of it, that (subject to any provision about qualifications for membership which is from time to time made by the members of the body by reference to age, length of service or other factors of any description which do not discriminate between persons by reference to politics or religion) all such persons may be members of the body and that members have equal voting rights at meetings of the body, 193:. As employment moved to industrial areas and job sectors declined, workers began organizing and controlling businesses for themselves. Worker cooperatives were originally sparked by "critical reaction to industrial capitalism and the excesses of the industrial revolution," with the first worker owned and managed firm first appearing in England in 1760. Some worker cooperatives were designed to "cope with the evils of unbridled capitalism and the insecurities of wage labor". 877:

specialists to determine the legal and financial logistics of the transition. Third, a transition group or the selling owner must organize the new managerial structure, business practices, and ownership policies. Fourth, legal contracts are signed to establish the new management while methods of finance are drawn upon to jumpstart the newfound cooperative. Fifth, an adjustment period occurs in which training is provided for workers regarding new business policies.

891:(CDFI's). CDFI's often do not supply the majority of finance for cooperatives, but act as collateral for other forms of investment and/or as support for another form of finance. Additionally, many cooperatives utilize external finance for improvements to their physical capital in order to improve productivity. Several U.S. CDFIs include the Cooperative Fund of New England, the Common Wealth Revolving Loan Fund, the Shared Capital Cooperative of Minneapolis, and 170: 440: 45: 1036:, which has been in force since 2006, permits worker cooperatives to be created by individuals or corporate bodies in different EU countries. It is a loose framework that devolves much detail to the national legislation of the country in which the European Cooperative Society (ECS) is registered. It permits a minority of shares to be held by 'investor members' which are not employees. 306: 1177:(IPS), though other legal forms are available. A number of model rules have been devised to enable cooperatives to register under both acts; for workers' cooperatives, these rules restrict membership to those who are employed by the workplace. Most workers' co-operatives are incorporated bodies, which limits the liability if the co-operative fails and goes into liquidation. 1346:, many Argentinian workers occupied the premises of bankrupt businesses and began to run them as worker-owned cooperatives. As of 2005, there were roughly 200 worker-owned businesses in Argentina, most of which were started in response to this crisis. By 2020, around 16,000 Argentine workers were running over 400 recuperated enterprises in Argentina. The documentary film 1048:, workshops abandoned by their owners were taken over by their workers. In 1884 a chamber of workers' cooperatives was founded. By 1900 France had nearly 250 workers' cooperatives and 500 by 1910. The movement was to rise and fall throughout the twentieth century, with growth in 1936, after the Second World War, between 1978 and 1982 and since 1995. 336:(ICOM) as a separate federation. Buoyed up by the alternative and ecological movements and by the political drive to create jobs, the sector peaked at around 2,000 enterprises. However, the growth rate slowed, the sector contracted, and in 2001 ICOM merged with the Co-operative Union (which was the federal body for consumer cooperatives) to create 275:' on which they ran their cooperative. This became the basis for the development and growth of the modern cooperative movement. As the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution was forcing more and more skilled workers into poverty, these tradesmen decided to band together to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford. 540:"Labor is the hiring factor, therefore the voting and property rights are assigned to the people who do the work and not to capital, even though the worker-members supply capital through membership fees and retained earnings...Any profit or loss after normal operating expenses is assigned to members on the basis of their labor contribution." 533:

co-operatives have to accommodate a range of interests to survive and have experimented with different voice and voting arrangements to accommodate the interests of trade unions, local authorities, those who have invested proportionately more labor, or through attempts to mix individual and collective forms of worker-ownership and control.

220:. It was here that the first co-operative store was opened. Spurred on by the success of this, he had the idea of forming "villages of co-operation" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing. He tried to form such communities in 786:, are shares of capital offered to external accredited investors that are not a part of the cooperative. In order to maintain workers' ownership over the firm's decisions, these external investors have limited to no voting rights within the cooperative. Committed Capital often have non-guaranteed rates of return. However, 1005:

Worker cooperatives do not seem to differ in innovation or management capabilities from conventional firms. Workers at cooperatives tend to report higher levels of involvement in their tasks, more positive evaluations of supervisors and greater fairness in their perception of the amount of wages they

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Many worker cooperatives utilize surplus profits to provide loans or establish offering funds in order to support other developing or struggling cooperatives. These funds are also used as collateral for other forms of finance by cooperatives in need. Examples of Peer Financing in the U.S. include the

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When the owner of a traditional business decides to resign and transition the ownership of the firm into a workers' cooperative, they often provide initial financial investment. However, this typically is not a sustainable form of capital investment and cooperatives often use it to begin business and

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Even though there is no universally accepted definition of a workers' cooperative, they can be considered to be businesses that make a product or offer a service to sell for profit where the workers are members or worker-owners. Worker-owners work in the business, govern it and manage it. Unlike with

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A 2006 study found that wages on co-ops pay in Italy were 15 to 16 percent lower than those that capitalist firms paid on average, and were more volatile, while employment was more stable. After controlling for variables, such as schooling, age, gender, occupation, industry, location, firm-size, user

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A small number of such co-operatives were formed during the 1974 Labour Government as worker takeovers following the bankruptcy of a private firm in a desperate attempt to save the jobs at risk. However the change in ownership structure was usually unable to resist the underlying commercial failure.

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As mentioned above, the majority—if not all—of the workers in a given worker cooperative enterprise are worker-owners, although some casual or wage workers may be employed with whom profits and decision making are not necessarily shared equally. Workers also often undergo a trial or screening period

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there are 29,414 worker cooperatives in Italy. A study conducted by the organization measured the survival rates of worker buyouts (WBOs) of failed firms that transitioned to worker cooperatives in the manufacturing sector and found that they generally had greater rates of survival than the average

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Cooperatives in low-income communities often raise donations to assist workers in meeting the ICA Buy-In requirement, as in the case of the Mariposa Food Coop. This method of financing is one of the most prominent due to its high rates of success in maintaining financial stability for cooperatives.

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conventional firms, ownership and decision-making power of a worker cooperative should be vested solely with the worker-owners and ultimate authority rests with the worker-owners as a whole. Worker-owners control the resources of the cooperative and the work process, such as wages or hours of work.

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According to an analysis of all businesses in Uruguay between 1997 and 2009, worker cooperatives have a 29% smaller chance of closure after controlling for variables such as industry. In Italy, worker owned cooperatives that have been created by workers buying a business when it is facing a closure

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When the current cooperative movement resurfaced in the 1960s, it developed mostly on a new system of "collective ownership" where par value shares were issued as symbols of egalitarian voting rights. Typically, a member may only own one share to maintain the egalitarian ethos. Once brought in as a

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The Eastern Conference for Workplace Democracy and Western Worker Co-operative Conference hold conferences every other year for their respective regions. In addition, there are national and regional nonprofit organizations that focus on providing technical support and assistance to both create new

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set up the National Cooperative Development Agency and in subsequent years common ownership was promoted as a model to create employment, leading approximately 100 local authorities to establish cooperative development agencies. The Industrial Common Ownership Act authorized the Secretary of State

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problem that helps explain why few coops get started. Research has suggested that the primary appeal of a cooperative for its members is in security of employment, as workers can actually become decoupled from a cooperative's ostensible worker ownership (due to a mixture of interests and the more

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examined behavior of an "inegalitarian" LMF. Worker cooperatives tend to have a more compressed wage distribution, which can potentially turn off high-ability workers, potentially causing the cooperative to suffer a "brain drain" as they leave to seek higher wages elsewhere, though this effect is

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In France, worker cooperatives contribute funds to the SOCODEN (Société coopérative de développement et d'entraide), a cooperative financial institution that finances developing and struggling cooperatives. Additionally, this fund provides collateral for other sources of funding and subsidies for

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per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On 21 December 1844, they opened their store with a very meager selection of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal, and a few candles. Within three months, they expanded their selection to include tea and tobacco, and they were soon known for providing high

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In the neoclassical version, the objective of the LMF is to maximize not total profit, but rather income per worker. But such a scenario implies "perverse" behavior, such as laying off workers when output price rises so as to divide increased profits among fewer members. Evidence supporting such

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Because the communal ownership model of cooperatives makes it difficult for investors to determine the credit and reliability of their investments, they often rely on close analysis of the structure, management, and experience of each cooperative in order to decide in which one to acquire stock.

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According to Virginie Pérotin's research which looked at two decades worth of international data, worker cooperatives are more productive than conventional businesses. Another 1987 study of worker cooperatives in Italy, the UK, and France found "positive" relationships with productivity. It also

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There are significant differences between ends and means between firms where capital controls labor or firms where the state controls both labor and capital. These distinctions are easily seen when measured by essential elements of commerce: purpose, organization, ownership, control, sources of

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Generally, the evidence indicates that worker cooperatives have higher productivity than conventional companies although this difference may be modest in size. Research indicates that employee ownership can improve company performance, increase firm stability, increase survival rates and reduce

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Internal Capital Accounts (ICA's), also known as Member Buy-Ins, are shares of capital distributed equally and exclusively to workers. They act as a mandated buy-in loan to the cooperative that generates financial return over time in the form of interest. ICA's are typically equal to a specific

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In short, workers' co-operatives are organized to serve the needs of worker-owners by generating benefits (which may or may not be profits) for the worker-owners rather than external investors. This worker-driven orientation makes them fundamentally different from other corporations. Additional

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According to a recent statement by the International Co-operative Alliance, cooperative businesses (most of which are not worker co-ops) in Argentina have nearly 20 million members across a number of business sectors from health care to housing to factory work and beyond. These businesses are

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is the only organization in the U.S. representing worker cooperative interests nationally. Offering a voice on national level, promoting the worker co-operative model, uniting co-ops at conferences and providing a base of support and technical assistance to the worker co-operative community.

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Participation is based on one vote per worker-owner, regardless of the number of shares or equity owned by each worker-owner. Voting rights are not tied to investment or patronage in the workers' co-operative, and only worker-owners can vote on decisions that affect them. In practice, worker

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The transition process often takes several years and is executed in 5 stages. First, the selling owners must evaluate if a transition is an appropriate step for the business and must consult with advisors and employees regarding new leadership changes. Second, the selling owner must employ

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Nevertheless, recent developments in the co-operative movement have started to shift thinking more clearly towards multi-stakeholder perspectives. This has resulted in repeated attempts to develop model rules that differentiate control rights from investment and profit-sharing rights.

208:. Robert Owen, considered by many as the father of the cooperative movement, made his fortune in the cotton trade but believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the 861:

Canadian worker cooperatives also rely on government funding to finance their early development. State sources of finance, which often come in the form of grants, include the Quebec Local Development Centre, the Co-op Development Initiative, and the Young Entrepreneurs program.

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In many countries, the state provides loans or direct funding for worker cooperatives' production, community programs, and investments. Government funding is especially important in assisting newly developing cooperatives in securing finances for the initial stages of business.

688:(ii) that the assets of the body are applied only for the purposes of objects of the body which do not include the making over of assets to any member of the body except for value and except in pursuance of arrangements for sharing the profits of the body among its members, and 1002:

individualistic values of more recent workers), making secure employment, particularly in economically precarious times, a major draw. While it has been suggested that cooperatives could be a solution to unemployment, research indicates that this is unlikely to be the case.

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In 2004 France had 1700 workers' co-operatives, with 36,000 people working in them. The average size of a co-operative was 21 employees. More than 60% of co-operative employees were also members. French workers' co-operatives today include some large organisations such as

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found that worker cooperatives do not become less productive as they get larger. A 1995 study of worker cooperatives in the timber industry in Washington, USA found that "co-ops are more efficient than the principal conventional firms by between 6 and 14 percent".

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The idea of achieving economic democracy through worker ownership on a national scale has been argued by economist Tom Winters, who states that "building a cooperative economy is one small step on the journey to reclaiming the wealth we all collectively create."

332:; and while it was overshadowed by the consumer and agricultural types, it also made up a small section of its own within the national apex body, the Cooperative Union. The 'new wave' of worker cooperatives that took off in Britain in the mid-1970s joined the 1272:

was a notable cooperative founded in Alabama during the midst of the Civil Rights movement, and was instrumental in helping underprivileged black workers in the area escape poverty, amassing enough success to fill orders for major department stores such as

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Economists have modeled the worker cooperative as a firm in which labor hires capital, rather than capital hiring labor as in a conventional firm. The classic theoretical contributions of such a "labor managed firm" (LMF) model are due to Benjamin Ward and

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Vieta, Marcelo (2020). Saving jobs and businesses in times of crisis: The Italian road to creating worker cooperatives from worker buyouts. In B. Roelants, S. Esim, W. Katajamäki, & S. Novkovic (Eds.), Cooperatives and the world of work. London:

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as well as to give workers a wider range of experiences and exposure to the different jobs in a workplace so that they are better able to make decisions about the whole workplace. This has proved sustainable with workforces as large as 300, as at

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behavior is lacking, however; a review of the empirical economics literature is found in Bonin, Jones, and Putterman. But alternative behavioral models have been proposed. Peter Law examined LMFs that value employment and income. Nobel Laureate

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Profits (or losses) earned by the worker's cooperative are shared by worker-owners. Salaries generally have a low ratio difference which ideally should be "guided by principles of proportionality, external solidarity and internal solidarity".

1356:, provides and extensive academic, case study, and historical account of the phenomenon. The overall survival rate of these recuperated firms is almost ninety percent, displaying the resilience of the model even in times of economic turmoil. 1390:

in India were started by the Coffee Board in the early 1940s, during British rule. In the mid-1950s the Board closed down the Coffee Houses, due to a policy change. The thrown-out workers then took over the branches, under the leadership of

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They have the objective of creating and maintaining sustainable jobs and generating wealth, to improve the quality of life of the worker-members, dignify human work, allow workers' democratic self-management and promote community and local

3749:, Fall 1993. See also W. Bartlett, J. Cable, S. Estrin, D.C. Jones, and S.C. Smith, "Labor Managed Cooperatives and Private Firms in North Central Italy: An Empirical Comparison," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46, 103–118, 1992. 930:

In Italy, large cooperative federations utilize excess profits to develop peer financing funds that not only financially assist other cooperatives, but are also used for workers' training programs and for research into cooperatives.

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Since 2006, Co-operatives UK's Worker Cooperative Council wrote and updated a worker co-operative code, the booklet that "sets out what anyone should expect and should work together to achieve, as a member of a worker co-operative".

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member and after a period of time on probation usually so the new candidate can be evaluated, they would be given the power to manage the coop without "ownership" in the traditional sense. In the UK, this system is known as

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As noted by theorists and practitioners alike, the importance of capital should be subordinated to labor in workers' cooperatives. Indeed, Adams et al. see workers' cooperatives as "labor-ist" rather than "capital-ist":

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dissolution", an "asset lock", whereby if the enterprise is wound up, remaining assets exceeding liabilities shall not be divided among the members but shall be transferred to another enterprise with similar aims or to

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one. This structure is influenced by activist collectives and civic organizations, with all members allowed and expected to play a managerial role. Such structures may be associated with political aims such as

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Co-operating in Employment Creation. The role of common ownership enterprise in the economic and social regeneration of areas of high unemployment: a request and a challenge to local authority leadership

496:, the International Organisation of Industrial, Artisanal and Service Producers' Cooperatives, gives an 8-page definition in their World Declaration on Workers' Cooperatives, which was approved by the 1227:

worker cooperatives (start-ups) and conversions of existing businesses into worker cooperatives, usually when the business owner is retiring and wants to sell the company. These organizations include

1166:. Meanwhile, many more worker co-operatives were founded as start-up businesses, and by the late 1980s, there were some 2,000 in existence. Since then the number has declined to about 400 in 2022. 769:

utilizes a 10-20-70 system, in which 10% of profits are placed into community development and infrastructure programs, 20% back into corporate reserves, and 70% into individual capital accounts.

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in a democratic fashion, or it may refer to one in which management is elected by every worker-owner who each have one vote. Worker cooperatives may also be referred to as labor-managed firms.

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In certain cases, like the Mumbai Tiffin Box Supplier's Association in India, Member Buy-In's allow cooperatives to become completely financially independent from other sources of investment.

3294: 556:. As another example, worker cooperatives' flattened management structure and more egalitarian ideology often give workers more options and greater freedom in resolving work-place problems. 3019: 4447: 1987:

Adams, Frank and Gary Hansen (1993) Putting Democracy To Work: A Practical Guide for Starting and Managing Worker-Owned Businesses, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc, San Francisco. Page 11.

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then transition to depend on other forms of finance. Examples of this method of financing include Select Machines, Inc., Metis Construction, A Slice of New York, and Rock City Roasters.

1638: 390:, the world's largest worker cooperative, the pay ratio between the lowest and the highest earner was 1:9 in 2018. The ratio is decided by a democratic vote by the worker-members. 1292:

Ontario has its own federation with well-developed standards. Quebec has a distinct worker co-operative history, and is presently organised into a number of regional federations.

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They shall be autonomous and independent, before the State and third parties, in their labor relations and management, and in the usage and management of the means of production.

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As a general rule, work shall be carried out by the members. This implies that the majority of the workers in a given worker cooperative enterprise are members and vice versa.

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Cornforth, Chris (1984). The role of local co-operative development agencies in promoting worker co-operatives. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 55(3) pp. 253–280

247:, the first edition of which appeared on 1 May 1828. This gave a mixture of co-operative philosophy and practical advice about running a shop using cooperative principles. 514:

The worker-members' relation with their cooperative shall be considered as different from that of conventional wage-based labor and to that of autonomous individual work.

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The free and voluntary membership of their members, in order to contribute with their personal work and economic resources, is conditioned by the existence of workplaces.

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Law showed that if enough weight were placed on employment LMFs would not behave "perversely"; Peter J. Law, "The Illyrian firm and Fellner's union-management model,

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and the Scottish Co-operatives Development Committee, while loans were administered through Common Ownership Finance Ltd. However, this section was repealed in 2004.

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Bailly, Franck, Karine Chapelle, and Lionel Prouteau. "Wage differentials between conventional firms and non-worker cooperatives: Analysis of evidence from France."

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less of an issue in a cooperative with a less compressed wage distribution. Hiring managers from capitalist firms can be very difficult because of the lower wages.

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In France, the pay ratio between the highest and lowest paid 10% of the employees is 14% lower in worker cooperatives than in otherwise similar conventional firms.

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Frohlich, Norman, John Godard, Joe A. Oppenheimer, and Frederick A. Starke. "Employee versus conventionally‐owned and controlled firms: an experimental analysis."

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cooperative structural characteristics and guiding principles further distinguish them from other business models. For example, worker-owners may not believe that

3711:, The General Theory of Labor-Managed Market Economies, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970; Ward, Benjamin, 1958. "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism," 2608: 2135: 5473: 3234: 888: 720:

The first provides that the company's assets shall be applied solely in furtherance of its objectives and may not be divided among the members or trustees.

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If exercised directly, all members meet regularly to make—and vote on—decisions on how the co-operative is run. Direct workers' cooperatives sometimes use

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4 29–37 (1977). Evidence is consistent with this scenario e.g. for Italian Lega labor-managed firms; see Bonin, Jones and Putterman op cit pp. 1299-1300.

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Albanese, Marina, Cecilia Navarra, and Ermanno C. Tortia. "Employer moral hazard and wage rigidity. The case of worker-owned and investor-owned firms."

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in India often provide initial loans for cooperatives in order to help them eventually transition into relying primarily on Internal Capital Accounts.

704:(c) that the body is controlled by a majority of the people working for the body and of the people working for the subsidiaries, if any, of the body. 5412: 3366:"Financing Cooperatives: Strategies for Financing the Inclusive Economy: Financing Cooperatives as a Tool to Create Jobs and Build Community Wealth" 3365: 2487: 2108: 1804: 4339: 4903: 3606: 3016: 832: 790:, a U.S.-based worker cooperative, offers preferred stock that still ensures at least a 5% return rate even during periods of economic recession. 4463: 3930:

Monteiro, Natalia P., and Odd Rune Straume. "Are Cooperatives More Productive than Investor‐Owned Firms? Cross‐Industry Evidence from Portugal."

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Arando, Saioa, Monica Gago, Derek C. Jones, and Takao Kato. "Efficiency in employee-owned enterprises: An econometric case study of Mondragon."

3631: 5437: 5311: 4079: 2834:, Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory & Labor-Managed Firms, vol. 14, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 3–25, 2253: 1082: 268: 260: 3428: 4820: 4758: 2847: 2810: 2433: 1343: 1119: 986: 4702:

Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión

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Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión

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Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión

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Basterretxea, Imanol, and Ricardo Martínez. "Impact of management and innovation capabilities on performance: Are cooperatives different?."

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term's wages, like an annual salary, that is given a fixed rate of return that is not directly tied to the cooperative's losses or profits.

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for Industry to make grants and loans to organizations that assisted common ownership and cooperative enterprises. Grants were made to the

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suggests that "cooperatives will tend to use natural resource inputs more efficiently and will be less growth oriented than corporations."

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Worker-owned cooperatives in Argentina have played a role in developing their surrounding communities. For example, the worker-owners of

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By 1880 some 200 cooperatives had been started in Britain, but they were generally short-lived and by 1975 there were only 19 remaining.

5528: 4999: 497: 457: 62: 4565: 4521: 4228:"The Liberal Democrats: A Strategy for a Relevant Basis of Philosophy and Political Values –And for Reviving and Developing the Party" 3878:

See Chris Doucouliagos, "Worker participation and productivity in labor-managed and participatory capitalist firms: A Meta-Analysis,"

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voted to use excess profits to establish education programs, healthcare facilities, and recreational activities for its neighborhood.

4543: 4251: 2300: 2100: 5116: 4212: 479: 243:

would need to set up co-operatives for themselves, so he saw his role as one of instruction. He founded a monthly periodical called

128: 3017:

ICA (2005) World Declaration on Worker Cooperatives, Approved by the ICA General Assembly in Cartagena, Colombia, 23 September 2005

1869: 1029:

Worker co-operation is well established in most countries in Europe, with the largest movements being in Italy, Spain, and France.

3659: 2636: 255: 4990: 4583: 1601:

b) Working conditions determined by labor law and assembly of worker-members, or internal dialogue between members and managers.

997:. Leagues provide various kinds of scale economies to make coops viable. But as leagues need coops to start them the result is a 839: 713: 109: 3825:"Can employee ownership and human resource management policies clash in worker cooperatives? Lessons from a defunct cooperative" 3632:"Transitioning a Private Business to a Worker Cooperative: A Viable Community Development Tool | Grassroots Economic Organizing" 1950:

Worker Democracy (YouTube video by Unlearning Economics), comprehensive review of the economic literature on worker cooperatives

1248: 517:

Their internal regulation is formally defined by regimes that are democratically agreed upon and accepted by the worker-members.

3104: 2382: 2287: 765:

When the cooperative allocates profits, a significant portion are paid back to the workers through these capital accounts. The

81: 4186: 4164: 3082: 5579: 5463: 5381: 5004: 2325:

Burdín, Gabriel (2014). "Are Worker-Managed Firms More Likely to Fail Than Conventional Enterprises? Evidence from Uruguay".

1240: 1010:. Managers can refrain from proposing controversial, needed changes if they feel that they would be rejected by the workers. 461: 423: 66: 5458: 3987:

Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki. "The ties that bind? Exploring the basic principles of worker-owned organizations in practice."

820:

financially assists Mondragon in acquiring declining capitalist businesses and transitioning them into worker cooperatives.

2921: 2259:. Milton Keynes, Open University Press. cited in Mellor, Mary (n.d) – via The Worker Cooperative Movement in Britain. 5569: 5468: 4384: 3118: 1309: 88: 31: 2653: 1162:

company, although there were instances of successful employee buy-outs of nationalized industries in the period, notably

938:(SCOPs), are required to allocate a small portion of profits to a financial fund for other French worker cooperatives in 5554: 5427: 5180: 5140: 5043: 3956: 2361: 1879: 1854: 1599:

a) Workers set production schedules either through elected boards and appointed managers or directly through assemblies

1404: 1033: 3429:"What Works for Workers' Cooperatives?: An Empirical Research on Success & Failure of Indian Workers' Cooperatives" 2055: 1244: 1236: 1114:

Spain is home to over 17,000 worker cooperatives. One of the world's best known examples of worker cooperatives is the

5356: 5076: 4965: 4896: 4643: 2869: 2619: 1928: 1286: 1019: 310: 1720: 1076: 150: 2696:"Participation and Productivity: A Comparison of Worker Cooperatives and Conventional Firms in the Plywood Industry" 235:

Similar early experiments were made in the early 19th century and by 1830 there were several hundred co-operatives.

95: 4956: 4813:

For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America

4366: 2142: 1680: 1645: 1159: 3462:"Investing in Worker Ownership: How Finance Institutions Can Create Deep Impact at Scale with Worker Cooperatives" 3176: 450: 55: 5564: 5495: 5206: 4976: 2828:"Effects of Cooperative Membership and Participation in Decision Making on Job Satisfaction of Home Health Aides" 2787:"Effects of cooperative membership and participation in decision making on job satisfaction of home health aides" 1949: 1228: 709: 569: 4704: 4684: 4664: 3226: 3162: 2695: 500:

General Assembly in September 2005. Below is the section on the basic characteristics of workers' cooperatives:

5559: 5507: 5417: 5103: 3134: 1935: 1650: 738: 77: 4721: 4205:"Smith, Julia. BC Institute for Co-operative Studies "The Most Famous Worker Co-operative of All...Mondragon"" 4142: 1943:

This Way Out: A Guide to Starting a Worker Cooperative. (and other films by Jai Jai Noire, Mighty Small Films)

665:(ii) a registered society within the meaning of the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014; and 4316: 3491:"Workers cooperatives in India – A Study With Reference to Their Potential Social and Economic contributions" 2449: 1589:

a) Owners or managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation

656:(i) a company which has no share capital, is limited by guarantee and is a bona fide co-operative society; or 645:

a body as to which the registrar has given, and has not revoked, a certificate stating that he is satisfied—

5336: 4104:

Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE)

892: 590: 3198: 2512: 1396: 5331: 5121: 4986: 4971: 4889: 4124: 2238: 1155: 1151: 1139: 939: 924: 909: 887:

Most finance firms that specialize in providing capital for worker cooperatives are Cooperative Funds and

4000:

Staber, Udo. "Worker cooperatives and the business cycle: are cooperatives the answer to unemployment?."

2480: 1383:

India has a substantial set of laws, rules & regulations for enterprises in the co-operative sector.

5213: 5159: 5149: 5126: 5091: 5086: 4424: 4406: 3575:"The Worker Co-operative Movements in Italy, Mondragon and France: Context, Success Factors and Lessons" 2040: 1819: 1685: 1138:

being a prominent advocate. The principle has also found some support from the more radical wing of the

813: 766: 582: 387: 236: 186: 4103: 3724:

This is known as the Ward effect; see Ward, Benjamin, 1958. "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism,"

4829:

Créer en Scop, le guide de l'entreprise participative, Ed Scop Edit 2005 (disponible gratuitement sur

5218: 5154: 5066: 4947: 3967: 2983: 1705: 1655: 1348: 1269: 1262: 1053: 828: 601: 348: 225: 4625: 4052:

Park, Rhokeun, Douglas Kruse, and James Sesil. "Does employee ownership enhance firm survival?." In

2213: 1252: 5306: 5253: 5164: 5136: 5058: 5038: 5025: 4916: 4834: 1909: 1730: 1725: 1710: 1700: 1670: 1594:

a) Managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation

1387: 1337: 1258: 1181: 1143: 851: 824: 742: 610: 572:

to make decisions. Direct worker control ensures a formally flat management structure instead of a

553: 549: 314: 279: 272: 239:

made Owen's ideas more workable and practical. He believed in starting small and realized that the

5574: 5501: 5386: 5346: 5228: 5111: 4492: 4187:"Voinea, Anca. TheNews.coop "Spanish worker co-ops continue to grow despite pandemic challenges"" 3854: 2952: 2885:"Working in Cooperatives and Social Economy: Effects on Job Satisfaction and the Meaning of Work" 2740: 2563: 2342: 1715: 1675: 1170: 221: 4606: 102: 3248: 2672: 410:

According to a study drawing on a questionnaire from the population of the Italian province of

5432: 5371: 5223: 4816: 4782: 4764: 4754: 4455: 4378: 3804:

Burdín, Gabriel. "Equality Under Threat by the Talented: Evidence from Worker‐Managed Firms."

3692: 3112: 2999: 2944: 2902: 2843: 2806: 2429: 2112: 1864: 1859: 1131: 817: 809: 621:

The term 'worker collective' is sometimes used to describe worker cooperatives which are also

278:

With lessons from prior failed attempts at co-operation in mind, they designed the now famous

1095: 5248: 5201: 5185: 5048: 3844: 3836: 3745:, "Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Labor Managed Firm: Will the Twain Ever Meet?" 3498: 2991: 2936: 2892: 2835: 2798: 2767: 2732: 2555: 2421: 2334: 1914: 1874: 1784: 1759: 1660: 1628: 1163: 337: 322: 4557: 4513: 3660:"Becoming Employee-Owned: A Small Business Toolkit for Transitioning to Employee Ownership" 2839: 2802: 2425: 1567:

a) To members after funds are set aside for reserves and allocated to a collective account

1360:

increasing in number at a drastic rate, with over 6,000 having been created in 2012 alone.

1064: 378:

found that in the US, worker cooperatives can increase worker incomes by 70 to 80 percent.

5351: 5081: 4838: 4708: 4688: 4668: 4535: 3971: 3823:

Basterretxea, Imanol; Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki; Lertxundi, Aitziber (20 February 2019).

3742: 3141: 3023: 2758:

Park, Rhokeun (2018). "Responses to job demands: moderating role of worker cooperatives".

1889: 1809: 1633: 1438: 783: 672:(b) that the articles of association or rules of the body include provisions which secure— 605: 205: 190: 158: 4204: 3490: 4881: 4486: 2987: 639: 351:

development kit in collaboration with 5 pilot cooperatives, which are all worker-owned.

5361: 4797:

Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative. The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi

4227: 3943: 3738: 3708: 2468: 1894: 1849: 1814: 1794: 1769: 1749: 1744: 1531:

b) Policy set by directors elected by worker-members, or by assembly of worker-members

1370:

The overall number of worker cooperatives within Argentina seems to be at over 23,000.

1325: 1195:

In 2022 a new federation of worker co-operatives in the UK, workers.coop, was founded.

998: 994: 961: 787: 283: 4579: 3399: 2971: 2717: 2271:"ICOM (Industrial Common Ownership Movement) – Papers of Roger Sawtell - Archives Hub" 2270: 1407:

one of the leaders of the ICH movement. Another very large network of worker coops is

1134:'s enthusiasm for worker cooperatives was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s, with 5548: 5442: 5402: 3858: 3824: 2995: 2956: 2827: 2786: 2582: 2409: 2346: 1899: 1829: 1392: 1045: 240: 229: 2744: 1942: 1044:

Workers' associations were legalized in 1848 and again in 1864. In 1871, during the

708:

The principle is typically implemented through inserting two clauses in a company's

297:. CICOPA has two regional organizations: CECOP – CICOPA Europe and CICOPA Americas. 5407: 5341: 5033: 4160: 2567: 1799: 1779: 1754: 1433: 1265:, which seeks to build worker-owned coops and other locally operated institutions. 597: 586: 573: 17: 2540: 982: 169: 3295:"The Original Community Investment: A Guide to Worker Coop Conversion Investment" 3078: 2654:"New report highlights lessons from Mondragon – the world's largest worker co-op" 2239:"Why is labour-managed firm entry so rare?: An analysis of UK manufacturing data" 2085: 927:, the Share Capital Cooperative, and the Valley Alliance of Worker Cooperatives. 816:

and for many of Mondragon's education and healthcare programs. Additionally, the

5422: 4912: 3788: 3771: 1904: 1884: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1824: 1789: 1774: 1764: 1695: 1665: 1007: 973: 969: 622: 439: 209: 201: 174: 146: 44: 4847:

Histoire des Scop et de la coopération, Jean Gautier, Ed Scop Edit, 2006 (DVD).

2559: 2338: 529:(such as three or six months) before being allowed to have full voting rights. 4750:

Take back the economy : an ethical guide for transforming our communities

4448:"Meet the Radical Workers' Cooperative Growing in the Heart of the Deep South" 4344: 3364:

Kelly, Majorie; Duncan, Violeta; Dubb, Steve; Abello, Oscar (September 2016).

3212: 2922:"Happiness theory and worker cooperatives: A critique of the alignment thesis" 2884: 2736: 1074:. Other cooperatives whose names are generally known to include the magazines 305: 213: 4768: 4644:"Benjamin Dangl, 'Occupy, Resist, Produce: Worker Cooperatives in Argentina'" 4459: 4252:

Ridley-Duff, R. J. (2007) "Communitarian Perspectives on Social Enterprise",

3607:"The Worker Co-op Sector in Canada: Success Factors, and Planning for Growth" 3003: 2948: 2906: 2410:"The relative survival of worker cooperatives and barriers to their creation" 30:"Labour cooperative" redirects here. For the British electoral alliance, see 5376: 5071: 3322: 2771: 2188: 2167: 2063: 1454:

a) To provide goods and services, or hold and manage resources for citizens.

1400: 1395:

and renamed the network as Indian Coffee House. This history is recorded in

1135: 578: 197: 4647: 3689:

The Cooperative State: The Case for Employee Ownership on a National Scale.

2583:"Equality Under Threat by the Talented: Evidence from Worker-Managed Firms" 1545:

b) From profitable subsidiaries or by retaining all or part of the profits

1058: 3262: 2883:

Castel, Davy; Lemoine, Claude; Durand-Delvigne, Annick (1 November 2011).

2791:

Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms

2414:

Advances in the Economic Analysis of Participatory and Labor-Managed Firms

196:

The philosophy that underpinned the cooperative movement stemmed from the

2011:

Roger D. Branigin, "Robert Owen's New Harmony: An American Heritage," in

1591:

b) Working conditions determined by labor law and collective bargaining.

1421: 1364: 1189: 827:

provides financing, often in the form of loans, to new cooperatives. The

724: 271:, established in England in 1844. The Rochdale Pioneers established the ' 217: 3502: 2897: 1596:

b) Working conditions determined by labor law and collective bargaining

1553:

b) From net earnings, a portion of which are set aside for reinvestment

1352:

described this phenomenon journalistically, while Marcelo Vieta's book,

625:: that is, managed without hierarchies such as permanent manager roles. 5366: 5259: 3849: 2940: 1305: 1185: 1086:, the driving school ECF CERCA and the toy manufacturer "Moulin Roty". 552:

is the best or only goal for their co-operative or they may follow the

492:

Many definitions exist as to what qualifies as a workers' cooperative.

464: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 178: 154: 3840: 2539:

Pencavel, John; Pistaferri, Luigi; Schivardi, Fabiano (October 2006).

2457:

The International Organisation of Industrial and Services Cooperatives

1999:

Co-operation and the Owenite Socialist Communities in Britain, 1825–45

1485:

b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws – varies by country

1467:

b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws – varies by country

4748: 4701: 4681: 4661: 4308: 3154: 2541:"Wages, Employment, and Capital in Capitalist and Worker-Owned Firms" 2362:"The path to worker buyouts: Does the UK need its own 'Marcora Law'?" 1408: 972:

examined pay according to work and according to need. Nobel Laureate

493: 411: 294: 267:

The first successful cooperative organization was the consumer-owned

3105:"Co-operative Workplace Dispute Resolution by Elizabeth A. Hoffmann" 2832:

Sharing Ownership, Profits, and Decision-Making in the 21st Century

1069: 293:

The International organization representing worker cooperatives is

263:

was established in 1844 and defined the modern cooperative movement

5533: 5266: 3537:"Common Ownership (Grants and Loans) (Hansard, 7 December 1978)". 1690: 1274: 1103: 328:

In Britain, this type of cooperative was traditionally known as a

4795:

See T.M. Thomas Isaac, Richard W. Franke, and Pyaralal Raghavan,

2673:"Wage inequality in workers' cooperatives and conventional firms" 2030: 1289:(CWCF). Members of the CWCF are found throughout English Canada. 3891:

Kruse, Douglas. "Does employee ownership improve performance?."

1403:, the mother tongue of A. K. Gopalan. The author of the book is 1301: 737:

A very significant early influence on the movement has been the

638:

The principle of common ownership was codified in UK law in the

5288: 4927: 4885: 4876: 3787:

Such firms would not exhibit the "Ward effect" even in theory:

2513:"Co-op economy 2020 – A report on the UK's co-operative sector" 2301:"Google.org Awards $ 1 Million for Jobs Cooperative Consortium" 1180:

The largest examples of a British worker cooperatives include,

282:, and over a period of four months, they struggled to pool one 4340:"Looking back on the first year of the UK's worker co-op body" 4125:"EURICSE. "Structure and Performance of Italian Cooperatives"" 3791:, "The Theory of Labour Managed Firms and of Profit Sharing," 1451:

a) To earn profit for owners, to increase the value of shares.

433: 38: 4420: 4398: 3904:

O'Boyle, Ernest H., Pankaj C. Patel, and Erik Gonzalez-Mulé.

1561:

a) To stockholders on the basis of the number of shares owned

1411:

Dinesh Beedi, originally started by exploited beedi rollers.

4866: 4558:"Canadian Worker Co-op Federation 'What is a Worker Co-op?'" 3963:, 68, 1, October 2008, 217–233. Examples of leagues include 3605:

Hough, Peter; Wilson, David; Corcoran, Hazel (31 May 2010).

3190: 181:

fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place)

4536:"Ontario Worker Co-op Federation 'What is a Worker Co-op?'" 3959:, "Endogenous Formation of Coops and Cooperative Leagues," 2889:

Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail et la Santé

1487:

c) Only worker-members may own stock, one share per member

4871: 4859: 3964: 1469:

c) Except for closely held companies anyone may buy stock

1277:

while helping to spark contemporary interest in quilting.

3906:

Employee ownership and firm performance: a meta-analysis.

3227:"Differences Between Worker Cooperatives and Collectives" 27:

Cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers

1581:

a) Limited to an interest-like percentage set by policy

1169:

Co-operatives are typically registered under either the

4830: 4783:"Davis, Josh. "Argentina's Worker Co-ops Under Attack"" 1551:

a) By members or by lenders who have no equity or vote

1513:

b) Policies set by stockholders or board of directors.

4143:"EURICSE. "Italy's Worker Buyouts in Times of Crisis"" 3549: 3547: 1639:

Worker representation on corporate boards of directors

1575:

a) No limit, amount set by owner or Board of Directors

4054:

Employee Participation, Firm Performance and Survival

2383:"Worker Cooperatives Performance and Success Factors" 2060:

Cotton Times, understanding the industrial revolution

1175:

Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014

4283:"New federation planned for worker co-ops in the UK" 4267:

Spear, R. (1999) "Employee-Owned UK Bus Companies",

2609:"What do we really know about worker co-operatives?" 2288:

The worker co-operative code, Co-operatives UK, 2012

5482: 5451: 5395: 5320: 5299: 5241: 5194: 5173: 5135: 5102: 5057: 5024: 5017: 4985: 4945: 4938: 4488:

Economic Update: Cooperation Jackson: A Closer Look

4056:, pp. 3–33. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004. 3774:, "Labour Allocation in a Cooperative Enterprise," 1150:This was true in particular of the best known, the 833:

Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission

347:In 2018, Google announced a $ 1 million grant to a 177:'s visionary project for a cooperative settlement ( 69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1102:Pencavel et al. (2006) found that in the north of 642:which defines a "common ownership enterprise" as: 185:Worker cooperatives rose to prominence during the 4373:. Archived from the original on 24 February 2015. 3066:The Growth of the New Social Economy in Catalonia 3047: 3045: 2718:"Do cooperative enterprises create social trust?" 1457:a) To maximize net and real worth of all owners. 934:France's worker cooperatives, otherwise known as 406:Worker satisfaction, trust, health and commitment 3107:. Archived from the original on 2 November 2013. 2972:"Economic democracy as an environmental measure" 4722:"Argentinas Co-Operative Sector Continues Grow" 3818: 3816: 3814: 3667:University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives 2534: 2532: 1615:a) Special tax treatment in some jurisdictions 1543:a) Investors, banks, pension funds, the public 1285:Worker co-ops in Canada are represented by the 1215:United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives 1099:for all Italian businesses in the same sector. 3573:Corcoran, Hazel; Wilson, David (31 May 2010). 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 2870:"Co-operatives make for a happy place to work" 2602: 2600: 1483:a) Organized and controlled by worker-members 867:Financing via Traditional Business Transitions 4897: 4254:Corporate Governance: An International Review 3961:Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2252:Mellor, M.; Hannah, J.; Stirling, J. (1988). 1476:b) Chartered by relevant level of government 946:Political philosophy of workers' cooperatives 812:assists in financing cooperatives within the 8: 4514:"Canadian Worker Co-op Federation 'Members'" 3946:termed such leagues "supporting structures." 3778:, Vol. 33, No. 4 (October 1966), pp. 361–371 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3343: 2254:"Worker Cooperatives in Theory and Practice" 1471:d) Stock may be traded in the public market 889:Community Development Financial Institutions 4002:American journal of economics and sociology 3400:"The Mondragon System: Cooperation at Work" 3177:"Industry: A Distributist Solution Part II" 2377: 2375: 2024:Forestville Commonwealth was listed on the 899:interests on loans for these cooperatives. 5296: 5285: 5021: 4942: 4935: 4924: 4904: 4890: 4882: 4015:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 3932:Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics 3795:82, 325 (Supplement, March 1972): 402–428. 3489:P, Sureshramana Mayya (31 December 2002). 1249:Rhode Island Center for Employee Ownership 340:, thus reunifying the cooperative sector. 5312:ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity 4799:, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998. 4041:International Review of Law and Economics 3848: 3130: 3128: 2896: 2677:European Journal of Comparative Economics 2450:"The resilience of the cooperative model" 1465:a) Organized and controlled by investors 1261:is a federation of cooperatives based in 1158:which took over the assets of the ailing 955:An economic model: the labor-managed firm 596:Some workers' cooperatives also practice 480:Learn how and when to remove this message 309:The old Co-operative building behind the 157:where every worker-owner participates in 129:Learn how and when to remove this message 2637:"Worker Cooperatives: Pathways to Scale" 2168:"Philosophy | Department of Agriculture" 2109:National Cooperative Grocers Association 1426: 1415:Comparison with other work organizations 1300:After the revolt on 1 January 1994 from 755:Internal Capital Accounts/Member Buy-Ins 304: 254: 168: 4724:. International Co-operative Alliance. 4421:"Western Worker Cooperative Conference" 4309:"Home – Employee Ownership Association" 2088:. 14 May 2018 – via Google Books. 2056:"Social strife: The birth of the co-op" 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1192:-based Infinity Foods Cooperative Ltd. 1188:Essential Trading Co-operative and the 936:sociétés coopératives et participatives 4611:Dollar and Sense: Real World Economics 4485:Democracy at Work (17 December 2018), 4376: 3611:Canadian Worker Cooperative Federation 3582:Canadian Worker Cooperative Federation 3201:from the original on 24 February 2007. 3110: 3055:, Milton Keynes: Open University Press 2031:"National Register Information System" 1522:b) Policy set by government planners. 1233:U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives 269:Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers 261:Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers 4568:from the original on 8 February 2007. 4495:from the original on 17 November 2021 3880:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 3654: 3652: 3600: 3598: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3422: 3420: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3165:from the original on 8 February 2007. 2703:Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 2548:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 2327:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 2101:"Cooperative Principles Then and Now" 1474:a) Organized and controlled by state 1354:Workers' Self-Management in Argentina 629:Common ownership worker co-operatives 7: 5490:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 4728:from the original on 29 October 2013 4626:"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution" 4607:"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution" 4524:from the original on 15 August 2006. 4427:from the original on 17 January 2012 4371:US Federation of Worker Cooperatives 3469:US Federation of Worker Cooperatives 3085:from the original on 3 November 2013 2036:National Register of Historic Places 2026:National Register of Historic Places 1609:a) Subject to normal corporate taxes 1308:started the reconstruction of their 845:Industrial Common Ownership Movement 640:Industrial Common Ownership Act 1976 462:adding citations to reliable sources 334:Industrial Common Ownership Movement 67:adding citations to reliable sources 5529:History of the cooperative movement 5000:International Co-operative Alliance 4586:from the original on 6 January 2015 4167:from the original on 9 October 2014 3237:from the original on 3 August 2017. 2826:Berry, Daphne P. (1 January 2013), 2493:from the original on 6 January 2023 1738:Other workers' cooperative thinkers 498:International Co-operative Alliance 4546:from the original on 2 March 2007. 4446:Moskowitz, Peter (24 April 2017). 4409:from the original on 4 April 2013. 3427:Sapovadia, Vrajlal; Patel, Akash. 3293:Lingane, Alison; McShiras (2017). 3035:Whyte, W. F., Whyte, K. K. (1991) 2970:Booth, Douglas E. (1 March 1995). 2840:10.1108/S0885-3339(2013)0000014002 2803:10.1108/S0885-3339(2013)0000014002 2466:from the original on 18 July 2020. 2426:10.1108/S0885-3339(2013)0000014005 1922:Videos about workers' cooperatives 1515:c) Voting on basis of shares held 1420:capital, distribution of profits, 25: 4269:Economic and Industrial Democracy 4028:Managerial and Decision Economics 3976:Mondragón Cooperative Corporation 3404:Institute for Local Self-Reliance 1245:Vermont Employee Ownership Center 1237:Cooperative Development Institute 1116:Mondragón Cooperative Corporation 991:Mondragón Cooperative Corporation 782:Committed Capital, also known as 777:Committed Capital/Preferred Stock 4815:, PM Press, by John Curl, 2009, 4215:from the original on 1 May 2007. 3436:International Labor Organization 1287:Canadian Worker Co-op Federation 1083:Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace 882:External Finance Firm Investment 714:industrial and provident society 438: 430:Definition of worker cooperative 43: 4319:from the original on 8 May 2015 3882:, Vol. 49, No. 1, October 1995. 3808:126, no. 594 (2016): 1372–1403. 2189:"VIPA Rochdale Pioneers Museum" 1154:motor-cycle cooperative in the 449:needs additional citations for 355:Research on worker cooperatives 232:, but both communities failed. 200:writings of thinkers including 54:needs additional citations for 5382:Socially responsible investing 4313:Employee Ownership Association 3776:The Review of Economic Studies 3747:Journal of Economic Literature 3135:How to set up a Workers' Co-op 3039:, New York: ILR Press/Itchaca. 2305:Philanthropy News Digest (PND) 2001:. Manchester University Press. 1535:d) Proxy votes seldom allowed 1241:Ohio Employee Ownership Center 1014:Worker cooperatives by country 287:quality, unadulterated goods. 1: 5005:Cooperative wholesale society 4711:, Brill, Leiden, pp. 115–117. 4671:, Brill, Leiden, pp. 517–519. 4080:"Cooperatives and Employment" 3669:. Democracy at Work Institute 3460:Democracy at Work Institute. 2111:, Minneapolis. Archived from 2013:Robert Owen's American Legacy 1310:Zapatista coffee cooperatives 422:A 1995 analysis published in 32:Labour and Co-operative Party 5428:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen 5181:Health insurance cooperative 5044:Savings and loan association 4030:19, no. 4–5 (1998): 311–326. 2996:10.1016/0921-8009(94)00046-X 2929:Journal of Labor and Society 2099:David Thompson (July 1994). 1855:Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen 1405:Nadakkal Parameswaran Pillai 1344:economic crisis in Argentina 1034:European Cooperative Statute 604:to overcome inequalities of 369:Pay and employment stability 4605:Bowman, Betsy; Stone, Bob. 4338:Press, Susan (2 May 2023). 3760:Journal of Economic Studies 3155:"About Us – SouthEnd Press" 2062:. p. 2. Archived from 1870:José María Arizmendiarrieta 1558:Distribution of net margin 1489:d) No public sale of stock 1304:, the indigenous people in 1229:Democracy at Work Institute 1130:In the United Kingdom, the 1020:List of worker cooperatives 993:and in Italy, particularly 945: 745:in Elland, West Yorkshire. 376:The Democracy Collaborative 311:Gateshead Millennium Bridge 151:self-managed by its workers 5596: 4747:Gibson-Graham, J. (2013). 4281:Harvey, R. (1 June 2022). 4069:21, no. 4 (2017): 321–341. 4017:83, no. 3 (2012): 357–381. 4004:52, no. 2 (1993): 129–143. 3991:21, no. 5 (2014): 645–665. 3934:89, no. 2 (2018): 377–414. 3921:68, no. 2 (2015): 398–425. 3398:Morris, David (May 1992). 2607:Pérotin, Virginie (2016). 2560:10.1177/001979390606000102 2339:10.1177/001979391406700108 1681:Economics of participation 1646:Employee-owned corporation 1517:d) Proxy voting permitted 1335: 1017: 153:. This control may mean a 29: 5524: 5496:United Farmers of Alberta 5295: 5284: 4934: 4923: 4624:Betsy Bowman; Bob Stone. 4383:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3829:Human Resource Management 3249:"What makes us different" 3117:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3079:"Common Cause Foundation" 2737:10.1007/s11187-013-9494-8 2136:"The Meaning of Rochdale" 723:The second provides for " 710:memorandum of association 570:consensus decision-making 5508:Nepal Co-operative Party 4367:"USFWC Member Directory" 4067:Competition & Change 3970:30 November 2009 at the 3726:American Economic Review 3713:American Economic Review 3497:. Mangalore University. 3140:15 December 2013 at the 2920:Kaswan, Mark J. (2019). 2725:Small Business Economics 2716:Sabatini, Fabio (2014). 2671:Magne, Nathalie (2017). 2581:Burdín, Gabriel (2015). 1997:Garnett, Ronald (1972). 1936:Capitalism: A Love Story 1721:Workers' self-management 1651:Employee stock ownership 1533:c) One person, one vote 1077:Alternatives économiques 739:Scott Bader Commonwealth 360:Longevity and resilience 230:United States of America 4837:11 January 2011 at the 3728:, 48, 4, 1958, 566–589. 3715:, 48, 4, 1958, 566–589. 3373:Democracy Collaborative 3053:Reluctant Entrepreneurs 2772:10.1108/ER-06-2017-0137 2694:Pencavel, John (1995). 1439:State-owned enterprises 1434:For-profit corporations 940:cooperative federations 910:Direct Public Offerings 904:Direct Public Offerings 893:Capital Impact Partners 591:participatory economics 5337:Cooperative federalism 5332:Co-operative economics 4700:Vieta, Marcelo, 2020, 4680:Vieta, Marcelo, 2020, 4660:Vieta, Marcelo, 2020, 4226:Meadowcroft, Michael. 3064:Holmstrom, M. (1993), 2785:Berry, Daphne (2013). 2275:archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk 1222:Regional organizations 987:Basque region of Spain 925:Evergreen Cooperatives 602:balanced job complexes 317: 264: 182: 5580:Types of organization 5150:Community wind energy 4946:Primary cooperative ( 4831:le site de la CG SCOP 3524:Manuela Sykes (1981) 3022:25 March 2009 at the 2360:Voinea, Anca (2015). 2041:National Park Service 1860:The Rochdale Pioneers 1686:Voluntary association 1529:a) By worker-members 1397:Coffee Housinte Katha 1209:National organization 814:Mondragon Corporation 767:Mondragon Corporation 649:(a) that the body is— 583:libertarian socialism 388:Mondragon Corporation 308: 258: 187:Industrial Revolution 172: 5570:Mutualism (movement) 4917:mutual organizations 3806:The Economic Journal 3687:Winters, Tom (2018) 2976:Ecological Economics 2587:The Economic Journal 2481:"Co-op Economy 2020" 2408:Olsen, Erik (2013). 1929:Anarchism in America 1706:Democratic Education 1656:Industrial democracy 1586:Operating practices 1443:Worker cooperatives 1388:Indian Coffee Houses 1270:Freedom Quilting Bee 1263:Jackson, Mississippi 829:government of Kerala 458:improve this article 424:Ecological Economics 349:platform cooperative 330:producer cooperative 226:New Harmony, Indiana 78:"Worker cooperative" 63:improve this article 5555:Worker cooperatives 5307:Rochdale Principles 5254:Agent-owned company 5039:Mutual savings bank 4650:on 29 October 2013. 4613:. Dollar and Sense. 4562:canadianworker.coop 4518:canadianworker.coop 4043:43 (2015): 227–237. 3327:Cooperation Jackson 2988:1995EcoEc..12..225B 2898:10.4000/pistes.2635 2625:on 13 January 2017. 2214:"Our history | ICA" 2105:Co-operative Grocer 1910:William Foote Whyte 1731:Workplace democracy 1711:Housing Cooperative 1701:Benefit Corporation 1540:Sources of capital 1430:Commercial criteria 1342:In response to the 1338:Recovered factories 1259:Cooperation Jackson 1144:Michael Meadowcroft 554:Rochdale Principles 550:profit maximization 315:Newcastle upon Tyne 280:Rochdale Principles 273:Rochdale Principles 224:in Scotland and in 18:Worker co-operative 5502:Co-operative Party 5387:Solidarity economy 5347:Economic democracy 5112:Collective farming 4707:2020-02-17 at the 4687:2020-02-17 at the 4667:2020-02-17 at the 4580:"Zapatista coffee" 4540:ontarioworker.coop 4466:on 29 October 2019 4131:. 30 January 2019. 3893:IZA World of Labor 3068:, Berg Publishers. 2941:10.1111/wusa.12442 2760:Employee Relations 2486:. 6 January 2023. 2134:Fairbairn, Brett. 2115:on 10 October 2007 1716:Employee ownership 1676:Economic democracy 1572:Capital dividends 1503:a) Worker members 1171:Companies Act 2006 852:Italian Government 617:Worker collectives 564:Internal structure 318: 265: 183: 143:worker cooperative 5542: 5541: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5483:Political parties 5438:Rochdale Pioneers 5433:David Schweickart 5372:Social enterprise 5324:economic theories 5280: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5237: 5236: 5013: 5012: 4821:978-1-60486-072-6 4760:978-0-8166-7606-4 4630:Dollars and Sense 4287:Co-operative News 3965:Legacoop in Italy 3841:10.1002/hrm.21957 3539:api.parliament.uk 3195:haymarketcafe.org 3159:southendpress.org 3144:by Radical Routes 3051:Paton, R. (1989) 2849:978-1-78190-750-4 2812:978-1-78190-750-4 2435:978-1-78190-750-4 2389:. 22 October 2014 2086:"The Co-operator" 1865:David Schweickart 1619: 1618: 1140:Liberal Democrats 825:Indian government 818:Basque Government 810:Basque Government 490: 489: 482: 139: 138: 131: 113: 16:(Redirected from 5587: 5565:Market socialism 5297: 5286: 5249:Friendly society 5186:Mutual insurance 5049:Building society 5022: 4943: 4936: 4925: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4863: 4862: 4860:Official website 4846: 4828: 4800: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4773: 4772: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4718: 4712: 4698: 4692: 4678: 4672: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4646:. Archived from 4640: 4634: 4633: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4462:. Archived from 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4405:. 4 March 2017. 4395: 4389: 4388: 4382: 4374: 4363: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4278: 4272: 4265: 4259: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4121: 4115: 4112: 4106: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4084: 4076: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4031: 4024: 4018: 4011: 4005: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3957:Stephen C. Smith 3955:Sumit Joshi and 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3909: 3902: 3896: 3889: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3852: 3820: 3809: 3802: 3796: 3793:Economic Journal 3785: 3779: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3706: 3700: 3685: 3679: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3664: 3656: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3555: 3551: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3466: 3457: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3424: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3395: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3370: 3361: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3323:"Our Principles" 3319: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3191:"Haymarket Cafe" 3187: 3181: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3151: 3145: 3132: 3123: 3122: 3116: 3108: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3040: 3037:Making Mondragon 3033: 3027: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2900: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2872:. 20 March 2013. 2866: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2722: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2641: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2618:. Archived from 2613: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2492: 2485: 2477: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2454: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2279: 2278: 2267: 2261: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2164: 2158: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2147: 2141:. Archived from 2140: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2051: 2045: 2044: 2043:. 13 March 2009. 2022: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1915:Richard D. Wolff 1880:Stephen C. Smith 1875:E. F. Schumacher 1785:John Stuart Mill 1760:G. K. Chesterton 1726:Workers' control 1671:Workers' control 1661:Social ownership 1629:Market socialism 1511:a) By Investors 1497:a) Stockholders 1427: 1231:(created by the 1199:In North America 1164:National Express 1073: 1062: 485: 478: 474: 471: 465: 442: 434: 338:Co-operatives UK 323:common ownership 134: 127: 123: 120: 114: 112: 71: 47: 39: 21: 5595: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5584: 5560:Business models 5545: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5512: 5478: 5447: 5413:David Griffiths 5391: 5352:Guild socialism 5325: 5323: 5316: 5291: 5272: 5233: 5229:Social services 5190: 5169: 5131: 5098: 5082:Housing society 5077:Student housing 5053: 5009: 4981: 4930: 4919: 4910: 4858: 4857: 4854: 4844: 4839:Wayback Machine 4826: 4809: 4807:Further reading 4804: 4803: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4761: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4731: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4709:Wayback Machine 4699: 4695: 4691:, Brill, Leiden 4689:Wayback Machine 4679: 4675: 4669:Wayback Machine 4659: 4655: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4604: 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2478: 2474: 2463: 2452: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2373: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2293: 2286: 2282: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2222: 2220: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2195: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2151: 2149: 2148:on 1 March 2017 2145: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2066:on 25 July 2008 2053: 2052: 2048: 2029: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2006: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1919: 1890:Leland Stanford 1810:George Holyoake 1805:David Griffiths 1735: 1634:Codetermination 1624: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1564:a) To the State 1552: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1475: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1417: 1381: 1376: 1340: 1334: 1323: 1318: 1298: 1283: 1206: 1201: 1182:Suma Wholefoods 1142:, such as from 1128: 1112: 1092: 1067: 1056: 1054:Chèque Déjeuner 1042: 1027: 1022: 1016: 957: 948: 920: 907: 885: 870: 802: 799:State Financing 784:Preferred Stock 780: 758: 751: 743:Suma Wholefoods 735: 636: 631: 619: 611:Suma Wholefoods 566: 486: 475: 469: 466: 455: 443: 432: 420: 408: 399: 384: 371: 362: 357: 303: 253: 251:Modern movement 245:The Co-operator 241:working classes 237:Dr William King 206:Charles Fourier 191:labour movement 189:as part of the 167: 159:decision-making 135: 124: 118: 115: 72: 70: 60: 48: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5593: 5591: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5547: 5546: 5540: 5539: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5499: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5469:United Kingdom 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Neo-capitalism 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5282: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5263: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5209: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5191: 5189: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5170: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4940: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4921: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4874: 4872:NYCWorker.Coop 4869: 4864: 4853: 4852:External links 4850: 4849: 4848: 4842: 4824: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4788: 4774: 4759: 4739: 4713: 4693: 4673: 4653: 4635: 4616: 4597: 4571: 4549: 4527: 4505: 4477: 4438: 4412: 4390: 4358: 4330: 4300: 4273: 4271:, 20: 253–268. 4260: 4244: 4218: 4196: 4193:. August 2022. 4178: 4152: 4134: 4116: 4107: 4096: 4071: 4058: 4045: 4032: 4019: 4006: 3993: 3980: 3948: 3944:Jaroslav Vanek 3936: 3923: 3910: 3897: 3884: 3871: 3835:(6): 585–601. 3810: 3797: 3780: 3764: 3751: 3739:Derek C. Jones 3730: 3717: 3709:Jaroslav Vanek 3701: 3697:978-1726628839 3680: 3648: 3623: 3594: 3556: 3543: 3530: 3528:, Leeds: ICOM. 3517: 3508: 3481: 3441: 3416: 3385: 3339: 3314: 3302:Project Equity 3268: 3254: 3251:. 25 May 2023. 3240: 3231:cultivate.coop 3218: 3204: 3182: 3168: 3146: 3124: 3096: 3070: 3057: 3041: 3028: 3009: 2982:(3): 225–236. 2962: 2935:(3): 637–660. 2912: 2875: 2861: 2848: 2818: 2811: 2777: 2766:(2): 346–361. 2750: 2731:(3): 621–641. 2708: 2686: 2663: 2645: 2628: 2596: 2573: 2528: 2504: 2472: 2441: 2434: 2400: 2371: 2352: 2333:(1): 202–238. 2317: 2291: 2280: 2262: 2244: 2230: 2205: 2180: 2159: 2126: 2091: 2077: 2054:Doug Peacock. 2046: 2017: 2004: 1989: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1895:Jaroslav Vanek 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1850:Carole Pateman 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1815:Derek C. Jones 1812: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1795:David Ellerman 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1770:Robert A. Dahl 1767: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1750:Hilaire Belloc 1747: 1745:Michael Albert 1741: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1641: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606:Tax treatment 1603: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1416: 1413: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1333: 1330: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1297: 1294: 1282: 1279: 1255:, and others. 1253:Project Equity 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1127: 1126:United Kingdom 1124: 1120:Basque Country 1111: 1108: 1091: 1088: 1041: 1038: 1026: 1023: 1015: 1012: 999:chicken or egg 995:Emilia-Romagna 962:Jaroslav Vanek 956: 953: 947: 944: 919: 917:Peer Financing 914: 906: 901: 884: 879: 869: 864: 854:, through the 808:In Spain, the 801: 796: 788:Equal Exchange 779: 774: 757: 752: 750: 747: 734: 731: 730: 729: 721: 706: 705: 701: 700: 699: 698: 692: 691: 690: 689: 683: 682: 681: 680: 674: 673: 669: 668: 667: 666: 660: 659: 658: 657: 651: 650: 635: 632: 630: 627: 618: 615: 565: 562: 522: 521: 518: 515: 512: 509: 506: 488: 487: 446: 444: 437: 431: 428: 419: 416: 407: 404: 398: 395: 383: 382:Pay inequality 380: 370: 367: 361: 358: 356: 353: 302: 299: 284:pound sterling 252: 249: 166: 163: 137: 136: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5592: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5474:United States 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5443:Beatrice Webb 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5403:G. 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Cole 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396:Key theorists 5394: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5329: 5327: 5322:Political and 5319: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5283: 5269: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5117:Reforestation 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4944: 4941: 4939:By governance 4937: 4933: 4929:Organizations 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4878: 4877:USWorker.Coop 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4843: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4784: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4743: 4740: 4727: 4723: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4598: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4531: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4478: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4426: 4422: 4416: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403:usworker.coop 4400: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4362: 4359: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4301: 4288: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4255: 4248: 4245: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4097: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4068: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4029: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4003: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737:Bonin, John, 3734: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3681: 3668: 3661: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3521: 3518: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3485: 3482: 3470: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3374: 3367: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3303: 3296: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3263:"Cooperation" 3258: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3222: 3219: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3183: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3106: 3100: 3097: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2916: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2851: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2687: 2683:(2): 303–329. 2682: 2678: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2646: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2489: 2482: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2451: 2445: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2306: 2302: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2263: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2181: 2169: 2163: 2160: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2078: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2047: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028:in 1974. See 2027: 2021: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1933: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1900:Beatrice Webb 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1830:Michael Moore 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1548:a) The state 1547: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1473: 1464: 1462:Organization 1461: 1460: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1414: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393:A. 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Gopalan 1389: 1384: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1320: 1316:South America 1315: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1219: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1204:United States 1203: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186:Bristol-based 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1156:West Midlands 1153: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1097: 1094:According to 1089: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1047: 1046:Paris Commune 1039: 1037: 1035: 1030: 1024: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 978: 975: 971: 965: 963: 954: 952: 943: 941: 937: 932: 928: 926: 918: 915: 913: 911: 905: 902: 900: 896: 894: 890: 883: 880: 878: 874: 868: 865: 863: 859: 857: 856:Legge Marcora 853: 848: 846: 841: 840:UK government 838:In 1978, the 836: 834: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 806: 800: 797: 795: 791: 789: 785: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 762: 756: 753: 748: 746: 744: 740: 732: 726: 722: 719: 718: 717: 715: 711: 703: 702: 696: 695: 694: 693: 687: 686: 685: 684: 678: 677: 676: 675: 671: 670: 664: 663: 662: 661: 655: 654: 653: 652: 648: 647: 646: 643: 641: 633: 628: 626: 624: 616: 614: 612: 607: 603: 599: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 571: 563: 561: 557: 555: 551: 545: 541: 538: 534: 530: 526: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 503: 502: 501: 499: 495: 484: 481: 473: 470:February 2023 463: 459: 453: 452: 447:This section 445: 441: 436: 435: 429: 427: 425: 417: 415: 413: 405: 403: 396: 394: 391: 389: 381: 379: 377: 368: 366: 359: 354: 352: 350: 345: 341: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 316: 312: 307: 300: 298: 296: 291: 288: 285: 281: 276: 274: 270: 262: 257: 250: 248: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 194: 192: 188: 180: 176: 171: 164: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 133: 130: 122: 111: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 90: 87: 83: 80: – 79: 75: 74:Find sources: 68: 64: 58: 57: 52:This article 50: 46: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5418:William King 5408:Charles Gide 5342:Distributism 5265: 5258: 5104:Agricultural 5034:Credit union 4961: 4913:Cooperatives 4812: 4796: 4791: 4777: 4749: 4742: 4730:. 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Retrieved 2064:the original 2059: 2049: 2034: 2020: 2012: 2007: 1998: 1992: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1927: 1820:William King 1800:Charles Gide 1780:Noam Chomsky 1755:Kevin Carson 1520:a) By state 1478:c) No stock 1418: 1399:, a book in 1385: 1382: 1369: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1324: 1299: 1291: 1284: 1267: 1257: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1194: 1179: 1168: 1148: 1132:Labour Party 1129: 1113: 1101: 1093: 1081: 1075: 1050: 1043: 1031: 1028: 1004: 979: 966: 958: 949: 935: 933: 929: 921: 916: 908: 903: 897: 886: 881: 875: 871: 866: 860: 855: 849: 837: 822: 807: 803: 798: 792: 781: 776: 771: 763: 759: 754: 736: 707: 644: 637: 620: 598:job rotation 595: 587:distributism 574:hierarchical 567: 558: 546: 542: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 505:development. 491: 476: 467: 456:Please help 451:verification 448: 421: 409: 400: 397:Productivity 392: 385: 375: 372: 363: 346: 342: 329: 327: 319: 292: 289: 277: 266: 244: 234: 210:cotton mills 195: 184: 142: 140: 125: 116: 106: 99: 92: 85: 73: 61:Please help 56:verification 53: 36: 5423:Robert Owen 5087:egalitarian 4845:(in French) 4827:(in French) 4499:20 December 4470:20 December 4431:28 February 4233:. p. 2 3850:10810/31804 3789:James Meade 3772:Amartya Sen 3213:"Our Co-op" 2393:15 November 2310:17 November 2223:23 November 2198:23 November 2173:23 November 2152:23 November 1905:Sidney Webb 1885:Roger Spear 1845:Mario Bunge 1840:James Meade 1835:Robert Owen 1825:Naomi Klein 1790:Gregory Dow 1775:Sam Dolgoff 1765:G.D.H. Cole 1696:Collectives 1666:Syndicalism 1326:Hugo Chávez 1068: [ 1057: [ 1008:absenteeism 974:James Meade 970:Amartya Sen 623:collectives 418:Environment 202:Robert Owen 175:Robert Owen 147:cooperative 5549:Categories 5127:Wheat pool 5122:Winemaking 5018:By product 4987:Federation 4972:Purchasing 4732:28 October 4452:The Nation 4345:Co-op News 4147:euricse.eu 4129:euricse.eu 3919:ILR Review 3554:Routledge. 3495:University 2420:: 83–107. 2193:vipauk.org 1962:References 1494:Ownership 1336:See also: 1018:See also: 989:, home of 725:altruistic 716:'s rules: 634:Definition 214:New Lanark 149:owned and 119:April 2023 89:newspapers 5575:Socialism 5452:By region 5377:Socialism 5357:Mutualism 5214:Recycling 5174:Insurance 5165:Broadband 5160:Telephone 5072:Cohousing 4769:880821723 4460:0027-8378 3859:159410290 3004:0921-8009 2957:203106631 2949:2471-4607 2907:1481-9384 2366:Coop News 2347:154970350 1500:a) State 1422:dividends 1401:Malayalam 1332:Argentina 1321:Venezuela 1136:Tony Benn 985:, in 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