327:
458:
360:) on his forehead and the Xiuhcoatl fire serpent on his back. He owns fire serpent earplugs. On his head he has a paper crown painted with different colors and motifs. On top of the crown there are sprays of green feathers, like flames from a fire. He has feather tufts to each side, like pendants, toward his ears. On his back he has plumage resembling a dragon's head, made of yellow feathers with marine conch shells. He has copper bells tied to the insteps of his feet. In his left hand he holds a shield with five greenstones, called
188:
38:
1657:
253:
Xiuhtecuhtli was considered to be the father of the Gods, who dwelled in the turquoise enclosure in the center of earth. Xiuhtecuhtli-Huehueteotl was one of the oldest and most revered of the indigenous pantheon. The cult of the God of Fire, of the Year, and of
Turquoise perhaps began as far back as
506:
as a whole) to get past its zenith. Having ascertained this, they would tear out the heart of a sacrificial victim and kindle a flame in a small wooden hearth they placed inside the hole left in his chest. Priests used a drill method to generate this sacred flame. It was then carried on pine sticks
473:, attended by the emperor and his nobles. Slaves and captives were dressed as the deity and sacrificed in his honour. Godparents were assigned to children on this day and the children had their ears ritually pierced. After this, the children, their parents and godparents all shared a meal together.
441:
was burnt in his honour. On the day of the festival, the priests of
Xiuhtecuhtli spent the day dancing and singing before their god. People caught animals, including mammals, birds, snakes, lizards and fish, for ten days before the festival in order to throw them into the hearth on the night of the
436:
of the year. The
Nahuatl word izcalli means "stone house" and refers to the building where maize used to be dried and roasted between mid-January and mid-February. The whole month was therefore devoted to fire. The Izcalli rituals grew in importance every four years. A framework image of the deity
368:
on a thin gold plate that covered almost all the shield. In his right hand he has a kind of scepter that was a round gold plate with a hole in the middle, and topped by two globes, one larger than the other, the smaller one had a point. Xiuhtecuhtli is closely associated with youthful warriors and
314:
with which he was closely associated. Statuettes of the deity from the temple depict a seated male with his arms crossed. A sacred fire was always kept burning in the temples of
Xiuhtecuhtli. In gratitude for the gift of fire, the first mouthful of food from each meal was flung into the hearth.
416:. This took place at the end of each cycle of the Aztec calendar round (every 52 years), when the gods were thought to be able to end their covenant with humanity. Feasts were held in honor of Xiuhtecuhtli to keep his favors, and human sacrifices were burned after removing their
212:
Lord" or "Lord of Fire"), was the god of fire, day and heat. In historical sources he is called by many names, which reflect his varied aspects and dwellings in the three parts of the cosmos. He was the lord of volcanoes, the personification of life after death, warmth in cold
297:, just as the brazier for lighting fire is the center of the house or temple. Xiuhtecuhtli was the patron god of the Aztec emperors, who were regarded as his living embodiment at their enthronement. The deity was also one of the patron gods of the
293:("Alligator"). Scholars have long emphasized that this fire deity also has aquatic qualities. Xiuhtecuhtli dwelt inside an enclosure of turquoise stones, fortifying himself with turquoise bird water. He is the god of fire in relation to the
481:
Xiuhtecuhtli was celebrated often but especially at the end of every 52-year period. This was the time the 365-day solar and the 260-day sacred calendars ended on the same day and the Aztec celebrated the
Binding of the Years with the
446:("eating of the amaranth leaf tamales"), the New Fire was lighted, signifying the change of the annual cycle and the rebirth of the fire deity. During the night the image of the god was lit with using the
377:, the two sticks that were rubbed together to light ceremonial fires. A staff with a deer's head was also an attribute of Xiuhtecuhtli, although not exclusively so as it could also be associated with
269:
means "year" as well as "turquoise" and "fire", and
Xiuhtecuhtli was also the god of the year and of time. The Lord of the Year concept came from the Aztec belief that Xiuhtecuhtli was the
602:
258:
period. Turquoise was the symbolic equivalent of fire for Aztec priests. A small fire was permanently kept alive at the sacred center of every Aztec home in honor of
Xiuhtecuhtli.
437:
was constructed from wood and was richly finished with clothing, feathers and an elaborate mask. Quails were sacrificed to the idol and their blood spilt before it and
2284:
2499:
1450:
1707:
487:
1614:
2274:
346:
Xiuhtecuhtli's face is painted with black and red pigment. Xiuhtecuhtli was usually depicted adorned with turquoise mosaic, wearing the turquoise
2504:
599:
519:
in 2003 to commemorate the 250th anniversary of the
British Museum featured a mask of Xiuhtecuhtli alongside other Museum objects such as the
1558:
1539:
1516:
1142:
326:
306:
Stone sculptures of
Xiuhtecuhtli were ritually buried as offerings, and various statuettes have been recovered during excavations at the
1576:
507:
to light the fires anew in every hearth, including the sacred braziers of perpetual fire, that numbered over 600 in the capital alone.
1489:
1458:
1416:
1374:
1336:
1245:
1226:
1199:
1172:
879:
584:
457:
1091:
2569:
2449:
1607:
350:
crown of rulership on his head and a turquoise butterfly pectoral on his chest, and he often wears a descending turquoise
2620:
2544:
2514:
1392:
2349:
2309:
617:
Fernández 1992, 1996, p.104. Matos
Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.476. Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189.
2519:
2394:
2389:
1600:
2424:
1794:
1677:
2489:
2233:
2094:
2089:
1354:
1316:
392:
385:
255:
1903:
1641:
2469:
1358:
274:
1645:
2549:
1366:
2434:
2084:
2579:
2559:
2539:
2529:
2524:
2459:
2439:
2419:
2404:
2399:
2374:
2279:
2254:
1784:
1735:
1481:
165:
2364:
1745:
153:
2615:
2600:
2464:
2379:
2228:
1811:
551:
294:
157:
2610:
2319:
2048:
1908:
1888:
1715:
1665:
761:
Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.190. Smith 1996, 2003, pp.246-7. Díaz & Rodgers 1993, p.xix.
541:
469:
Every four years a more solemn version of the festival was held at the temple of Xiuhtecuhtli in
286:
2028:
1983:
1883:
1868:
1843:
1408:
1328:
1164:
524:
2409:
161:
2605:
2564:
2369:
2200:
1762:
1554:
1535:
1512:
1495:
1485:
1464:
1454:
1422:
1412:
1380:
1370:
1342:
1332:
1304:
1296:
1268:
1260:
1232:
1222:
1205:
1195:
1178:
1168:
1138:
1114:
1106:
875:
580:
520:
483:
413:
187:
2195:
1568:
2534:
2479:
2354:
2294:
2264:
2259:
2190:
1953:
1913:
1833:
1774:
356:
250:
231:
222:
204:
60:
1853:
2429:
2359:
2324:
2145:
1918:
1740:
1725:
1623:
1122:
606:
242:
196:
2038:
1873:
1276:
915:
Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189. Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.419-20.
2474:
2344:
2304:
2269:
2119:
1993:
1938:
1848:
1637:
1528:
1434:
1287:
López Austin, Alfredo (November–December 1998). "Los ritos: Un juego de definiciones".
1157:
1152:
636:
331:
894:
Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189. Barrera Rodríguez & López Arenas 2008, p.19.
2594:
2494:
2339:
2114:
2033:
1933:
1928:
1898:
1893:
1858:
1779:
118:
2574:
2554:
2414:
2299:
2289:
2165:
2129:
2058:
1998:
1988:
1799:
1687:
1682:
1324:
470:
462:
378:
311:
307:
241:("Old God"), although Xiuhtecuhtli is usually shown as a young deity. His wife was
2205:
1401:
2509:
2484:
2454:
2444:
2334:
2329:
2314:
2249:
2185:
2160:
2099:
2063:
2043:
2003:
1804:
1789:
1720:
1403:
An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
246:
237:
87:
2384:
2180:
2170:
2155:
2124:
2104:
2079:
1863:
1692:
1396:
516:
486:. In order to perform the ritual, priests marched in solemn procession up the
412:, the sacrificial brazier into which sacrificial victims were cast during the
369:
with rulership, and was considered a solar god. His principal symbols are the
270:
1300:
1264:
1110:
2223:
2109:
2023:
2018:
1923:
1499:
1468:
1426:
1384:
1346:
1308:
1272:
1236:
1209:
1192:
The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript
1182:
1118:
872:
The Codex Borgia: A Full-Color Restoration of the Ancient Mexican Manuscript
536:
499:
402:
209:
37:
2150:
1757:
1053:
López Austin 1998, p.10. Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.98 (Book II, Chapter XVIII).
1656:
1441: : Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 9780195188431. OLCL 1169898498
1978:
1963:
1958:
1943:
1838:
1828:
1730:
1696:
1005:
López Austin 1998, p.10. Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.48 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
966:
López Austin 1998, p.10. Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.47 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
503:
433:
299:
149:
137:
66:
2008:
1968:
1948:
1878:
1823:
1090:
Barrera Rodríguez, Raúl; Gabino López Arenas (September–October 2008).
902:
900:
391:
warriors but clear representations of the god are not common until the
282:
262:
2053:
1973:
546:
451:
397:
388:
339:
781:
779:
461:
Xiuhtecuhtli in his role as one of the lords of the night, from the
1592:
456:
438:
417:
365:
335:
325:
186:
101:
97:
384:
Many of the attributes of Xiuhtecuhtli are found associated with
2013:
442:
festival. On the tenth day of Izcalli, during a festival called
245:. Xiuhtecuhtli is sometimes considered to be a manifestation of
214:
77:
1596:
217:), light in darkness and food during famine. He was also named
941:
939:
820:
818:
1530:
Traditional Festivals: A Multicultural Encyclopedia, Volume 1
1480:(second ed.). Malden MA; Oxford and Carlton, Australia:
699:
697:
678:
676:
1163:(5th, revised and enlarged ed.). London and New York:
691:
Fernández 1992, 1996, p.104. León-Portilla 2002, pp.25, 26.
285:
1 Coatl ("1 Snake"). Xiuhtecuhtli was also one of the nine
1509:
A Pocket Dictionary of Aztec and Mayan Gods and Goddesses
1321:
The Great Temple of the Aztecs: Treasures of Tenochtitlan
794:
Díaz & Rodgers 1993, p.xix. Smith 1996, 2003, p.248
769:
767:
428:
The annual festival of Xiuhtecuhtli was celebrated in
1447:
Historia General de las Cosas de Nueva España, Tomo 1
842:
Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, pp.172, 476.
757:
755:
1092:"Hallazgos en el recinto ceremonial de Tenochtitlan"
731:
729:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
2242:
2214:
2138:
2072:
1706:
1664:
1630:
1044:
Sahagún 1577, 1989, pp.48-9 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
177:
172:
144:
133:
125:
113:
108:
93:
83:
73:
55:
47:
21:
1527:
1400:
1156:
1137:. revised by Jeremy Roberts. Infobase Publishing.
745:
743:
741:
1551:The Offerings of the Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan
1439:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures.
661:Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.47. (Book I, Chapter XIII).
993:Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.48 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
984:Sahagún 1577, 1989, p.47 (Book I, Chapter XIII).
641:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
235:, and is sometimes considered to be the same as
51:Totahtzin, Īxcōzauhqui, Huēhuehtēōtl, Cuezaltzin
1221:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Panorama Editorial.
933:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.468.
860:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.414.
851:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.172.
824:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.447.
682:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.476.
626:Matos Moctezuma & Solis Olguín 2002, p.433.
450:. Food was consumed ritually, including shrimp
318:Xiuhtecuhtli is depicted in the Codex Borgia.
1608:
1040:
1038:
1001:
999:
962:
960:
579:(in Spanish). Editorial Porrúa. p. 351.
289:and ruled the first hour of the night, named
191:Statue of Xiuhtecuhtli in the British Museum.
8:
1451:Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes
249:, the Lord of Duality, and according to the
69:(the center of the four cardinal directions)
42:Xiuhtēcuhtli as depicted in the Codex Borgia
1071:
1615:
1601:
1593:
1244:León-Portilla, Miguel (July–August 2002).
515:A set of six postage stamps issued by the
36:
1569:"250th Anniversary of the British Museum"
1433:Olvera, Silvia Limón. "Fire Deities." In
635:Olvera, Silvia Limón. "Fire Deities." In
1135:South and Meso-American Mythology A to Z
2500:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
1259:(56). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 20–27.
1105:(93). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 18–25.
562:
1295:(34). Mexico: Editorial Raíces: 4–17.
1246:"Mitos de los Orígenes en Mesoamérica"
643:. : Oxford University Press, 2001
570:
568:
566:
454:, after first offering it to the god.
277:, the deity was the patron of the day
230:
221:
203:
18:
1159:Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs
906:Miller & Taube 1993, 2003, p.189.
401:, or spirit form, of Xiuhtecuhtli is
7:
1032:Díaz & Rodgers 1993, pp.xix, 64.
1579:from the original on 3 January 2022
1323:. New Aspects of Antiquity series.
1190:Díaz, Gisele; Alan Rodgers (1993).
502:in the Taurus constellation or the
330:The mask of Xiuhtecuhtli, from the
1553:. University of New Mexico Press.
14:
2395:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
1640:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
785:Bingham & Roberts 2010, p.143
408:Xiuhtecuhtli was embodied in the
1655:
1445:Sahagún, Bernardino de (1989) .
1194:. New York: Dover Publications.
2570:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
2450:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
2400:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
924:Fernández 1992, 1996, pp.104-6.
16:Aztec god of fire, day and heat
2410:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
1549:López Luján, Leonardo (2005).
1219:Dioses Prehispánicos de México
600:Website of the British Museum.
577:Diccionario de Mitología Nahoa
542:Lords of the Night (mythology)
1:
870:Diaz, Gisele; Rodgers, Alan.
833:Coe & Koontz 2002, p.197.
945:Fernández 1992, 1996, p.107.
670:Fernández 1992, 1996, p.104.
652:Coe & Koontz 2002, p.55.
2545:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
2405:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
1476:Smith, Michael E. (2003) .
1449:(in Spanish). Mexico City:
703:Matos Moctezuma 1988, p.94.
2637:
2505:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
2285:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
1534:. ABC-CLIO, Incorporated.
1217:Fernández, Adela (1996) .
575:Cecilio A. Robelo (1905).
364:, placed in the form of a
2520:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
2310:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
2280:Codices Becker I & II
1653:
1507:Bezanilla, Clara (2000).
35:
26:
2460:Plano en papel de maguey
2270:Codices Azoyú I & II
1355:Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo
1317:Matos Moctezuma, Eduardo
1023:López Austin 1998, p.10.
954:Smith 1996, 2003, p.249.
273:. In the 260-day ritual
223:[kʷeˈs̻aɬt͡sin̥]
2255:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
1526:Roy, Christian (2005).
444:huauhquiltamalcualiztli
281:("Water") and with the
232:[iːʃkoːˈsaʍkiˀ]
205:[ʃiʍˈteːkʷt͡ɬi]
61:Ilhuicatl-Teotlatlauhco
2390:Lienzo Antonio de León
1511:. Getty Publications.
466:
343:
192:
2550:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
2490:Relación de Michoacán
2440:Códice Maya de México
2425:Matrícula de Tributos
2350:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
1795:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
1367:Royal Academy of Arts
1282:on February 25, 2009.
1155:; Rex Koontz (2002).
1133:Bingham, Ann (2010).
605:May 23, 2011, at the
494:to wait for the star
460:
329:
190:
2580:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
2530:Anales de Tlatelolco
2420:Codex Magliabechiano
1670:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
1482:Blackwell Publishing
1289:Arqueología Mexicana
1253:Arqueología Mexicana
1099:Arqueología Mexicana
773:Bezanilla 2000, p.25
490:on a peninsula near
405:, the Fire Serpent.
2470:Codex Porfirio Díaz
2465:Primeros Memoriales
2380:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
2375:Humboldt fragment 1
2365:Códice de Huichapan
2275:Badianus Manuscript
2229:The Stinking Corpse
1409:Thames & Hudson
1359:Felipe Solis Olguín
1329:Thames & Hudson
1165:Thames & Hudson
552:Serpent (symbolism)
381:and other deities.
295:cardinal directions
2621:Time and fate gods
2435:Crónica Mexicayotl
2320:Codex Chimalpopoca
1909:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
1889:Huitztlampaehecatl
1750:Tezcatlipoca (see
1716:Lords of the Night
1327:(trans.). London:
1014:Luján 2005, p.142.
975:Luján 2005, p.143.
812:Luján 2005, p.147.
803:Luján 2005, p.145.
511:In popular culture
467:
344:
287:Lords of the Night
193:
28:Father of the gods
2588:
2587:
2565:Codex Vaticanus B
2525:Tira de Tepechpan
2370:Codex Huexotzinco
2315:Codex Chimalpahin
2234:Use of entheogens
2201:Tlillan-Tlapallan
2095:Centzon Tōtōchtin
2090:Centzonhuītznāhua
1816:Acuecueyotl (see
1671:
1560:978-0-82632-958-5
1541:978-1-57607-089-5
1518:978-1-60606-008-7
1144:978-1-60413-414-8
735:Luján 2005, p.141
723:Luján 2005, p.140
521:Sutton Hoo helmet
484:New Fire Ceremony
477:New Fire Ceremony
414:New Fire ceremony
386:Early Postclassic
185:
184:
164:(white fire) and
140:(Codex Zumarraga)
121:(Codex Zumarraga)
63:(Eleventh Heaven)
2628:
2535:Codex Tlatelolco
2355:Codex Florentine
2295:Codex Borbonicus
2265:Codex Azcatitlan
2260:Aubin Tonalamatl
2191:Thirteen Heavens
1954:Mictlanpachecatl
1914:Itzpapalotltotec
1834:Chalchiuhtotolin
1775:Lords of the Day
1669:
1659:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1564:
1545:
1533:
1522:
1503:
1472:
1430:
1406:
1388:
1350:
1312:
1283:
1281:
1275:. Archived from
1250:
1240:
1213:
1186:
1162:
1148:
1129:
1127:
1121:. Archived from
1096:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:Roy 2005, p.316.
1060:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
994:
991:
985:
982:
976:
973:
967:
964:
955:
952:
946:
943:
934:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
907:
904:
895:
892:
886:
885:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
825:
822:
813:
810:
804:
801:
795:
792:
786:
783:
774:
771:
762:
759:
750:
747:
736:
733:
724:
721:
704:
701:
692:
689:
683:
680:
671:
668:
662:
659:
653:
650:
644:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
609:
597:
591:
590:
572:
488:Hill of the Star
393:Late Postclassic
373:(flint) and the
357:Cotinga amabilis
303:merchant class.
251:Florentine Codex
234:
225:
207:
40:
19:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2430:Codex Mexicanus
2360:Codex Huamantla
2335:Codex Cozcatzin
2325:Codex Colombino
2238:
2216:
2210:
2134:
2085:Centzonmīmixcōa
2068:
1919:Itztlacoliuhqui
1818:Chalchiuhtlicue
1741:Piltzintecuhtli
1726:Chalchiuhtlicue
1702:
1678:Huītzilōpōchtli
1668:
1660:
1651:
1626:
1624:Aztec mythology
1621:
1591:
1582:
1580:
1573:CollectGBStamps
1567:
1561:
1548:
1542:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1492:
1475:
1461:
1444:
1419:
1391:
1377:
1353:
1339:
1315:
1286:
1279:
1248:
1243:
1229:
1216:
1202:
1189:
1175:
1153:Coe, Michael D.
1151:
1145:
1132:
1125:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1073:CollectGBStamps
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
988:
983:
979:
974:
970:
965:
958:
953:
949:
944:
937:
932:
928:
923:
919:
914:
910:
905:
898:
893:
889:
882:
869:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
816:
811:
807:
802:
798:
793:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
760:
753:
749:Roy 2005, p.211
748:
739:
734:
727:
722:
707:
702:
695:
690:
686:
681:
674:
669:
665:
660:
656:
651:
647:
634:
630:
625:
621:
616:
612:
607:Wayback Machine
598:
594:
587:
574:
573:
564:
560:
533:
525:Hoa Hakananai'a
513:
479:
426:
424:Annual festival
324:
243:Chalchiuhtlicue
197:Aztec mythology
181:K'awiil (God K)
178:Maya equivalent
166:Xiuhtlatlauhqui
160:(yellow fire),
117:Created by the
64:
43:
31:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2560:Anales de Tula
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2475:Mapa Quinatzin
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2305:Codex Boturini
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2168:
2166:Huēyi Teōcalli
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1939:Malinalxochitl
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1785:Mictēcacihuātl
1782:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1736:Mictlāntēcutli
1733:
1728:
1723:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1642:Tōnacātēcuhtli
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1565:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1523:
1517:
1504:
1490:
1473:
1459:
1442:
1435:David Carrasco
1431:
1417:
1389:
1375:
1351:
1337:
1313:
1291:(in Spanish).
1284:
1255:(in Spanish).
1241:
1227:
1214:
1200:
1187:
1173:
1149:
1143:
1130:
1128:on 2010-02-06.
1101:(in Spanish).
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1025:
1016:
1007:
995:
986:
977:
968:
956:
947:
935:
926:
917:
908:
896:
887:
880:
862:
853:
844:
835:
826:
814:
805:
796:
787:
775:
763:
751:
737:
725:
705:
693:
684:
672:
663:
654:
645:
637:David Carrasco
628:
619:
610:
592:
585:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
532:
529:
512:
509:
496:Yohualtecuhtli
478:
475:
425:
422:
332:British Museum
323:
320:
226:("flame") and
183:
182:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
154:Xiuhxoxoauhqui
146:
142:
141:
135:
131:
130:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
27:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2633:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:Mapa Sigüenza
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2480:Codex Ramírez
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:Codex Dresden
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2115:Ehecatotontli
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:Macuilxochitl
1932:
1930:
1929:Macuiltochtli
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1899:Ilamatecuhtli
1897:
1895:
1894:Huixtocihuatl
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Cihuatecayotl
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1812:Acolnahuacatl
1810:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
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1761:
1759:
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1749:
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1737:
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1724:
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1719:
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1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1647:
1646:Tōnacācihuātl
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1491:0-631-23016-5
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:968-29-2508-8
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:0-500-27928-4
1414:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1376:1-903973-22-8
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1338:0-500-27752-4
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:968-38-0306-7
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:0-486-27569-8
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1174:0-500-28346-X
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
1000:
996:
990:
987:
981:
978:
972:
969:
963:
961:
957:
951:
948:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
921:
918:
912:
909:
903:
901:
897:
891:
888:
883:
881:9780486275697
877:
873:
866:
863:
857:
854:
848:
845:
839:
836:
830:
827:
821:
819:
815:
809:
806:
800:
797:
791:
788:
782:
780:
776:
770:
768:
764:
758:
756:
752:
746:
744:
742:
738:
732:
730:
726:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
710:
706:
700:
698:
694:
688:
685:
679:
677:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
649:
646:
642:
638:
632:
629:
623:
620:
614:
611:
608:
604:
601:
596:
593:
588:
586:970-07-3149-9
582:
578:
571:
569:
567:
563:
557:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
510:
508:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
476:
474:
472:
464:
459:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
435:
431:
423:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
399:
394:
390:
387:
382:
380:
376:
372:
367:
363:
362:chalchihuites
359:
358:
353:
349:
341:
337:
333:
328:
321:
319:
316:
313:
309:
304:
302:
301:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:
233:
229:
224:
220:
216:
211:
206:
202:
198:
189:
180:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:Xiuhcozauhqui
156:(blue fire),
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Tezcatlipocas
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
68:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
34:
25:
20:
2575:Codex Xolotl
2555:Codex Tudela
2540:Mapa Tloztin
2415:Codex Madrid
2300:Codex Borgia
2290:Codex Bodley
2215:Beliefs and
2174:
2130:Xiuhtotontli
2059:Yacatecuhtli
2039:Xōchiquetzal
1999:Tlacotzontli
1989:Temazcalteci
1984:Tēcciztēcatl
1884:Huēhuecoyōtl
1874:Coyolxāuhqui
1844:Chicomecōātl
1817:
1800:Tlaltecuhtli
1768:Xiuhtecuhtli
1767:
1752:Creator gods
1751:
1688:Tezcatlipoca
1683:Quetzalcoatl
1666:Creator gods
1581:. Retrieved
1572:
1550:
1529:
1508:
1477:
1446:
1438:
1402:
1393:Miller, Mary
1362:
1325:Doris Heyden
1320:
1292:
1288:
1277:the original
1256:
1252:
1218:
1191:
1158:
1134:
1123:the original
1102:
1098:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1049:
1028:
1019:
1010:
989:
980:
971:
950:
929:
920:
911:
890:
871:
865:
856:
847:
838:
829:
808:
799:
790:
687:
666:
657:
648:
640:
631:
622:
613:
595:
576:
514:
495:
491:
480:
471:Tenochtitlan
468:
463:Codex Borgia
448:mamalhuatzin
447:
443:
429:
427:
409:
407:
396:
383:
379:Xochiquetzal
375:mamalhuatzin
374:
370:
361:
355:
351:
348:xiuhuitzolli
347:
345:
317:
312:Tenochtitlan
308:Great Temple
305:
298:
290:
278:
266:
260:
236:
227:
218:
201:Xiuhtēcuhtli
200:
194:
94:Ethnic group
22:Xiuhtecuhtli
2510:Selden Roll
2485:Codex Reese
2455:Paris Codex
2445:Codex Osuna
2345:Codex Durán
2330:Codex Cospi
2250:Aubin Codex
2186:Teotihuacan
2161:Chicomoztoc
2120:Tiānquiztli
2064:Zacatzontli
2044:Xochitlicue
2004:Tlalocayotl
1994:Tepoztēcatl
1904:Ītzpāpālōtl
1790:Nanahuatzin
1763:Tlazōlteōtl
1746:Tepēyōllōtl
1631:Primordials
432:, the 18th
410:teotecuilli
342:provenance.
254:the middle
247:Ometecuhtli
238:Huehueteotl
228:Ixcozauhqui
173:Equivalents
88:Mesoamerica
48:Other names
30:God of fire
2616:Night gods
2601:Aztec gods
2595:Categories
2495:Codex Ríos
2385:Codex Laud
2181:Tamoanchan
2175:Underworld
2156:Cemanahuac
2125:Tzitzimitl
2105:Cihuateteo
2080:Ahuiateteo
2034:Xōchipilli
1864:Cipactonal
1854:Cihuacōātl
1780:Citlālicue
1693:Xipe Totec
1478:The Aztecs
1407:. London:
1397:Karl Taube
1365:. London:
1083:References
517:Royal Mail
352:xiuhtototl
322:Attributes
271:North Star
256:Preclassic
219:Cuezaltzin
168:(red fire)
2611:Fire gods
2224:Five Suns
2110:Civateteo
2024:Tonantzin
2019:Toltecatl
1924:Ixtlilton
1869:Cōātlīcue
1583:3 January
1437:(ed). In
1399:(2003) .
1301:0188-8218
1265:0188-8218
1111:0188-8218
874:. Dover.
537:Xiuhcoatl
500:Aldebaran
492:Culhuacán
403:Xiuhcoatl
210:Turquoise
162:Xiuhiztac
109:Genealogy
2606:War gods
2217:practice
2196:Tlālōcān
2100:Cintēteo
1979:Patecatl
1964:Opochtli
1959:Mixcoatl
1944:Mayahuel
1849:Chīmalmā
1839:Chantico
1829:Atlacoya
1805:Tōnatiuh
1731:Cinteotl
1721:Centeōtl
1697:Camaxtle
1638:Ōmeteōtl
1577:Archived
1500:59452395
1469:24728390
1427:28801551
1385:56096386
1361:(2002).
1347:17968786
1319:(1988).
1309:29789840
1273:29789840
1237:59601185
1210:27641334
1183:50131575
1119:29789840
603:Archived
531:See also
504:Pleiades
498:(either
434:veintena
300:pochteca
291:Cipactli
275:calendar
150:Chāntico
145:Children
138:Chāntico
126:Siblings
67:Calpulli
2243:Codices
2171:Mictlān
2146:Anahuac
2029:Xilonen
2009:Tlilhua
1969:Oxomoco
1949:Metztli
1879:Ehecatl
1824:Atlahua
1708:Deities
452:tamales
430:Izcalli
371:tecpatl
283:trecena
267:xihuitl
263:Nahuatl
134:Consort
114:Parents
2206:Tōllān
2151:Aztlán
2139:Places
2073:Groups
2054:Xolotl
2049:Xocotl
1974:Painal
1758:Tláloc
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547:Nagual
398:nahual
395:. The
389:Toltec
354:bird (
340:Mixtec
84:Region
74:Gender
2173:(The
1280:(PDF)
1249:(PDF)
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639:(ed).
558:Notes
439:copal
418:heart
366:cross
336:Aztec
334:, of
265:word
148:With
102:Nahua
98:Aztec
56:Abode
2014:Toci
1695:(or
1644:and
1585:2022
1555:ISBN
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1496:OCLC
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1107:ISSN
876:ISBN
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523:and
261:The
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129:None
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1103:XVI
338:or
310:of
279:Atl
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