Mimicry - Knowledge

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tends to avoid anything that looks like it for a long time, and does not re-sample soon to see whether the initial experience was a false negative. However, if mimics become more abundant than models, then the probability of a young predator having a first experience with a mimic increases. Batesian systems are therefore most likely to be stable where the model is more abundant than the mimic.

1657:), which is recognized by other fishes as a cleaner. The false cleanerfish resembles the cleaner, and mimics the cleaner's "dance". Once it is allowed close to the client, it attacks, biting off a piece of its fin before fleeing. Fish wounded in this fashion soon learn to distinguish mimic from model, but because the similarity is close they also become much more cautious of the model. 2015: 431:. Mimicry systems have three basic roles: a mimic, a model, and a dupe. When these correspond to three separate species, the system is called disjunct; when the roles are taken by just two species, the system is called bipolar. Mimicry evolves if a dupe (such as a predator) perceives a mimic (such as a palatable prey) as a model (the organism it resembles), and 29: 299:(translated and presented by Ralph Meldola). He described a situation where different species were each unpalatable to predators, and shared similar, genuine, warning signals. Bates found it hard to explain why this should be so, asking why they should need to mimic each other if both were harmful and could warn off predators on their own. Müller put forward 1465:

species of varying toxicity. These species store toxins from its host plant, which are maintained even in the adult. As levels of toxin vary depending on diet, some individuals are more toxic than the rest, which profit from the toxicity of those individuals, just as hoverflies benefit from mimicking

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with respect to the mimic (e.g., avoiding harm). Some cases may belong to more than one class, e.g., automimicry and aggressive mimicry are not mutually exclusive, as one describes the species relationship between model and mimic, while the other describes the function for the mimic (obtaining food).

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applies in most forms of mimicry. Specifically, Batesian mimicry can only be maintained if the harm caused to the predator by eating a model outweighs the benefit of eating a mimic. The nature of learning is weighted in favor of the mimics, for a predator that has a bad first experience with a model

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action of a dupe. Birds, for example, use sight to identify palatable insects, whilst avoiding noxious ones. Over time, palatable insects may evolve to resemble noxious ones, making them mimics and the noxious ones models. Models do not have to be more abundant than mimics. In the case of mutualism,

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When a man comes by chance upon a young brood , and tries to catch them, the hen-bird rolls in front of the hunter, pretending to be lame: the man every moment thinks he is on the point of catching her, and so she draws him on and on, until every one of her brood has had time to escape; hereupon she

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to recognize the snake's warning signals. There would then be no advantage for an extremely deadly snake in being aposematic: any predator that attacked it would be killed before it could learn to avoid the deadly prey, so the snake would be better off being camouflaged to avoid attacks. But if the

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has another strategy to reach its host's intestine. They are brightly coloured and move in a pulsating fashion. A sporocyst-sac pulsates in the snail's eye stalks, coming to resemble an irresistible meal for a songbird. In this way, it can bridge the gap between hosts, allowing it to complete its

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of females. Beta males mimic females and manage to enter the harem of females without being detected by the alpha males allowing them to mate. Gamma males are the smallest males and mimic juveniles. This also allows them to mate with the females without the alpha males detecting them. Similarly,

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The resemblance of the genera named is the more worthy of notice since it occurs between insects both belonging to the group of butterflies which are protected by distastefulness. The explanation which applies in ordinary cases of mimicry—and no other has, so far as I know, been offered—cannot

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butterflies; when perching on a twig or flower, they commonly do so upside down and shift their rear wings repeatedly, causing antenna-like movements of the "tails" on their wings. Studies of rear-wing damage support the hypothesis that this strategy is effective in deflecting attacks from the

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One form of automimicry is where one part of an organism's body resembles another part. For example, the tails of some snakes resemble their heads; they move backwards when threatened and present the predator with the tail, improving their chances of escape without fatal harm. Some fishes have

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bear "false eyes" on the back of the head, misleading predators into reacting as though they were the subject of an aggressive stare. Many insects have filamentous "tails" at the ends of their wings and patterns of markings on the wings themselves. These combine to create a "false head". This

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Gilbertian mimicry is bipolar, involving only two species. The potential host (or prey) drives away its parasite (or predator) by mimicking it, the reverse of host-parasite aggressive mimicry. It was coined by Pasteur as a phrase for such rare mimicry systems, and is named after the American

80:, is harmful, and is avoided by the dupe, such as an insect-eating bird. Birds hunt by sight, so the mimicry in that case is visual, but in other cases mimicry may make use of any of the senses. Most types of mimicry, including Batesian, are deceptive, as the mimics are not harmful, but 323: 515:

effects, creating an increasingly close resemblance. This model is supported by empirical evidence that suggests that a few single point mutations cause large phenotypic effects, while numerous others produce smaller effects. Some regulatory elements collaborate to form a

275:. The term "Batesian mimicry" has since been used in his honour, its usage becoming restricted to the situation in which a harmless mimic gains protection from its predators by resembling a distasteful model. Among the observations in Bates's 1862 paper is the statement: 461:

rings of co-mimics. In the evolution of wasp-like appearance, it has been argued that insects evolve to masquerade wasps since predatory wasps do not attack each other, and that this mimetic resemblance has had the useful side-effect of deterring vertebrate predators.

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Emsleyan or Mertensian mimicry describes the unusual case where a deadly prey mimics a less dangerous species. It was first proposed by M. G. Emsley in 1966 as a possible explanation for how a predator can learn to avoid a very dangerous aposematic animal, such as a

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to the mimic's selective advantage. The resemblances can be via any sensory modality, including any combination of visual, acoustic, chemical, tactile, or electric. Mimicry may be to the advantage of both organisms that share a resemblance, in which case it is

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fields and looks similar to rice; its seeds are often mixed in rice and have become difficult to separate through Vavilovian mimicry. Vavilovian mimics may eventually be domesticated themselves, as in the case of rye in wheat; Vavilov called these weed-crops

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however argued that although natural selection might stabilize a "mimic" form, it would not be necessary to create it. The most widely accepted model used to explain the evolution of mimicry in butterflies is the two-step hypothesis. The first step involves

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Sinervo, B.; Miles, D. B.; Frankino, W. A.; Klukowski, M.; Denardo, D. F. (2000). "Testosterone, Endurance, and Darwinian Fitness: Natural and Sexual Selection on the Physiological Bases of Alternative Male Behaviors in Side-Blotched Lizards".

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than of distinct 'mimic' and 'model' species, as their warning signals tend to converge. Also, the mimetic species may exist on a continuum from harmless to highly noxious, so Batesian mimicry grades smoothly into Müllerian convergence.

592:, which are hypothesized to resemble the eyes of larger animals. They may not resemble any specific organism's eyes, and whether or not animals respond to them as eyes is also unclear. The model is usually another species, except in 1186:. The signal receiver also benefits by this system, despite being deceived about species identity, as it is able to generalize the pattern to potentially harmful encounters. The distinction between mimic and model that is clear in 481:

butterflies. Models tend to be relatively closely related to their mimics, but mimicry can be of vastly different species, for example when spiders mimic ants. Most known mimics are insects, though many other examples including

1427:, so those that lay on vacant leaves provide their offspring with a greater chance of survival. The stipules thus appear to have evolved as Gilbertian mimics of butterfly eggs, under selection pressure from these caterpillars. 1917: 108:, an orchid flower is the mimic, resembling a female bee, its model; the dupe is the male bee of the same species, which tries to copulate with the flower, enabling it to transfer pollen, so the mimicry is again bipolar. In 1874: 379: 537:

Some mimicry is imperfect. Natural selection drives mimicry only far enough to deceive predators. For example, when predators avoid a mimic that imperfectly resembles a coral snake, the mimic is sufficiently protected.

1449:; where the model belongs to the same species as the mimic. This is the analogue of Batesian mimicry within a single species, and occurs when there is a palatability spectrum within a population. Examples include the 1676:

Parasites can be aggressive mimics, though the situation is somewhat different from those outlined previously. They can mimic their hosts' natural prey, allowing themselves to be eaten as a pathway into their host.

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In Batesian mimicry, the mimic resembles the model, but does not have the attribute that makes it unprofitable to predators (e.g., unpalatability, or the ability to sting). In other words, a Batesian mimic is a

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is also blurred. Where one species is scarce and another abundant, the rare species can be said to be the mimic. When both are present in similar numbers, however, it makes more sense to speak of each as a

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for this phenomenon: if a common predator confuses the two species, individuals in both those species are more likely to survive, as fewer individuals of either species are killed by the predator. The term

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resemblance between an organism and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. Often, mimicry functions

7628: 2111:, some males mimic the yellow throat coloration and even mating rejection behaviour of the other sex to sneak matings with guarded females. These males look and behave like unreceptive females. This 1774:

mimic male flowers of their own species, cheating pollinators out of a reward. This reproductive mimicry may not be readily apparent as members of the same species may still exhibit some degree of

1287: 1307: 1789:, the model belongs to a different species than the mimic. By resembling the model, a flower can lure its pollinators without offering nectar. The mechanism occurs in several orchids, including 1260:) all have a red background color with black and white/yellow rings. In this system, both the milk snakes and the deadly coral snakes are mimics, while the false coral snakes are the model. 1668:. It flies amongst the vultures, effectively camouflaged as a vulture which poses no threat to the hawk's prey. It hunts by suddenly breaking from the formation and ambushing its prey. 609:

The terminology used has been debated, as classifications have differed or overlapped; attempts to clarify definitions have led to the partial replacement of old terms with new ones.

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of that species to try to copulate with the flower. This is much like aggressive mimicry in fireflies, but with a more benign outcome for the pollinator. The mechanism is named after

1231:. The scenario is unlike Müllerian mimicry, where the most harmful species is the model. But if a predator dies on its first encounter with a deadly snake, it has no occasion to 604:

Many types of mimicry have been described. An overview of each follows, highlighting the similarities and differences between the various forms. Classification is often based on

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Shuster, Stephen (May 1987). "Alternative Reproductive Behaviors: Three Discrete Male Morphs in Paracerceis sculpta, an Intertidal Isopod from the Northern Gulf of California".

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and another object, often an organism of another species. Mimicry may evolve between different species, or between individuals of the same species. In the simplest case, as in

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Robbins, Robert K. The "False Head" Hypothesis: Predation and Wing Pattern Variation of Lycaenid Butterflies. The American Naturalist Vol. 118, No. 5 (Nov., 1981), pp. 770-775

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Inter-sexual mimicry (a type of automimicry, as it is within a single species) occurs when individuals of one sex in a species mimic members of the opposite sex to facilitate

7613: 1115:), a rare species which lives in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina, has a similar red crest, black back, and barred underside to two larger woodpeckers: 1868:

by releasing chemicals that fool the worker ants to believe that the caterpillar larvae are ant larvae. This enables the larvae to be brought directly into the ant's nest.

1740:. This is common in plants with deceptive flowers that do not provide the reward they seem to offer and it may occur in Papua New Guinea fireflies, in which the signal of 295:

also spent many years studying butterflies in the Amazon rainforest. He first published a journal article on mimicry in German in 1878, followed in 1879 by a paper to the

596:, where members of the species mimic other members, or other parts of their own bodies, and in inter-sexual mimicry, where members of one sex mimic members of the other. 4728: 3797:

Rowland, Hannah M.; Ihalainen, Eira; Lindström, Leena; Mappes, Johanna; Speed, Michael P. (2007). "Co-mimics have a mutualistic relationship despite unequal defences".

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butterflies. This type of mimicry is unique in several respects. Firstly, both the mimic and the model benefit from the interaction, which could thus be classified as

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Huheey, James E. (1976). "Studies in warning coloration and mimicry VII — Evolutionary consequences of a Batesian–Müllerian spectrum: A model for Müllerian mimicry".

2060:. Weeders do not want to select weeds and their seeds that look increasingly like cultivated plants, yet there is no other option. For example, early barnyard grass, 1569:) employ prominent patterns in the middle of their webs, such as zigzags. These may reflect ultraviolet light, and mimic the pattern seen in many flowers known as 1556:, though no conscious deceptive intent is involved. The mimic may resemble the prey or host itself, or another organism that does not threaten the prey or host. 1604:", and are captured and eaten. Each female has a repertoire of signals matching the delay and duration of the flashes of the female of the corresponding species. 1266: 469:

if mimicry negatively affects the model, in which case the model can evolve a different appearance from the mimic. Mimics may have different models for different

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Kunte, K.; Zhang, W.; Tenger-Trolander, A.; Palmer, D. H.; Martin, A.; Reed, R. D.; Mullen, S. P.; Kronforst, M. R. (2014). "doublesex is a mimicry supergene".

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eat parasites and dead skin from client fish. Some allow the cleaner to venture inside their body to hunt these parasites. However, the sabre-toothed blenny or

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butterflies have tail patterns and appendages of various degrees of sophistication that promote attacks at the rear rather than at the head. Several species of

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warning coloration. More complex types may be bipolar, involving only two species, such as when the model and the dupe are the same; this occurs for example in

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predator first learnt to avoid a less deadly warning-coloured snake, the deadly species could profit by mimicking the less dangerous snake. Some harmless

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A.; Igic, Branislav; Magrath, Robert D. (30 July 2014). "Avian vocal mimicry: a unified conceptual framework".

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Gilbert, Lawrence E. (1975). "Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants". In L. E. Gilbert; P. H. Raven (eds.).

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that regulate a complex cluster of linked genes that cause large changes in morphology. The second step consists of selections on genes with smaller

7126: 2250: 235:, used the term "mimicry" informally to depict the way that the structure and coloration of some insects resembled objects in their environments: 7654: 4704:

Sourakov, Andrei (2013): Two heads are better than one: false head allows Calycopis cecrops (Lycaenidae) to escape predation by a Jumping Spider,

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Mimicry is defensive or protective when organisms are able to avoid harmful encounters by deceiving enemies into treating them as something else.

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is an alternative explanation for why coral reef fish have come to resemble each other; the same applies to benthic marine invertebrates such as

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1976. "Mistake" pollination as a reproductive system, with special reference to the Caricaceae. Pp 161–169 in J. Burley and B. T. Styles, eds.

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is effective against "usurper" males with orange throats, but ineffective against blue throated "guarder" males, which chase them away. Female

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are a canonical example; the female cuckoo has its offspring raised by a bird of a different species, cutting down the biological mother's

8485: 7977: 7479: 3644:; Stubbins, Claire L.; Hardman, Chloe J. (30 May 2008). "The anti-predator function of 'eyespots' on camouflaged and conspicuous prey". 2418: 1898: 271: 8043: 7093: 7020: 1614: 6419: 6186: 6164: 6021: 5973: 5934: 5884: 2913: 8523: 8192: 7301: 6967: 5209: 4679: 2052:. Selection against the weed may occur either by manually killing the weed, or by separating its seeds from those of the crop by 1316: 120:

on their wings that mimic their own heads, misdirecting predator dupes to strike harmlessly. Many other types of mimicry exist.

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Moran, Jonathan A. (1996). "Pitcher dimorphism, prey composition and the mechanisms of prey attraction in the pitcher plant

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Vavilov, N. I. (1951). "The origin, variation, immunity and breeding of cultivated plants (translation by K. S. Chester)".

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Barber, Jesse R.; Plotkin, David; Rubin, Juliette J.; Homziak, Nicholas T.; Leavell, Brian C.; et al. (21 June 2022).

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Wiklund, Christer; Tullberg, Birgitta S. (September 2004). "Seasonal polyphenism and leaf mimicry in the comma butterfly".

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from the species they imitated, although they belong to a family totally different in structure and metamorphosis from the

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near their tails, and when mildly alarmed swim slowly backwards, presenting the tail as a head. Some insects such as some

156: 8465: 8110: 7995: 2290: 200: 152: 72:, a mimic resembles a model, so as to deceive a dupe, all three being of different species. A Batesian mimic, such as a 8569: 8185: 8055: 7989: 7834: 7822: 6829: 5124:

Kelley, Laura A.; Coe, Rebecca L.; Madden, Joah R.; Healy, Susan D. (1 September 2008). "Vocal mimicry in songbirds".

3020: 2108: 2090: 1706: 1217:, when the predator is very likely to die, making learning unlikely. The theory was developed by the German biologist 240: 4128: 2976:

Roy, B. A. (1994). "The effects of pathogen-induced pseudoflowers and buttercups on each other's insect visitation".

2437:(1878). "Ueber die Vortheile der Mimicry bei Schmetterlingen" [On the Advantages of Mimicry in Butterflies]. 1553: 453:

each model is also a mimic; all such species can be called "co-mimics". Many harmless species such as hoverflies are

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Sinervo, B.; C. M. Lively (1996). "The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies".

4779: 4602:(1970). "Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain and implications for mimicry theory". In Chambers, K. L. (ed.). 3641: 3589: 3554: 3545: 3483: 1996:

of the next flower the male tries to inseminate, resulting in pollination. The mimicry is a combination of visual,

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that share some of the characteristics of a harmless species, allowing them to avoid detection by their prey or

1037:. Mimics are less likely to be found out (for example by predators) when in low proportion to their model. Such 7504: 7244: 7169: 6574: 4548: 2112: 1573:. Spiders change their web day to day, which can be explained by the ability of bees to remember web patterns. 428: 8299: 3955:

Barber, Jesse R.; Chadwell, Brad A.; Garrett, Nick; Schmidt-French, Barbara; Conner, William E. (July 2009).

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involving seeds, vocal mimicry in birds, and aggressive and Batesian mimicry in brood parasite-host systems.

7894: 7804: 7447: 7143: 6053: 6013: 5002: 3026: 2825: 2572: 1725: 1712: 7948: 7864: 7439: 7433: 7323: 7086: 6655: 6506: 6302: 6297: 6262: 6247: 2330: 483: 474: 466: 20: 3683:(August 2013). "Defensive posture and eyespots deter avian predators from attacking caterpillar models". 2190: 8061: 8031: 8013: 7810: 7410: 7296: 7030: 6989: 6984: 6962: 6665: 6412: 6272: 2062: 1927: 1803: 1482: 1424: 520:

for the development of butterfly color patterns. The model is supported by computational simulations of

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Lloyd, J. E. (1975). "Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris Fireflies: Signal Repertoires by Femmes Fatales".

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to form aggregations to attract females. Other forms of mimicry have a reproductive component, such as

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Bawa, K. S. (1980). "Mimicry of male by female flowers and intrasexual competition for pollinators in

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Jackson, R. R. (1995). "Eight-legged tricksters: Spiders that specialize at catching other spiders".

4633: 4082: 4071:"Tempo and mode of antibat ultrasound production and sonar jamming in the diverse hawkmoth radiation" 4023: 3909: 3391: 3332: 3285: 3187: 3132: 2985: 2855: 2744: 2663: 2519: 2038: 1984:, who first described the phenomenon. It is most common in orchids, which mimic females of the order 1889: 1791: 1144: 839: 634: 541: 458: 432: 364: 305: 300: 224: 81: 57: 49: 3088: 1363: 215: 8533: 8493: 8277: 7767: 7598: 7593: 7578: 7306: 7237: 7194: 7138: 6608: 6454: 6292: 6213: 5893: 5663: 5269: 2098: 1833: 1728:(rear part) is held raised. This presumably increases the chances of the ant being eaten by birds. 1392: 1183: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1069: 644: 521: 437: 186: 8471: 8371: 8208: 8154: 7858: 7723: 7664: 7559: 7403: 7189: 7148: 7133: 6957: 6630: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6511: 6444: 6376: 6112: 6067:

Wiens, D. (1978). "Mimicry in Plants". In Max K. Hecht; William C. Steere; Bruce Wallace (eds.).

5997: 5851: 5802: 5758: 5715: 5395: 5348: 5286: 5141: 5106: 5048: 4968: 4933: 4887: 4840: 4759: 4497: 4451: 4383: 4333: 4290: 3992: 3780: 3700: 3680: 3661: 3571: 3500: 3301: 3258: 3156: 3069: 3001: 2950: 2817: 2760: 2631: 2503: 2414: 2380: 2325: 2267: 2057: 2009: 1951: 1941: 1904: 1749: 1577: 1541: 1531: 1458: 1358: 1338: 1075: 1057: 954: 946: 918: 889: 867: 820: 780: 605: 330: 258: 177: 105: 93: 3552:(November 2007). "Field Experiments on the effectiveness of 'eyespots' as predator deterrents". 1419:

eggs near the point of hatching. The butterflies avoid laying eggs near existing ones, reducing

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style resembles its prey, allowing it to hunt undetected. Mimicry is not limited to animals; in

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Lloyd, J. E. (1965) Aggressive Mimicry in Photuris: Firefly Femmes Fatales Science 149:653–654.

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Endler, John A. (August 1981). "An Overview of the Relationships Between Mimicry and Crypsis".

2576: 1705:, and must then find a suitable bird to mature in. Since the host birds do not eat snails, the 8498: 8398: 8393: 8334: 8324: 8262: 7882: 7798: 7608: 7474: 7318: 7286: 7164: 7079: 7060: 7055: 7015: 6974: 6922: 6660: 6603: 6543: 6538: 6530: 6491: 6469: 6199: 6182: 6160: 6100: 6080: 6057: 6017: 5969: 5930: 5880: 5843: 5794: 5621: 5525: 5436: 5356: 5294: 5215: 5190: 5098: 5040: 4832: 4661: 4617: 4599: 4581: 4552: 4542: 4391: 4341: 4298: 4255: 4202: 4110: 4051: 3984: 3976: 3937: 3839: 3816: 3623: 3424: 3419:

Pawlik, J.R. (2012). "12". In Fattorusso, E.; Gerwick, W.H.; Taglialatela-Scafati, O. (eds.).

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Howse, P. E.; Allen, J. A. (1994). "Satyric Mimicry: The Evolution of Apparent Imperfection".

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Kikuchi, D.; Pfenning, D. (2010). "Predator Cognition Permits Imperfect Coral Snake Mimicry".

3215: 3148: 3030: 2958: 2909: 2881: 2679: 2623: 2580: 2545: 2152: 2142: 1786: 1775: 1761: 1702: 1642: 1608: 1592: 1565: 1501: 1478: 1454: 1450: 1442: 1123: 732: 589: 581: 565: 449: 262: 117: 3957:"Naïve bats discriminate arctiid moth warning sounds but generalize their aposematic meaning" 3176:"Ecological and Evolutionary Processes Drive the Origin and Maintenance of Imperfect Mimicry" 1395:

who described it in 1975. The classical instance of Gilbertian mimicry is in the plant genus

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Dalziell, Anastasia H.; Welbergen, Justin A. (27 April 2016). "Mimicry for all modalities".

2615: 2564: 2535: 2527: 2396: 2259: 2137: 1997: 1956: 1923: 1864: 1858: 1849: 1841: 1825: 1820: 1767: 1661: 1586: 1218: 1207: 1187: 1085:). Several palatable moths produce ultrasonic click calls to mimic unpalatable tiger moths. 1010: 831: 754: 710: 688: 499: 454: 391: 334: 69: 41: 8309: 8272: 8159: 7717: 7676: 7623: 7523: 7338: 6824: 6760: 6750: 6124: 3861:"Palatability and escaping ability in Neotropical butterflies: tests with wild kingbirds ( 3052: 2654: 2103: 2049: 1993: 1961: 1679: 1081: 812: 495: 5331:

Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by Epidendrurn ibaguense (Orchidaceae) in Panama".

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Benson, W. W. (1977). "On the Supposed Spectrum Between Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry".

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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caterpillars resemble twigs, bark, leaves, bird droppings or flowers. Many animals bear

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of strongly defended species such as wasps, while many such well-defended species form

133: 8505:

How Long Is the Coast of Britain? Statistical Self-Similarity and Fractional Dimension

5821: 5684: 5225: 4683: 4656: 4621: 4434:

Hecht, M. K.; Marien, D. (1956). "The coral snake mimic problem: a reinterpretation".

3548:; Hopkins, Elinor; Hinde, William; Adcock, Amabel; Connolly, Yvonne; Troscianko, Tom; 1840:. The adaptation to different hosts is inherited through the female line in so-called 560:

In its broadest definition, mimicry can include non-living models. The specific terms

159:

in 1823. Originally used to describe people, "mimetic" was used in zoology from 1851.

8548: 8450: 8445: 8116: 7840: 7735: 7729: 7554: 7383: 6937: 6856: 6834: 6809: 6770: 6732: 6327: 5762: 5110: 4515: 4012:"Anti-bat ultrasound production in moths is globally and phylogenetically widespread" 3549: 3466: 3449: 3321:"Who resembles whom? Mimetic and coincidental look-alikes among tropical reef fishes" 2813: 2713: 2565: 2157: 2147: 2120: 2116: 1885: 1848:

brood parasitism, where a female lays in a conspecific's nest, as illustrated by the

1736:

Reproductive mimicry occurs when the actions of the dupe directly aid in the mimic's

1402: 1225: 1094: 1051: 853: 585: 573: 508: 415: 85: 6208: 5855: 5414: 5413:

Barbero, Francesca; Thomas, J.A.; Bonelli, S.; Balletto, E.; Schonrogge, K. (2009).

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or Kirbyan mimicry is a two species system where a brood parasite mimics its host.

1737: 1638: 1570: 1251: 926: 577: 284: 149: 5137: 3761: 3696: 3567: 3496: 2822:

Avoiding Attack: the Evolutionary Ecology of Crypsis, Warning Signals, and Mimicry

2785:(January 2017). "Cheats and Deceits: How Animals and Plants Exploit and Mislead". 2349: 1946: 1445:

and Jane Van Zandt Brower who first described it in 1967, is a postulated form of

1373:

flower species use Gilbertian mimicry, defending against being eaten by larvae of

968:

or parasite resembles and attacks prey or host; parasite may get itself swallowed

5463:"A parasite in wolf's clothing: hawk mimicry reduces mobbing of cuckoos by hosts" 4828: 4240: 3345: 3200: 2385:"Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Heliconidae" 2298: 308:, named in his honour, has since been used for this mutualistic form of mimicry. 265:. Returning home, he described multiple forms of mimicry in an 1862 paper at the 8479: 8437: 8356: 8252: 8247: 7876: 7828: 7688: 7544: 7466: 7218: 7179: 7045: 6927: 6846: 6775: 6740: 6598: 6584: 6459: 6449: 6282: 6076: 4951:

Willis, E. O. (1963). "Is the Zone-Tailed Hawk a Mimic of the Turkey Vulture?".

3718: 1992:

is attached to the head or abdomen of the male. This is then transferred to the

1985: 1808: 1494: 1436: 1346: 1332: 1214: 1169: 1046: 1020: 859: 666: 593: 445: 348: 109: 89: 37: 6132:

Vane-Wright, R. I. (1976). "A unified classification of mimetic resemblances".

5606: 4626:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4016:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1926:: cuckoo eggs (larger) mimic many species of host birds' eggs, in this case of 568:

are sometimes used when the models are inanimate, and the mimicry's purpose is

253:) go still further in this mimicry, representing a small branch with its spray. 8426: 8421: 8339: 8242: 8089: 7906: 7773: 7276: 7260: 7208: 7035: 6932: 6780: 6589: 6383: 6342: 6307: 5898: 4197: 4180: 3657: 3404: 3379: 2601: 2531: 2132: 2046: 1837: 1779: 1514: 1505: 1407: 1397: 1375: 1369: 1237: 1178: 1098: 1063: 973: 801: 549: 478: 441: 369: 339: 280: 113: 4585: 3980: 3820: 1611:

may be able to increase their rate of capturing insect prey through mimicry.

661:

Brooding bird mimics itself with broken wing, luring predator away from nest

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female. The model in this situation is the same species as the dupe. Female

1518: 1509: 1389: 1342: 1135:

adapts its leaf shape and colour to match that of the plant it is climbing.

1086: 965: 805: 530: 517: 512: 344: 182: 172: 97: 6104: 5847: 5798: 5790: 5625: 5529: 5511: 5440: 5360: 5298: 5194: 5102: 5044: 5017: 4929: 4836: 4395: 4345: 4302: 4259: 4206: 4114: 4055: 3988: 3941: 3627: 3609: 3421:

Antipredatory defensive roles of natural products from marine invertebrates

3364: 3297: 3254: 3219: 3152: 2962: 2885: 2683: 2627: 2549: 775:

resembles less deadly species, predators get chance to learn to avoid them

4665: 4646: 4132: 3065: 129: 28: 8257: 8222: 7983: 7549: 6917: 5374:

Andersson, M.; Eriksson, M. O. G. (1982). "Nest parasitism in Goldeneyes

3380:"Coincidental resemblances among coral reef fishes from different oceans" 2042: 1881: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1634: 1590:

emit light signals that mimic the mating signals of females of the genus

1563:

use aggressive mimicry to lure prey. Species such as the silver argiope (

1545: 1462: 1412: 1256: 1232: 1154: 504: 494:

It is widely accepted that mimicry evolves as a positive adaptation. The

73: 65: 33: 5312:

Dodson, C. H.; Frymire, G. P. (1961). "Natural pollination of orchids".

3812: 3721:(1981). "An overview of the relationships between mimicry and crypsis". 3144: 3050:

Alexander, Victoria N. (2002). "Nabokov, Teleology and Insect Mimicry".

884:

Plant mimic resembles female bee, deceives male, gets itself pollinated

8383: 8378: 8366: 8329: 8237: 8122: 8094: 8019: 7373: 7203: 7071: 6952: 6593: 6251: 6244: 6028:

Pasteur, Georges (1982). "A classificatory review of mimicry systems".

6001: 5965: 5719: 5431: 5352: 5290: 4972: 4891: 4763: 4520:

Kritisches Verzeichniss der myrmecophilin und termitophilen Arthropoden

4387: 4337: 4294: 3972: 3005: 2954: 2271: 1581: 1380: 1222: 1132: 1102: 569: 423: 5094: 2867: 2675: 683:

Multiple forms, e.g. one sex mimics the other, tail mimics head, etc.

477:, with different individuals imitating different models, as occurs in 8177: 8001: 7973: 7942: 7930: 7852: 5754: 2756: 2094: 1973: 1969: 1908: 1829: 1771: 1692: 1560: 911: 545: 249: 244: 227:

to explain why distasteful species should evolve similar appearances.

112:, another bipolar system, model and mimic are the same, as when blue 6695: 5993: 5711: 5344: 5282: 5176: 4964: 4883: 4755: 4501: 4379: 4329: 4286: 2997: 2946: 2384: 5839: 5391: 5036: 3792: 3790: 3246: 2619: 414:

Batesian vs Müllerian mimicry: the former is deceptive, the latter

148:, "to imitate". "Mimicry" was first used in zoology by the English 8416: 7005: 5588:

Pramanik, Dewi; Dorst, Nemi; Meesters, Niels; et al. (2020).

2316: 2314: 2248:

Pasteur, G. (1982). "A Classificatory Review of Mimicry Systems".

2022: 2013: 1945: 1613: 1597: 1489:) mimic its own eyes, deflecting attacks from the vulnerable head. 1473: 1362: 1168:

In Müllerian mimicry, two or more species have similar warning or

1148: 1014: 772: 409: 214: 27: 5070:. Research Signpost; Trivandrum, Kerala, India. pp. 229–242. 4493: 1716:) changes the colour of the abdomen of workers of the canopy ant 1576:

Another case is where males are lured towards what seems to be a

1153:

Comparison of Batesian and Müllerian mimicry, illustrated with a

8294: 8232: 8227: 5571:

Bulletin de la Société d'histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord

5016:

Yanoviak, S. P.; Kaspari, M.; Dudley, R.; Poinar, G. Jr (2008).

2067: 2034: 2030: 1977: 1158: 907: 207:

The behaviour is recognised as a form of mimicry by biologists.

77: 45: 8181: 7233: 7075: 6699: 6401: 6217: 2842:; Vane-Wright, Richard I.; Wickler, Wolfgang (1 January 2017). 448:. The evolutionary convergence between groups is driven by the 8007: 6801: 6181:. Creative Education. Mankato, Minnesota, USA, Great Britain. 6050:

Cheats and deceits: how animals and plants exploit and mislead

5068:

Bioluminescence in Focus - a collection of illuminating essays

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Critical Inventory of Myrmecophile and Termitophile Arthropods

3748:

Allen, J. A.; Cooper, J. M. (2010). "Crypsis and masquerade".

2018: 1836:. The ability to lay eggs that mimic the host eggs is the key 1162: 1025: 938: 373:

butterflies. Plate LXII from Müller's collected writings, 1881

7229: 4708:(Salticidae), Journal of Natural History, 47:15-16, 1047-1054 4181:"Leaf Mimicry in a Climbing Plant Protects against Herbivory" 2733:(1965). "Mimicry and the Evolution of Animal Communication". 5066:

Ohba, N.; Shimoyama, Ayu (2009). Meyer-Rochow, V. B. (ed.).

4606:. Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Oregon State Univ. pp. 69–82. 1660:

A mechanism that does not involve any luring is seen in the

5980:

Evans, M. A. (1965). "Mimicry and the Darwinian Heritage".

5415:"Acoustical mimicry in a predatory social parasite of ants" 3174:

Wilson, J.; Jahner, J.; Williams, K.; Forister, M. (2013).

1176:

attributes (e.g. being unpalatable), as first described in

834:

adult or egg mimics host which raises the young as its own

749:

Palatable butterfly resembles toxic member of same species

727:

Palatable mimic resembles distasteful model, deceives dupe

6397: 5940:

Dafni, A. (1984). "Mimicry and Deception in Pollination".

1633:

A different aggressive strategy is to mimic a mutualistic

1131:. Batesian mimicry occurs in the plant kingdom, where the 88:, as when species of wasps and of bees all have genuinely 84:, where different harmful species resemble each other, is 5018:"Parasite-induced fruit mimicry in a tropical canopy ant" 4412:(1956). "Das Problem der Mimikry bei Korallenschlangen". 705:

Female flower resembles male flower, cheating pollinator

4155:"Deceptive Woodpecker Uses Mimicry to Avoid Competition" 2563:

King, R. C.; Stansfield, W. D.; Mulligan, P. K. (2006).

2021:

is a secondary crop, originally being a mimetic weed of

5251:

Variation, breeding, and conservation of tropical trees

3598:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2844:"A hypothesis to explain accuracy of wasp resemblances" 2602:"Imperfect Mimicry and the Limits of Natural Selection" 1892:, alarming small birds enough to give time to lay eggs. 1807:, and is pollinated by monarch butterflies and perhaps 1724:. It also changes the behaviour of the ant so that the 990:

Mimic resembles background (plant parts, or inanimate)

5962:

Defence in Animals: a survey of anti-predator defences

4129:"Mimic Octopus, Thaumoctopus mimicus at MarineBio.org" 3838:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 464. 6159:(translated from the German), McGraw-Hill, New York. 5161:"Evolutionary origins of vocal mimicry in songbirds" 4069:

Kawahara, Akito Y.; Barber, Jesse R. (19 May 2015).

2479:

Proclamations of the Entomological Society of London

189:

to lure predators away from their flightless young:

8516: 8409: 8317: 8215: 8140: 8103: 8082: 8075: 7964: 7789: 7760: 7710: 7653: 7646: 7637: 7614:

List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing

7586: 7577: 7537: 7465: 7426: 7419: 7361: 7267: 7157: 7109: 6998: 6910: 6882: 6800: 6731: 6567: 6529: 6435: 4362:Emsley, M. G. (1966). "The mimetic significance of 2285: 2283: 2281: 2093:. An example is the three male forms of the marine 5461:Welbergen, Justin A.; Davies, Nicholas B. (2011). 5159:Goller, Maria; Shizuka, Daizaburo (22 June 2018). 2712: 2340: 2338: 1856:), do not involve mimicry The parasitic butterfly 1024:, a harmless bush cricket, mimics a well-defended 440:; or it can be to the detriment of one, making it 316:obtain for this imitation among protected species. 247:of the oak on which I took it. The spectre tribe ( 239:A jumping bug, very similar to the one figured by 4729:Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities 3898:"Acoustic mimicry in a predator–prey interaction" 3019:Johnson, Steven D.; Schiestl, Florian P. (2016). 1691:, their eggs then passing out of the bird in the 1345:in a nest or colony. Most of the models here are 613:Some kinds of mimicry classified by Pasteur 1982 2647: 2645: 1701:, a terrestrial snail. The eggs develop in this 4620:; Van Brower, J. V. Z.; Corvino, J. M. (1967). 4075:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2908:(4th ed.). Benjamin Cummings. Chapter 50. 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2056:. Vavilovian mimicry illustrates unintentional 1383:(not shown) that resemble the butterfly's eggs. 313: 287:, without examining them closely after capture. 277: 261:worked for several years on butterflies in the 237: 191: 5545:Un curieux cas de mimetisme chez les Ophrydées 4680:"Northern Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium californicum)" 2472:; a remarkable case of mimicry in butterflies" 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2207: 8193: 7245: 7087: 6711: 6413: 6229: 2454: 2452: 194:returns to the nest and calls the young back. 8: 5565:Pouyanne, M.-A. (1917). "La fécondation des 5543: 2375: 2373: 2371: 1244:), the moderately toxic false coral snakes ( 1079:imitate the poisonous pipevine swallowtail ( 343:species (top and third row) and distasteful 19:"Mimic" redirects here. For other uses, see 7454:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom 5891:(a supplement of volume 131 of the journal 5496:"Cuckoo–hawk mimicry? An experimental test" 4726:Begon, M.; Townsend, C.; Harper, J. (1996) 4622:"Plant poisons in a terrestrial food chain" 4467: 4465: 2899: 2897: 2895: 858:Distasteful co-mimics resemble each other, 395:, showing a beetle (below) mimicking a wasp 8200: 8186: 8178: 8079: 7650: 7643: 7619:Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate 7604:Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago 7583: 7423: 7252: 7238: 7230: 7094: 7080: 7072: 6718: 6704: 6696: 6420: 6406: 6398: 6236: 6222: 6214: 5637: 5635: 3834:Stearns, S. C.; Hoekstra, Rolf F. (2000). 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2184: 2182: 2102:. Alpha males are the largest and guard a 2033:that come to share characteristics with a 1720:to make it appear like the ripe fruits of 1411:butterflies. The host plants have evolved 611: 76:, is harmless, while its model, such as a 7835:Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip) 7117:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6614:Coloration evidence for natural selection 6094: 5661:Barrett, S. (1983). "Mimicry in Plants". 5615: 5605: 5519: 5478: 5430: 5184: 4732:(third edition) Blackwell Science, London 4655: 4645: 4357: 4355: 4249: 4239: 4196: 4104: 4094: 4045: 4035: 3931: 3921: 3880: 3869:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3723:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3617: 3520:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3465: 3454:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 3450:"The Evolution and Ecology of Masquerade" 3403: 3354: 3344: 3209: 3199: 3107: 3096:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 2929:Boyden, T. C. (1980). "Floral mimicry by 2875: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2539: 1968:In Pouyannian mimicry, a flower mimics a 231:In 1823, Kirby and Spence, in their book 6030:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5942:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 5879:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 5494:Davies, N. B.; Welbergen, J. A. (2008). 4682:. Owl Research Institute. Archived from 4429: 4427: 3087:Holmgren, N. M. A.; Enquist, M. (1999). 2251:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1770:, is a form of automimicry where female 1596:. Male fireflies from several different 4777:Craig, C. L. (1995). "Webs of Deceit". 4526:] (in German). Berlin: Felix Dames. 2600:Kikuchi, D. W.; Pfennig, D. W. (2013). 2178: 1870: 1513:misdirects predators such as birds and 1262: 319: 301:the first mathematical model of mimicry 6120: 6110: 4908:(1966). "Mimicry in Tropical Fishes". 2305:Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown 1341:, the mimic resembles a model that it 1039:negative frequency-dependent selection 6902:Evolution of color vision in primates 4999:Parasites and the behavior of animals 3896:Barber, J. R.; Conner, W. E. (2007). 1687:, matures in the digestive system of 1423:between caterpillars, which are also 1301:(the model for both types of mimicry) 1045:There are many Batesian mimics among 269:in London, and then in his 1863 book 64:is an evolved resemblance between an 7: 5877:Mimicry and the evolutionary process 5820:Muller, M. N.; Wrangham, R. (2002). 3444:Skelhorn, John; Rowland, Hannah M.; 2508:"The Evolution of Müllerian Mimicry" 1517:. Spectacular examples occur in the 279:I was never able to distinguish the 8486:The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis 7978:Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform 6436: 6042:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 5954:10.1146/annurev.es.15.110184.001355 4364:Erythrolamprus aesculapii ocellatus 3961:The Journal of Experimental Biology 3646:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2485:. Translated by R. Meldola: 20–29. 2420:The naturalist on the river Amazons 2389:Transactions of the Linnean Society 2264:10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125 433:is deceived to change its behaviour 272:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 225:first mathematical model of mimicry 132:dates to 1637. It derives from the 6146:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1976.tb00240.x 6071:. Vol. 11. pp. 365–403. 5500:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5314:Missouri Botanical Garden Bulletin 5267:(D. Smith) Woodson (Caricaceae)". 3882:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01471.x 3735:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3532:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1981.tb01840.x 3278:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 3109:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01880.x 2492:from the original on 2 March 2024. 2401:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1860.tb00146.x 1785:In Dodsonian mimicry, named after 1778:. It is common in many species of 1127:. This mimicry reduces attacks on 14: 7369:As evidence for natural selection 6209:Camouflage and Mimicry in Fossils 5685:10.1038/scientificamerican0987-76 4574:Coevolution of Animals and Plants 2356:from the original on 30 June 2024 1815:Kirbyan mimicry, brood parasitism 639:Description (mimic, model, dupe) 8308: 7480:Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola 7352: 7302:Coincident disruptive coloration 6791: 6680: 6679: 6520: 6455:Aristotelian/Distraction display 5542:Correvon H., Pouyanne M. (1916) 3467:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01347.x 2123:that make them look like males. 1916: 1897: 1873: 1317:Lampropeltis triangulum annulata 1313:The harmless Mexican milk snake, 1306: 1286: 1265: 378: 356: 322: 5982:Journal of the History of Ideas 5827:The Quarterly Review of Biology 5419:Journal of Experimental Biology 4222:"Repeating Patterns of Mimicry" 3859:Pinheiro, Carlos E. G. (1996). 3750:Journal of Biological Education 3089:"Dynamics of mimicry evolution" 2607:The Quarterly Review of Biology 2029:Vavilovian mimicry is found in 1441:Browerian mimicry, named after 1281:(the Emsleyan/Mertensian mimic) 1172:signals and both share genuine 572:. For example, animals such as 297:Entomological Society of London 8050:Operational Camouflage Pattern 7516:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 6635: 5964:. Harlow, Essex and New York, 5926:Adaptive Coloration in Animals 5378:: some evolutionary aspects". 5253:. Academic Press, London, U.K. 3423:. Springer. pp. 677–710. 2303:. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). 1766:Bakerian mimicry, named after 1: 7847:Australian Disruptive Pattern 6646:Frequency-dependent selection 6157:Mimicry in Plants and Animals 5700:Journal of Crustacean Biology 5138:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.04.012 4478:Mimicry in plants and animals 3762:10.1080/00219266.1985.9654747 3697:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.05.029 3568:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.01.031 3497:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.12.008 2715:Mimicry in plants and animals 2300:An Introduction to Entomology 2191:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 1272:The deadly Texas coral snake, 937:Mimic resembles and deceives 233:An Introduction to Entomology 8111:Diffused lighting camouflage 7996:Universal Camouflage Pattern 7629:USN WWII camouflage measures 4829:10.1126/science.187.4175.452 4241:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 3346:10.1371/journal.pone.0054939 3201:10.1371/journal.pone.0061610 2109:common side-blotched lizards 2041:. It is named after Russian 1959:with a flower of the orchid 1862:parasitizes the ant species 1695:. They are then taken up by 556:Living and non-living models 140:, "imitative", in turn from 116:butterflies have 'tails' or 8056:Netherlands Fractal Pattern 7990:Tactical Assault Camouflage 7823:Disruptive Pattern Material 6830:Simple eye in invertebrates 6077:10.1007/978-1-4615-6956-5_6 3378:Robertson, D. Ross (2015). 3319:Robertson, D. Ross (2013). 1552:; the strategy resembles a 1470:Misdirection by automimicry 1349:insects, principally ants. 800:/prey mimics and so repels 486:, plants, and fungi exist. 333:'s 1862 paper illustrating 8586: 7026:Infrared sensing in snakes 6313:Behavior-altering parasite 6200:Warning colour and mimicry 5929:. Methuen and Co, London, 5822:"Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas" 5607:10.1186/s13227-020-00160-z 5211:Cuckoo: Cheating by Nature 3836:Evolution: An Introduction 2933:(Orchidaceae) in Panama". 2082: 2007: 1982:Maurice-Alexandre Pouyanne 1939: 1907:resembles a predator, the 1818: 1759: 1529: 1492: 1434: 1356: 1330: 1205: 1142: 1008: 524:. The Batesian mimicry in 243:, also much resembles the 144:, the verbal adjective of 18: 8466:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 8306: 7919:Camouflage Central-Europe 7913:Desert Camouflage Pattern 7350: 7329:Multi-spectral camouflage 6897:Evolution of color vision 6789: 6674: 6518: 6323:Host–parasite coevolution 6258: 6204:University College London 4578:University of Texas Press 4482:Journal of Animal Ecology 4198:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.010 4179:Gianoli, Ernesto (2014). 3658:10.1007/s00265-008-0607-3 3405:10.1007/s00338-015-1309-8 2532:10.1007/s00114-008-0403-y 1651:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1620:bluestreak cleaner wrasse 1544:is found in predators or 1421:intraspecific competition 1401:, which is grazed by the 1297:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 1247:Erythrolamprus aesculapii 490:Evolutionary explanations 465:Mimicry can result in an 429:to protect from predators 351:, second and bottom row). 201:D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson 199:Aristotle, translated by 7505:Johann Georg Otto Schick 7170:Anti-predator adaptation 6575:Anti-predator adaptation 5550:J. Soc. Nat. Hortic. Fr. 4549:Harvard University Press 2904:Campbell, N. A. (1996). 2567:A dictionary of genetics 1795:which mimics flowers of 1710:life cycle. A nematode ( 1600:are attracted to these " 1554:wolf in sheep's clothing 1035:sheep in wolf's clothing 102:wolf-in-sheep's-clothing 7895:Desert Night Camouflage 7448:Abbott Handerson Thayer 7144:Paradox of the plankton 6248:biological interactions 6202:• Lecture outline from 6054:Oxford University Press 6014:Oxford University Press 5025:The American Naturalist 5003:Oxford University Press 4604:Biochemical Coevolution 4448:10.1002/jmor.1050980207 4096:10.1073/pnas.1416679112 4037:10.1073/pnas.2117485119 3923:10.1073/pnas.0703627104 3235:The American Naturalist 3027:Oxford University Press 2826:Oxford University Press 2820:; Speed, M. P. (2004). 2573:Oxford University Press 2512:Die Naturwissenschaften 1722:Hyeronima alchorneoides 1713:Myrmeconema neotropicum 1242:Lampropeltis triangulum 1221:who named it after the 473:stages, or they may be 257:The English naturalist 32:Many insects including 8560:Polymorphism (biology) 7440:The Colours of Animals 7434:Edward Bagnall Poulton 7324:Multi-scale camouflage 6179:Mimicry and Camouflage 6010:Camouflage and Mimicry 5791:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1622 5544: 5512:10.1098/rspb.2008.0331 4930:10.1098/rstb.1966.0036 4706:Phidippus pulcherrimus 4480:by Wolfgang Wickler". 3863:Tyrannus melancholicus 3610:10.1098/rspb.2007.0220 3298:10.1098/rspb.1994.0102 2350:"Fritz Müller in 1891" 2026: 1976:species, inducing the 1965: 1957:attempting to copulate 1756:Bakerian and Dodsonian 1664:, which resembles the 1630: 1490: 1384: 1379:butterflies with leaf 1165: 1029: 862:warning off predators 467:evolutionary arms race 419: 318: 291:The German naturalist 289: 255: 228: 205: 53: 21:Mimic (disambiguation) 8565:Camouflage mechanisms 8300:Widmanstätten pattern 8032:Multi-Terrain Pattern 8014:Airman Battle Uniform 7811:Rhodesian Brushstroke 7411:Underwater camouflage 7297:Disruptive coloration 7110:Patterns of evolution 7031:Monocular deprivation 6990:Underwater camouflage 6985:Structural coloration 6963:Disruptive coloration 6666:Underwater camouflage 6445:Aggressive/Wicklerian 5906:Carpenter, G. D. Hale 5779:Hormones and Behavior 5480:10.1093/beheco/arr008 5208:Davies, Nick (2015). 4986:See here for a photo. 4860:Nepenthes rafflesiana 4647:10.1073/pnas.57.4.893 4436:Journal of Morphology 4366:Peters from Tobago". 3679:Hossie, Thomas John; 3066:10.1353/nab.2010.0004 2848:Ecology and Evolution 2439:Zoologischer Anzeiger 2063:Echinochloa oryzoides 2017: 1949: 1804:Asclepias curassavica 1617: 1493:Further information: 1487:Chaetodon capistratus 1483:foureye butterflyfish 1477: 1466:well-defended wasps. 1366: 1331:Further information: 1152: 1105:. In the Amazon, the 1047:butterflies and moths 1018: 528:is controlled by the 413: 387:Alfred Russel Wallace 218: 31: 16:Evolutionary strategy 8149:Dazzled and Deceived 7314:Distractive markings 7292:Counter-illumination 7122:Convergent evolution 7103:Evolutionary ecology 7011:Blindness in animals 6943:Counter-illumination 6892:Evolution of the eye 6641:Evolutionary ecology 6626:Deception in animals 6620:Dazzled and Deceived 6580:Animal communication 6338:Parasitic castration 6278:Deception in animals 6069:Evolutionary Biology 6048:Stevens, M. (2016). 5425:(Pt 24): 4084–4090. 5265:Jacaratia dolichaula 4580:. pp. 210–240. 4551:. pp. 511–514. 3967:(Pt 14): 2141–2148. 3784:, book 9, chapter 9. 2931:Epidendrum ibaguense 2079:Inter-sexual mimicry 2039:artificial selection 1792:Epidendrum ibaguense 1655:Labroides dimidiatus 1647:Aspidontus taeniatus 1321:(the Batesian mimic) 1293:The moderately toxic 1124:Campephilus robustus 1067:butterflies such as 1061:imitate unpalatable 941:, lives in ant nest 542:Convergent evolution 58:evolutionary biology 8534:Mathematics and art 8524:Pattern recognition 8494:Aristid Lindenmayer 8038:Australian Multicam 7841:U.S. "M81" Woodland 7599:Aircraft camouflage 7594:Military camouflage 7307:Disruptive eye mask 7195:Distraction display 7139:Divergent evolution 6487:Emsleyan/Mertensian 6177:Hoff, M. K. (2003) 5894:American Naturalist 5747:1996Natur.380..240S 5677:1987SciAm.257c..76B 5664:Scientific American 5569:par les insectes". 5555:: 29–31, 41–42, 84. 5506:(1644): 1817–1822. 5380:American Naturalist 5228:on 28 February 2021 4922:1966RSPTB.251..473W 4876:1996JEcol..84..515M 4821:1975Sci...187..452L 4686:on 28 December 2015 4638:1967PNAS...57..893B 4476:(1969). "Review of 4087:2015PNAS..112.6407K 4028:2022PNAS..11917485B 4022:(25): e2117485119. 3914:2007PNAS..104.9331B 3813:10.1038/nature05899 3681:Sherratt, Thomas N. 3604:(1617): 1457–1464. 3396:2015CorRe..34..977R 3337:2013PLoSO...854939R 3290:1994RSPSB.257..111H 3192:2013PLoSO...861610W 3145:10.1038/nature13112 3137:2014Natur.507..229K 2990:1994Ecol...75..352R 2860:2017EcoEv...7...73B 2818:Sherratt, Thomas N. 2749:1965Natur.208..519W 2668:2016EcolL..19..609D 2524:2008NW.....95..681S 2099:Paracerceis sculpta 1880:Mimicry in a brood 1834:parental investment 1742:Pteroptyx effulgens 1457:from the subfamily 1393:Lawrence E. Gilbert 1202:Emsleyan/Mertensian 1107:helmeted woodpecker 614: 522:population genetics 406:Evolved resemblance 187:distraction display 8570:Warning coloration 8472:On Growth and Form 8372:Logarithmic spiral 8209:Patterns in nature 8155:Stealth technology 7665:Splittertarnmuster 7560:Thomas N. Sherratt 7190:Deimatic behaviour 7149:Predator satiation 7134:Parallel evolution 6958:Deimatic behaviour 6631:Deimatic behaviour 6377:Cleaning symbiosis 6134:Biol. J. Linn. Soc 5960:Edmunds, M. 1974. 5916:. London: Methuen. 5467:Behavioral Ecology 5432:10.1242/jeb.032912 5376:Bucephala clangula 5083:Biological Reviews 4997:Moore, J. (2002). 4864:Journal of Ecology 4618:Brower, Lincoln P. 4600:Brower, Lincoln P. 4537:Hölldobler, Bert; 4220:Meyer, A. (2006). 3973:10.1242/jeb.029991 3781:History of Animals 2787:Skeptical Inquirer 2331:book 9, chapter 8. 2326:History of Animals 2035:domesticated plant 2027: 2010:Vavilovian mimicry 1966: 1955:, a scoliid wasp, 1952:Dasyscolia ciliata 1942:Pouyannian mimicry 1905:Common hawk-cuckoo 1854:Bucephala clangula 1844:(gens, singular). 1750:Vavilovian mimicry 1718:Cephalotes atratus 1631: 1628:Epinephelus tukula 1609:carnivorous plants 1578:sexually receptive 1542:Aggressive mimicry 1532:Aggressive mimicry 1491: 1415:that mimic mature 1385: 1359:Gilbertian mimicry 1339:Wasmannian mimicry 1250:), and the deadly 1166: 1118:Dryocopus lineatus 1112:Dryocopus galeatus 1076:Limenitis arthemis 1030: 612: 420: 331:Henry Walter Bates 311:Müller wrote that 259:Henry Walter Bates 229: 178:History of Animals 106:Pouyannian mimicry 94:aggressive mimicry 54: 48:(A, B), which are 36:(C, D, E) and the 8542: 8541: 8499:Benoît Mandelbrot 8399:Self-organization 8335:Natural selection 8325:Pattern formation 8175: 8174: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8071: 8070: 7883:Camouflage Daguet 7756: 7755: 7609:Dazzle camouflage 7573: 7572: 7475:Mary Taylor Brush 7319:Motion camouflage 7287:Active camouflage 7227: 7226: 7165:Signalling theory 7069: 7068: 7061:Visual perception 7056:Underwater vision 7021:Feature detection 7016:Eyespot apparatus 6975:Eyespot (mimicry) 6923:Animal coloration 6726:Vision in animals 6693: 6692: 6661:Signalling theory 6636:Mimicry#Evolution 6609:Community ecology 6604:Animal coloration 6450:Ant/Myrmecomorphy 6395: 6394: 6086:978-1-4615-6958-9 6062:978-0-19-870789-9 5741:(6571): 240–243. 5644:Chronica Botanica 5247:Baker, Herbert G. 5221:978-1-4088-5656-7 5165:Evolution Letters 5095:10.1111/brv.12129 4815:(4175): 452–453. 4558:978-0-674-04075-5 4539:Wilson, Edward O. 4474:Wickler, Wolfgang 4472:Sheppard, P. M.; 4414:Zool. Jahrb. Syst 4081:(20): 6407–6412. 3908:(22): 9331–9334. 3845:978-0-19-854968-0 3652:(11): 1787–1793. 3550:Cuthill, Innes C. 3446:Ruxton, Graeme D. 3430:978-90-481-3833-3 3284:(1349): 111–114. 3131:(7491): 229–232. 3036:978-0-19-104723-7 2868:10.1002/ece3.2586 2814:Ruxton, Graeme D. 2783:Frazier, Kendrick 2779:Radford, Benjamin 2731:Wickler, Wolfgang 2709:Wickler, Wolfgang 2676:10.1111/ele.12602 2586:978-0-19-530762-7 2189:Harper, Douglas. 2153:Molecular mimicry 2143:Locomotor mimicry 1787:Calaway H. Dodson 1776:sexual dimorphism 1762:Mimicry in plants 1703:intermediate host 1643:false cleanerfish 1566:Argiope argentata 1443:Lincoln P. Brower 1145:Müllerian mimicry 994: 993: 459:Müllerian mimicry 365:Müllerian mimicry 337:between harmless 306:Müllerian mimicry 263:Amazon rainforest 82:Müllerian mimicry 8577: 8350:Sexual selection 8312: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8179: 8080: 7651: 7644: 7584: 7490:Norman Wilkinson 7485:John Graham Kerr 7424: 7356: 7344:Urban camouflage 7254: 7247: 7240: 7231: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7073: 7041:Palpebral (bone) 6874:Schizochroal eye 6795: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6697: 6685:Category mimicry 6683: 6682: 6524: 6422: 6415: 6408: 6399: 6386: 6379: 6365: 6358: 6333:Kleptoparasitism 6318:Brood parasitism 6238: 6231: 6224: 6215: 6149: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6098: 6045: 6008:Owen, D. (1980) 6005: 5957: 5917: 5890: 5860: 5859: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5755:10.1038/380240a0 5730: 5724: 5723: 5695: 5689: 5688: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5639: 5630: 5629: 5619: 5609: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5562: 5556: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5523: 5491: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5434: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5260: 5254: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5224:. Archived from 5205: 5199: 5198: 5188: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5126:Animal Behaviour 5121: 5115: 5114: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5022: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4994: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4916:(772): 473–474. 4902: 4896: 4895: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4739: 4733: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4659: 4649: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4469: 4460: 4459: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4359: 4350: 4349: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4253: 4243: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4131:. Archived from 4125: 4119: 4118: 4108: 4098: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4039: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3925: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3794: 3785: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3685:Animal Behaviour 3676: 3670: 3669: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3621: 3592:(22 June 2007). 3586: 3580: 3579: 3562:(5): 1215–1227. 3555:Animal Behaviour 3542: 3536: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3484:Animal Behaviour 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3358: 3348: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3273: 3267: 3266: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3213: 3203: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3111: 3093: 3084: 3078: 3077: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3016: 3010: 3009: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2901: 2890: 2889: 2879: 2836: 2830: 2829: 2810: 2795: 2794: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2757:10.1038/208519a0 2743:(5010): 519–21. 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2705: 2688: 2687: 2649: 2640: 2639: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2571:(7th ed.). 2570: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2543: 2504:Sherratt, Thomas 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2476: 2456: 2447: 2446: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2377: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2342: 2333: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2287: 2276: 2275: 2245: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2186: 2138:Chemical mimicry 2058:selection by man 2000:, and by touch. 1920: 1901: 1877: 1865:Myrmica schencki 1859:Phengaris rebeli 1826:Brood parasitism 1821:Brood parasitism 1768:Herbert G. Baker 1662:zone-tailed hawk 1461:, which feed on 1343:lives along with 1310: 1290: 1269: 1219:Wolfgang Wickler 1208:Emsleyan mimicry 1188:Batesian mimicry 1011:Batesian mimicry 906:Mimic resembles 615: 500:Vladimir Nabokov 382: 360: 335:Batesian mimicry 326: 203: 185:use a deceptive 128:Use of the word 70:Batesian mimicry 50:Müllerian mimics 8585: 8584: 8580: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8538: 8512: 8405: 8313: 8304: 8211: 8206: 8176: 8171: 8160:Cloaking device 8128: 8099: 8067: 7966: 7960: 7871:Type 87 (China) 7791: 7785: 7752: 7726:(1917 aircraft) 7718:Camouflage tree 7706: 7677:Rauchtarnmuster 7656: 7633: 7624:Ship camouflage 7569: 7533: 7529:Timothy O'Neill 7524:Geoffrey Barkas 7461: 7415: 7357: 7348: 7339:Snow camouflage 7334:Self-decoration 7263: 7258: 7228: 7223: 7153: 7105: 7100: 7070: 7065: 6994: 6906: 6878: 6796: 6787: 6727: 6724: 6694: 6689: 6670: 6563: 6525: 6516: 6431: 6426: 6396: 6391: 6382: 6375: 6361: 6354: 6254: 6242: 6196: 6174: 6171: 6131: 6119: 6109: 6087: 6066: 6027: 5994:10.2307/2708228 5979: 5939: 5904: 5887: 5871: 5868: 5866:Further reading 5863: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5775: 5774: 5770: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5712:10.2307/1548612 5697: 5696: 5692: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5541: 5537: 5493: 5492: 5488: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5445: 5443: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5345:10.2307/2408322 5330: 5329: 5325: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5283:10.2307/2408216 5262: 5261: 5257: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5222: 5207: 5206: 5202: 5177:10.1002/evl3.62 5158: 5157: 5153: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5020: 5015: 5014: 5010: 4996: 4995: 4991: 4984: 4980: 4965:10.2307/1365357 4950: 4949: 4945: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4884:10.2307/2261474 4857: 4856: 4852: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4780:Natural History 4776: 4775: 4771: 4756:10.2307/1311924 4741: 4740: 4736: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4678: 4677: 4673: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4410:Mertens, Robert 4408: 4407: 4403: 4380:10.2307/2406599 4361: 4360: 4353: 4330:10.2307/2407770 4315: 4314: 4310: 4287:10.2307/2407675 4272: 4271: 4267: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4135:on 18 July 2017 4127: 4126: 4122: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3807:(7149): 64–67. 3796: 3795: 3788: 3773: 3769: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3719:Endler, John A. 3717: 3716: 3712: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3642:Stevens, Martin 3640: 3639: 3635: 3590:Stevens, Martin 3588: 3587: 3583: 3546:Stevens, Martin 3544: 3543: 3539: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3443: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3418: 3417: 3413: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3275: 3274: 3270: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3173: 3172: 3168: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3091: 3086: 3085: 3081: 3053:Nabokov Studies 3049: 3048: 3044: 3037: 3018: 3017: 3013: 2998:10.2307/1939539 2975: 2974: 2970: 2947:10.2307/2408322 2928: 2927: 2923: 2916: 2903: 2902: 2893: 2840:Boppré, Michael 2838: 2837: 2833: 2812: 2811: 2798: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2707: 2706: 2691: 2655:Ecology Letters 2651: 2650: 2643: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2587: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2474: 2458: 2457: 2450: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2415:Bates, Henry W. 2413: 2412: 2408: 2381:Bates, Henry W. 2379: 2378: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2319: 2312: 2295:Spence, William 2289: 2288: 2279: 2247: 2246: 2205: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2187: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2129: 2087: 2081: 2073:secondary crops 2066:, is a weed in 2050:Nikolai Vavilov 2012: 2006: 1962:Ophrys speculum 1944: 1938: 1931: 1921: 1912: 1902: 1893: 1878: 1823: 1817: 1764: 1758: 1734: 1680:Leucochloridium 1674: 1539: 1534: 1528: 1522:insect's head. 1515:jumping spiders 1497: 1472: 1439: 1433: 1405:larvae of some 1361: 1355: 1335: 1329: 1322: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1282: 1280: 1273: 1270: 1210: 1204: 1147: 1141: 1082:Battus philenor 1013: 1007: 999: 630: 622: 602: 574:flower mantises 558: 526:Papilio polytes 492: 455:Batesian mimics 408: 403: 396: 383: 374: 367:in distasteful 361: 352: 327: 267:Linnean Society 213: 204: 198: 170: 165: 126: 42:Batesian mimics 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8583: 8581: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8496: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8477: 8476: 8475: 8463: 8461:Wilson Bentley 8458: 8456:Joseph Plateau 8453: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8394:Plateau's laws 8391: 8389:Fluid dynamics 8386: 8376: 8375: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8354: 8353: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8327: 8321: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8152: 8144: 8142: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8120: 8114: 8107: 8105: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8077: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8066: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7970: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7959: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7937:wz. 93 Pantera 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7795: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7671:Platanenmuster 7668: 7661: 7659: 7648: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7565:Martin Stevens 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7531: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7507: 7502: 7500:Leon Underwood 7497: 7495:Everett Warner 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7469: 7463: 7462: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7457: 7445: 7444: 7443: 7430: 7428: 7421: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7386: 7381: 7379:Decorator crab 7376: 7371: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7351: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7282:Countershading 7279: 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7259: 7257: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7185:Apparent death 7182: 7177: 7167: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6999:Related topics 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6948:Countershading 6945: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6864:Holochroal eye 6861: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6715: 6708: 6700: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6568:Related topics 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6507:In vertebrates 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6472: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6380: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6206: 6195: 6194:External links 6192: 6191: 6190: 6173: 6170: 6169: 6168: 6150: 6129: 6121:|journal= 6085: 6064: 6046: 6025: 6006: 5988:(2): 211–220. 5977: 5958: 5937: 5918: 5902: 5885: 5875:, ed. (1988). 5867: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5840:10.1086/339199 5812: 5785:(4): 222–233. 5768: 5725: 5706:(2): 318–327. 5690: 5653: 5631: 5580: 5557: 5535: 5486: 5473:(3): 574–579. 5453: 5405: 5392:10.1086/283965 5366: 5323: 5304: 5255: 5239: 5220: 5214:. Bloomsbury. 5200: 5171:(4): 417–426. 5151: 5132:(3): 521–528. 5116: 5089:(2): 643–668. 5073: 5058: 5037:10.1086/528968 5008: 4989: 4978: 4959:(4): 313–317. 4943: 4897: 4870:(4): 515–525. 4850: 4799: 4790: 4769: 4734: 4719: 4710: 4697: 4671: 4609: 4591: 4564: 4557: 4529: 4516:Wasmann, Erich 4507: 4461: 4442:(2): 335–365. 4423: 4401: 4351: 4324:(2): 454–455. 4308: 4265: 4212: 4191:(9): 984–987. 4171: 4146: 4120: 4061: 4002: 3947: 3888: 3875:(4): 351–365. 3865:, Tyrannidae)" 3851: 3844: 3826: 3786: 3774:Pasteur cites 3767: 3740: 3710: 3691:(2): 383–389. 3671: 3633: 3581: 3537: 3510: 3491:(3): 621–627. 3473: 3436: 3429: 3411: 3370: 3311: 3268: 3247:10.1086/657041 3241:(6): 830–834. 3225: 3166: 3115: 3102:(2): 145–158. 3079: 3042: 3035: 3022:Floral Mimicry 3011: 2984:(2): 352–358. 2968: 2941:(1): 135–136. 2921: 2914: 2891: 2831: 2796: 2770: 2722: 2719:. McGraw-Hill. 2689: 2662:(6): 609–619. 2641: 2620:10.1086/673758 2614:(4): 297–315. 2592: 2585: 2555: 2518:(8): 681–695. 2495: 2448: 2426: 2406: 2395:(3): 495–566. 2367: 2334: 2310: 2307:. p. 405. 2291:Kirby, William 2277: 2203: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2128: 2125: 2121:pseudo-penises 2117:spotted hyenas 2085:Sexual mimicry 2083:Main article: 2080: 2077: 2008:Main article: 2005: 2002: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1879: 1872: 1819:Main article: 1816: 1813: 1798:Lantana camara 1760:Main article: 1757: 1754: 1733: 1730: 1673: 1670: 1666:turkey vulture 1624:potato grouper 1602:femmes fatales 1538: 1535: 1530:Main article: 1527: 1524: 1471: 1468: 1435:Main article: 1432: 1429: 1357:Main article: 1354: 1351: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1312: 1305: 1303: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1276:Micrurus tener 1271: 1264: 1229:Robert Mertens 1206:Main article: 1203: 1200: 1174:anti-predation 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1133:chameleon vine 1009:Main article: 1006: 1003: 998: 995: 992: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 970: 969: 963: 960: 957: 952: 949: 943: 942: 935: 932: 929: 924: 921: 915: 914: 904: 901: 898: 895: 892: 886: 885: 882: 879: 876: 873: 870: 864: 863: 860:aposematically 856: 851: 848: 845: 842: 836: 835: 832:Brood parasite 829: 826: 823: 818: 815: 809: 808: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 777: 776: 769: 766: 763: 760: 757: 751: 750: 747: 744: 741: 738: 735: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 716: 713: 707: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 685: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 663: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 641: 640: 637: 632: 627: 624: 619: 601: 598: 557: 554: 509:modifier genes 491: 488: 422:Mimicry is an 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 397: 384: 377: 375: 362: 355: 353: 328: 321: 212: 209: 196: 169: 166: 164: 161: 157:William Spence 125: 122: 52:of each other. 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8582: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8550: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8515: 8507: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8451:Ernst Haeckel 8449: 8447: 8446:Adolf Zeising 8444: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8408: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8377: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8290:Vortex street 8288: 8286: 8283: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8268:Quasicrystals 8266: 8264: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8196: 8191: 8189: 8184: 8183: 8180: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8139: 8124: 8121: 8118: 8117:Yehudi lights 8115: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8054: 8051: 8048: 8045: 8042: 8039: 8036: 8033: 8030: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8018: 8015: 8012: 8009: 8006: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7994: 7991: 7988: 7985: 7982: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7969: 7963: 7956: 7953: 7950: 7947: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7875: 7872: 7869: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7830: 7827: 7824: 7821: 7818: 7815: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7788: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7736:Denison smock 7734: 7731: 7730:Telo mimetico 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7715: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7658: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7576: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7555:Innes Cuthill 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7456: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7384:Flower mantis 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7243: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7232: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7097: 7092: 7090: 7085: 7083: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006:Animal senses 7004: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6938:Chromatophore 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6835:Mammalian eye 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6810:Arthropod eye 6808: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6721: 6716: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6686: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6418: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6328:Hyperparasite 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245:Inter-species 6239: 6234: 6232: 6227: 6225: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6188: 6187:1-58341-237-9 6184: 6180: 6176: 6175: 6166: 6165:0-07-070100-8 6162: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6114: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6026: 6023: 6022:0-19-217683-8 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5974:0-582-44132-3 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5936: 5935:0-416-30050-2 5932: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5897:dedicated to 5896: 5895: 5888: 5886:0-226-07608-3 5882: 5878: 5874: 5873:Brower, L. P. 5870: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5772: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5581: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5546: 5539: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5490: 5487: 5481: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5454: 5442: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5409: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5339:(1): 135–36. 5338: 5334: 5327: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5277:(3): 467–74. 5276: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5243: 5240: 5227: 5223: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5204: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5117: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5059: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5031:(4): 536–44. 5030: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4750:(8): 590–98. 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4685: 4681: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4632:(4): 893–98. 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 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Retrieved 2097: 2091:sneak mating 2088: 2072: 2061: 2028: 1998:by olfaction 1967: 1960: 1950: 1928:reed warbler 1863: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1824: 1809:hummingbirds 1802: 1796: 1790: 1784: 1765: 1745: 1741: 1738:reproduction 1735: 1732:Reproductive 1721: 1717: 1711: 1696: 1678: 1675: 1659: 1654: 1646: 1639:Cleaner fish 1632: 1627: 1606: 1591: 1585: 1575: 1564: 1558: 1540: 1498: 1486: 1446: 1440: 1416: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1374: 1368: 1336: 1315: 1295: 1274: 1255: 1252:coral snakes 1245: 1241: 1211: 1198: 1192: 1177: 1167: 1128: 1122: 1117: 1110: 1091:Thaumoctopus 1090: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1062: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1031: 1019: 1000: 927:Commensalist 897:Reproductive 875:Reproductive 696:Reproductive 645:Aristotelian 603: 578:planthoppers 561: 559: 540: 536: 529: 525: 493: 464: 421: 390: 368: 338: 314: 310: 293:Fritz Müller 290: 278: 270: 256: 248: 241:Schellenberg 238: 232: 230: 223:created the 221:Fritz Müller 211:19th century 206: 192: 176: 171: 145: 141: 137: 127: 61: 55: 44:of stinging 25: 8480:Alan Turing 8438:Liber Abaci 8357:Mathematics 8263:in crystals 8253:Soap bubble 8248:Phyllotaxis 7877:wz. 89 Puma 7829:wz. 68 Moro 7732:(1929 tent) 7689:Sumpfmuster 7545:Roy Behrens 7538:Researchers 7467:Camoufleurs 7219:Unkenreflex 7180:Aposematism 7046:Pseudopupil 6928:Aposematism 6847:Mollusc eye 6585:Aposematism 6460:Automimicry 6303:Synnecrosis 6283:Inquilinism 6273:Competition 6153:Wickler, W. 6036:: 169–199. 5948:: 259–278. 5921:Cott, H. B. 5910:Ford, E. B. 5834:(1): 3–16. 4906:Wickler, W. 4787:(3): 32–35. 3384:Coral Reefs 3060:: 177–213. 2360:18 November 2258:: 169–199. 2196:23 February 1986:Hymenoptera 1924:Egg mimicry 1890:sparrowhawk 1746:P. tarsalis 1744:is used by 1622:cleaning a 1495:Automimicry 1447:automimicry 1437:Automimicry 1333:Ant mimicry 1238:milk snakes 1215:coral snake 1129:D. galeatus 1070:H. ismenius 1021:Macroxiphus 910:, deceives 667:Automimicry 594:automimicry 550:nudibranchs 484:vertebrates 475:polymorphic 446:competitive 438:mutualistic 349:Nymphalidae 329:Plate from 285:Heliconidae 110:automimicry 38:wasp beetle 8549:Categories 8427:Empedocles 8422:Pythagoras 8340:Camouflage 8278:in biology 8273:in flowers 8243:Parastichy 8104:Prototypes 8090:Berberys-R 8076:Technology 7907:Tropentarn 7774:Strichtarn 7647:Up to WWII 7404:Aggressive 7277:Camouflage 7261:Camouflage 7209:Camouflage 7036:Ommatidium 6968:coincident 6933:Camouflage 6911:Coloration 6852:cephalopod 6746:Chameleons 6590:Camouflage 6559:Vavilovian 6554:Pouyannian 6549:Gilbertian 6512:Wasmannian 6437:In animals 6384:Mycorrhiza 6363:Intraguild 6343:Parasitoid 6308:Parasitism 6298:Neutralism 6263:Amensalism 6172:Children's 5899:E. B. Ford 5232:8 November 4953:The Condor 4744:BioScience 4488:(1): 243. 3756:(4): 268. 3390:(3): 977. 2575:. p. 2174:References 2133:Biomimicry 2047:geneticist 2004:Vavilovian 1936:Pouyannian 1838:adaptation 1780:Caricaceae 1526:Aggressive 1519:hairstreak 1417:Heliconius 1408:Heliconius 1398:Passiflora 1376:Heliconius 1370:Passiflora 1353:Gilbertian 1327:Wasmannian 1179:Heliconius 1170:aposematic 1099:sea snakes 1064:Heliconius 981:Protective 974:Camouflage 955:Aggressive 947:Wicklerian 919:Wasmannian 890:Vavilovian 868:Pouyannian 850:Forbidding 847:Protective 821:Aggressive 791:Forbidding 788:Protective 781:Gilbertian 765:Forbidding 762:Protective 743:Forbidding 740:Protective 721:Forbidding 718:Protective 699:Forbidding 674:Protective 652:Protective 629:Dupe finds 562:masquerade 513:phenotypic 479:Heliconius 471:life cycle 385:Page from 370:Heliconius 340:Dismorphia 281:Leptalides 183:partridges 146:mimeisthai 96:, where a 90:aposematic 34:hoverflies 8529:Emergence 8432:Fibonacci 7901:Flecktarn 7790:Late 20th 7742:Frog Skin 7510:Hugh Cott 7399:Müllerian 7362:In nature 7051:Rhopalium 6884:Evolution 6857:gastropod 6825:Eye shine 6820:Eagle eye 6751:Dinosaurs 6544:Dodsonian 6531:In plants 6497:Müllerian 6470:Locomotor 6371:Symbiosis 6356:Carnivore 6350:Predation 6293:Mutualism 6140:: 25–56. 6123:ignored ( 6113:cite book 5763:205026253 5600:(1): 16. 5333:Evolution 5320:: 133–39. 5270:Evolution 5111:207101926 4690:23 August 4586:636384400 4420:: 541–76. 4368:Evolution 4318:Evolution 4275:Evolution 4164:12 August 3981:0022-0949 3821:0028-0836 3776:Aristotle 3729:: 25–31. 2935:Evolution 2423:. Murray. 2321:Aristotle 2163:Semiotics 2054:winnowing 1990:pollinium 1850:goldeneye 1707:sporocyst 1689:songbirds 1672:Parasites 1582:fireflies 1546:parasites 1537:Predators 1510:pygmy owl 1431:Browerian 1390:ecologist 1184:mutualism 1139:Müllerian 1087:Octopuses 997:Defensive 987:Deceptive 962:Deceptive 959:Agreeable 934:Deceptive 931:Agreeable 903:Deceptive 900:Agreeable 881:Deceptive 878:Agreeable 844:3 or more 840:Müllerian 828:Deceptive 825:Agreeable 794:Deceptive 768:Deceptive 746:Deceptive 733:Browerian 724:Deceptive 702:Deceptive 680:Deceptive 677:Agreeable 658:Deceptive 655:Agreeable 635:Deception 531:doublesex 518:supergene 450:selective 442:parasitic 392:Darwinism 345:Ithomiini 219:In 1879, 173:Aristotle 138:mimetikos 124:Etymology 8258:Symmetry 8216:Patterns 8083:Deployed 8062:Xingkong 7984:MultiCam 7976:(2001) ( 7761:Post-war 7685:(c 1941) 7639:Patterns 7579:Military 7550:Tim Caro 7394:Batesian 7127:examples 6918:Albinism 6539:Bakerian 6482:Chemical 6465:Batesian 6105:22182416 5912:(1933). 5856:43440407 5848:11963460 5799:11104640 5650:: 1–366. 5626:32793330 5530:18467298 5441:19946088 5400:86699716 5386:: 1–16. 5361:28563205 5299:28568703 5195:30283692 5146:53192695 5103:25079896 5053:23857167 5045:18279076 4938:83609965 4845:26761854 4837:17835312 4544:The Ants 4541:(1990). 4518:(1894). 4456:83825414 4396:28562911 4346:28563231 4303:28565050 4260:17048984 4207:24768053 4115:25941377 4056:35704762 3989:19561203 3942:17517637 3705:53263767 3666:28288920 3628:17426012 3576:53186893 3505:54270418 3448:(2010). 3365:23372795 3325:PLOS ONE 3306:84458742 3263:35411437 3255:20950143 3220:23593490 3180:PLOS ONE 3153:24598547 3074:42675699 2963:28563205 2886:28070276 2793:(1): 60. 2765:37649827 2711:(1968). 2684:27117779 2636:11436992 2628:24552099 2550:18542902 2506:(2008). 2487:Archived 2470:Thyridia 2462:(1879). 2445:: 54–55. 2417:(1863). 2383:(1862). 2354:Archived 2297:(1823). 2127:See also 2113:strategy 2043:botanist 2037:through 1882:parasite 1698:Succinea 1685:flatworm 1635:symbiont 1593:Photinus 1587:Photuris 1559:Several 1506:lycaenid 1502:eyespots 1479:Eyespots 1463:milkweed 1459:Danainae 1453:and the 1413:stipules 1381:stipules 1347:eusocial 1257:Micrurus 1193:co-mimic 1155:hoverfly 1103:lionfish 1005:Batesian 966:Predator 806:predator 802:parasite 755:Emsleyan 711:Batesian 689:Bakerian 626:Function 606:function 590:eyespots 505:mutation 401:Overview 197:— 118:eyespots 114:lycaenid 98:predator 74:hoverfly 66:organism 40:(F) are 8555:Mimicry 8517:Related 8384:Crystal 8379:Physics 8367:Fractal 8345:Mimicry 8330:Biology 8238:Meander 8141:Related 8123:Adaptiv 8095:Nakidka 8020:Type 07 7980:(2002)) 7967:century 7792:century 7724:Lozenge 7389:Mimicry 7374:Crypsis 7269:Methods 7214:Mimicry 7204:Crypsis 7158:Signals 6980:Mimicry 6953:Crypsis 6766:Mammals 6594:Crypsis 6492:Eyespot 6429:Mimicry 6288:Mimicry 6252:ecology 6155:(1968) 6096:3282713 6002:2708228 5966:Longman 5923:(1940) 5914:Mimicry 5807:5759575 5743:Bibcode 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