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of code, easily navigating and rearranging it, and to drill down into more detail as needed, without being distracted by other code. Viewing-wise, this allows one to quickly see a list of all functions (without their bodies), while navigation-wise this replaces extensive paging past long functions – or searching for the target – with going directly to the next function.
27:
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There are various mechanisms, coarsely divided as automatic and manual – do they require any specification by the programmer? Folding points are usually determined with one or more of the following mechanisms. Each of these has its own distinct advantages and difficulties, and it is essentially up to
540:
If there are many such fields, the result can easily be hundreds of lines of code with very little "interesting" content – code folding can reduce this to a single line per field, or even to a single line for all fields. Further, if all routine fields are folded, but non-routine fields (where getter
203:
Most basically, applications use code folding to outline source code, collapsing each block to a single line. This can be only top-level blocks like functions and classes, nested blocks like nested functions and methods, or all blocks, notably control-flow blocks. This allows one to get an overview
823:
User-specified folding allows the user to fold sections of text using a generic selection method, but without changing the source code (out-of-band), instead being specified only in the editor. For example, a programmer may select some lines of text and specify that they should be folded. Folded
668:
in structured programming, one generally acquires a resource, followed by a block of code using the resource, and finishing with releasing the resource. The acquisition/release pairing is hard to see if there is a long block of code in between, but easy to see if the intervening block is folded.
663:
consists of nested blocks of code, and long blocks of code – such as long switch statements – can obscure the overall structure. Code folding allows one to see the overall structure and expand to a specific level. Further, in some uses, particularly strict structured programming (single function
814:
Token-based folding requires in-band signalling, with folding tokens essentially being structured comments, and unlike other methods, are present in the source code and visible to other programmers. This allows them to be shared, but also requires their use (or preservation) by all programmers
733:
Indentation-based folding points are generally specified by the position and sequence of non-printing whitespace, such as tabs and spaces, within the text. This is most often used as a simple form of syntax-based folding, as indentation almost always reflects nesting level in
652:. Code folding allows one to have long comments, but to display them only when required. In cases where a long comment has a single summary line, such as Python docstrings, the summary can still be displayed when the section is collapsed, allowing a summary/detailed view.
56:
that allows the user to selectively hide ("fold") or display ("unfold") parts of a document. This allows the user to manage large amounts of text while viewing only those subsections that are currently of interest. It is typically used with documents which have a natural
703:
In order to support code folding, the text editor must provide a mechanism for identifying "folding points" within a text file. Some text editors provide this mechanism automatically, while others provide defaults that can either be overridden or augmented by the user.
716:
Syntax-dependent folding points are those that rely on the content of the file being edited in order to specify where specific folding regions should begin and end. Syntax-based folding points are typically defined around any or all of the standard sub-features of the
765:
that serve no other purpose in the text than to identify the boundaries of folding points. This convention can be compared to indentation-based folding points, where printable characters are used instead of whitespace. The most common delimiter tokens are
681:
Fold groups can be used to group code, either by explicit grouping – similar to comment blocks separating a module into sections, or class members into associated groups – or implicitly, such as by automatically grouping class members by access level.
824:
text might be anonymous or named, and this may be preserved across editing sessions or discarded. Unlike token-based folding, this does not change the source text – it thus is not shared with other editors of the file, and is not visible in the code.
872:. STET is a text editor (for documentation, programs, etc.) which folds files on the basis of blocks of lines; any block of lines can be folded and replaced by a name line (which in turn can be part of a block which itself can then be folded).
708:
the developers who create the text editor software to decide which to implement. Text editors that provide support for multiple folding mechanisms typically allow the user to choose which is most appropriate for the file being edited.
639:
Comments are a form of human-readable metadata, and lengthy comments can disrupt the flow of code. This can be the case either for a long comment for a short section of code, such as a paragraph to explain one line, or comments for
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As a manual method, token-based folding allows discretion in grouping code based on arbitrary criteria, such as "functions related to a given task", which cannot be inferred from syntactic analysis.
549:
Metadata can be lengthy, and is generally less important than the data it is describing. Collapsing metadata allows one to primarily focus on the data, not the metadata. For example, a long list of
690:
Legacy code – or any code that a developer does not wish to view or change at a given point in time – can be folded away so that programmers can concentrate on the code under consideration.
2147:"Now, this is interesting, because I tend to use #region more to HIDE THE CRAP (XML documentation etc, long list of attributes etc.) making it easier to see the important code…"
725:
in use. These are desirable due to being automatic and agreeing with code structure, but may require significant work to implement, and time to compute when editing a file.
2170:
Transputer research and applications, 2 : NATUG-2, proceedings of the Second
Conference of the North American Transputer Users Group, October 18-19, 1989, Durham, NC
2201:
2046:
Simon Gauvin, Omid
Banyasad, "Transparency, holophrasting, and automatic layout applied to control structures for visual dataflow programming languages", in
175:
mainframes, which could hide lines based on their indentation. It displayed on character-mapped 3270 terminals. It was very useful for prolix languages like
749:
and text files that require indentation as a rule by themselves. However, even in these cases, structure does not exactly agree with indent, such as in
2154:
1967:
library in the corresponding language-specific modes, and possibly in other modes for particular syntaxes. Sometimes, the standard simple
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195:, primarily organizing code or hiding less useful information so one can focus on more important information. Common patterns follow.
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for code folding in a sidebar, indicated for example by a triangle that points sideways (if collapsed) or down (if expanded), or by a
1923:
216:. This results in extremely long code, which can obscure the main point. Further, substantive code can be lost in the boilerplate.
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For example, in Java a single private field with a getter and setter requires at least 3 lines, if each is on a separate line:
1963:
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or setter is not just returning or assigning a private field) are not folded, it becomes easier to see the substantive code.
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This expands to 10 lines with conventional function line breaks and spacing between functions (including trailing newline):
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171:. Probably the first widely available folding editor was the 1974 Structured Programming Facility (SPF) editor for
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is a similar feature used on ordinary text, where the nested elements consist of paragraphs, sections, or
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North
American Transputer Users Group. Conference (2nd : 1989 : Durham, N.C.) (1990).
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function in Emacs to hide lines based on the indentation level, as suggested in the
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Heading 1 {{{ Body }}} Heading 2 {{{ Body }}} Heading 3 {{{ Body }}}
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working on a particular file, and can cause friction and maintenance burden.
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and is used to structure a binary file or hide inaccessible data sections.
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for properly indented HTML. Several folding mechanisms are unified by the
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Author-it enterprise authoring and component content management software
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When loaded into a folding editor, the outline structure will be shown:
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1820:, a similar UI technique applied to hierarchical lists rather than text
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2017:
function may be used to hide lines indented beyond a specified amount.
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product
Frontier is a scripting environment that has this capability.
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consisting of nested elements. Other names for these features include
2172:. Board, John A., Duke University. Amsterdam: IOS Press. p. 85.
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This convention is particularly suitable to syntaxes that have an
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2086:"The Mother of All Demos, presented by Douglas Engelbart (1968)"
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Folding of user-selected regions in Emacs is implemented by the
1314:
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179:. It evolved into the Interactive System Productivity Facility (
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Proceedings of the 2006 ACM symposium on
Software visualization
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STET may have been the first text editor that supported folding
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The earliest known example of code folding in an editor is in
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minor mode is used to simulate syntax-based folding, cf. the
159:, to select one version or another, or only the differences.
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673:, secondary blocks may be far from the condition statement.
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Showing structure or sandwich code in structured programming
421:* Property <code>name</code> readable/writable.
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Heading 1 {{{ ... Heading 2 {{{ ... Heading 3 {{{ ...
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2271:, Vol 31, No. 1, 1987, IBM Reprint order number G322-0151
1838:
http://flight-manual.atom.io/using-atom/sections/folding/
2217:"INMOS Technical Note 03 - Getting started with the TDS"
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minor mode for some programming languages; also, by the
1975:
of it in properly indented Emacs Lisp source code, the
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Token-based folding points are specified using special
2292:– criticism of code folding, detailed comments on use.
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or semantics-based folding is now a component of many
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Folding is provided by many modern text editors, and
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Documentation with
Javadoc expands this to 20 lines:
16:
Tool of editors for programming, scripting and markup
484:* Setter for property <code>name</code>.
448:* Getter for property <code>name</code>
753:, and thus syntax-dependent folding is preferred.
77:, the feature is called "collapsible outlining".
832:The following document contains folding tokens (
2267:LEXX – A programmable structured editor
852:marks makes the appropriate body text appear.
212:Some languages or libraries require extensive
108:. The folding structure typically follows the
1893:Syntax-dependent folding is supported by the
1814:article for more editors that support folding
8:
1792:(however its folding is effected by scripts)
2200:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2061:"HxD - Freeware Hex Editor and Disk Editor"
1867:minor modes for sectioning program sources.
87:box for collapsible (expanded) text, and a
1848:Token-based folding is implemented by the
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887:Inmos Transputer Development System (TDS)
808:, though they do not affect compilation.
1977:use of it (see near the end of the page)
860:One of the earliest folding editors was
2269:IBM Journal of Research and Development
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896:computer historically had a number of
738:for structured programming languages.
557:may be manually collapsed as follows:
116:. It may also be defined by levels of
856:Software with code folding capability
804:. These are treated syntactically as
90:box for expandable (collapsed) text.
7:
2108:Saint-flour, Gilbert (25 Jun 1998).
900:that "folded" portions of code via "
669:Similarly, in conditional code like
155:Folding is also frequently used in
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2331:Description of the folding editor
2157:from the original on Aug 6, 2020.
917:software development environments
875:A folding editor appeared in the
770:to begin the folded section, and
130:. Programs offering this include
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597:The resulting code displays as:
2286:"The Problem With Code Folding"
112:of the program defined by the
1:
2151:The Problem With Code Folding
80:Many user interfaces provide
2153:. Coding Horror Discussion.
1905:modes for special dedicated
868:operating system in 1977 by
864:, an editor written for the
694:Hiding in-source data tables
885:1983, which was called the
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2302:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1812:Comparison of text editors
1696:f (alias xf, Winf, Winf32)
18:
2319:What is a folding editor?
777:Another notable token is
191:Code folding has various
54:graphical user interfaces
848:Usually clicking on the
642:documentation generators
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30:Code folding example on
19:Not to be confused with
799:Microsoft Visual Studio
795:Visual Basic directives
208:Hiding boilerplate code
52:, is a feature of some
2215:Cormie, David (1986).
2145:Rob (March 19, 2014).
2084:Marcel (Jul 9, 2012),
1933:(a component of CEDET)
1929:syntaxes supported by
1882:Universal code folding
661:Structured programming
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2321:by the author of the
2015:set_selective_display
1985:interface. See also
1878:set-selective-display
1241:EmEditor Professional
29:
2356:Text editor features
1918:semantic-tag-folding
1808:Programming features
1786:(since version 3.30)
723:programming language
1921:minor mode and the
1855:. One can also use
1774:The Hessling Editor
1699:Folding Text Editor
919:. Editors include:
898:source code editors
806:compiler directives
666:resource management
635:Collapsing comments
545:Collapsing metadata
102:source code editors
63:expand and collapse
48:, or less commonly
1909:-syntaxes; by the
1707:GridinSoft Notepad
1619:Visual Studio Code
686:Hiding legacy code
562:#region Attributes
82:disclosure widgets
39:
1987:CategoryHideStuff
1958:sgml-fold-element
1690:-optimized editor
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1673:
1259:FlashDevelop IDE
906:UserLand Software
904:triangles". The
751:line continuation
729:Indentation-based
650:XML Documentation
148:is found in some
114:computer language
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2351:Source code
2133:Atwood 2008
1756:NoteTab Pro
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1726:Komodo Edit
1713:(and other
1686:aoeui, the
1657:Zend Studio
1167:Dreamweaver
943:ABAP Editor
834:{{{ ... }}}
802:Code Editor
797:), used in
774:to end it.
757:Token-based
699:Conventions
150:hex editors
138:, and some
118:indentation
110:syntax tree
67:code hiding
2345:Categories
2254:2006-12-27
2229:2019-07-19
2179:9051990278
2119:2015-10-27
2114:Planet MVS
2095:2019-12-29
2070:2007-04-30
2050:, p. 67–75
2034:References
1964:nxml-outln
1961:command,
1853:minor mode
1486:Qt Creator
1148:Delphi IDE
979:Anjuta IDE
902:disclosure
763:delimiters
644:, such as
602:Attributes
565:#endregion
551:attributes
34:code with
2196:cite book
1982:fold-dwim
1741:LEXX/LPEX
1715:JetBrains
1703:GFA BASIC
1562:UltraEdit
1448:Notepad++
1204:EditPlus
1130:CudaText
1112:Cubic IDE
894:Macintosh
608:ITemplate
571:ITemplate
199:Outlining
136:outliners
71:outlining
2333:used in
2298:cite web
2188:35478471
2155:Archived
2065:mh-nexus
2004:command.
1938:doc-mode
1931:semantic
1912:hideshow
1801:See also
1784:WinShell
1769:Smultron
1543:TextMate
1040:Plug-in
1036:Brackets
961:AkelPad
828:Examples
2327:editor.
2090:YouTube
1969:outline
1947:Doxygen
1943:JavaDoc
1907:outline
1896:outline
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1851:folding
1721:Keynote
1186:Eclipse
1074:Codenvy
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790:#Region
780:#region
646:Javadoc
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460:getName
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1864:allout
1731:Kwrite
1688:Dvorak
1391:MATLAB
1017:BBEdit
928:Token
866:VM/CMS
747:Python
605:public
568:public
505:String
493:public
469:return
457:String
454:public
430:String
378:String
366:public
354:return
342:String
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324:String
281:String
269:public
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245:String
242:public
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104:, and
69:, and
2335:occam
2220:(PDF)
1884:note.
1825:Notes
1790:XEDIT
1761:Padre
1717:IDEs)
1638:Xcode
1505:SciTE
1353:jEdit
1296:gedit
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1222:Emacs
937:User
925:Name
883:circa
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177:COBOL
73:. In
2304:link
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2184:OCLC
2174:ISBN
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