340:
639:
31:
238:
314:(1947), which affirms the Mesolithic, sufficient data had been collected to determine that a transitional period between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic was indeed a useful concept. However, the terms "Mesolithic" and "Epipalaeolithic" remain in competition, with varying conventions of usage. In the archaeology of Northern Europe, for example for archaeological sites in Great Britain, Germany, Scandinavia, Ukraine, and Russia, the term "Mesolithic" is almost always used. In the archaeology of other areas, the term "Epipaleolithic" may be preferred by most authors, or there may be divergences between authors over which term to use or what meaning to assign to each. In the New World, neither term is used (except provisionally in the Arctic).
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325:. Other authors use "Mesolithic" as a generic term for hunter-gatherer cultures after the Last Glacial Maximum, whether they are transitional towards agriculture or not. In addition, terminology appears to differ between archaeological sub-disciplines, with "Mesolithic" being widely used in European archaeology, while "Epipalaeolithic" is more common in Near Eastern archaeology.
508:, which probably spreads across from the Upper Paleolithic, is a widespread phenomenon, much less well known than the cave-paintings of the Upper Paleolithic, with which it makes an interesting contrast. The sites are now mostly cliff faces in the open air, and the subjects are now mostly human rather than animal, with large groups of small figures; there are 45 figures at
488:". For hunter-gatherer communities, long-term close contact and integration in existing farming communities facilitated the adoption of a farming lifestyle. The integration of these hunter-gatherer in farming communities was made possible by their socially open character towards new members. In north-Eastern Europe, the hunting and fishing lifestyle continued into the
3268:
430:), while the Paleolithic had utilized Modes IâIV. In some areas, however, such as Ireland, parts of Portugal, the Isle of Man and the Tyrrhenian Islands, a macrolithic technology was used in the Mesolithic. In the Neolithic, the microlithic technology was replaced by a macrolithic technology, with an increased use of polished stone tools such as stone axes.
3217:). The early onset of the Mesolithic in Central Asia and its importance for later European mesolithic cultures was understood only after 2015, with the radiocarbon dating of the Shigor idol to 11,500 years old. N.E. Zaretskaya et al., "Radiocarbon chronology of the Shigir and Gorbunovo archaeological bog sites, Middle Urals, Russia",
3104:). The early onset of the Mesolithic in Central Asia and its importance for later European mesolithic cultures was understood only after 2015, with the radiocarbon dating of the Shigor idol to 11,500 years old. N.E. Zaretskaya et al., "Radiocarbon chronology of the Shigir and Gorbunovo archaeological bog sites, Middle Urals, Russia",
3238:
in the interior of the Indian subcontinent retained a mesolithic culture into the modern period, and there is no consistent usage of the term. The range 12,000â4,000 BP is based on the combination of the ranges given by
Agrawal et al. (1978) and by Sen (1999), and overlaps with the early Neolithic at
475:
and pottery) spread into Europe, the
Mesolithic way of life was marginalized and eventually disappeared. Mesolithic adaptations such as sedentism, population size and use of plant foods are cited as evidence of the transition to agriculture. Other Mesolithic communities rejected the Neolithic package
406:
ended have a much more apparent
Mesolithic era, lasting millennia. In northern Europe, for example, societies were able to live well on rich food supplies from the marshlands created by the warmer climate. Such conditions produced distinctive human behaviors that are preserved in the material record,
2735:
MartĂnez-Sevilla, Francisco; Herrero-Otal, Maria; MartĂn-Seijo, MarĂa; Santana, Jonathan; Lozano RodrĂguez, JosĂ© A.; Maicas Ramos, Ruth; Cubas, Miriam; Homs, Anna; MartĂnez SĂĄnchez, Rafael M.; Bertin, Ingrid; Barroso
Bermejo, Rosa; Bueno RamĂrez, Primitiva; de BalbĂn Behrmann, Rodrigo; Palomo PĂ©rez,
701:
to 5,850 BP. Russian archaeologists prefer to describe such pottery-making cultures as
Neolithic, even though farming is absent. This pottery-making Mesolithic culture can be found peripheral to the sedentary Neolithic cultures. It created a distinctive type of pottery, with point or knob base and
577:
1837:, and can be mostly regarded as happily naturalized, Mesolithic was introduced later, mostly after 1945, and does not appear to be a necessary or useful term in the context of China. Chinese sites that have been regarded as Mesolithic are better considered as "Early Neolithic".
317:"Epipaleolithic" is sometimes also used alongside "Mesolithic" for the final end of the Upper Paleolithic immediately followed by the Mesolithic. As "Mesolithic" suggests an intermediate period, followed by the Neolithic, some authors prefer the term "Epipaleolithic" for
702:
flared rims, manufactured by methods not used by the
Neolithic farmers. Though each area of Mesolithic ceramic developed an individual style, common features suggest a single point of origin. The earliest manifestation of this type of pottery may be in the region around
2341:
Jensen, Theis Z. T.; Niemann, Jonas; Iversen, Katrine HĂžjholt; Fotakis, Anna K.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; VĂ„gene, Ă
shild J.; Pedersen, Mikkel
Winther; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Ellegaard, Martin R.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Lanigan, Liam T. (17 December 2019).
463:
An ancient chewed gum made from the pitch of birch bark revealed that a woman enjoyed a meal of hazelnuts and duck about 5,700 years ago in southern
Denmark. Mesolithic people influenced Europe's forests by bringing favored plants like hazel with them.
512:. Clothing is shown, and scenes of dancing, fighting, hunting and food-gathering. The figures are much smaller than the animals of Paleolithic art, and depicted much more schematically, though often in energetic poses. A few small engraved
764:. The carbon 14 datation was established by carefully dating surrounding sediments. Many of the pottery fragments had scorch marks, suggesting that the pottery was used for cooking. These early pottery containers were made well before the
622:
638:
2810:
Anthony, D.W. (2007). "Pontic-Caspian
Mesolithic and Early Neolithic societies at the time of the Black Sea Flood: a small audience and small effects". In Yanko-Hombach, V.; Gilbert, A.A.; Panin, N.; Dolukhanov, P.M. (eds.).
339:
219:. The more permanent settlements tend to be close to the sea or inland waters offering a good supply of food. Mesolithic societies are not seen as very complex, and burials are fairly simple; in contrast, grandiose
759:
journal, announced that the earliest pottery yet known anywhere in the world was found in
Xianrendong cave in China, dating by radiocarbon to between 20,000 and 19,000 years before present, at the end of the
3247:, Volume 7, Issue 1, January 1978, 37â44: "A total time bracket of c. 6,000â2,000 B.C. will cover the dated Mesolithic sites, e.g. Langhnaj, Bagor, Bhimbetka, Adamgarh, Lekhahia, etc." (p. 38). S.N. Sen,
570:
have been discovered at Star Carr. These are red deer skulls modified to be worn by humans. Modified frontlets have also been discovered at Bedburg-Königshoven, Hohen Viecheln, Plau, and Berlin-Biesdorf.
206:
way of life, and the development of more sophisticated and typically smaller lithic tools and weapons than the heavy-chipped equivalents typical of the Paleolithic. Depending on the region, some use of
484:, it seems that the descendants of Mesolithic people maintained a foraging lifestyle for more than 2000 years after the arrival of farming societies in the area; such societies may be called "
281:
in 1865. The additional "Mesolithic" category was added as an intermediate category by Hodder Westropp in 1866. Westropp's suggestion was immediately controversial. A British school led by
303:
offered an alternative in the "Epipaleolithic", suggesting a final phase of the Paleolithic rather than an intermediate age in its own right inserted between the Paleolithic and Neolithic.
1119:
3055:
2996:
Bar-Yosef, Ofer; Arpin, Trina; Pan, Yan; Cohen, David; Goldberg, Paul; Zhang, Chi; Wu, Xiaohong (29 June 2012). "Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China".
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The type of culture associated with the Mesolithic varies between areas, but it is associated with a decline in the group hunting of large animals in favour of a broader
30:
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Martin Street; Markus Wil (2015). "Technological aspects of two Mesolithic red deer 'antler frontlets' from the German Rhineland". In N. Ashton; C. Harris (eds.).
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cultures who are not succeeded by agricultural traditions, reserving "Mesolithic" for cultures who are clearly succeeded by the Neolithic Revolution, such as the
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Weaving techniques were deployed to create shoes and baskets, the latter being of fine construction and decorated with dyes. Examples have been found in
2938:
Wu, X; Zhang, C; Goldberg, P; Cohen, D; Pan, Y; Arpin, T; Bar-Yosef, O (29 June 2012). "Early Pottery at 20,000 Years Ago in Xianrendong Cave, China".
2409:
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likely as a result of ideological reluctance, different worldviews and an active rejection of the sedentary-farming lifestyle. In one sample from the
1817:
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carved with geometric motifs, but topped with a human head. Now in fragments, it would apparently have been over 5 metres tall when made. The
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The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland
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Compared to the preceding Upper Paleolithic and the following Neolithic, there is rather less surviving art from the Mesolithic. The
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2837:
2528:
Bollongino, R.; Nehlich, O.; Richards, M. P.; Orschiedt, J.; Thomas, M. G.; Sell, C.; Fajkosova, Z.; Powell, A.; Burger, J. (2013).
2738:"The earliest basketry in southern Europe: Hunter-gatherer and farmer plant-based technology in Cueva de los Murciélagos (Albuñol)"
1316:
existed from around 4200 BC to around 2000 BC. The bearers of the culture are thought to have still mostly followed the Mesolithic
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1528:
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Two skeletons of women aged between 25 and 35 years, dated between 6740 and 5680 BP, both of whom died a violent death. Found at
212:
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denied any need for an intermediate: the ages blended together like the colors of a rainbow, he said. A European school led by
274:
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2700:
Morgan, C.; Scholma-Mason, N. (2017). "Animated GIFs as Expressive Visual Narratives and Expository Devices in Archaeology".
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no Mesolithic period may be accepted, with the locally preferred "Older Stone Age" moving into the "Younger Stone Age".
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768:(dated to 10,000 to 8,000 BC), by mobile foragers who hunted and gathered their food during the Late Glacial Maximum.
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Documenta Praehistorica. PoroÄilo o raziskovanju paleolitika, neolotika in eneolitika v Sloveniji. Neolitske ĆĄtudije
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Animated image showing the sequence of engravings on a pendant excavated from the Mesolithic archaeological site of
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The horse, the wheel, and language : how Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
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may be found in sites allocated to the Mesolithic, but generally indications of agriculture are taken as marking
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1826:
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2491:"Mobility and Social Change: Understanding the European Neolithic Period after the Archaeogenetic Revolution"
2255:"The Resettlement of the British Landscape: Towards a chronology of Early Mesolithic lithic assemblage types"
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cultures. Such conditions also delayed the coming of the Neolithic until some 5,500 BP in northern Europe.
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The term "Mesolithic" is not a useful term for the periodization of the South Asian Stone Age, as certain
2025:
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Reconstruction of a "temporary" Mesolithic house in Ireland; waterside sites offered good food resources.
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is often used synonymously, especially for outside northern Europe, and for the corresponding period in
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is a rare survival of what may well have been a very common material for sculpture. It is a plank of
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3243:. D.P. Agrawal et al., "Chronology of Indian prehistory from the Mesolithic period to the Iron Age",
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The type of stone toolkit remains one of the most diagnostic features: the Mesolithic used a
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2176:
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392:
387:. In other parts of Europe, the Mesolithic begins by 11,500 years ago (the beginning of the
322:
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with suspension holes and simple engraved designs are known, some from northern Europe in
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2725:
by Rachel Chaundler, The New York Times 30 September 2023 Science, updated 3 October 2023
2002:
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4498:
4206:
3791:
3781:
3583:
2386:
2343:
2226:
2181:
2140:
1919:
1844:, the Mesolithic, dated roughly between 12,000 and 8,000 BP, remains a concept in use.
1564:
1560:
1406:
1363:
1359:
873:
613:
348:
292:
188:
180:
152:
87:
81:
44:
3253:, 1999: "The Mesolithic period roughly ranges between 10,000 and 6,000 B.C." (p. 23).
3209:
Central Asia does not enter the Neolithic, but transitions from the Mesolithic to the
3096:
Central Asia does not enter the Neolithic, but transitions from the Mesolithic to the
5149:
4978:
4963:
4909:
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1971:
1690:
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735:
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There is some evidence for the beginning of construction at sites with a ritual or
402:
and 5,500 years ago. Regions that experienced greater environmental effects as the
300:
196:
4946:
2863:
Gronenborn, Detlef (2007). "Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe".
2410:"5,700-Year-Old Lola, Her Genome Sequenced from Gum, Joins Other Named Forebears"
1833:
While Paleolithic and Neolithic have been found useful terms and concepts in the
722:
of the Eastern Baltic. Spreading westward along the coastline it is found in the
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2813:
The Black Sea Flood Question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement
2315:"Time and a Place: A luni-solar 'time-reckoner' from 8th millennium BC Scotland"
2208:. Uppsala.: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet.
1984:
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in Scotland, with pits of post holes of varying sizes, thought to reflect the
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245:, characterized by a progressive rise of temperatures, between the end of the
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2620:, Penguin (Pelican, now Yale, History of Art), pp. 87â96, 1968 (nb 1st edn.)
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begins around 15,000 years ago. In Western Europe, the Early Mesolithic, or
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108:
70:
48:
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2969:
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2190:
1878:. Some of these paintings were executed by a hunting people who lived in a
360:
3267:
3219:
Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium
3106:
Proceedings of the 6th International Radiocarbon and Archaeology Symposium
2344:"A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch"
4762:
4698:
4503:
4243:
4238:
4146:
4021:
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2060:
1874:, and at other locations depict vivid scenes of everyday life in central
1092:
999:
971:
817:
489:
388:
254:
2881:
Detlef Gronenborn, Beyond the models: Neolithisation in Central Europe,
2281:
2253:
Conneller, Chantal; Bayliss, Alex; Milner, Nicky; Taylor, Barry (2016).
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372:
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220:
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appears to show similar changes after the Paleolithic, and the wooden
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4196:
4141:
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3477:
3451:
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2723:
Hunter-Gatherers Were Making Baskets 9,500 Years Ago, Researchers Say
2630:"11,000 year old pendant is earliest known Mesolithic art in Britain"
1871:
1681:
1650:
1509:
1505:
1452:
1429:
1378:
1083:
683:
191:. The term is less used of areas farther east, and not at all beyond
59:
3074:
Europe's First Monumental Sculpture: New Discoveries at Lepenski Vir
2644:"This Eerie, Human-Like Figure Is Twice As Old As Egypt's Pyramids"
257:. Evolution of temperature in the Post-Glacial period according to
4958:
4678:
4562:
4412:
4366:
4228:
4083:
4031:
3977:
3607:
3573:
2141:"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of the middle east"
2019:
1996:
1816:
1308:
740:
711:
604:; height: 10.2 cm, width: 6.3 cm; from Ain Sakhri (near
552:
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525:
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481:
380:
354:
338:
264:
236:
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4865:
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4345:
4201:
4131:
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3436:
2218:"final Upper Paleolithic industries occurring at the end of the
852:
163:. The Mesolithic has different time spans in different parts of
4472:
4111:
3377:
3282:
2139:
Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017).
171:
cultures in Europe and the Middle East, between the end of the
4508:
4216:
3982:
3940:
2530:"2000 Years of Parallel Societies in Stone Age Central Europe"
668:
in Southern Spain that in 2023 were dated to 9,500 years ago.
289:
asserted that there was a gap between the earlier and later.
2222:
which appear to merge technologically into the Mesolithic"
694:
sites, a "ceramic Mesolithic" can be distinguished between
471:
package" (including farming, herding, polished stone axes,
273:
The terms "Paleolithic" and "Neolithic" were introduced by
2206:
Social differentiering i mesolitiska jÀgar-samlarsamhÀllen
2916:"Pottery found in China cave confirmed as world's oldest"
714:
in Russia 9,000 years ago, and from there spread via the
2736:
Antoni; Ălvarez-Valero, Antonio M. (27 September 2023).
1886:, animals that no longer exist in the now-desert area.
1882:
region teeming with a water-dependent species like the
335:
Prehistoric Europe § Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age)
2670:
Nicky Milner; Chantal Conneller; Barry Taylor (2018).
445:
aligned eastâwest, and a possible "lunar calendar" at
295:
claimed to have filled the gap with his naming of the
492:
period in regions less suited to agriculture, and in
422:â composite devices manufactured with Mode V chipped
5002:
4815:
4642:
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4354:
4318:
4167:
4124:
3914:
3745:
3718:
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2687:
No Stone Unturned. Papers in Honour of Roger Jacobi
104:
94:
76:
65:
55:
40:
2225:
730:and Ellerbek of Northern Germany, and the related
179:. In Europe it spans roughly 15,000 to 5,000
2302:(Thesis). National University of Ireland, Galway.
18:Prehistoric period, second part of the Stone Age
3056:"Face of 9,000-Year-Old Teenager Reconstructed"
3131:= Neolithic studies, 26 (1999), pp. 1â13 dLib
2933:
2931:
745:Pottery with re-construction repairs found in
233:Three-age system § Stone Age subdivisions
3294:
2842:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1290:
1113:
8:
3221:, (E Boaretto and N R Rebollo Franco eds.),
3108:, (E Boaretto and N R Rebollo Franco eds.),
395:of farming, depending on the region between
23:
2497:. 10.1007/s10814-020-09153-x (4): 481â535.
1916:Late Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic
506:Rock art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin
4486:
4469:
4121:
4108:
3566:
3387:
3374:
3301:
3287:
3279:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2596:, p. 4, 2008, Cambridge University Press,
2484:
2482:
1888:
1323:
1297:
1283:
1131:
1120:
1106:
775:
29:
3124:The Mesolithic and the Neolithic in China
2777:
2512:
2502:
2385:
2367:
2280:
2270:
2180:
749:cave, dating to 20,000â10,000 years ago.
559:from Palestine is a Natufian carving in
375:, begins about 14,000 years ago, in the
241:The Mesolithic begins during the latest
3250:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
3143:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
2131:
1134:
787:
573:
532:is a rare Mesolithic animal carving in
3146:, p. 23, 1999, New Age International,
2672:STAR CARR Volume 1: a persistent place
1859:, somewhat equates to the Mesolithic.
22:
1855:or Meso-Indian period, following the
1813:"Mesolithic" outside of The old world
1344:Southeastern Europe (Greece, Aegean)
7:
2465:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1821:Mesolithic stone mortar and pestle,
690:, and certain southern European and
2437:"The Lost Forest Gardens of Europe"
167:. It refers to the final period of
2914:Stanglin, Douglas (29 June 2012).
2885:, vol. 144 (2007), pp. 73â98 (87).
2883:Proceedings of the British Academy
2865:Proceedings of the British Academy
2592:Bailey, Geoff and Spikins, Penny,
2495:Journal of Archaeological Research
14:
4425:Megalithic architectural elements
3266:
637:
621:
576:
187:) roughly 20,000 to 10,000
5044:Evolutionary origin of religion
3225:Vol 54, No. 3â4, 2012, 783â794.
2895:Huan, Anthony (13 April 2019).
2642:Geggel, Laura (25 April 2018).
1585:Western Europe (Great Britain)
3112:Vol 54, No. 3â4, 2012, 783â94.
2815:. Springer. pp. 245â370.
2674:. White Rose University Press.
2435:Paschall, Max (22 July 2020).
2090:List of Mesolithic settlements
1224:Mesolithic Southeastern Europe
706:in Siberia. It appears in the
1:
4657:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
4187:British megalith architecture
3213:in the fourth millennium BC (
3100:in the fourth millennium BC (
2228:The Penguin archaeology guide
2080:History of archery#Prehistory
1774:Western Europe (Netherlands)
695:
590:
454:
396:
223:are a mark of the Neolithic.
217:transition into the Neolithic
4652:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
4192:Nordic megalith architecture
3072:Srejovic, Dragoslav (1972).
2461:Price, Douglas, ed. (2000).
2105:Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer
1672:Central and Eastern Europe (
453:. Both are dated to before
441:, with a short row of large
1849:archaeology of the Americas
1714:NĂžstvet and Lihult cultures
1202:Epipaleolithic Transylvania
5182:
4800:British Isles and Brittany
4721:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
3245:Journal of Human Evolution
2897:"Ancient China: Neolithic"
2836:Anthony, David W. (2010).
2504:10.1007/s10814-020-09153-x
2369:10.1038/s41467-019-13549-9
2296:Driscoll, Killian (2006).
2115:Anatolian hunter-gatherers
1794:Western Europe (Portugal)
753:A 2012 publication in the
675:
332:
230:
183:; in the Middle East (the
4485:
4468:
4120:
4107:
3569:
3386:
3373:
3316:
2618:Prehistoric Art in Europe
2232:. London: Penguin Books.
1623:Western Europe (Ireland)
1230:Epipalaeolithic Near East
598:Epipalaeolithic Near East
460:(the 8th millennium BC).
185:Epipalaeolithic Near East
28:
2901:National Museum of China
2489:Furholt, Martin (2021).
2313:V. Gaffney; et al.
2224:Bahn, Paul, ed. (2002).
2075:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
1827:Epipaleolithic Near East
766:invention of agriculture
666:Cueva de los Murciélagos
437:significance, including
391:), and it ends with the
377:Franco-Cantabrian region
5032:Evolutionary musicology
4435:Oldest extant buildings
4362:Archaeological features
3881:Prepared-core technique
3018:10.1126/science.1218643
2962:10.1126/science.1218643
2557:10.1126/science.1245049
2441:Shelterwood Forest Farm
2110:Western Hunter-Gatherer
2100:Eastern Hunter-Gatherer
2057:Bhimbetka rock shelters
1438:Fosna-Hensbacka culture
1217:Schela Cladovei culture
1207:Mesolithic Transylvania
1162:FosnaâHensbacka culture
530:Elk's Head of Huittinen
347:, from the east of the
4994:Unchambered long cairn
4842:Mound Builders culture
4175:Neolithic architecture
3310:Prehistoric technology
2800:De Roevers, pp. 162â63
2762:10.1126/sciadv.adi3055
2463:Europe's first farmers
2026:Jeulmun pottery period
1920:Iberomaurusian culture
1864:Saharan rock paintings
1830:
1321:
1049:Post-classical history
915:Cradle of civilization
750:
716:Dnieper-Donets culture
420:microlithic technology
364:
352:
270:
262:
80:20,000 to 10,000
4669:List of Stone Age art
3871:Microblade technology
3819:Langdale axe industry
3417:Ard / plough
3076:. Thames and Hudson.
2348:Nature Communications
2085:List of Stone Age art
2045:South Asian Stone Age
1820:
1500:Northeastern Europe (
1312:
1251:Trialetian Mesolithic
1177:Iron Gates Mesolithic
744:
358:
342:
333:Further information:
268:
240:
141:archaeological period
5076:Prehistoric medicine
5071:Prehistoric counting
5054:Prehistoric religion
5049:Paleolithic religion
5027:Behavioral modernity
4384:Causewayed enclosure
4276:Abri de la Madeleine
3400:Neolithic Revolution
3275:at Wikimedia Commons
3186:"Africa-Paleolithic"
3140:Sailendra Nath Sen,
2702:Internet Archaeology
2632:, University of York
2320:Internet Archaeology
2259:Internet Archaeology
1842:archaeology of India
1835:archaeology of China
1659:Tardenoisian culture
1572:Sauveterrian culture
1314:Comb Ceramic culture
887:Behavioral modernity
543:The rock art in the
287:Gabriel de Mortillet
269:Mesolithic artifacts
251:Neolithic Revolution
247:Last Glacial Maximum
177:Neolithic Revolution
173:Last Glacial Maximum
5115:Prehistoric warfare
3861:Magdalenian culture
3824:Levallois technique
3755:Earliest toolmaking
3060:National Geographic
3010:2012Sci...336.1696W
3004:(6089): 1696â1700.
2954:2012Sci...336.1696W
2948:(6089): 1696â1700.
2754:2023SciA....9I3055M
2689:. pp. 209â219.
2616:Sandars, Nancy K.,
2549:2013Sci...342..479B
2360:2019NatCo..10.5520J
2204:Linder, F. (1997).
2157:2017NatSR...740338P
2041:South Asia (India)
1892:Geographical range
1547:Maglemosian culture
1371:Southeastern Europe
1327:Geographical range
1172:Maglemosian culture
1153:Mesolithic cultures
966:Bronze Age collapse
762:Last Glacial Period
732:Swifterbant culture
557:Ain Sakhri figurine
404:last glacial period
259:Greenland ice cores
25:
5066:Origin of language
5059:Spiritual drug use
4969:Rectangular dolmen
4871:Dartmoor kistvaens
4684:Carved stone balls
4396:Circular enclosure
4355:Other architecture
4298:Alp pile dwellings
3886:Solutrean industry
3797:Gravettian culture
3447:Secondary products
3062:, 19 January 2018.
2416:. 19 December 2019
2145:Scientific Reports
2095:Mammoth extinction
1989:Vtoraya Beregovaya
1831:
1829:. 22,000â18,000 BP
1589:British Mesolithic
1515:Middle Mesolithic
1494:Vtoraya Beregovaya
1390:Iron Gates culture
1322:
1236:Levantine corridor
869:Middle Paleolithic
751:
672:Ceramic Mesolithic
649:The Dance of Cogul
365:
353:
312:The Dawn of Europe
308:Vere Gordon Childe
279:Pre-historic Times
271:
263:
128:'middle' + λίΞοÏ,
86:15,000â5,000
56:Geographical range
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5088:Prehistoric music
5037:music archaeology
4694:Cup and ring mark
4519:Clothing/textiles
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4098:
3906:Yubetsu technique
3891:Striking platform
3856:Lithic technology
3741:
3740:
3726:Game drive system
3645:Projectile points
3537:Mortar and pestle
3271:Media related to
3168:"Tassili n'Ajjer"
3083:978-0-500-39009-2
2710:10.11141/ia.44.11
2594:Mesolithic Europe
2272:10.11141/ia.42.12
2239:978-0-14-051448-3
2165:10.1038/srep40338
2066:
2065:
1959:Kenya Mesolithic
1810:
1809:
1750:Northern Europe (
1737:Kongemose culture
1727:Northern Europe (
1704:Northern Europe (
1508:and northwestern
1458:Early Mesolithic
1451:Northern Europe (
1428:Northern Europe (
1411:Early Mesolithic
1385:Balkan Mesolithic
1348:Balkan Mesolithic
1307:
1306:
1197:Swiderian culture
1192:Komornica culture
1157:Mesolithic Europe
1145:Upper Paleolithic
1130:
1129:
882:Upper Paleolithic
844:Lower Paleolithic
724:ErtebĂžlle culture
708:Yelshanka culture
682:In North-Eastern
586:Ain Sakhri lovers
473:timber longhouses
369:Balkan Mesolithic
363:, France in 1938.
145:Upper Paleolithic
114:
113:
99:Upper Paleolithic
41:Alternative names
5173:
5166:1860s neologisms
5103:Divje Babe flute
5010:Archaeoastronomy
4753:Petrosomatoglyph
4487:
4470:
4319:Water management
4122:
4109:
4012:Denticulate tool
3834:Lithic reduction
3567:
3388:
3375:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3280:
3270:
3254:
3232:
3226:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3158:
3138:
3132:
3119:
3113:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3069:
3063:
3052:
3046:
3045:
2993:
2982:
2981:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2748:(39): eadi3055.
2742:Science Advances
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2614:
2608:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2575:. Archived from
2543:(6157): 479â81.
2534:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2506:
2486:
2477:
2476:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2371:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2231:
2220:final glaciation
2216:
2210:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2136:
2053:
2034:
2011:
1981:12,000â5,000 BP
1945:
1926:
1925:24,000â10,000 BP
1889:
1804:
1797:Late Mesolithic
1787:
1777:Late Mesolithic
1767:
1757:Late Mesolithic
1743:
1720:
1697:
1687:Late Mesolithic
1665:
1645:Western Europe (
1635:
1627:Irish Mesolithic
1597:
1578:
1553:
1533:Pulli settlement
1525:
1486:12,000â5,000 BP
1468:
1467:12,000â10,000 BP
1444:
1443:12,000â10,500 BP
1421:
1420:14,000â10,000 BP
1396:
1356:
1324:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1132:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1082:
1036:Earliest records
1021:Recorded history
822:
821:
815:
804:
797:
776:
700:
697:
641:
625:
595:
592:
580:
568:antler frontlets
459:
456:
401:
398:
323:Natufian culture
134:Middle Stone Age
33:
26:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5131:
4998:
4984:Stone box grave
4954:Megalithic tomb
4859:Cotswold-Severn
4811:
4716:Guardian stones
4644:Prehistoric art
4638:
4481:
4456:
4445:Timber trackway
4350:
4314:
4310:Wattle and daub
4163:
4142:Standing stones
4116:
4095:
3910:
3737:
3714:
3639:
3556:
3466:Food processing
3461:
3410:New World crops
3382:
3369:
3312:
3307:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3233:
3229:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3139:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3095:
3091:
3084:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3054:Sarah Gibbens,
3053:
3049:
2995:
2994:
2985:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2880:
2876:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2823:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2734:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2488:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2071:
2052:12,000â4,000 BP
2051:
2033:10,000â3,500 BP
2032:
2010:16,000â2,350 BP
2009:
1962:8,200â7,400 BP
1944:12,000â8,000 BP
1943:
1939:Capsian culture
1924:
1901:Temporal range
1868:Tassili n'Ajjer
1823:Kebaran culture
1815:
1802:
1785:
1765:
1741:
1718:
1695:
1664:10,000â5,000 BP
1663:
1634:11,000â5,500 BP
1633:
1595:
1577:10,500â8,500 BP
1576:
1552:11,000â8,000 BP
1551:
1540:Northern Europe
1524:10,500â7,000 BP
1523:
1466:
1442:
1419:
1395:13,000â5,000 BP
1394:
1355:15,000â7,000 BP
1354:
1336:Temporal range
1318:hunter-gatherer
1303:
1266:
1265:
1261:Zarzian culture
1154:
1126:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1045:
1028:Ancient history
1023:
1013:
1012:
1009:
961:
906:
897:Epipalaeolithic
865:
832:
813:
812:
811:
802:
792:
791:
774:
698:
680:
674:
662:
655:
645:Roca dels Moros
642:
633:
626:
617:
594: 9000 BCE
593:
581:
520:, and one from
510:Roca dels Moros
502:
458: 9,000 BP
457:
399:
385:Southern France
337:
331:
319:hunter-gatherer
306:By the time of
235:
229:
204:hunter-gatherer
169:hunter-gatherer
85:
36:
19:
12:
11:
5:
5179:
5177:
5169:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5148:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5093:Alligator drum
5085:
5084:
5083:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5062:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5020:lunar calendar
5017:
5006:
5004:
5003:Other cultural
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4907:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4821:
4819:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4807:Venus figurine
4804:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4738:Megalithic art
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4691:
4689:Cave paintings
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4654:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4495:
4493:
4491:Material goods
4483:
4482:
4473:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4209:
4207:Cliff dwelling
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4118:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Fire hardening
3789:
3784:
3782:Clovis culture
3779:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3751:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3705:Manis Mastodon
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3584:throwing stick
3576:
3570:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3262:
3261:External links
3259:
3256:
3255:
3227:
3202:
3177:
3159:
3156:978-8122411980
3133:
3114:
3089:
3082:
3064:
3047:
2983:
2927:
2906:
2887:
2874:
2855:
2849:978-0691148182
2848:
2828:
2822:978-9402404654
2821:
2802:
2793:
2727:
2715:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2634:
2622:
2609:
2606:978-0521855037
2585:
2582:on 5 May 2020.
2520:
2478:
2472:978-0521665728
2471:
2453:
2427:
2401:
2333:
2305:
2288:
2245:
2238:
2211:
2196:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2003:JĆmon cultures
2000:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:Central Asia (
1967:
1966:
1965:Gamble's cave
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1909:North Africa (
1906:
1905:
1904:Notable sites
1902:
1899:
1896:
1895:Periodization
1893:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:7,600â5,500 BP
1800:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:7,300â5,400 BP
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:7,300â5,900 BP
1763:
1758:
1755:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1742:8,000â7,200 BP
1739:
1734:
1732:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:8,200â5,200 BP
1716:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:9,000â5,000 BP
1693:
1688:
1685:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:Aveline's Hole
1598:
1596:11,000â6000 BP
1593:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1565:Central Europe
1557:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1513:
1497:
1496:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1475:Central Asia (
1472:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1407:Western Europe
1403:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1339:Notable sites
1337:
1334:
1331:
1330:Periodization
1328:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1093:Holocene epoch
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1056:
1054:Modern history
1051:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Southeast Asia
992:
987:
982:
976:
974:
969:
962:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
938:
936:
931:
926:
920:
919:
918:
917:
912:
905:
904:
899:
893:
891:
890:
889:
884:
879:
871:
866:
864:
863:
856:
848:
846:
839:
833:
828:
827:
824:
823:
818:Pliocene epoch
799:
798:
785:
784:
773:
770:
673:
670:
661:
658:
657:
656:
643:
636:
634:
627:
620:
618:
614:British Museum
582:
575:
566:A total of 33
524:in Britain in
501:
498:
349:Ural mountains
330:
327:
293:Edouard Piette
231:Main article:
228:
225:
153:Epipaleolithic
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
78:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
52:
45:Epipaleolithic
42:
38:
37:
34:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5178:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5153:
5151:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4979:Simple dolmen
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:Passage grave
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4911:
4910:Gallery grave
4908:
4906:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4868:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4840:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:Burial mounds
4823:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4814:
4808:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4785:Statue menhir
4783:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4773:Stone carving
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4612:Sewing needle
4610:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4440:Timber circle
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4389:Tor enclosure
4387:
4386:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4377:fulacht fiadh
4375:
4374:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3613:spear-thrower
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:Bow and arrow
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Grinding slab
3498:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:Domestication
3430:
3428:
3427:Digging stick
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3405:Founder crops
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3347:
3346:New Stone Age
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3285:
3284:
3281:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3215:metmuseum.org
3212:
3206:
3203:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3127:(PDF), 1999,
3126:
3125:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3102:metmuseum.org
3099:
3093:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2907:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2832:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2120:Younger Dryas
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1994:
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1990:
1986:
1983:
1980:
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1722:
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1712:
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1707:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:Neman culture
1689:
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1679:
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1657:
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1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1520:
1519:Kunda culture
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1462:Komsa culture
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1416:
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1410:
1408:
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1401:
1398:
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1311:
1300:
1295:
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1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1262:
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1247:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1225:
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1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1187:Narva culture
1185:
1183:
1182:Kunda culture
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Komsa culture
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1118:
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1111:
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1103:
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1094:
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1079:
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986:
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968:
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948:
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943:
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939:
937:
935:
932:
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927:
925:
922:
921:
916:
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907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
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883:
880:
878:
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870:
867:
862:
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850:
849:
847:
845:
842:
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840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
826:
825:
819:
810:
809:
801:
800:
796:
790:
789:Human history
786:
782:
778:
777:
771:
769:
767:
763:
758:
757:
748:
743:
739:
737:
736:Low Countries
733:
729:
725:
721:
720:Narva culture
717:
713:
709:
705:
693:
692:North African
689:
685:
679:
671:
669:
667:
659:
654:
651:, tracing by
650:
646:
640:
635:
631:
624:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
588:
587:
579:
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572:
569:
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562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
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535:
531:
527:
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519:
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436:
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405:
394:
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378:
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336:
328:
326:
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315:
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309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
267:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
234:
226:
224:
222:
221:burial mounds
218:
214:
210:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
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150:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
84:(Middle East)
83:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
50:
46:
43:
39:
32:
27:
21:
16:
4920:wedge-shaped
4905:Funeral pyre
4898:Great dolmen
4854:Chamber tomb
4835:Round barrow
4790:Stone circle
4662:Blombos Cave
4590:Grooved ware
4514:Chalcolithic
4418:Thornborough
4336:Flush toilet
4271:Blombos Cave
4266:Rock shelter
4222:Quiggly hole
4114:Architecture
4089:illustration
3731:Buffalo jump
3552:Storage pits
3515:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
3505:Ground stone
3341:Subdivisions
3249:
3244:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3211:Chalcolithic
3205:
3193:. Retrieved
3189:
3180:
3162:
3142:
3136:
3128:
3123:
3121:Zhang, Chi,
3117:
3109:
3105:
3098:Chalcolithic
3092:
3073:
3067:
3059:
3050:
3001:
2997:
2945:
2939:
2919:
2909:
2900:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2838:
2831:
2812:
2805:
2796:
2745:
2741:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2701:
2695:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2649:Live Science
2647:
2637:
2625:
2617:
2612:
2593:
2588:
2577:the original
2540:
2536:
2523:
2494:
2462:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2440:
2430:
2418:. Retrieved
2413:
2404:
2351:
2347:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2318:
2308:
2298:
2291:
2282:10034/621138
2262:
2258:
2248:
2227:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2148:
2144:
2134:
1972:Middle Urals
1932:North Africa
1884:hippopotamus
1876:North Africa
1861:
1857:Lithic stage
1846:
1839:
1832:
1639:Mount Sandel
1609:Gough's Cave
1605:Howick house
1477:Middle Urals
1400:Lepenski Vir
1255:
1245:
1228:
1212:Tardenoisian
1136:
1089:
1067:Contemporary
1041:Protohistory
964:
924:Protohistory
901:
876:Homo sapiens
875:
860:Homo erectus
858:
851:
814:
807:
754:
752:
699: 9,000
681:
678:Subneolithic
663:
653:Henri Breuil
648:
584:
565:
542:
503:
486:Subneolithic
478:BlÀtterhöhle
466:
462:
451:lunar phases
447:Warren Field
435:astronomical
432:
417:
407:such as the
400: 8,500
393:introduction
379:of northern
366:
316:
311:
305:
301:Knut Stjerna
291:
278:
277:in his work
275:John Lubbock
272:
201:
197:North Africa
143:between the
133:
132:'stone') or
129:
125:
117:
115:
20:
15:
4942:unchambered
4937:Long barrow
4927:Grave goods
4883:Court cairn
4878:Clava cairn
4830:Bowl barrow
4768:Rock cupule
4711:Golden hats
4704:Hill figure
4605:Unstan ware
4585:Cord-marked
4450:Sweet Track
4372:Burnt mound
4293:Stilt house
4281:Sibudu Cave
4074:Tally stick
4042:Quern-stone
4027:Hammerstone
4017:Fire plough
3988:Pesse canoe
3946:Bannerstone
3916:Other tools
3829:Lithic core
3777:Aurignacian
3665:Bare Island
3547:Quern-stone
3223:RADIOCARBON
3195:28 November
3110:RADIOCARBON
2514:10852/85345
2414:DNA Science
2354:(1): 5520.
2018:East Asia (
1995:East Asia (
1985:Shigir Idol
1953:East Africa
1870:in central
1781:Swifterbant
1752:Scandinavia
1729:Scandinavia
1706:Scandinavia
1490:Shigir Idol
1005:West Africa
747:Xianrendong
704:Lake Baikal
549:Shigir Idol
494:Scandinavia
424:stone tools
409:Maglemosian
345:Shigir Idol
253:during the
243:Pleistocene
227:Terminology
151:. The term
105:Followed by
95:Preceded by
5156:Mesolithic
5150:Categories
5081:trepanning
4974:Ring cairn
4932:Jar burial
4915:transepted
4847:U.S. sites
4748:Petroglyph
4674:Bird stone
4632:wine press
4305:Stone roof
4288:Roundhouse
4180:long house
4157:Stonehenge
4125:Ceremonial
4069:Stone tool
3896:Tool stone
3866:Metallurgy
3770:Mousterian
3747:Toolmaking
3685:Cumberland
3658:Transverse
3628:Schöningen
3520:Qesem cave
3488:Earth oven
3442:Irrigation
3353:Technology
3321:Prehistory
3273:Mesolithic
3190:Britannica
3152:8122411983
2602:0521855039
2126:References
1529:LammasmÀgi
1320:lifestyle.
1137:Mesolithic
990:South Asia
952:South Asia
934:Bronze Age
929:Copper Age
902:Mesolithic
830:Prehistory
795:prehistory
676:See also:
443:post holes
439:Stonehenge
428:microliths
283:John Evans
157:the Levant
118:Mesolithic
69:Middle of
24:Mesolithic
5125:symbolism
4989:Tor cairn
4947:GrĂžnsalen
4888:Cremation
4780:Sculpture
4758:Pictogram
4743:Petroform
4563:amber use
4531:Cosmetics
4341:Reservoir
4326:Check dam
4256:Pueblitos
4251:Pit-house
4234:Longhouse
4168:Dwellings
4037:Microlith
3968:Bow drill
3963:Bone tool
3956:prismatic
3765:Acheulean
3680:Cresswell
3653:Arrowhead
3579:Boomerang
3495:Granaries
3457:Terracing
3336:Stone Age
3026:0036-8075
2921:USA Today
2770:2375-2548
2573:206552000
2446:5 January
2420:5 January
2378:2041-1723
2173:2045-2322
2151:: 40338.
1866:found at
1761:ErtebĂžlle
1678:Lithuania
1601:Star Carr
1364:Theopetra
1360:Franchthi
1273:Neolithic
1246:Caucasus
1000:East Asia
985:Near East
957:East Asia
947:Near East
910:Neolithic
837:Stone Age
647:, Spain,
630:Star Carr
610:Palestine
606:Bethlehem
534:soapstone
522:Star Carr
469:Neolithic
310:'s work,
299:Culture.
149:Neolithic
138:Old World
124:: ÎŒÎÏÎżÏ,
109:Neolithic
71:Stone Age
49:Near East
47:(for the
5161:Holocene
4763:Rock art
4726:painting
4699:Geoglyph
4524:timeline
4504:Beadwork
4244:Mehrgarh
4239:Mudbrick
4147:megalith
4022:Fire-saw
3844:debitage
3839:analysis
3807:Hand axe
3787:Cupstone
3365:Glossary
3326:Timeline
3241:Mehrgarh
3042:37666548
3034:22745428
2978:37666548
2970:22745428
2871:: 73â98.
2788:37756397
2779:10530072
2655:28 April
2565:24114781
2396:31848342
2191:28059138
2069:See also
2061:Lekhahia
1898:Culture
1333:Culture
1241:Natufian
972:Iron Age
781:a series
779:Part of
772:Cultures
616:(London)
514:pendants
490:Medieval
467:As the "
389:Holocene
255:Holocene
249:and the
213:textiles
175:and the
161:Caucasus
147:and the
90:(Europe)
5120:Symbols
4731:pigment
4617:Weaving
4580:Cardium
4575:Pottery
4570:Mirrors
4558:Jewelry
4499:Baskets
4479:culture
4331:Cistern
4137:Pyramid
4079:Weapons
4057:Scraper
4047:Racloir
4007:Cleaver
3995:Chopper
3901:Uniface
3812:Grooves
3802:Hafting
3760:Oldowan
3719:Systems
3670:Cascade
3633:woomera
3623:harpoon
3596:history
3562:Hunting
3542:Pottery
3483:Cooking
3392:Farming
3358:history
3331:Outline
3006:Bibcode
2998:Science
2950:Bibcode
2941:Science
2750:Bibcode
2545:Bibcode
2537:Science
2387:6917805
2356:Bibcode
2326:16 July
2182:5216412
2153:Bibcode
1911:Morocco
1880:savanna
1853:Archaic
1847:In the
1840:In the
1674:Belarus
1647:Belgium
1613:Cramond
1561:Western
1502:Estonia
1415:Azilian
1375:Romania
1256:Zagros
806:before
756:Science
734:of the
728:Denmark
718:to the
710:on the
688:Siberia
660:Weaving
632:in 2015
602:calcite
561:calcite
538:Finland
413:Azilian
373:Azilian
297:Azilian
209:pottery
193:Eurasia
165:Eurasia
136:is the
5098:flutes
4893:Dolmen
4817:Burial
4627:winery
4600:Linear
4430:Midden
4408:Cursus
4401:Goseck
4261:Pueblo
4212:Dugout
4197:Burdei
3876:Mining
3700:Lamoka
3695:Folsom
3675:Clovis
3532:Metate
3510:Hearth
3478:Basket
3452:Sickle
3236:tribes
3172:UNESCO
3150:
3080:
3040:
3032:
3024:
2976:
2968:
2846:
2819:
2786:
2776:
2768:
2704:(44).
2600:
2571:
2563:
2469:
2394:
2384:
2376:
2265:(42).
2236:
2189:
2179:
2171:
1872:Sahara
1682:Poland
1651:France
1510:Russia
1506:Latvia
1453:Norway
1430:Norway
1379:Serbia
1084:Future
980:Europe
942:Europe
874:Early
684:Europe
596:(late
528:. The
361:TĂ©viec
329:Europe
130:lithos
66:Period
60:Europe
5015:sites
4959:Mummy
4679:Cairn
4595:JĆmon
4546:shoes
4541:Hides
4413:Henge
4367:Broch
4229:Jacal
4084:Wheel
4032:Knife
3978:Canoe
3973:Burin
3951:Blade
3849:flake
3710:Plano
3618:baton
3608:Spear
3574:Arrow
3527:Manos
3380:Tools
3038:S2CID
2974:S2CID
2580:(PDF)
2569:S2CID
2533:(PDF)
2020:Korea
1997:Japan
1851:, an
1062:Early
712:Volga
553:larch
545:Urals
536:from
526:shale
518:amber
482:Hagen
381:Spain
126:mesos
122:Greek
77:Dates
5108:gudi
4866:Cist
4795:list
4622:Wine
4551:Ătzi
4536:Glue
4509:Beds
4477:and
4475:Arts
4346:Well
4202:Cave
4132:Kiva
4062:side
4052:Rope
4000:tool
3934:bone
3924:Adze
3690:Eden
3603:Nets
3473:Fire
3437:Goad
3422:Celt
3197:2018
3148:ISBN
3078:ISBN
3030:PMID
3022:ISSN
2966:PMID
2844:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2784:PMID
2766:ISSN
2657:2018
2598:ISBN
2561:PMID
2467:ISBN
2448:2021
2422:2021
2392:PMID
2374:ISSN
2328:2013
2234:ISBN
2187:PMID
2169:ISSN
1862:The
1680:and
1649:and
1563:and
1135:The
853:Homo
808:Homo
793:and
583:The
411:and
383:and
367:The
343:The
211:and
195:and
159:and
116:The
4217:Hut
4152:row
3983:Oar
3941:Axe
3929:Awl
3014:doi
3002:336
2958:doi
2946:336
2869:144
2774:PMC
2758:doi
2706:doi
2553:doi
2541:342
2509:hdl
2499:doi
2382:PMC
2364:doi
2277:hdl
2267:doi
2177:PMC
2161:doi
726:of
612:);
600:);
500:Art
480:in
5152::
3188:.
3170:.
3154:,
3058:,
3036:.
3028:.
3020:.
3012:.
3000:.
2986:^
2972:.
2964:.
2956:.
2944:.
2930:^
2918:.
2899:.
2867:.
2782:.
2772:.
2764:.
2756:.
2744:.
2740:.
2646:.
2604:,
2567:.
2559:.
2551:.
2539:.
2535:.
2507:.
2493:.
2481:^
2439:.
2412:.
2390:.
2380:.
2372:.
2362:.
2352:10
2350:.
2346:.
2317:.
2275:.
2263:42
2261:.
2257:.
2185:.
2175:.
2167:.
2159:.
2147:.
2143:.
2059:,
2022:)
1999:)
1987:,
1974:)
1913:)
1825:,
1754:)
1731:)
1708:)
1684:)
1676:,
1653:)
1615:,
1611:,
1607:,
1603:,
1531:,
1512:)
1504:,
1492:,
1479:)
1455:)
1432:)
1381:)
1362:,
1271:â
1143:â
783:on
738:.
696:c.
686:,
608:,
591:c.
589:;
563:.
540:.
455:c.
397:c.
199:.
189:BP
181:BP
88:BP
82:BP
3302:e
3295:t
3288:v
3199:.
3174:.
3086:.
3044:.
3016::
3008::
2980:.
2960::
2952::
2924:.
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2852:.
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2790:.
2760::
2752::
2746:9
2712:.
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2659:.
2555::
2547::
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2511::
2501::
2475:.
2450:.
2424:.
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2366::
2358::
2330:.
2285:.
2279::
2269::
2242:.
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2163::
2155::
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1377:/
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1298:e
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