590:'s temptation in the desert, the influence of the story of St. Martin is dominant – with the resistance of Satan substituting for Martin's outraged pagan populace. Unlike the stories that may have influenced Pope Gregory's structure of the biography, Benedict's victories are practical, preventing Satan from stopping work on the abbey at Monte Cassino. Benedict's prayers are portrayed as the driving force behind the building of the abbey and the triumphs over Satan, through prayer: "Benedict the monk wrests from the devil a well-determined base which he never leaves." After the completion of the abbey, Satan's appearances in the story diminish back to the same level as Subiaco, "Only after the saint's death and by God's permission would other enemies, the Lombards, succeed in sacking it."Once established at Monte Cassino, Benedict never left. He wrote the
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821:. Monks caring for the patients in Monte Cassino constantly needed new medical knowledge. So they began to buy and collect medical and other books by Greek, Roman, Islamic, Egyptian, European, Jewish, and Oriental authors. As Naples is situated on the crossroad of many seaways of Europe, the Middle East and Asia, soon the monastery library was one of the richest in Europe. All the knowledge of the civilizations of all the times and nations was accumulated in the Abbey of that time. The Benedictines translated into Latin and transcribed precious manuscripts. The number of monks rose to over two hundred, and the library, the manuscripts produced in the
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34:12–14). De Vogue writes "this mountain had to be conquered from an idolatrous people and purified from its devilish horrors. And like conquering Israel, Benedict came precisely to carry out this purification. No doubt
Gregory had this biblical model uppermost in his mind, as is clear from the terms he uses to describe the work of destruction. At the same time, neither Gregory nor Benedict could have forgotten the similar line of action taken by St. Martin against the pagan shrines of Gaul."
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rite by the foolish local farmers. Around it had grown up a grove dedicated to demon worship, where even at that time a wild crowd still devoted themselves to unholy sacrifices. When the man of God arrived, he smashed the idol, overturned the altar and cut down the grove of trees. He built a chapel dedicated to St. Martin in the temple of Apollo and another to St. John where the altar of Apollo had stood. And he summoned the people of the district to the faith by his unceasing preaching.
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monastic routine called for hard work. The care of the sick was such an important duty that those caring for them were enjoined to act as if they served Christ directly. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at nearby
Subiaco (about 64 km to the east of Rome), where hospitals were settled, too, as adjuncts to the monasteries to provide charity. Soon many monasteries were founded throughout Europe, and everywhere there were hospitals like those in Monte Cassino.
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Scholars note that this striking contrast is not stressed by
Gregory but rather both settings are portrayed as part of a single battle account against the same demonic enemy. Where Satan concealed himself behind underlings at Subiaco, at Monte Cassino he drops the masks to enter into a desperate attempt to prevent an abbey from being built, and "that the sole cause of this eruption of satanic action is the suppression of pagan worship on the high places."
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at his attacks on their shrines: "By the time of
Benedict, paganism was in a weaker condition in western Europe than it had been in Martin's time. And, of course, it must be remembered that Martin as a bishop was a much more prominent churchman than Benedict. This was an isolated and unusual episode in Benedict's monastic career. Martin, however, was thrust out of his monastery into the role of a missionary bishop in the fourth century."
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centuries, together with their pre-Christian cellars. The first one which
Benedict built in the temple itself was only twelve meters long and eight wide. From this, we can infer a fairly small community. The second oratory, on the mountain-top, where the pagan altar had stood in the open air, was of the same width but somewhat longer (15.25 meters)."
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which is considered today to have been the earliest
Institution of Higher Education in Western Europe. This school found its original base in the Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino still in the 9th century and later settled down in Salerno. So, Montecassino and Benedictines played a great role in the
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for the protagonist to encounter areas of strong paganism. Benedict scholar
Terrence Kardong examines why Benedict did not face stiffer opposition in his seizure of the site from the local pagans. He contrasts this with the 25-year struggle faced by St. Martin of Tours in western Gaul by pagans angry
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officers suggesting that German forces were occupying the monastery; the abbey was considered a key observation post by all those who were fighting in the field. However, during the bombing no German troops were present in the abbey. Subsequent investigations found that the only people killed in the
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the Greek artists decorated the apse, the arch and the vestibule of the basilica. Their work was admired by contemporaries but was totally destroyed in later centuries except two fragments depicting greyhounds (now in the Monte
Cassino Museum). "The abbot in his wisdom decided that a great number of
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Pope
Gregory I's biography of Benedict claims that Satan opposed the monks repurposing the site. In one story, Satan invisibly sits on a rock making it too heavy to remove until Benedict drives him off. In another story, Satan taunts Benedict and then collapses a wall on a young monk, who is brought
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Pope
Gregory I's account of Benedict at Monte Cassino is seen by scholars as the final setting for an epic set in motion at Subiaco. In his earlier setting Benedict "had twice shown complete mastery over his aggressiveness, Benedict is now allowed to use it without restraint in the service of God."
431:(1976) to the abbey, removing from its jurisdiction all 53 parishes and reducing its spiritual jurisdiction to the abbey itself – while retaining its status as a territorial abbey. The former territory of the Abbey, except the land on which the abbey church and monastery sit, was transferred to the
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Now the citadel called Casinum is located on the side of a high mountain. The mountain shelters this citadel on a broad bench. Then it rises three miles above it as if its peak tended toward heaven. There was an ancient temple there in which Apollo used to be worshipped according to the old pagan
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Monte Cassino became a model for future developments. Its prominent site has always made it an object of strategic importance. It was sacked or destroyed a number of times. "The first to demolish it were Lombards on foot in 580; the last were Allied bombers in 1944." In 581, during the abbacy of
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progress of medicine and science in the Middle Ages, and with his life and work St. Benedict himself exercised a fundamental influence on the development of European civilization and culture and helped Europe to emerge from the "dark night of history" that followed the fall of the Roman empire.
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The Rule of St. Benedict mandated the moral obligations to care for the sick. So in Monte Cassino St. Benedict founded a hospital that is considered today to have been the first in Europe of the new era. Benedictine monks took care of the sick and wounded there according to Benedict's Rule. The
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on Pope Gregory I's biography of Benedict, including the account of his seizure of Monte Cassino. Benedict's violence against a pagan holy place recalls both Martin's assault against pagan shrines generations before and the Biblical story of conquering Israel entering the Holy Land (see Exodus
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flourished there during Desiderius' abbacy. Monks reading and copying the medical texts learned a lot about human anatomy and methods of treatment, and then put their theoretic skills into practice at monastery hospital. By the 10–11th centuries Monte Cassino became the most famous cultural,
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Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's construction was confirmed by archaeological discoveries made after the destruction of 1944. Adalbert de Vogüé recounts that "Traces have been found of the oratories of St. Martin and of St. John the Baptist, with additions from the eighth and eleventh
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1067:. The Vatican daily bulletin of 23 October 2014 announced that with the appointment of his successor Donato Ogliari, the territory of the abbey outside the immediate monastery grounds had been transferred to the Diocese of Sora-Aquino-Pontecorvo, now renamed
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back to life by Benedict. Pope Gregory also relays that the monks found a pagan idol of bronze when digging at the site (which when thrown into the kitchen gave the illusion of a fire until dispelled by Benedict).
683:, the secular lands of the abbacy, which were subject to the abbot and nobody else save the pope. Thus, the monastery became the capital of a state comprising a compact and strategic region between the Lombard
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and built a temple to Apollo at the citadel. Modern excavations have found no remains of the temple, but monumental remains of an amphitheatre, a theatre, and a mausoleum show the wealth of the Roman town.
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people who held much of central Italy. It was they who first built a citadel on the summit of Monte Cassino. The Volsci in the area were defeated by the Romans in 312 BC. The Romans named the settlement
606:(perhaps in 543, the only remotely secure historical date for Benedict), and died there. According to accounts, "Benedict died in the oratory of St. Martin, and was buried in the oratory of St. John."
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sacked the abbey, and the surviving monks fled to Rome, where they remained for more than a century. During this time the body of St Benedict was transferred to Fleury, the modern
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made the church of Monte Cassino a cathedral, and the carefully preserved independence of the monastery from episcopal interference was at an end. That situation was reversed by
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educational, and medical center of Europe with a great library in Medicine and other sciences. Many physicians came there for medical and other knowledge. That is why the first
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in the fifth century AD. Lacking strong defences the area was subject to barbarian attack and became abandoned and neglected with only a few struggling inhabitants holding out.
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young monks in the monastery should be thoroughly initiated in these arts" – says the chronicler about the role of the Greeks in the revival of mosaic art in medieval Italy.
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recognised the abbot of Monte Cassino as having precedence over all other abbots. Many monks rose to become bishops and cardinals, and three popes were drawn from the abbey:
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While scholars see some similarities between the story of Benedict's encountering demonic phenomena and diabolic apparitions at Monte Cassino with the story of Saint
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The buildings of the monastery were reconstructed in the 11th century on a scale of great magnificence, artists being brought from Amalfi, Lombardy, and even
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monastery by the bombing were 230 Italian civilians seeking refuge there. Following the bombing the ruins of the monastery were occupied by German
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in Naples. Edsel goes on to note that these cases had been delivered to Göring in December 1943, for "his birthday". This is, however, unproven.
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Monte Cassino was rebuilt and reached the apex of its fame in the 11th century under the abbot Desiderius (abbot 1058–1087), who later became
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elevated the abbey into a bishopric but this was suppressed in 1367. The buildings were destroyed by an earthquake in 1349, and in 1369 Pope
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at the time; Benedict's first act was to smash the sculpture of Apollo and destroy the altar. He then reused the temple, dedicating it to
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An earthquake damaged the Abbey in 1349, and although the site was rebuilt it marked the beginning of a long period of decline. In 1321,
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for safekeeping. German officers Lt. Col. Julius Schlegel (a Roman Catholic) and Capt. Maximilian Becker (a Protestant), both from the
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The 11th and 12th centuries were the abbey's golden age. It acquired a large secular territory around Monte Cassino, the so-called
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1576:. Translated by Hilary Costello and Eoin de Bhaldraithe. Commentary by Adalbert de Vogüé. Petersham, MA: St. Bede's Publications.
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443:. As of 2015, the monastic community consists of thirteen monks. Ogliari was succeeded as abbot by Antonio Luca Fallica in 2023.
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The Age of Faith: A History of Medieval Civilization – Christian, Islamic, and Judaic – from Constantine to Dante: A.D. 325–1300
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to supervise the various works. The abbey church, rebuilt and decorated with the utmost splendor, was consecrated in 1071 by
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The history of Monte Cassino is linked to the nearby town of Cassino which was first settled in the fifth century BC by the
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1006:(January–May 1944) the Abbey was heavily damaged. The German military forces had established the 161-kilometre (100-mile)
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in 1799. From the dissolution of the Italian monasteries in 1866, Monte Cassino became a national monument. During the
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around 570 and abandoned. Of the first monastery almost nothing is known. The second monastery was established by
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at the same time appointed Father Donato Ogliari as the new Abbot who will serve as the 192nd successor of Saint
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consecrated the rebuilt Basilica on 24 October 1964. During reconstruction, the abbey library was housed at the
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demanded a contribution from all Benedictine monasteries to fund the rebuilding. In 1454, the abbey was placed
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L'abbazia benedettina di Montecassino. La storia attraverso le testimonianze grafiche di rilievo e di progetto
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was killed during the attack. Among the great historians who worked at the monastery, in this period there is
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On 15 February 1944 the abbey was nearly destroyed in a series of heavy, American-led air raids. General
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Rescuing Da Vinci: Hitler and the Nazis Stole Europe's Great Art, America and Her Allies Recovered It
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1663:(in Latin) (Tomus IV ed.). Turin: Seb. Franco et Henrico Dalmazzo editoribus. pp. 522–523.
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coast in the east, with Monte Cassino itself overlooking Highway 6 and blocking the path to Rome.
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1461:(SS. Patriarchae Benedicti Familiae Confoederatae: Curia dell'Abate Primate, Editio XXII 2015).
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Benedict scholars (such as Adalbert de Vogüé and Terrence Kardong) note the heavy influence of
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The Abbey was rebuilt after the war. In the early 1950s, President of the Italian Republic
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visited Monte Cassino in 1083, and five years later he began to build the third church at
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The History of the Fallschirmpanzerkorps Hermann Göring: Soldiers of the Reichsmarschall
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Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum romanorum pontificum Taurinensis editio
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1518:. Translated by Terrence Kardong, OSB. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. p. 49.
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Generations after the Roman Empire adopted Christianity the town became the seat of a
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Abbot Desiderius sent envoys to Constantinople some time after 1066 to hire expert
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and the building was destroyed by Allied bombing. It was rebuilt after the war.
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A flourishing period of Monte Cassino followed its re-establishment in 718 by
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By the 13th century, the monastery's decline had set in. In 1239, the Emperor
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that crowned the hill. The biography records that the area was still largely
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and at an elevation of 520 m (1,710 ft). Site of the Roman town of
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1536:. Translated by Terrence Kardong, OSB. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press.
1014:'s regard for the historical monument. The Gustav Line stretched from the
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Monte Cassino: The Story of the Most Controversial Battle of World War II
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before the monastery was rebuilt in 949. During the period of exile, the
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for the decoration of the rebuilt abbey church. According to chronicler
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himself around 529. It was for the community of Monte Cassino that the
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garrisoned troops in it during his war with the Papacy. In 1322, Pope
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1754:. Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. xix.
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International Dictionary of Historic Places: Volume 3 Southern Europe
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1419:"Vatican reorganizes Montecassino, mother abbey of the Benedictines"
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In 1799, Monte Cassino was sacked again by French troops during the
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From Constantine to Charlemagne: An Archaeology of Italy AD 300–800
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Pope Gregory I's account of Benedict's seizure of Monte Cassino:
212:) is a rocky hill about 130 kilometres (80 mi) southeast of
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by Trudy Ring; Robert M. Salkin; Sharon La Boda, eds. (1995).
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854:. A detailed account of the abbey at this date exists in the
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and abandoned again. The community of monks resided first at
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Palace of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
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on 12 June 2013, the Territorial Abbot of Monte Cassino was
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Monte Cassino in ruins after Allied bombing in February 1944
306:("Land of Saint Benedict"), which it heavily fortified with
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507:, the monastery was constructed on an older pagan site, a
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The Day of Battle: the War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944
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House of Retreat for the Clergy of Saints John and Paul
1503:. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. p. 132.
1436:[Dom Ogliari is the new Abbot of Montecassino].
1405:"Vatican announces reorganisation of Montecassino Abbey"
1044:, due to the ruins providing excellent defensive cover.
1907:. Vol. 1. Roma: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura.
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In December 1943, some 1,400 irreplaceable manuscript
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Buildings and structures in the Province of Frosinone
334:(1118–19). During this period, a monastic chronicle,
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Christian monasteries established in the 6th century
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Palace of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches
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Monte Val de' Varri – Monte Faito – Monte San Nicola
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4001:
3982:
3911:
3888:
3840:
3812:
3784:
3756:
3651:
3599:
3569:
3523:
3496:
3370:
2617:
2594:
2548:
2247:
2151:
2104:
2050:
195:
156:
142:
137:
126:
116:
111:
99:
91:
79:
74:
19:For information about the World War II battle, see
1876:
1098:Another account, however, from revisionist author
1267:, abbot of Montecassino, feast day on 27 November
2002:redefining territorial jurisdiction of the abbey
1738:The Abbey of Monte Cassino: An Illustrated Guide
1356:The Cassino Band of Northumbria Army Cadet Force
722:is a fundamental chronicle of the ninth-century
594:that became the founding principle for Western
1943:(reprint ed.). Cambridge Mass.: Da Capo.
904:believed that Desiderius' rebuilding included
829:became famous throughout the West. The unique
4290:Pontificio Collegio Urbano de Propaganda Fide
3299:
3178:
2665:
2021:
1051:gave considerable support to the rebuilding.
16:Historically significant hill in Lazio, Italy
8:
265:on Monte Cassino was sacked by the invading
28:
3718:Permanent Observer to the Council of Europe
3238:Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park
1939:Hapgood, David; Richardson, David (2002) .
1168:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
406:the monastery was one of the few remaining
4304:
4186:
4056:
4019:
4013:
4009:
3998:
3837:
3781:
3520:
3306:
3292:
3284:
3185:
3171:
3163:
2672:
2658:
2650:
2028:
2014:
2006:
710:sacked and then burned it down, and Abbot
347:, was written by two of its own, Cardinal
27:
4483:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Italy
1434:"Dom Ogliari nuovo abate di Montecassino"
1232:Learn how and when to remove this message
1069:Diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1057:Pontifical Abbey of St Jerome-in-the-City
780:Learn how and when to remove this message
433:diocese of Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
277:and with the support of the Lombard Duke
4047:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1421:. Catholic News Agency. 24 October 2014.
1059:. Until his resignation was accepted by
799:of the abbey from the late 15th-century
621:
455:
310:. It maintained good relations with the
4488:Burial sites of the Carolingian dynasty
3203:Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise National Park
1378:
838:in the world was soon opened in nearby
1527:
1525:
1494:
1492:
866:gives us our best source on the early
626:Promontory and post-WWII rebuilt abbey
273:around 718, at the suggestion of Pope
4498:Churches in the province of Frosinone
720:Historia Langobardorum Beneventanorum
58:
7:
2525:Parco regionale urbano Monte Orlando
1740:undated English language publication
1432:Pittiglio, Elena (23 October 2014).
1314:Members of the Polish 2nd Army Corps
1166:adding citations to reliable sources
1087:in Rome, had been sent to the abbey
762:adding citations to reliable sources
380:and in 1504 was made subject to the
337:Chronica sacri monasterii casinensis
297:were introduced into the community.
4322:Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi
1284:, archbishop and Divisional general
4327:Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua
4037:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2400:Cima del Redentore (monti Aurunci)
1657:Tomassetti, Aloysius, ed. (1859).
1514:Pope Gregory I (2009). "7:10–11".
662:, predecessor of the Lombard King
14:
4105:Pontifical North American College
3667:Section for Relations with States
1961:. Cassino, Ciolfi Editore, 2005.
1407:. Vatican Radio. 23 October 2014.
883:Il regno di Napoli in prospettiva
670:, the historian of the Lombards.
555:notes that it was common in such
4468:Roman Catholic dioceses in Lazio
4458:Benedictine monasteries in Italy
4415:
4403:
3799:Extraordinary general assemblies
3223:Etruscan necropolis of Tarquinia
3218:Etruscan necropolis of Cerveteri
2037:
1984:Satellite photo from Google Maps
1904:Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages
1752:Monte Cassino in the Middle Ages
1714:"Monks Rebuilding Monte Cassino"
1693:Hapgood & Richardson, p. 211
1674:"When I Landed the War Was over"
1361:The Red Poppies on Monte Cassino
1336:Polish cemetery at Monte Cassino
1138:
971:
945:Air assault on Monte Cassino, 15
938:
738:
505:Life of Saint Benedict of Nursia
314:, even receiving patronage from
57:
50:
34:
4267:Papal Palace of Castel Gandolfo
4167:Pontifical Oratory of San Paolo
4147:Pontifical Minor Roman Seminary
3946:Latina-Terracina-Sezze-Priverno
1594:. Time-Life Books. p. 34.
1472:"Resignations and Appointments"
1125:List of abbots of Monte Cassino
856:Chronica monasterii Cassinensis
749:needs additional citations for
3956:Sora-Cassino-Aquino-Pontecorvo
1806:"Rinunce e nomine, 23.10.2014"
1782:. 12 June 2013. Archived from
1623:. Simon and Schuster. p.
1459:Catalogus Monasteriorum O.S.B.
1304:Carloman (mayor of the palace)
1093:Panzer-Division Hermann Göring
1:
4219:Pontifical Oriental Institute
1248:Panorama from Polish cemetery
250:, having been established by
242:, it is widely known for its
4042:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
3027:Sant'Ambrogio sul Garigliano
1998:, original text of the 2014
1702:Atkinson (2007), pp. 432–441
1341:Red Poppies on Monte Cassino
1085:Keats-Shelley Memorial House
990:The abbey was sacked by the
650:, when among the monks were
4224:Pontifical Lombard Seminary
4100:Pontifical Urban University
3794:Ordinary general assemblies
3541:Cardinal Secretary of State
3258:Palazzo dei Papi di Viterbo
3213:Civita Castellana Cathedral
2609:List of presidents of Lazio
1776:"Pontifical Acts – 12 June"
1259:Cardinal Domenico Bartolini
414:. On 23 October 2014, Pope
4514:
4317:Basilica of the Holy House
3941:Frosinone-Veroli-Ferentino
3349:Sovereignty and government
3032:Sant'Andrea del Garigliano
2917:Monte San Giovanni Campano
1572:Gregory the Great (1993).
1534:The Life of Saint Benedict
1516:The Life of Saint Benedict
1122:
879:Giovan Battista Pacichelli
691:city-states of the coast (
463:
18:
4398:
4274:Gardens of the Villa Cybo
4127:Palace of the Holy Office
4117:Palazzo della Cancelleria
4089:Palace of Saint Callixtus
4059:
4012:
3358:Sovereign judicial entity
3321:
3198:
2697:
2638:
2091:
1989:The Monte Cassino Society
1840:Edsel, Robert M. (2006).
1440:(in Italian). Rome, Italy
992:French Revolutionary Army
877:The abbey in depicted in
685:principality of Benevento
491:Era of Benedict (530–547)
418:applied the norms of the
402:After the reforms of the
395:, it was the site of the
389:French Revolutionary Wars
246:, the first house of the
45:
33:
4215:Archaeological Institute
3400:Old St. Peter's Basilica
3395:Patrimony of Saint Peter
3390:History of papal primacy
3007:San Donato Val di Comino
1883:. New York: Henry Holt.
1684:, October/November 1981.
1574:The Life of St. Benedict
1351:San Liberatore a Maiella
900:Architectural historian
598:, received a visit from
543:The façade of the church
460:Cliff on "high mountain"
106:Diocese of Monte Cassino
4410:Vatican City portal
4142:Palace of the Vicariate
3936:Civitavecchia-Tarquinia
3460:Prisoner in the Vatican
3449:Investiture Controversy
1995:Contemplationi faventes
1875:Atkinson, Rick (2007).
1846:. Laurel Pub. pp.
1830:Atkinson (2007), p. 399
1750:Bloch, Herbert (1986).
1640:"The Point of the Arch"
1532:Pope Gregory I (2009).
1331:Battle of Monte Cassino
1278:, abbot of Montecassino
996:Battle of Monte Cassino
963:New Zealand during WWII
864:Amatus of Monte Cassino
827:manuscript illuminators
397:Battle of Monte Cassino
382:Abbey of Santa Giustina
355:(who also compiled the
279:Romuald II of Benevento
220:, Italy, 2 kilometres (
208:(today usually spelled
21:Battle of Monte Cassino
4443:Abbey of Monte Cassino
4422:Catholicism portal
4378:Apostolic Penitentiary
4352:Acta Apostolicae Sedis
4299:Santa Maria di Galeria
3624:For Vatican City State
3002:San Biagio Saracinisco
2957:Piedimonte San Germano
2098:
2000:apostolic constitution
1979:Abbey of Monte Cassino
1919:, Ashgate Publishing,
1346:San Giovanni in Venere
1249:
1042:1st Parachute Division
885:
814:
680:Terra Sancti Benedicti
675:Gisulf II of Benevento
673:In 744, a donation of
643:near Orleans, France.
641:Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire
627:
583:
544:
537:
461:
404:Second Vatican Council
303:Terra Sancti Benedicti
256:Rule of Saint Benedict
40:Abbey of Monte Cassino
4206:San Carlo ai Catinari
4177:Paul VI Audience Hall
4163:Benedictine monastery
4110:Bambino Gesù Hospital
3880:Sabina-Poggio Mirteto
3042:Sant'Elia Fiumerapido
3022:San Vittore del Lazio
3017:San Giovanni Incarico
2691:Province of Frosinone
2214:Lago di Posta Fibreno
2097:
1933:Catholic Encyclopedia
1615:Durant, Will (1950).
1319:Piero the Unfortunate
1299:Sigelgaita of Salerno
1247:
876:
795:
625:
582:
542:
532:
459:
289:and then from 914 at
180:41.49000°N 13.81389°E
130:Antonio Luca Fallica
75:Monastery information
66:Location within Italy
4478:Monasteries in Lazio
4032:St. Peter's Basilica
3725:Apostolic nunciature
3584:College of Cardinals
3579:Secretariat of State
3263:Park of the Monsters
3208:Circeo National Park
2630:Marino Wine Festival
2445:Monte Lauro in Gaeta
2052:Provinces and places
1718:www.britishpathe.com
1387:"Catholica Ecclesia"
1162:improve this section
1040:paratroopers of the
1027:Sir Harold Alexander
890:Byzantine mosaicists
758:improve this article
4383:Apostolic Signatura
4211:Collegio Bellarmino
4083:Adjoining buildings
3658:Multilateral policy
3147:Villa Santo Stefano
2967:Pignataro Interamna
2470:Maschio delle Faete
2370:Maschio dell'Ariano
2255:Seven hills of Rome
2189:Lago di Giulianello
1366:Lamp of Brotherhood
1031:British Indian Army
959:official war artist
910:Gothic architecture
902:Kenneth John Conant
836:High Medical School
802:Nuremberg Chronicle
497:Gregory the Great's
271:Petronax of Brescia
176: /
30:
29:Monte Cassino Abbey
4463:Territorial abbeys
4453:Mountains of Lazio
4152:Collegio Teutonico
4069:Lateran University
3913:Suffragan dioceses
3890:Territorial abbeys
3860:Porto-Santa Rufina
3842:Suburbicarian sees
3804:Special assemblies
3699:Permanent Observer
3193:Landmarks of Lazio
3012:San Giorgio a Liri
2802:Castelnuovo Parano
2604:Elections in Lazio
2375:Maschio di Lariano
2099:
1250:
1108:Capodimonte Museum
986:Since 19th century
886:
825:and the school of
815:
628:
584:
545:
462:
425:Ecclesia Catholica
408:territorial abbeys
316:Byzantine emperors
252:Benedict of Nursia
234: mi) west of
185:41.49000; 13.81389
121:Benedict of Nursia
4430:
4429:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4297:antennae area of
4288:Summer estate of
4253:
4252:
4185:
4184:
4157:Teutonic Cemetery
4055:
4054:
4018:
4017:
4014:
3995:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3931:Civita Castellana
3834:
3778:
3752:
3751:
3517:
3454:Age of Revolution
3427:Donation of Pepin
3422:Donation of Sutri
3362:international law
3281:
3280:
3160:
3159:
3142:Villa Santa Lucia
2807:Castro dei Volsci
2777:Campoli Appennino
2762:Belmonte Castello
2647:
2646:
2340:Monti della Tolfa
2265:Aurunci Mountains
2179:Lago di Caprolace
2144:
2136:
1890:978-0-8050-6289-2
1812:. 23 October 2014
1682:American Heritage
1265:Saint Apollinaris
1242:
1241:
1234:
1216:
1065:Pietro Vittorelli
953:1944, painted by
852:Pope Alexander II
831:Beneventan script
790:
789:
782:
588:Anthony the Great
565:Sulpicius Severus
248:Benedictine Order
203:
202:
4505:
4420:
4419:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4310:extraterritorial
4305:
4283:Adjacent gardens
4243:Nympheum of Nero
4192:extraterritorial
4187:
4079:Sancta Sanctorum
4057:
4020:
4010:
3999:
3987:
3838:
3819:
3816:province of Rome
3782:
3763:
3614:Apostolic Camera
3521:
3503:
3385:Primacy of Peter
3308:
3301:
3294:
3285:
3187:
3180:
3173:
3164:
2902:Giuliano di Roma
2674:
2667:
2660:
2651:
2440:Monte Guadagnolo
2335:Monte Terminillo
2315:Monti Prenestini
2305:Monti della Meta
2295:Monti della Laga
2174:Lago di Canterno
2142:
2134:
2085:List of communes
2042:
2041:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2007:
1957:Michela Cigola,
1954:
1929:
1908:
1894:
1882:
1862:
1861:
1837:
1831:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1712:Pathé, British.
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1592:The Age of Faith
1584:
1578:
1577:
1569:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1476:press.vatican.va
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1383:
1309:Władysław Anders
1276:Saint Bertharius
1237:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1174:
1142:
1134:
1000:Italian Campaign
975:
952:
948:
942:
785:
778:
774:
771:
765:
742:
734:
592:Benedictine Rule
525:John the Baptist
353:Peter the Deacon
345:
233:
232:
228:
225:
191:
190:
188:
187:
186:
181:
177:
174:
173:
172:
169:
61:
60:
54:
38:
31:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4394:
4363:Papal household
4331:
4309:
4303:
4259:
4249:
4235:Sant'Apollinare
4233:Two Palaces of
4229:Russian College
4191:
4181:
4051:
4024:Major basilicas
4003:
3992:
3989:
3986:
3970:
3907:
3884:
3829:
3818:
3815:
3808:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3748:
3677:Of the Holy See
3672:To the Holy See
3655:
3653:Foreign affairs
3647:
3595:
3565:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3500:judicial entity
3499:
3492:
3366:
3344:Diocese of Rome
3317:
3312:
3282:
3277:
3243:Hadrian's Villa
3233:Garden of Ninfa
3228:Fossanova Abbey
3194:
3191:
3161:
3156:
3097:Trevi nel Lazio
3037:Sant'Apollinare
2837:Colle San Magno
2693:
2678:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2613:
2590:
2566:Pontine marshes
2556:Castelli Romani
2544:
2515:Monte di Cambio
2390:Monte Carbonaro
2380:Monte Artemisio
2243:
2234:Lago del Turano
2219:Lago di Rascino
2204:Lago dei Monaci
2194:Lake Martignano
2147:
2140:Roman Republic
2132:Roman Republic
2100:
2089:
2046:
2036:
2034:
1975:
1951:
1938:
1927:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1874:
1871:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1786:on 15 June 2013
1774:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1672:
1668:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1646:, May/June 2012
1637:
1636:
1632:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1588:Fremantle, Anne
1586:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1327:
1254:Pope Victor III
1238:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1181:"Monte Cassino"
1175:
1173:
1159:
1143:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1077:
1037:Fallschirmjäger
988:
983:
982:
981:
980:
979:
976:
967:
966:
965:
950:
946:
943:
819:Pope Victor III
786:
775:
769:
766:
755:
743:
732:
668:Paul the Deacon
620:
493:
468:
454:
452:Ancient history
449:
412:Catholic Church
339:
295:Cluniac Reforms
230:
226:
223:
221:
184:
182:
178:
175:
170:
167:
165:
163:
162:
70:
69:
68:
67:
64:
63:
62:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4511:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4448:Hills of Italy
4445:
4435:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4412:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4302:
4301:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4198:Palace of the
4195:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4064:Lateran Palace
4060:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4016:
4015:
4007:
3996:
3993:territoriality
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3855:Velletri-Segni
3852:
3846:
3844:
3835:
3814:Ecclesiastical
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3779:
3770:full communion
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3713:European Union
3710:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3694:United Nations
3691:
3686:
3685:
3684:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3616:
3605:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3591:
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2350:Monte Cassino
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2184:Lago di Fondi
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1547:Christie 2006
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1438:Il Messaggero
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1186:
1183: –
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1177:Find sources:
1171:
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1156:
1152:
1147:This section
1145:
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1049:Luigi Einaudi
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914:Hugh of Cluny
911:
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747:This section
745:
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581:
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570:
566:
561:
558:
557:hagiographies
554:
553:Neil Christie
549:
541:
536:
531:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
499:hagiography,
498:
495:According to
490:
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458:
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4172:Beda College
4074:Scala Sancta
3898:Montecassino
3831:Vatican City
3514:Legal status
3483:World War II
3471:Vatican City
3466:Savoyard era
3437:Papal States
3353:Vatican City
3268:Villa d'Este
3253:Ostia Antica
3247:
3137:Villa Latina
3117:Vallerotonda
2992:Rocca d'Arce
2877:Fontana Liri
2772:Broccostella
2702:Acquafondata
2684:
2561:Valle Latina
2540:Monte Ruazzo
2495:Monte Revole
2475:Meta (monte)
2460:Monte Livata
2410:Monte Crispi
2395:Monte Cefalo
2385:Monte Autore
2360:Monte Altino
2349:
2325:Monti Sabini
2300:Monti Lepini
2285:Monti Ernici
2280:Cimini Hills
2270:Monti Ausoni
2199:Lake Mezzano
2164:Lake Bolsena
2127:Papal States
2122:Ancient Rome
1994:
1958:
1940:
1932:
1916:
1903:
1878:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1809:
1800:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1779:
1770:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1681:
1669:
1659:
1652:
1644:Aramco World
1643:
1638:Verde, Tom,
1633:
1618:
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1591:
1582:
1573:
1542:
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1500:
1479:. Retrieved
1475:
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1458:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1437:
1427:
1413:
1399:
1390:
1381:
1228:
1219:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1176:
1160:Please help
1148:
1103:
1097:
1078:
1061:Pope Francis
1053:Pope Paul VI
1046:
1035:
1024:
1004:World War II
989:
929:Pope Urban V
922:
899:
894:Leo of Ostia
887:
882:
860:Leo of Ostia
855:
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816:
800:
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767:
756:Please help
751:verification
748:
719:
705:
678:
677:created the
672:
645:
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585:
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568:
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550:
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521:Saint Martin
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494:
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424:
421:motu proprio
419:
401:
393:World War II
386:
377:in commendam
375:
364:Frederick II
361:
349:Leo of Ostia
335:
301:
299:
260:
218:Latin Valley
210:Montecassino
209:
205:
204:
25:
4390:Swiss Guard
4137:Palazzo Pio
3641:Dicasteries
3619:Commissions
3609:Roman Curia
3488:Warsaw Pact
3102:Trivigliano
2942:Pescosolido
2882:Fontechiari
2812:Castrocielo
2782:Casalattico
2505:Monte Trina
2485:Monte Caira
2450:Monte Lauzo
2435:Monte Fusco
2355:Monte Abate
2260:Alban Hills
2159:Lake Albano
1678:Hughes Rudd
1444:13 February
1294:Scholastica
1008:Gustav Line
918:Cluny Abbey
823:scriptorium
724:Mezzogiorno
596:monasticism
410:within the
340: [
332:Gelasius II
326:(1057–58),
183: /
158:Coordinates
92:Established
86:Benedictine
4437:Categories
4373:Roman Rota
4271:Papal farm
4204:Palace of
4096:Hill area
3984:Properties
3870:Palestrina
3742:Concordats
3601:Government
3571:Governance
3107:Vallecorsa
3057:Settefrati
3047:Santopadre
2997:Roccasecca
2977:Pontecorvo
2857:Falvaterra
2842:Collepardo
2797:Castelliri
2787:Casalvieri
2641:Categories
2530:Monte Orso
2275:Monte Cavo
1810:vatican.va
1761:0674586557
1373:References
1192:newspapers
1016:Tyrrhenian
1012:Kesselring
716:Erchempert
712:Bertharius
604:Ostrogoths
384:in Padua.
328:Victor III
324:Stephen IX
275:Gregory II
261:The first
171:13°48′50″E
168:41°29′24″N
117:Founder(s)
4279:Barberini
4094:Gianicolo
3988:including
3822:Vicariate
3766:universal
3704:in Geneva
3549:Cardinals
3525:Officials
3498:Sovereign
3326:Apostolic
3112:Vallemaio
2947:Picinisco
2897:Gallinaro
2887:Frosinone
2867:Filettino
2862:Ferentino
2832:Colfelice
2549:Geography
2248:Mountains
2239:Lake Vico
2209:Lake Nemi
2060:Frosinone
1261:(1813–87)
1149:does not
1075:Treasures
770:June 2021
730:1058–1505
689:Byzantine
654:, son of
485:bishopric
368:John XXII
357:cartulary
320:Victor II
263:monastery
216:, in the
4344:See also
3865:Frascati
3737:Treaties
3631:Councils
3559:Advisers
3315:Holy See
3152:Viticuso
3062:Sgurgola
2907:Guarcino
2596:Politics
2465:Mainarde
1915:(2006),
1901:(1986).
1590:(1965).
1391:Holy See
1325:See also
1089:archives
1020:Adriatic
949:February
912:. Abbot
881:'s 1703
718:, whose
708:Saracens
687:and the
652:Carloman
637:Lombards
501:Benedict
441:Benedict
283:Saracens
267:Lombards
143:Location
4258:Outside
3966:Viterbo
3903:Subiaco
3760:of Rome
3758:Diocese
3536:Francis
3372:History
3342:of the
3336:Francis
3127:Vicalvi
3092:Torrice
3082:Terelle
3052:Serrone
2937:Patrica
2932:Pastena
2927:Paliano
2852:Esperia
2827:Cervaro
2822:Ceprano
2817:Ceccano
2792:Cassino
2757:Ausonia
2722:Amaseno
2689:of the
2683:·
2618:Culture
2105:History
2080:Viterbo
1935:, 1908.
1869:Sources
1816:3 March
1780:News.va
1723:28 June
1206:scholar
1170:removed
1155:sources
1130:Burials
1081:codices
1018:to the
998:in the
868:Normans
840:Salerno
797:Woodcut
706:In 884
664:Aistulf
660:Ratchis
633:Bonitus
618:580–884
477:Casinum
466:Casinum
447:History
437:Francis
435:. Pope
429:Paul VI
416:Francis
372:Urban V
308:castles
240:Casinum
236:Cassino
229:⁄
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101:Diocese
4358:Awards
4277:Villa
4002:Inside
3991:extra-
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3786:Synods
3764:with
3730:Nuncio
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3360:under
3340:bishop
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2112:Latins
2065:Latina
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509:temple
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3504:under
3273:Volci
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3554:List
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1818:2021
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1185:news
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