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and Jan van Eyck in the 1420s and 1430s, is today generally considered to be the beginning of the early
Northern Renaissance in painting. This detailed realism was greatly respected in Italy, but there was little reciprocal influence on the North until nearly the end of the 15th century. Despite
507:
Finally, the
Renaissance in Europe would also be kindled by a weakening of the Roman Catholic Church. The slow demise of feudalism also weakened a long-established policy in which church officials helped keep the population of the manor under control in return for tribute. Consequently, the early
782:
and the large number of surviving classical artworks and monuments encouraged many
Italian painters to explore Greco-Roman themes more prominently than northern artists, and likewise the famous 15th-century German and Dutch paintings tend to be religious. In the 16th century,
536:, and was a central figure at the intersection of classical humanism and mounting religious questions. Forms of artistic expression which a century ago would have been banned by the church were now tolerated or even encouraged in certain circles.
492:), and a general increase in agricultural productivity due to improving farming technology and methods. As in Italy, the decline of feudalism opened the way for the cultural, social, and economic changes associated with the Renaissance in Europe.
889:, art historians are increasingly questioning its validity: Lisa Deam, "Flemish versus Netherlandish: A Discourse of Nationalism," in Renaissance Quarterly, vol. 51, no. 1 (Spring, 1998), pp. 28–29.
547:, spread political ideas and generally impacted the course of the Renaissance in northern Europe. As in Italy, the printing press increased the availability of books written in both
1122:
756:
developed styles that were imitated by many subsequent generations. Later in the 16th century
Northern painters increasingly looked and travelled to Rome, becoming known as the
1863:
736:. DĂĽrer, in turn, was influenced by the art he saw there and is agreed to be one of the first Northern High Renaissance painters. Other notable northern painters such as
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1559:
787:
and other themes from history became more uniform amongst northern and
Italian artists. Northern Renaissance painters, however, had new subject matter, such as
1039:
2074:
1233:
605:, who were Italian explorers, the development would end Northern Italy's role as the trade crossroads of Europe, shifting wealth and power westwards to
40:
2342:
1636:
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1007:
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289:. From the last years of the 15th century, its Renaissance spread around Europe. Called the Northern Renaissance because it occurred north of the
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1326:
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interested in reducing the power of feudal lords, the increasing uselessness of feudal armies in the face of new military technology (such as
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930:
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141:
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589:. This combination of European and North African ship building technologies for the first time made extensive trade and travel over the
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in the latest
Mannerist style, but succeeded in establishing a durable national style. By the end of the 16th century, artists such as
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styles moved through northern Europe, they changed and were adapted to local customs. In
England and the northern Netherlands the
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were greatly influenced by the
Italian Renaissance model and were part of the same intellectual movement. During the
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The velocity of transmission of the
Renaissance throughout Europe can also be ascribed to the invention of the
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composed works of lasting influence. The
Renaissance was brought to Poland directly from Italy by artists from
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began extensive colonisation activities. This period of exploration and expansion has become known as the
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Renaissances, and in turn created other national and localized movements, each with different attributes.
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15th century saw the rise of many secular institutions and beliefs. Among the most significant of these,
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2327:
1725:
1504:
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1358:
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187:
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2015:
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and the printed book helped spread the spirit of the age through France, the Low Countries and the
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Although the notion of a north to south-only direction of influence arose in the scholarship of
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One of the most important technological development of the Renaissance was the invention of the
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influence that was still popular in the north, while highly individualistic artists such as
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feasible. While first introduced by the Italian states and the early captains, such as
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In some areas the Northern Renaissance was distinct from the Italian Renaissance in its
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or even unions of countries. The Northern Renaissance was also closely linked to the
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with the resulting long series of internal and external conflicts between various
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in England, portrait painting was slow to spread from the elite. In France the
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in the early 16th century – a process halted by the religious schism caused by
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of political power. While Italy and Germany were dominated by independent
336:. This included not only the then Kingdom of France but also the adjacent
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571:, a factor often attributed to the spread of the Protestant Reformation.
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1626:
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The Invention of Northern Aesthetics in 18th-Century English Literature
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1537:
721:(1500–1530)—chronologically overlapping with but unrelated to Italian
16:
Renaissance that occurred in the European countries north of the Alps.
626:
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503:-era Press on display at the Printing History Museum in Lyon, France.
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341:
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1004:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 5, The Renaissance in the North
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made his two trips to Italy, where he was greatly admired for his
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environment, the increasing use of money rather than land as a
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in the 16th increased cultural exchange between Italy and the
332:), and built grand palaces at great expense, starting the
625:. These states all began to conduct extensive trade with
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who had earlier extensively employed Italian artisans at
697:
Early Netherlandish painting often included complicated
861:(5th, rev. ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
807:
brought religious painting almost completely to an end
360:
even as painters increasingly drew on Italian models.
776:
that were in vogue had a great impact on their work.
641:. Eventually European power spread around the globe.
352:; however in art, and especially architecture, late
340:. Trade and commerce in then Burgundian cities like
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2003:
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1645:
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923:The Grove Encyclopedia of Northern Renaissance Art
772:and the late Renaissance stylistic tendencies of
551:languages and the publication of new and ancient
476:. The reasons for this decline include the post-
356:influences remained present until the arrival of
543:. Its power to disseminate information enhanced
512:would lay the philosophical grounds for much of
2085:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe
1553:
1033:
717:frequent cultural and artistic exchange, the
258:
8:
2075:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages
953:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
472:was on the decline at the beginning of the
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1742:
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532:, for example, was important in spreading
328:, commissioned Italian artists (including
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58:
857:Janson, H.W.; Anthony F. Janson (1997).
849:
220:
159:
88:
61:
655:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
285:that occurred in Europe north of the
7:
2224:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486)
426:and the Low Countries, starting the
2434:History of the Mediterranean region
1637:International relations (1648–1814)
14:
2191:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1758:Journalism of Early Modern Europe
1070:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
833:in a brief but intense phase of
809:. Despite several very talented
394:. Writers and humanists such as
69:
2424:History of Western civilization
1710:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
2053:Christianity in the modern era
1839:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
921:Campbell, Gordon, ed. (2009).
902:Chipps Smith, Jeffrey (2004).
817:was begun by Italians such as
1:
2398:History of the European Union
2236:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
2026:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
1990:War of the Spanish Succession
2301:Early Netherlandish painting
1271:Platonism in the Renaissance
1175:Early Netherlandish painting
964:. Cambridge Scholars Press.
950:The Renaissance in the North
710:Early Netherlandish painting
651:Early Netherlandish painting
1942:Absolute monarchy in France
1886:Lands of the Bohemian Crown
925:. Oxford University Press.
534:humanist ideas in the north
410:(which overlapped with the
53:Pieter Brueghel the Younger
2527:
2511:Cultural history of Europe
2408:Military history of Europe
2403:Maritime history of Europe
2296:Dutch and Flemish painting
2207:Science in the Renaissance
1180:Dutch and Flemish painting
1123:Central and Eastern Europe
1092:Outline of the Renaissance
811:artists of the Tudor Court
648:
578:
2446:
2393:Genetic history of Europe
2142:European wars of religion
1985:Second Hundred Years' War
985:, 1985, Harry N. Abrams,
958:Bezrucka, Yvonne (2017).
293:, this period became the
983:Northern Renaissance Art
947:O'Neill, J, ed. (1987).
904:The Northern Renaissance
754:Pieter Bruegel the Elder
708:The detailed realism of
567:became widely available
461:having lasting effects.
344:in the 15th century and
2429:History of Christianity
2011:French–Habsburg rivalry
1970:French Wars of Religion
815:School of Fontainebleau
2496:17th century in Europe
2491:16th century in Europe
2486:15th century in Europe
2174:Renaissance philosophy
2090:Protestant Reformation
1898:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1705:Fall of Constantinople
738:Hans Holbein the Elder
728:Around the same time,
694:
645:Painting and sculpture
599:Giovanni da Verrazzano
504:
451:Protestant Reformation
56:
37:
2453:History of philosophy
2328:Industrial Revolution
1726:Scientific Revolution
1505:Medieval renaissances
1283:Scientific Revolution
885:and was continued by
883:Max Jakob Friedländer
666:
498:
459:Roman Catholic Church
47:Adoration of the Magi
43:
22:
2476:Northern Renaissance
2179:Renaissance humanism
2063:Bohemian Reformation
2021:Treaties of Nijmegen
1632:Age of Enlightenment
1374:Northern Renaissance
837:that also spread to
780:Renaissance humanism
683:Saint Bavo Cathedral
510:Renaissance humanism
279:Northern Renaissance
77:The School of Athens
2365:Revolutions of 1848
2286:Florentine painting
2137:Counter-Reformation
2058:Proto-Protestantism
2016:Peace of Westphalia
1859:Seventeen Provinces
1718:Printing Revolution
1612:Early modern Europe
1607:Early modern period
1569:Early modern Europe
1327:Bergamo and Brescia
1319:Italian Renaissance
1097:Renaissance studies
673:(interior view) by
563:. Furthermore, the
545:scientific research
420:Christopher Marlowe
416:William Shakespeare
408:English Renaissance
291:Italian Renaissance
2095:Ninety-five Theses
1881:Kingdom of Bohemia
1795:Free imperial city
1763:The General Crisis
1445:Spanish Golden Age
1085:Northern Mannerism
835:Northern Mannerism
719:Antwerp Mannerists
695:
681:, completed 1432.
659:Northern Mannerism
505:
501:Johannes Gutenberg
482:medium of exchange
445:began emerging as
428:Polish Renaissance
414:) writers such as
404:Desiderius Erasmus
334:French Renaissance
57:
38:
29:Arnolfini Portrait
2463:
2462:
2457:History of Europe
2442:
2441:
2338:French Revolution
2333:Age of Revolution
2311:
2310:
2291:Venetian painting
2254:
2253:
2246:Leonardo da Vinci
2150:
2149:
2034:
2033:
1975:Thirty Years' War
1914:Habsburg monarchy
1871:Habsburg monarchy
1844:Cossack Hetmanate
1829:Portuguese Empire
1790:Holy Roman Empire
1771:
1770:
1753:Absolute monarchy
1734:
1733:
1686:
1685:
1535:
1534:
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1454:
1428:Iberian peninsula
1195:Italian sculpture
971:978-1-5275-0302-1
932:978-0-19-533466-1
913:978-0-7148-3867-0
906:. Phaidon Press.
400:Pierre de Ronsard
368:Holy Roman Empire
338:Duchy of Burgundy
330:Leonardo da Vinci
275:
274:
234:Continuity thesis
221:History and study
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2378:
2323:Great Divergence
2281:Italian painting
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2043:
1995:Seven Years' War
1937:House of Bourbon
1893:Protestant Union
1864:Economic history
1780:
1743:
1695:
1622:Age of Discovery
1602:High Renaissance
1580:
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1500:Cloak and dagger
1315:
1185:Italian painting
1075:High Renaissance
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827:Hendrik Goltzius
823:Karel van Mander
819:Rosso Fiorentino
762:High Renaissance
750:Hieronymus Bosch
670:Ghent Altarpiece
639:Age of Discovery
581:Age of Discovery
575:Age of Discovery
499:Reproduction of
267:
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239:High Renaissance
229:Age of Discovery
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34:National Gallery
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1617:Elizabethan era
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595:Giovanni Caboto
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514:Renaissance art
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457:groups and the
412:Elizabethan era
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80:(1509–1511) by
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1590:Renaissance
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1143:Plateresque
1065:Renaissance
1049:Renaissance
804:Reformation
699:iconography
474:Renaissance
439:city-states
372:Scandinavia
326:Italian art
283:Renaissance
63:Renaissance
55:, 1584–1638
49:in the snow
2470:Categories
2353:Napoleonic
2277:Painting:
2164:Philosophy
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1484:Structures
1290:Technology
1266:Philosophy
1229:Literature
1148:Portuguese
991:0136235964
845:References
649:See also:
549:vernacular
526:technology
486:monarchies
455:Protestant
441:, most of
380:Henry VIII
147:Technology
137:Philosophy
122:Literature
2155:Academic
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2100:Calvinism
2046:Overviews
2004:Diplomacy
1952:Louis XIV
1783:Countries
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1576:Overviews
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789:landscape
774:Mannerism
758:Romanists
723:Mannerism
712:, led by
490:gunpowder
470:Feudalism
324:imported
107:Fine arts
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1006:, 1987,
839:Flanders
635:Americas
607:Portugal
603:Columbus
591:Atlantic
465:Overview
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396:Rabelais
281:was the
203:Scotland
193:Portugal
117:Humanism
36:, London
32:, 1434,
2266:General
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2130:Radical
2110:English
1933:France
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1595:Outline
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1300:Warfare
1295:Theatre
1278:Science
1244:Spanish
1158:Spanish
1057:General
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770:Raphael
764:art of
691:Belgium
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522:science
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346:Antwerp
303:English
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160:Regions
152:Warfare
142:Science
89:Aspects
82:Raphael
2381:Europe
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1347:Papacy
1239:French
1212:France
1153:Purism
1128:French
1008:online
989:
968:
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865:
760:. The
746:Gothic
734:prints
675:Hubert
657:, and
627:Africa
621:, and
615:France
478:Plague
443:Europe
390:under
354:Gothic
342:Bruges
318:France
311:Polish
299:French
295:German
188:Poland
173:France
26:, The
2417:World
2216:Works
1461:Lists
1440:Spain
1402:Weser
1261:Music
1251:Magic
1234:Dutch
1224:Latin
1202:Dance
1118:Brick
687:Ghent
611:Spain
565:Bible
561:Latin
557:Greek
518:music
198:Spain
183:Italy
132:Music
127:Magic
102:Dance
2259:Arts
1963:Wars
1583:Eras
1342:Rome
987:ISBN
966:ISBN
927:ISBN
908:ISBN
863:ISBN
825:and
791:and
768:and
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667:The
631:Asia
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287:Alps
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1170:Art
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316:In
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