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581:") was established on the basis of the Naval Operations Headquarters of FSUE “Atomflot”. The main purpose of the creation of Glavsevmorput is to organize the navigation of vessels in the waters of the Northern Sea Route. Glavsevmorput Federal State Budgetary Institution solves the following tasks: ensuring the organization of icebreaking vessels taking into account the hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions in the waters of the NSR; vessels navigation in the waters of the NSR; issuance, suspension, renewal, and termination of permits for sailing vessels in the waters of the NSR. To solve these tasks, the department arranges icebreaker fleet vessels in the waters of the NSR, monitors the traffic in the NSR water area, provides information on hydrometeorological, ice, and navigation conditions, and processes information from vessels located in the NSR water area.
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change towards lighter temperatures, but only slightly compared to modern ones, since these years will be the phase of decreasing air temperature during the 74-year fluctuation. Scientists conclude that ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean in 2030–2050 are expected to be milder from August to
October. There will be no seasonal loss of ice cover in the Arctic Ocean by 2050. Even in the “lightest” year, the Arctic seas will be ice-free only from August to October. For the period 2030–2050 there will be a phase of decreasing air temperature during the 74-year fluctuation, and ice conditions in the Arctic seas will be close to modern ones.
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issuing permits for the passage of vessels, monitoring, dispatching, and managing the work of the fleet. The single digital platform will collect information from all the available sources, for example, hydrometeorological data, the location of ships and icebreakers, port congestion. As a result, users will receive an advanced "ice navigator" that will allow to plot a precise route in view of the changing ice conditions of the NSR. In other words, the study of Sibul et al. proposed a path-finding algorithm for the NSR strategic assessment. It uses real weather as input and find the optimal shipping route.
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shifts in trade also imply substantial pressure on an already threatened Arctic ecosystem". At the same time, research conducted by the Center for Marine
Research showed that exceeding the maximum permissible concentrations in the atmospheric air, sea waters, and bottom sediments, which could indicate the impact of economic activities at this stage of development of the NSR was not recorded.
569:, also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports. For this purpose, the Directorate of the Northern Sea Route was formed, that now manages three subordinate organizations "Atomflot" (ROSATOMFLOT), "Hydrographic Enterprise" and "ChukotAtomEnergo".
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environmental concerns. Sailing along the NSR can also help to reduce emission costs due to shorter distances. With the maritime industry joining the EU Emissions
Trading Scheme (ETS) from 2024 and large freight companies receiving huge carbon bills, the savings on the EU ETS from reducing emissions could be in addition to the economic benefits for shippers.
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disputable and incomplete, as it does not consider such factors like the reduced length of the
Northern Sea Route (comparing to the Suez Canal) and, therefore, reduced CO2 emissions; the absence of charge payments for the passage; no risks of a pirate attack; the reduced cost of journey due to its reduced length.
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Marine transport generates 14% of all transport emissions, and effective techniques that could replace marine engines powered by fossil fuels are not currently used, in the case of nuclear power, or still in modern era redevelopment, such as wind and solar power. Due to its shorter length, navigation
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in 1956. The administrative entity was sequentially updated, upgraded and renamed. Thus, in 2013, the
Federal State Budgetary Institution “Administration of the Northern Sea Route” was created. In 2022 organizational authority was transferred to the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route of
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Brigham, L.; McCalla, R.; Cunningham, E.; Barr, W.; VanderZwaag, D.; Chircop, A.; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; MacDonald, R.; Harder, S.; Ellis, B.; Snyder, J.; Huntington, H.; Skjoldal, H.; Gold, M.; Williams, M.; Wojhan, T.; Williams, M.; Falkingham, J. (2009). Brigham, Lawson; Santos-Pedro, V.M.; Juurmaa,
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are likely to increase traffic and the commercial viability of the
Northern Sea Route. One study, for instance, projects "remarkable shifts in trade flows between Asia and Europe, diversion of trade within Europe, heavy shipping traffic in the Arctic and a substantial drop in Suez traffic. Projected
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is 12,840 nautical miles, but only 5,770 nautical miles through the
Northern Sea Route. For the corporate players in bulk shipping of relatively low-value raw materials, cost savings for fuel are a crucial driver to explore the Northern Sea Route for commercial transits, more than delivery time, or
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by importing fuel, equipment, food and exporting timber and minerals. There are currently six major seaports located on the NSR route in the Arctic Zone of the
Russian Federation: Sabetta, Dikson, Dudinka, Khatanga, Tiksi, and Pevek ports. Some parts of the route are only free of ice for two months
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is planning to implement the Arctic Ice Regime
Shipping System (AIRSS) methodology. This system will represent a digital space that will provide various services to cargo carriers, shipowners, captains, insurers, and other participants in the logistics market on the NSR. In particular, it involves
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Route only. If the shipping company provides sufficient loading on the NSR, uses a reliable ice-class vessel for navigation and the price of crude oil is high, the economic advantage of the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme is obvious. Ice thickness directly affects the shipping cost. Now, when the
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Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin;
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is a state corporation that organizes the navigation of vessels in the waters of the NSR in accordance with the
Merchant Shipping Code, manages a fleet of powerful nuclear icebreakers, ensures the safety and uninterrupted operation of navigation, provides port services for gas tankers in case of
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found that large-scale trans-Arctic shipping may become economically viable by 2040. According to the report of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “AARI” “Forecast estimates of the state of sea ice in the period 2030–2050” ice conditions in the Arctic Ocean (AO) in the period 2030–2050 will
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For example, Rosatom evaluates the current state of the environment in NSR waters as a part of the joint project with Lomonosov Moscow State University Marine Research Centre (MSU MRC). The project involves studies that cover all components of the environment to determine the impact of maritime
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Researchers and economists usually compare the Northern Sea Route with the conventional Suez Canal Route. The first route is shorter, which allow to save on fuel, but it is connected with environmental risks and increased operating costs. However, the above-mentioned research can be considered
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The total traffic volume on the Northern Sea Route in 2022 was 34.034 million tonnes, slightly less than in 2021. Total number of voyages in 2022 was 2994, made by 314 vessels. In the months from January to July, the number of voyages was higher than in 2021. 280 voyages was made with
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213:. Since the mid-1930s the Northern Sea Route has been an officially managed and administered shipping route along the northern/Arctic coast of Russia. A convoy of seven brand new merchant vessels (900 DWT to 5,500 DWT) built for People's Republic of China but under Polish flag from
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Arctic ice is slowly melting due to weather conditions, the cost of icebreaking service is expected to reduce. Also, vessels of some ice classes can sail on the NSR independently. That is why the NSR icebreaker escort fee may be several times lower than the SCR toll.
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According to the Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020, sea cargo transportation is responsible for 2.9% of global emissions. In the next 20 years the trading maritime volume is expected to double. Marine transport produces about 1 gigaton of carbon dioxide
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Major shipping companies encounter substantial costs due to carbon emissions, whereas the deployment of nuclear icebreakers, which operate without hydrocarbon fuel and produce very low carbon emissions, offers an economic advantage for shippers.
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assumes the possibility and functions of the NSR and ensures the safety of navigation on the high technological level. Besides organizing the navigation along the NSR and the icebreaking services with the world's only nuclear icebreaker fleet,
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The growing importance of the NSR as an additional route and source of stability in the global logistics chain may increase significantly due to the fact that more and more of the world's largest shipping companies are avoiding the
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laid down in January 2024. All nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 will be able to change the draft from 10.5 to 8.1 meters, depending on the depth, which will allow them to work both at sea and in the mouths of Siberian rivers.
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One of the key priorities within project implementation is the ongoing interaction between the international expert community from international environmental research institutes and non-governmental organizations.
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549:, which owns at least two ice-class vessels, completed seven transits between July 2023 and December 2023, and in June 2024 signed an agreement with Rosatom to establish a year-round arctic shipping route.
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As the development of the icebreaking fleet is the most important condition for constant navigation in Arctic waters, another three nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 are currently being built in
386:. Rosatom also provides navigation and hydrographic support in the waters of the Northern Sea Route, develops the infrastructure of sea harbors, and manages the state property of these ports.
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2269:на официальном сайте Федерального агентства морского и речного транспорта = Administration of the Northern Sea Route on the official website of the Federal Agency for Sea and River Transport
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through the route to gather data on operational feasibility, though they did not currently see it as commercially attractive. Escort assistance was required for three days from the Russian
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491:"Russia", scheduled to commissioning in 2027. It is also planned to build two more icebreakers of this prototype. These icebreakers will be equipped with a two-reactor power plant with
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Even though the Arctic ice is melting and Polar routes are being extensively studied, the amount of cargo shipped through the Northern Sea Route (NSR) remains low in comparison to the
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Two-thirds of the Arctic seas remain ice-free in summer, that is why ships have more route options. In August 2017, the first ship traversed the Northern Sea Route without the use of
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Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (October 16, 2014).
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about 5,600 kilometres (3,500 mi) long. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) is the shortest shipping route between the western part of Eurasia and the Asia-Pacific region.
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Proponents of using the sea route for global trade claim that because it is considerably shorter than the existing sea routes from Asia to Europe, usage emits less CO
608:. Though, the cargo traffic is steadily growing every year. The research shows that the NSR-SCR combined shipping scheme can be more competitive than the use of the
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Dams, Ties; van Schaik, Louise; Stoetman, Adája (2020). Presence before power: why China became a near-Arctic state (Report). Clingendael Institute. pp. 6–19.
2257:= Rosatom as the infrastructure operator of the Northern Sea Route // Коммерсантъ (28 декабря 2018). Дата обращения: 27 июля 2019. Архивировано 27 июля 2019 года.
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As the Northern Sea Route is a strategically important transport artery, it can already be called economically profitable in comparison, for example, with the
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21 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Northern Sea Route versus the Suez Canal: cases from bulk shipping. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 977–983
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Information on the movement of vessels on the approaches to the water area and in the water area of the Northern Sea Route (status as of 12:00 Moscow time)
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Route is sailed in the rest of the year. The researchers also claim that the economic feasibility of the NSR largely depends on its weather conditions.
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traffic at all ecosystem levels by means of experimental methods, special equipment, the development of digital services, and environmental practices.
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on the NSR contributes to reducing the carbon footprint of maritime transport, although this entails considerable risks for fragile Arctic ecosystems.
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In 2023, the record for transit traffic in the waters of the Northern Sea Route was also broken; more than 2.1 million tons of cargo were transported.
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2610:"International Expert Group summed up the results of comprehensive research and monitoring of environmental safety in the Northern Sea Route"
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The volume of cargo transported along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) in 2023 reached a historical maximum and amounted to 36.254 million tons.
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Some studies recommend the joint usage of the two routes where the Northern Sea Route is used in summer when it is almost ice-free, and the
2181:= Reactor plant for the nuclear-powered “Leader”. What will it be like? Дата обращения: 29 октября 2021. Архивировано 29 октября 2021 года.
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1425:Østreng, Willy; Eger, Karl Magnus; Fløistad, Brit; Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn; Lothe, Lars; Mejlænder-Larsen, Morten; Wergeland, Tor (2013).
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339:. Rosatom is a state corporation that manages the world's only nuclear icebreakers. As of 2020 the fleet included seven vessels:
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2723:; Eger, Karl Magnus; Fløistad, Brit; Jørgensen-Dahl, Arnfinn; Lothe, Lars; Mejlænder-Larsen, Morten; Wergeland, Tor (2013).
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2332:"Evaluating the feasibility of combined use of the Northern Sea Route and the Suez Canal Route considering ice parameters"
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1469:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure"
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Evaluating the feasibility of combined use of the Northern Sea Route and the Suez Canal Route considering ice parameters
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reactors with a capacity of 315 MW. The maximum ice thickness overcome by these icebreakers will exceed 4 meters.
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Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander. Russia in search of its Arctic strategy: between hard and soft power?
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506:, has plans to run cruises for tourists in icebreakers along the entire Northern Sea Route between Murmansk and
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Taking care of the environmental is in focus when it comes to the development of the Northern Sea Route.
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2401:"Revealing the true navigability of the Northern Sea Route from ice conditions and weather observations"
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1678:"Rosatom and DP World discuss the Northern Sea Route's role in supply chain sustainability at Expo 2020"
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Beginning in the late 2010s, Russia began improving its defense resources near the Northern Sea Route.
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The Northern Sea Route does not charge payments for the passage (unlike, for example, the Suez Canal);
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In July 2018 the Russian government transferred the main responsibility for the Northern Sea Route to
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1180:) emissions per year and has been struggling for many years to reduce its environmental impact. The
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2030:"World's 'Most Powerful' Nuclear Icebreaker 'Rossiya' To Be Ready By 2030, Russian Deputy PM Says"
1775:"The Cabinet of Ministers approved the creation of the main directorate of the Northern Sea Route"
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This article is about a Russian segment of the Northeast Passage. For the transoceanic route, see
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Konyshev, Valery & Sergunin, Alexander: Is Russia a revisionist military power in the Arctic?
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Spy Schools: How the CIA, FBI, and Foreign Intelligence Secretly Exploit America's Universities
1921:"Is There a Future for the Northern Sea Route? Prospects for the "Ice-Bound" Route – Alamak.io"
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1941:"Ice-Class Shuttle Tanker "Valentin Pikul" Has Been Laid Down at Zvezda Shipbuilding Complex"
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Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages
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1955:"Zvezda shipyard to build an advanced ice class tanker for Rosneft with 69,000 t deadweight"
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Shipping in Arctic Waters: A Comparison of the Northeast, Northwest and Trans Polar Passages
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1370:"Russia's Northern Sea Route emerges as key connectivity initiative in Indo-Pacific region"
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Over the course of three years, representatives of leading scientific institutions from
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projected in 2015 that the Northern Sea Route may be ice-free by 2030, earlier than the
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Sibul, Gleb; Yang, Peihao; Muravev, Dmitri; Jin, Jian Gang; Kong, Linghe (2022-04-14).
2388:// Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. — 2021. — № 147. — pp. 350-369
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Schislyaev, S. M.; Kovalenko, E. A.; Barykin*, S. E.; Schislyaeva, E. R. (2019-12-31).
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2082:"Container ship crosses Arctic route for first time in history due to melting sea ice"
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Development situation and future demand for the ports along the Northern Sea Route.
2502:"Red Sea Crisis Could Lead to a Fundamental Restructuring of Global Trade Patterns"
1714:"Red Sea Crisis Could Lead to a Fundamental Restructuring of Global Trade Patterns"
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Tanker Vladimir Tikhonov Completes Successful Northern Sea Route Transit in a Week
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2011:"Vyacheslav Ruksha will lead the newly established Northern Sea Route Directorate"
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4924:
4824:
4816:
4624:
3960:
3642:
3553:
3528:
3503:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3262:
3202:
2400:
2238:"russias-rosatom-and-chinese-firm-to-establish-year-round-arctic-shipping-route"
507:
390:
136:
113:
81:
2778:
The competitiveness of Arctic shipping over Suez Canal and China-Europe railway
2331:
2053:
487:
is working on the construction of the world's most powerful nuclear icebreaker
30:
Map of the Arctic region showing the Northern Sea Route, in the context of the
6591:
6494:
6478:
6320:
6253:
6154:
5563:
5512:
5472:
4794:
4520:
4448:
4390:
3783:
3367:
3337:
3061:
2732:
2447:
2355:
2279:
1760:
1434:
1253:
635:
609:
605:
598:
499:
427:
332:
is another industrial scale development which transports product via the NSR.
265:
222:
168:
105:
2425:
2363:
2094:
1875:
1849:
1631:
1558:
1531:
1381:
142:
The Northern Sea Route currently serves the Arctic ports and major rivers of
6113:
4950:
4502:
4285:
3483:
3407:
3385:
3157:
3056:
3036:
2255:Путин назначил «Росатом» инфраструктурным оператором Северного морского пути
2159:"Icebreaker Leningrad to play key role in Northern Sea Route | Arabian Post"
1605:"Melting Ice Caps and the Economic Impact of Opening the Northern Sea Route"
437:
The shorter distance reduces the cost of staff labor and chartering vessels;
378:
325:
80:
Administratively, the Northern Sea Route begins at the boundary between the
6045:
3372:
3224:
3152:
1239:
526:
492:
477:
412:
164:
160:
101:
85:
74:
2254:
6672:
6052:
4839:
4317:
4293:
4281:
3513:
3362:
3352:
3197:
3192:
3172:
3162:
1623:
1603:
Bekkers, Eddy; Francois, Joseph F.; Rojas-Romagosa, Hugo (2016-12-01).
1402:"Northern Sea Route garnering attention as fast, efficient trade route"
1219:
1211:
1164:
1150:
622:
617:
562:
557:
522:
336:
329:
309:
251:
143:
2663:
Putin's People: How the KGB Took Back Russia and Then Took on the West
1954:
1743:
Navigational rights and freedoms in the international law and practice
4918:
4243:
3538:
3508:
3478:
3440:
3412:
3357:
3071:
2908:
1243:
1215:
1207:
538:
214:
120:
3695:
2807:(Rosatom; Russian Federation - accessibility limited outside Russia)
2121:"Maersk Container Ship Transits Arctic Ocean With Icebreaker Escort"
1838:"Russian Tanker Completes Arctic Passage Without Aid of Icebreakers"
2307:"Milestones reached along the increasingly busy Northern Sea Route"
4304:
3498:
3229:
2823:
The discovery and history of exploration of the Northern Sea Route
1235:
1231:
1227:
218:
1512:"International Logistics Northern Sea Rouite Hubs Infrastructure"
2877:
2490:
Center for High North Logistics: NSR Shipping activities in 2022
5495:
3737:
3699:
2881:
2220:"chinese-container-ships-take-arctic-shortcut-avoiding-red-sea"
2192:"Old icebreakers eye upgrades for Murmansk-Vladivostok tourism"
2585:"Reducing emissions from the shipping sector: research (2022)"
1146:
372:, and as of press date the world's only transport vessel with
1580:"First tanker crosses northern sea route without ice breaker"
577:
Recently, the "Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route" ("
480:
reactors and capable of overcoming ice up to 3 meters thick.
382:(1988). The last three nuclear icebreakers are the latest of
2794:" Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
2792:
Does a carbon tax affect the feasibility of Arctic shipping?
2560:"A world afloat: why seaborne trade will double before 2030"
2527:"Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Fourth IMO GHG Study (2020)"
2281:
THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE COST CALCULATION [EN/RUS/CH]
2179:Реакторная установка для атомохода Лидер. Какой она будет?
1518:. Project Management in the Regions of Russia: 1002–1013.
443:
There are no queues (unlike, for example, the Suez Canal);
217:
with the assistance of Soviet icebreakers reached port of
2810:
2054:"Container ship to break the ice on Russian Arctic route"
1892:
Arctic shipping - Commercial opportunities and challenges
476:
Nuclear icebreakers of Project 22220 are powered by two
2787:" Research in Transportation Business & Management
2449:
THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE NAVIGABILITY [EN/RUS/CH]
1547:"With More Ships in the Arctic, Fears of Disaster Rise"
1516:
European Proceedings of Social and Behavioural Sciences
2469:
1898:. Copenhangen Business School Maritime. January 2016.
2846:
Istoriia otkrytiia i osveniia Severnogo Morskogo Puti
135:. The Northern Sea Route itself does not include the
64:
16:
Shipping route running along the Russian Arctic coast
6473:
6204:
5791:
5531:
4904:
4435:
4280:
3778:
3608:
3565:
3449:
3421:
3328:
3243:
3128:
3080:
3002:
2944:
2916:
2336:
Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice
127:(EEZ), and is included in what has been called the
2821:Russian State Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic,
2399:
2080:
1167:due to the situation with Houthi missile attacks
537:before travelling on toward ports in the northern
6862:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union
2868:Defense & Security Analysis, September 2014.
2034:Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News
139:, and it therefore does not reach the Atlantic.
2994:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
2145:"Russian vessel successes transmit through NSR"
1985:"Cold Ambition: The New Geopolitical Faultline"
201:expedition with a single wintering in 1878–79.
1831:
1829:
1827:
1701:Schøyen, H., & Bråthen, S. (2011) Archived
3711:
2893:
2841:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1952)
8:
1745:. Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. p. 146.
3305:Effects of global warming on marine mammals
2969:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route
1344:Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment
1327:
1325:
1184:(IMO) has obliged sea carriers to reduce CO
6887:Federal law enforcement agencies of Russia
5505:
5492:
3747:
3734:
3718:
3704:
3696:
2900:
2886:
2878:
2817:International Northern Sea Route Programme
640:
423:aiming to develop the Northern Sea Route.
2862:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1998)
1978:
1976:
1874:
1494:
209:The Northern Sea Route is one of several
6776:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2531:IMO, International Maritime Organization
2330:Sibul, Gleb; Jin, Jian Gang (May 2021).
1800:"Russia Ramps Up Arctic Route Ambitions"
1336:Arctic marine shipping assessment (AMSA)
634:Number of complete through transits per
517:would escort the light ice-class vessel
393:sent the new "ice-class" container ship
237:Straits), two days of navigation before
25:
6351:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1321:
2214:
2212:
1368:Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (2024-01-15).
1357:from the original on November 1, 2014.
2811:Northern Sea Route Information Office
2267:Администрация Северного морского пути
434:Fuel savings due to reduced distance;
299:Russian Maritime Register of Shipping
96:). The NSR straddles the seas of the
7:
446:There is no risk of a pirate attack.
6137:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
4334:Norse colonization of North America
3679:
3524:Northern indigenous Russian peoples
1983:Henderson, Isaiah (July 18, 2019).
1182:International Maritime Organization
279:Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis
5666:United States Exploring Expedition
3583:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy
1961:from the original on 8 August 2022
513:It was reported in July 2024 that
88:(the Kara Strait) and ends in the
14:
6882:Foreign trade of the Soviet Union
6740:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
6108:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2472:. Centre for high north logistics
2079:Embury-Dennis, Tom (2017-09-18).
1808:. 5 December 2023. Archived from
320:, for use with the output of the
191:The route was first conquered by
6634:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
6027:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3678:
3667:
3666:
3253:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment
3110:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate
2989:Territorial claims in the Arctic
2848:, 4 vols. (Leningrad, 1956–1969)
2406:Maritime Policy & Management
1306:Territorial claims in the Arctic
1270:
1256:
561:unfavorable weather conditions.
312:corporation often contracts the
182:Northeast Passage § History
2959:Arctic cooperation and politics
2288:from the original on 2021-12-21
2101:from the original on 2022-06-21
1836:Goldman, Russell (2017-08-25).
1291:Arctic cooperation and politics
3067:Populated places in the Arctic
2758:Keupp, Marcus M., ed. (2015).
2028:Dangwal, Ashish (2024-05-21).
1545:Fountain, Henry (2017-07-23).
502:, a state-owned agency of the
417:Russian Direct Investment Fund
258:, designed to travel the NSR.
1:
6013:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5948:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
3590:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean
3115:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone
2418:10.1080/03088839.2022.2059717
2119:Humpert, Malte (2017-09-14).
2009:Nilsen, Thomas (2018-07-18).
1524:10.15405/epsbs.2019.12.05.123
504:Russian Ministry of Transport
498:It was reported in 2023 that
250:Since 2008, the structure of
6370:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
6186:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition
5992:French Antarctic Expeditions
5922:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
5808:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3926:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
3295:Climate change in the Arctic
3047:Impact craters of the Arctic
2828:Pictures - during NE passage
2384:Sibul, Gleb, Jian Gang Jin.
1578:McGrath, Matt (2017-08-24).
1496:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769
430:due to a number of reasons:
5455:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
5134:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3999:Andrée's balloon expedition
3148:Canadian Arctic Archipelago
3090:Canadian Arctic Rift System
2305:Lepic, Bojan (2023-09-18).
415:signed agreements with the
123:waters and within Russia's
69:, shortened to Севморпуть,
65:
6903:
4656:Franklin's lost expedition
4356:Christian IV's expeditions
3143:British Arctic Territories
2874:Polar Journal, April 2014.
1246:took part in the project.
1188:emissions by 50% by 2050.
401:nuclear-powered icebreaker
322:Trebs and Titov oil fields
291:Copenhagen Business School
256:nuclear-powered icebreaker
179:
18:
6877:Water transport in Russia
5508:
5504:
5491:
5010:Great Northern Expedition
4686:Rae–Richardson expedition
3886:British Arctic Expedition
3750:
3746:
3733:
3661:
2979:Inuit Circumpolar Council
2855:(London: Routledge, 1991)
2733:10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4
2356:10.1016/j.tra.2021.03.024
1957:. PortNews. 28 May 2018.
1654:"14 Temmuz 2022 - MERSİN"
1435:10.1007/978-3-642-16790-4
1301:List of Russian explorers
1171:Environmental assessments
565:, a legacy member of the
411:In June 2019 Dubai-based
119:The entire route lies in
54:
6294:British Antarctic Survey
6288:Captain Arturo Prat Base
5533:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3290:Arctic methane emissions
2470:"NSR transit statistics"
1311:Belt and Road Initiative
553:Rosatom and the Atomflot
131:, analogous to Canada's
6872:Transport in the Arctic
6770:Pole of inaccessibility
6433:Antarctic Treaty System
4774:2nd Grinnell expedition
2964:Arctic Ocean Conference
2635:"Living for the Future"
1296:Arctic policy of Russia
567:Arctic Economic Council
521:on its voyage from the
289:. A 2016 report by the
193:Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
149:melting Arctic ice caps
125:exclusive economic zone
55:Се́верный морско́й путь
3623:Arctic shipping routes
2839:The Northern Sea Route
2760:The Northern Sea Route
2695:Henry Holt and Company
2667:Farrar, Straus, Giroux
211:Arctic shipping routes
38:
6440:Transglobe Expedition
6339:Operation Deep Freeze
5748:Challenger expedition
4614:Coppermine expedition
4135:Drifting ice stations
3578:Petroleum exploration
3258:Arctic dipole anomaly
3235:North American Arctic
3188:Northwest Territories
2974:Ilulissat Declaration
2558:Gareth Evans (2013).
1989:The California Review
543:New New Shipping Line
254:includes the Russian
180:Further information:
29:
3648:Transpolar Sea Route
2837:Armstrong, Terence.
2780:." Transport Policy.
2196:The Barents Observer
2147:. 30 September 2019.
2015:The Barents Observer
1919:Admin (2024-06-15).
1739:Bugajski, Dariusz R.
1612:The Economic Journal
287:Transpolar Sea Route
167:(Japan) through the
66:Severnyy morskoy put
6842:Geography of Russia
6610:South magnetic pole
5276:Brusilov expedition
4385:Danish colonization
3823:North magnetic pole
3549:Arctic Winter Games
3315:Polar amplification
3283:ecology and history
3042:Greenland ice sheet
2790:Ding et al. 2020. "
2783:Wang et al. 2020. "
2776:Zeng et al. 2020. "
2687:(10 October 2017).
2589:European Commission
2348:2021TRPA..147..350S
1487:2014PolGe..37..298B
585:Economic assessment
535:Port of Arkhangelsk
533:and the NSR to the
374:nuclear power plant
268:. According to the
6301:Operation Windmill
6282:Operation Highjump
5257:Rusanov expedition
5162:A. E. Nordenskiöld
4906:North East Passage
4710:McClure expedition
3638:Northern Sea Route
3268:Arctic oscillation
3012:Arctic Archipelago
2936:History of whaling
2926:Arctic exploration
2762:. SpringerGabler.
2571:2022-12-12 at the
2545:2023-03-08 at the
1842:The New York Times
1812:on 6 December 2023
1624:10.1111/ecoj.12460
1618:(610): 1095–1127.
1551:The New York Times
1374:The Economic Times
616:State Corporation
43:Northern Sea Route
39:
6837:East Siberian Sea
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6268:Operation Tabarin
6130:Far Eastern Party
5976:Nimrod Expedition
5487:
5486:
5483:
5482:
5046:M. Pronchishcheva
4968:Siberian Cossacks
4437:Northwest Passage
3770:Research stations
3727:Polar exploration
3693:
3692:
3653:Search and rescue
3633:Northwest Passage
3628:Northeast Passage
3573:Natural resources
3464:Subarctic peoples
3436:Arctic vegetation
3300:Climate of Alaska
3120:Ungava Fault Zone
3105:Innuitian orogeny
3022:Arctic Cordillera
2853:The Soviet Arctic
2851:Horensma, Piers.
2813:(Nord University)
2769:978-3-658-04080-2
2659:Belton, Catherine
1905:978-87-93262-03-4
1752:978-83-961549-1-0
1142:
1141:
483:In addition, the
283:Northwest Passage
133:Northwest Passage
129:Northeast Passage
63:
36:Northwest Passage
32:Northeast Passage
21:Northeast Passage
6894:
6315:Ronne Expedition
5800:
5794:
5658:Dumont d'Urville
5506:
5493:
5041:V. Pronchishchev
3748:
3735:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3697:
3682:
3681:
3670:
3669:
3557:
3556:(New Year's Day)
3052:Innuitian Region
2902:
2895:
2888:
2879:
2858:McCannon, John.
2773:
2754:
2708:
2680:
2661:(23 June 2020).
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2555:
2549:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2375:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2284:, 4 April 2021,
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2084:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2060:. 23 August 2018
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1897:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1833:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1805:The Moscow Times
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
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1644:
1643:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1341:
1329:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1264:Transport portal
1261:
1260:
641:
630:Economic effects
68:
58:
56:
6902:
6901:
6897:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6891:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6802:
6477:
6469:
6345:McMurdo Station
6214:Modern research
6212:
6200:
5935:O. Nordenskjöld
5798:
5792:
5787:
5703:Ross expedition
5527:
5500:
5479:
4908:
4900:
4441:Northern Canada
4439:
4431:
4284:
4276:
3782:
3774:
3742:
3729:
3724:
3694:
3689:
3657:
3643:Polar air route
3604:
3595:Protected areas
3561:
3555:
3445:
3417:
3324:
3239:
3183:Northern Canada
3124:
3100:Greenland Plate
3095:Eurekan orogeny
3076:
2998:
2940:
2931:Arctic research
2912:
2906:
2801:
2770:
2757:
2743:
2719:
2716:
2714:Further reading
2711:
2705:
2683:
2677:
2657:
2653:
2644:
2642:
2639:The Malaya Post
2633:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2573:Wayback Machine
2564:Ship Technology
2557:
2556:
2552:
2547:Wayback Machine
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2453:
2452:, 15 April 2022
2446:
2445:
2441:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2383:
2379:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2289:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2125:High North News
2118:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2087:The Independent
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1753:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1586:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1561:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1474:Polar Geography
1465:
1464:
1460:
1445:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1339:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1255:
1252:
1187:
1179:
1173:
632:
587:
575:
555:
523:Port of Taicang
485:Zvezda shipyard
419:, ROSATOM, and
389:In August 2018
314:Zvezda Shipyard
248:
207:
189:
184:
178:
158:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6900:
6898:
6890:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6819:
6818:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6784:
6783:
6778:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6762:Vostok Station
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6716:
6715:
6713:Cherry-Garrard
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6553:Southern Cross
6549:
6548:
6547:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6499:
6498:
6497:
6483:
6481:
6475:Farthest South
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6455:
6454:
6453:
6448:
6436:
6429:
6428:
6427:
6426:
6425:
6413:
6412:
6411:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6390:
6385:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6347:
6342:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6297:
6290:
6285:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6264:
6263:
6262:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6236:
6229:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6198:
6197:
6196:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6172:Ross Sea party
6168:
6159:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6133:
6126:
6125:
6124:
6119:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6009:
6008:
6007:
6002:
5988:
5987:
5986:
5972:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5956:
5944:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5897:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5869:
5866:Southern Cross
5859:Southern Cross
5855:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5803:
5801:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5771:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5744:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5724:
5718:
5699:
5698:
5697:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5677:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5605:Bellingshausen
5595:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5568:
5567:
5566:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5464:
5452:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5405:
5404:
5403:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5337:
5336:
5335:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5272:
5271:
5270:
5265:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5164:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4914:
4912:
4910:Russian Arctic
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4870:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4706:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4667:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4352:
4347:
4345:Snæbjörn galti
4342:
4337:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4296:
4290:
4288:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4247:
4240:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4212:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4007:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:Farthest North
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3687:
3675:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3600:Transportation
3597:
3592:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3459:Arctic peoples
3455:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3431:Arctic ecology
3427:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3273:Arctic sea ice
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3208:Russian Arctic
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3037:Arctic Cyclone
3034:
3029:
3027:Arctic ecology
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Arctic Council
2950:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2799:External links
2797:
2796:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2768:
2755:
2742:978-3642167898
2741:
2721:Østreng, Willy
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2704:978-1627796354
2703:
2685:Golden, Daniel
2681:
2676:978-0374238711
2675:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2626:
2601:
2576:
2550:
2518:
2493:
2482:
2461:
2439:
2412:(7): 924–940.
2390:
2377:
2322:
2297:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2229:
2208:
2183:
2171:
2150:
2136:
2111:
2071:
2045:
2020:
2001:
1972:
1946:
1932:
1911:
1904:
1882:
1861:
1823:
1791:
1766:
1751:
1730:
1705:
1693:
1669:
1658:interpress.com
1645:
1595:
1570:
1537:
1502:
1481:(4): 298–324.
1458:
1444:978-3642167898
1443:
1417:
1393:
1360:
1348:Arctic Council
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1267:
1251:
1248:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
973:
970:
966:
965:
962:
960:
958:
956:
953:
951:
949:
947:
944:
942:
940:
938:
935:
932:
928:
927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
914:
912:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
896:
893:
889:
888:
885:
883:
881:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
859:
856:
852:
851:
848:
846:
844:
842:
839:
836:
834:
832:
830:
827:
824:
822:
819:
816:
812:
811:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
795:
793:
791:
788:
785:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
721:
720:
717:
714:
710:
709:
706:
703:
699:
698:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
631:
628:
586:
583:
574:
571:
554:
551:
452:St. Petersburg
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
421:Norilsk Nickel
271:New York Times
247:
244:
206:
203:
188:
185:
177:
174:
156:
147:per year, but
75:shipping route
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6899:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6767:
6763:
6760:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6546:
6543:
6542:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6395:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6160:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6054:
6050:
6048:
6047:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6035:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5984:
5980:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5973:
5971:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5893:Discovery Hut
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5849:
5847:
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547:Hainan Yangpu
544:
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531:Bering Strait
528:
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519:Xin Xin Hai 1
516:
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486:
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342:
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67:
61:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
6827:Arctic Ocean
6768:
6756:Pole of Cold
6754:
6680:
6671:
6639:
6632:
6608:
6579:
6565:
6559:Borchgrevink
6551:
6538:
6523:
6503:
6488:
6457:
6438:
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6415:
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6392:
6375:
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6135:
6128:
6115:
6106:
6068:
6060:
6051:
6044:
6032:
6025:
6011:
5999:Pourquoi-Pas
5998:
5990:
5982:
5974:
5969:Orcadas Base
5967:
5959:
5946:
5940:C. A. Larsen
5928:
5920:
5906:
5899:
5886:
5878:
5872:Borchgrevink
5865:
5857:
5814:
5806:
5781:C. A. Larsen
5774:
5755:
5746:
5728:
5710:
5701:
5688:
5673:
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5651:
5612:
5598:
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5407:
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5132:
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4859:
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4838:
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4772:
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4730:
4718:Investigator
4717:
4708:
4684:
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4641:
4612:
4589:
4574:
4559:
4529:
4514:
4484:
4403:
4383:
4354:
4350:Erik the Red
4332:
4310:
4303:
4260:submersibles
4257:
4251:Arktika 2007
4249:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4216:
4207:
4204:
4185:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4140:
4133:
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4095:
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4048:
4019:
4016:
4005:S. A. Andrée
3997:
3984:
3959:
3951:
3948:
3924:
3906:
3893:
3884:
3866:
3857:
3855:
3821:
3677:
3665:
3637:
3554:Quviasukvik
3343:Beluga whale
3320:Polar vortex
3032:Arctic Ocean
2859:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2759:
2727:. Springer.
2724:
2688:
2665:. New York:
2662:
2643:. Retrieved
2641:. 2024-02-14
2638:
2629:
2618:. Retrieved
2616:. 2023-06-23
2613:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2579:
2563:
2553:
2534:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2510:. Retrieved
2508:. 2024-03-17
2505:
2496:
2485:
2474:. Retrieved
2464:
2454:, retrieved
2448:
2442:
2409:
2405:
2393:
2380:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:
2300:
2290:, retrieved
2280:
2274:
2262:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2200:. Retrieved
2198:. 2023-03-07
2195:
2186:
2174:
2163:. Retrieved
2161:. 2024-02-05
2153:
2139:
2128:. Retrieved
2124:
2114:
2103:. Retrieved
2086:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2048:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2023:
2014:
2004:
1992:. Retrieved
1988:
1963:. Retrieved
1949:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1914:
1891:
1885:
1864:
1853:. Retrieved
1841:
1814:. Retrieved
1810:the original
1803:
1794:
1783:. Retrieved
1781:. 2022-08-01
1778:
1769:
1742:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1720:. 2024-03-17
1717:
1708:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1648:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1587:. Retrieved
1583:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1550:
1540:
1515:
1505:
1478:
1472:
1461:
1429:. Springer.
1426:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1385:. Retrieved
1373:
1363:
1335:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1174:
1161:
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1143:
633:
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556:
518:
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410:
404:
396:Venta Maersk
394:
388:
377:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
347:
340:
334:
318:LNG carriers
304:
296:
276:
269:
263:
260:
249:
246:21st century
208:
205:20th century
197:
190:
187:19th century
163:(Russia) to
154:
141:
118:
114:Chukchi Seas
98:Arctic Ocean
94:Cape Dezhnev
79:
70:
46:
42:
40:
6832:Chukchi Sea
6459:Lake Vostok
6409:Tryoshnikov
6331:Schlossbach
6222:Christensen
6164:James Caird
6085:E. R. Evans
5851:Dobrowolski
5821:de Gerlache
5523:Expeditions
5409:Aviaarktika
5363:Samoylovich
5234:Kolomeitsev
5128:Middendorff
5088:Gedenshtrom
4508:I. Fyodorov
4270:Chilingarov
4158:E. Fyodorov
3765:Expeditions
3684:WikiProject
3263:Arctic haze
3203:Nunatsiavut
2594:December 9,
2536:December 9,
2342:: 350–369.
1965:13 December
1333:K. (eds.).
680:Netherlands
508:Vladivostok
391:Maersk Line
328:project of
266:icebreakers
137:Barents Sea
6857:Navigation
6852:Laptev Sea
6821:Categories
6682:Terra Nova
6587:Shackleton
6530:J. C. Ross
6489:Resolution
6479:South Pole
6254:New Swabia
6178:Mackintosh
6150:Shackleton
6069:Terra Nova
6062:Terra Nova
5796:Heroic Age
5756:Challenger
5716:J. C. Ross
5626:Bransfield
5558:Resolution
5473:icebreaker
5437:Chelyuskin
5178:expedition
5156:Expedition
5098:Matyushkin
5056:Kh. Laptev
5051:Chelyuskin
4945:Heemskerck
4935:Chancellor
4930:Willoughby
4925:Koch boats
4868:Stefansson
4802:McClintock
4766:Inglefield
4608:J. C. Ross
4515:Resolution
4367:Cunningham
4265:Sagalevich
3954:expedition
3913:Stephenson
3873:C. F. Hall
3860:expedition
3834:J. C. Ross
3797:Heemskerck
3784:North Pole
3368:Polar bear
3338:Arctic fox
3168:Inuvialuit
3062:North Pole
2946:Government
2860:Red Arctic
2645:2024-06-16
2620:2024-06-16
2614:DagangNews
2512:2024-06-16
2506:EconoTimes
2476:2020-12-14
2456:2022-05-05
2316:2024-06-06
2292:2021-05-14
2202:2023-03-07
2165:2024-06-16
2130:2017-09-20
2105:2017-09-20
2039:2024-06-06
1926:2024-07-03
1855:2017-08-26
1816:5 December
1785:2024-06-03
1761:1267382284
1724:2024-05-22
1718:EconoTimes
1687:2024-05-15
1663:2024-05-15
1589:2017-08-24
1564:2017-07-24
1411:2024-05-13
1387:2024-05-13
1342:. Norway:
1317:References
636:flag state
610:Suez Canal
606:Suez Canal
599:Suez Canal
500:Rosmorport
428:Suez Canal
301:maintains
277:The Dutch
223:Kara Gates
169:Suez Canal
6867:Sea lanes
6781:Tolstikov
6567:Discovery
6537:HMS
6522:HMS
6504:Adventure
6502:HMS
6487:HMS
6423:Tolstikov
6144:Endurance
5929:Antarctic
5914:Drygalski
5887:Discovery
5880:Discovery
5841:Arctowski
5754:HMS
5727:HMS
5721:Abernethy
5709:HMS
5687:USS
5674:Vincennes
5672:USS
5652:Astrolabe
5592:San Telmo
5573:Adventure
5571:HMS
5556:HMS
5551:Kerguelen
5513:Continent
5498:Antarctic
5375:Urvantsev
5333:Vilkitsky
5186:Jeannette
5184:USS
5176:Jeannette
5140:Weyprecht
5118:Pakhtusov
5068:Chichagov
5061:D. Laptev
5004:Permyakov
4979:Stadukhin
4974:Perfilyev
4951:Mangazeya
4889:H. Larsen
4854:Rasmussen
4809:HMS
4780:USS
4729:HMS
4716:HMS
4680:Collinson
4670:HMS
4662:HMS
4640:HMS
4588:HMS
4573:HMS
4558:HMS
4543:Mackenzie
4530:Discovery
4528:HMS
4513:HMS
4485:Discovery
4464:Frobisher
4427:Rasmussen
4340:Gunnbjörn
4286:Greenland
4215:USS
4206:USS
4078:Ellsworth
4020:Roosevelt
3950:Nansen's
3907:Discovery
3905:HMS
3892:HMS
3839:Abernethy
3807:Marmaduke
3610:Transport
3494:Icelandic
3484:Karelians
3408:Snowy owl
3158:Greenland
3057:Nordicity
3004:Geography
2434:248211083
2426:0308-8839
2372:233567189
2364:0965-8564
2311:Splash247
2095:0951-9467
2064:23 August
1850:0362-4331
1632:1468-0297
1559:0362-4331
1532:2357-1330
1382:0013-0389
1149:from the
674:Hong Kong
653:Singapore
469:Leningrad
379:Sevmorput
326:Yamal LNG
305:ice class
242:Rosatom.
227:Vilkitsky
86:Kara Seas
71:Sevmorput
60:romanized
6847:Kara Sea
6793:A. Fuchs
6750:V. Fuchs
6730:McKinley
6693:E. Evans
6652:Bjaaland
6647:Amundsen
6597:Marshall
6510:Furneaux
6362:V. Fuchs
6326:E. Ronne
6321:F. Ronne
6260:Ritscher
6114:SY
6102:Filchner
6046:Framheim
6040:Amundsen
5846:Racoviță
5831:Amundsen
5826:Lecointe
5695:Ringgold
5689:Porpoise
5579:Furneaux
5415:Shevelev
5370:Begichev
5349:Amundsen
5311:Nagórski
5289:Brusilov
5283:Sv. Anna
5197:Melville
5167:Palander
5123:Tsivolko
5083:Sannikov
5078:Billings
5021:Chirikov
4940:Barentsz
4882:St. Roch
4873:Bartlett
4847:Amundsen
4831:Sverdrup
4731:Resolute
4620:Franklin
4548:Kotzebue
4415:Sverdrup
4398:Scoresby
4372:Lindenov
4223:Plaisted
4208:Nautilus
4153:Shirshov
4127:Belyakov
4122:Baydukov
4096:Nautilus
4058:Amundsen
4018:SS
3977:Sverdrup
3972:Johansen
3942:Brainard
3937:Lockwood
3792:Barentsz
3672:Category
3544:Yukaghir
3504:Gwich'in
3474:Chukotka
3373:Reindeer
3153:Finnmark
2751:41481012
2569:Archived
2543:Archived
2286:archived
2099:Archived
2058:BBC News
1994:July 18,
1959:Archived
1741:(2021).
1640:55162828
1584:BBC News
1453:41481012
1352:Archived
1346:(PAME),
1250:See also
1240:Malaysia
683:Portugal
529:via the
527:Shanghai
493:RITM-400
478:RITM-200
463:Chukotka
457:Yakutiya
413:DP World
235:Sannikov
165:Yokohama
161:Murmansk
6798:Messner
6745:Hillary
6725:Balchen
6673:Polheim
6667:Wisting
6545:Crozier
6517:Weddell
6495:J. Cook
6465:Kapitsa
6446:Fiennes
6388:Klenova
6357:Hillary
6307:Ketchum
6233:BANZARE
6208:·
6053:Polheim
6019:Shirase
6005:Charcot
5815:Belgica
5734:Crozier
5646:Morrell
5641:Weddell
5619:Lazarev
5564:J. Cook
5518:History
5468:Arktika
5444:Krassin
5429:Voronin
5401:Schmidt
5387:Ushakov
5326:Vaygach
5294:Albanov
5263:Rusanov
5244:Kolchak
5239:Matisen
5213:Makarov
5192:De Long
5093:Wrangel
5073:Lyakhov
5026:Malygin
4984:Dezhnev
4811:Pandora
4782:Advance
4749:Kennedy
4744:Belcher
4737:Kellett
4724:McClure
4648:Beechey
4642:Blossom
4635:Simpson
4603:Crozier
4596:Hoppner
4553:J. Ross
4521:J. Cook
4469:Gilbert
4362:J. Hall
4328:Ingólfr
4318:Naddodd
4312:Vikings
4299:Brendan
4294:Pytheas
4282:Iceland
4236:Arktika
4228:Herbert
4193:Badygin
4163:Krenkel
4148:Papanin
4117:Chkalov
4103:Wilkins
4068:Wisting
4012:F. Cook
3918:Markham
3878:Bessels
3867:Polaris
3858:Polaris
3829:J. Ross
3812:Carolus
3760:History
3566:Economy
3514:Koryaks
3469:Chukchi
3451:Culture
3381:bearded
3363:Narwhal
3353:Lemming
3278:decline
3245:Climate
3198:Nunavut
3193:Nunavik
3173:Karelia
3163:Iceland
3130:Regions
3082:Geology
2918:History
2344:Bibcode
1483:Bibcode
1220:Iceland
1212:Finland
1165:Red Sea
1151:Sabetta
662:Germany
656:Finland
623:Rosatom
618:Rosatom
563:Rosatom
558:Rosatom
366:Siberia
362:Arktika
358:Vaygach
337:Rosatom
330:Novatek
310:Rosneft
308:. The
252:Rosatom
176:History
144:Siberia
82:Barents
73:) is a
62::
51:Russian
6708:Bowers
6703:Wilson
6662:Hassel
6657:Helmer
6626:Mackay
6616:Mawson
6581:Nimrod
6539:Terror
6524:Erebus
6451:Burton
6246:Rymill
6122:Mawson
6116:Aurora
6095:Lashly
6080:Wilson
5983:Nimrod
5960:Scotia
5767:Murray
5742:Cooper
5729:Terror
5711:Erebus
5680:Wilkes
5631:Palmer
5599:Vostok
5546:Bouvet
5470:-class
5450:Gakkel
5318:Taymyr
5299:Konrad
5268:Kuchin
5206:Yermak
5113:Lavrov
5031:Ovtsyn
5016:Bering
4994:Ivanov
4957:Hudson
4919:Pomors
4896:Cowper
4861:Karluk
4760:Isabel
4754:Bellot
4704:Austin
4672:Terror
4664:Erebus
4560:Griper
4536:Clerke
4496:Baffin
4479:Hudson
4410:Nansen
4323:Garðar
4244:Barneo
4111:ANT-25
4087:Italia
4063:Nobile
4032:Henson
3991:Amedeo
3967:Nansen
3932:Greely
3802:Hudson
3740:Arctic
3539:Yakuts
3534:Selkup
3519:Nenets
3509:Khanty
3479:Evenks
3441:Tundra
3413:Walrus
3401:ringed
3396:ribbon
3391:hooded
3358:Muskox
3072:Tundra
2911:topics
2909:Arctic
2766:
2749:
2739:
2701:
2673:
2432:
2424:
2370:
2362:
2093:
1902:
1873:
1848:
1779:AKM EN
1759:
1749:
1638:
1630:
1557:
1530:
1451:
1441:
1380:
1244:Turkey
1216:France
1208:Norway
1153:port.
686:Other
677:Sweden
671:Greece
659:Norway
650:Russia
541:. The
539:Europe
376:: the
354:Taymyr
324:. The
215:Gdynia
121:Arctic
106:Laptev
34:, and
6788:Crary
6735:Dufek
6698:Oates
6688:Scott
6621:David
6602:Adams
6573:Barne
6394:Mirny
6383:Somov
6193:Quest
6090:Crean
6075:Scott
5954:Bruce
5908:Gauss
5901:Gauss
5775:Jason
5762:Nares
5636:Davis
5613:Mirny
5586:Smith
5541:Roché
5461:Lenin
5381:Sadko
5306:Wiese
5251:Sedov
5222:Zarya
5145:Payer
5108:Litke
5103:Anjou
5036:Minin
4999:Vagin
4989:Popov
4962:Poole
4817:Young
4630:Dease
4575:Hecla
4566:Parry
4491:Bylot
4474:Davis
4449:Cabot
4422:Peary
4404:Jason
4391:Egede
4305:Papar
4217:Skate
4198:Wiese
4178:NP-37
4171:NP-36
4051:Norge
4039:Sedov
4027:Peary
3985:Jason
3900:Nares
3894:Alert
3849:Hayes
3817:Parry
3755:Ocean
3499:Inuit
3423:Flora
3377:Seal
3330:Fauna
3230:Yukon
3225:Sápmi
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