Body armor - Knowledge (XXG)

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user's entire body to small shields that are mostly for use in hand-to-hand combat. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness; whereas some shields were made of thick wooden planking, to protect soldiers from spears and crossbow bolts, other shields were thinner and designed mainly for glancing blows away (such as a sword blow). In prehistory, shields were made of wood, animal hide, or wicker. In antiquity and in the Middle Ages, shields were used by foot soldiers and mounted soldiers. Even after the invention of gunpowder and firearms, shields continued to be used. In the 18th century, Scottish clans continued to use small shields, and in the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples continued to use shields. In the 20th and 21st centuries,

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vest fragment protection. The 2-4-16-64 grain series at limited velocity can be stopped by an all-textile vest of approximately 5.4 kg/m (1.1 lb/sq ft). In contrast to deformable lead bullets, fragments do not change shape; they are steel and can not be deformed by textile materials. The 2 gr (0.13 g) FSP (the smallest fragment projectile commonly used in testing) is about the size of a grain of rice; such small, fast-moving fragments can potentially slip through the vest, moving between yarns. As a result, fabrics optimized for fragment protection are tightly woven, although these fabrics are not as effective at stopping lead bullets.

986:, rested on the shoulders and prevented the wearer from turning his head, greatly restricting mobility. During the 18th and 19th centuries, helmets were not widely used in warfare; instead, many armies used unarmored hats that offered no protection against blade or bullet. The arrival of World War I, with its trench warfare and wide use of artillery, led to mass adoption of metal helmets once again, this time with a shape that offered mobility, a low profile, and compatibility with gas masks. Today's militaries often use high-quality helmets made of ballistic materials such as 1168:

similar to the standard developed by UK Home Office Scientific Development Branch. HG (Hand Gun) is for soft armor and RF (Rifle) is for hard armor. Another important change is that the test-round velocity for conditioned armor will be the same as that for new armor during testing. For example, for NIJ Standard-0101.06 Level IIIA the .44 Magnum round is currently shot at 408 m/s (1,340 ft/s) for conditioned armor and at 436 m/s (1,430 ft/s) for new armor. For the NIJ Standard-0101.07, the velocity for both conditioned and new armor will be the same.

118: 870: 506: 246:(Gyeongsangnam Province, South Korea). Using both vertical and triangular plate designs, the plate armor sets consisted of 27 or more individual 1–2 mm (0.039–0.079 in) thick curved plates, which were secured together by nail or hinge. The recovered sets include accessories such as iron arm guards, neck guards, leg guards, and horse armor/bits. The use of these armor types disappeared from use on the Korean Peninsula after the fall of the Gaya Confederacy to the Silla Dynasty, during the three kingdoms era 725:, which are used for varying reasons from protecting from tungsten carbide penetrators, to improved weight to area ratios. Ceramic body armor is made up of a hard and rigid ceramic strike face bonded to a ductile fiber composite backing layer. The projectile is shattered, turned, or eroded as it impacts the ceramic strike face, and much of its kinetic energy is consumed as it interacts with the ceramic layer; the fiber composite backing layer absorbs residual kinetic energy and catches bullet and ceramic debris ( 1164:(HOSDB—formerly the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB)) standards are also used by a number of other countries and organizations. These "model" standards are usually adapted by other countries by following the same basic test methodologies, while changing the specific ammunition tested. NIJ Standard-0101.06 has specific performance standards for bullet resistant vests used by law enforcement. This rates vests on the following scale against penetration and also blunt trauma protection (deformation): 850:. Originated in the Netherlands, Dyneema has an extremely high strength-to-weight ratio (a 1 mm (0.039 in) diameter rope of Dyneema can bear up to a 240 kg (530 lb) load), is light enough (low density) that it can float on water, and has high energy absorption characteristics. Since the introduction of the Dyneema Force Multiplier Technology in 2013, many body armor manufacturers have switched to Dyneema for their high-end armor solutions. 589:(1861–1865) bought iron and steel vests from peddlers (both sides had considered but rejected it for standard issue). The effectiveness of the vests varied widely—some successfully deflected bullets and saved lives but others were poorly made and resulted in tragedy for the soldiers. In any case the vests were abandoned by many soldiers due to their weight on long marches as well as the stigma they got for being cowards from their fellow troops. 4723: 843:. Like Kevlar, Twaron is a strong, synthetic fiber. It is also heat resistant and has many applications. It can be used in the production of several materials that include the military, construction, automotive, aerospace, and even sports market sectors. Among the examples of Twaron-made materials are body armor, helmets, ballistic vests, speaker woofers, drumheads, tires, turbo hoses, wire ropes, and cables. 459:

precisely because of the danger posed by the gun. Hence, guns and cavalry in plate armor were "threat and remedy" together on the battlefield for almost 400 years. By the 15th-century, Italian armor plates were almost always made of steel. In Southern Germany armorers began to harden their steel armor only in the late 15th century. They would continue to harden their steel for the next century because they

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standards allow for 44 mm (1.7 in), which can potentially cause internal injury. The allowable backface signature for this has been controversial from its introduction in the first NIJ test standard and the debate as to the relative importance of penetration-resistance vs. backface signature continues in the medical and testing communities.

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form chaps that loggers use while operating a chainsaw. If the moving chain contacts and tears through the outer cover, the long fibers of Kevlar tangle, clog, and stop the chain from moving as they get drawn into the workings of the drive mechanism of the saw. Kevlar is used also in emergency services protection gear if it involves high heat,

998:(MICH) type helmet has a slightly smaller coverage at the sides which allows tactical headsets and other communication equipment. The MICH model has standard pad suspension and four-point chinstrap. The Personal Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) helmet has been in use since 1983 and has slowly been replaced by the MICH helmet. 535: 374:, though it did require larger furnaces to produce larger blooms. Mail continued to be used to protect those joints which could not be adequately protected by plate, such as the armpit, crook of the elbow and groin. Another advantage of plate was that a lance rest could be fitted to the breast plate. 1571:

The random nature of fragmentation required the military vest specification to trade off mass vs. ballistic-benefit. Hard vehicle armor is capable of stopping all fragments, but military personnel can only carry a limited amount of gear and equipment, so the weight of the vest is a limiting factor in

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mass × velocity, neglecting rotational energy). The military engineering data showed that, like the fragment size, the fragment velocities had characteristic distributions. It is possible to segment the fragment output from a warhead into velocity groups. For example, 95% of all fragments from a bomb

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shots that penetrate and a second group of three shots that are stopped by the armor all within a specified velocity range. It is possible, and desirable, to have a penetration velocity lower than a stop velocity. These three stops and three penetrations can then be used to calculate a V50 velocity.

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The backface signature allowed by different test standards can be difficult to compare. Both the clay materials and the bullets used for the test are not common. In general the British, German and other European standards allow 20–25 mm (0.79–0.98 in) of backface signature, while the US-NIJ

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could actually stop bullets fired from a modest distance. The front breast plates were, in fact, commonly shot as a test. The impact point would often be encircled with engraving to point it out. This was called the "proof". Armor often also bore an insignia of the maker, especially if it was of good

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V0 is difficult to measure, so a second concept has been developed in ballistic testing called V50. This is the velocity at which 50 percent of the shots go through and 50 percent are stopped by the armor. US military standards define a commonly used procedure for this test. The goal is to get three

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Only a single low velocity penetrating shot is required to reduce the V0 value. The more shots made the lower the V0 will go. In terms of statistics, the zero penetration velocity is the tail end of the distribution curve. If the variability is known and the standard deviation can be calculated, one

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Variability reduces the predictive power of a determination of V0. If, for example, the V0 of an armor design is measured to be 1,600 ft/s (490 m/s) with a 9 mm FMJ bullet based on 30 shots, the test is only an estimate of the real V0 of this armor. The problem is variability. If the

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vests were being developed and fragment testing was in its early stages. Artillery shells, mortar shells, aerial bombs, grenades, and antipersonnel mines are fragmentation devices. They all contain a steel casing that is designed to burst into small steel fragments or shrapnel, when their explosive

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is held in the hand or arm. Its purpose is to intercept attacks, either by stopping projectiles such as arrows or by glancing a blow to the side of the shield-user, and it can also be used offensively as a bludgeoning weapon. Shields vary greatly in size, ranging from large shields that protect the

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formation also created substantial problems for heavy cavalry. Rather than dooming the use of body armor, the threat of small firearms intensified the use and further refinement of plate armor. There was a 150-year period in which better and more metallurgically advanced steel armor was being used,

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military forces since the early 1980s both have Kevlar as a key component, as do their replacements. Civilian applications include Kevlar reinforced clothing for motorcycle riders to protect against abrasion injuries. Kevlar in non-woven long strand form is used inside an outer protective cover to

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The quality of the metal used in armor deteriorated as armies became bigger and armor was made thicker, necessitating breeding of larger cavalry horses. If during the 14th and 15th centuries armor seldom weighed more than 15 kg (33 lb), then by the late 16th century it weighed 25 kg

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In practice this measurement of V50 often requires 1–2 vest panels and 10–20 shots. A very useful concept in armor testing is the offset velocity between the V0 and V50. If this offset has been measured for an armor design, then V50 data can be used to measure and estimate changes in V0. For vest

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In 2018 or 2019, NIJ was expected to introduce the new NIJ Standard-0101.07. This new standard will completely replace the NIJ Standard-0101.06. The current system of using Roman numerals (II, IIIA, III, and IV) to indicate the level of threat will disappear and be replaced by a naming convention

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The second part of "Casualty Reduction" strategy is a study of velocity distributions of fragments from munitions. Warhead explosives have blast speeds of 20,000 ft/s (6,100 m/s) to 30,000 ft/s (9,100 m/s). As a result, they are capable of ejecting fragments at speeds of over

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but acidic, basic and some other solutions can permanently reduce para-aramid fiber tensile strength. (As a result of this, the major test standards call for wet testing of textile armor.) Mechanisms for this wet loss of performance are not known. Vests that will be tested after ISO-type water

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munitions, a fragment test was developed. Fragment simulators were designed and the most common shape is a Right Circular Cylinder or RCC simulator. This shape has a length equal to its diameter. These RCC Fragment Simulation Projectiles (FSPs) are tested as a group. The test series most often

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In effect, rather than making plate armor obsolete, the use of firearms stimulated the development of plate armor into its later stages. For most of that period, it allowed horsemen to fight while being the targets of defending arquebusiers without being easily killed. Full suits of armor were

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From 2003 to 2005, a large study of the environmental degradation of Zylon armor was undertaken by the US-NIJ. This concluded that water, long-term use, and temperature exposure significantly affect tensile strength and the ballistic performance of PBO or Zylon fiber. This NIJ study on vests

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is designed to protect the wearer from ballistic threats. Ballistic face masks are usually made of kevlar or other bullet-resistant materials and the inside of the mask may be padded for shock absorption, depending on the design. Due to weight restrictions, protection levels range only up to

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of a bullet at impact. Because the energy of a bullet is a key factor in its penetrating capacity, velocity is used as the primary independent variable in ballistic testing. For most users the key measurement is the velocity at which no bullets will penetrate the armor. Measuring this zero

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weapons greatly improved from the 16th century onward, it became cheaper and more effective to have groups of unarmored infantry with early guns than to have expensive knights mounted on horseback, which was the primary cause for armor to be largely discarded. Most

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Textile armor is tested for both penetration resistance by bullets and for the impact energy transmitted to the wearer. The "backface signature" or transmitted impact energy is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based

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penetration velocity (V0) must take into account variability in armor performance and test variability. Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few.

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can rigorously set the V0 at a confidence interval. Test Standards now define how many shots must be used to estimate a V0 for the armor certification. This procedure defines a confidence interval of an estimate of V0. (See "NIJ and HOSDB test methods".)

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made the formation of plates faster and cheaper. At times the development of armor has run parallel to the development of increasingly effective weaponry on the battlefield, with armorers seeking to create better protection without sacrificing mobility.

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rode out to engage the German cavalry who likewise used helmets and armor. By that period, the shiny armor plate was covered in dark paint and a canvas wrap covered their elaborate Napoleonic-style helmets. Their armor was meant to protect only against

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is similar to Kevlar. They both belong to the aramid family of synthetic fibers. The only difference is that Twaron was first developed by Akzo in the 1970s. Twaron was first commercially produced in 1986. Now, Twaron is manufactured by

1202:. The clay is used at a controlled temperature and verified for impact flow before testing. After the armor is impacted with the test bullet the vest is removed from the clay and the depth of the indentation in the clay is measured. 1109:. Vests intended for police and military use may also include ballistic shoulder and side protection armor components, and explosive ordnance disposal technicians wear heavy armor and helmets with face visors and spine protection. 832:. The latest Kevlar material that DuPont has developed is Kevlar XP. In comparison with "normal" Kevlar, Kevlar XP is more lightweight and more comfortable to wear, as its quilt stitch is not required for the ballistic package. 1427: 994:, which have excellent bullet and fragmentation stopping power. Some helmets also have good non-ballistic protective qualities, though many do not. The two most popular ballistic helmet models are the PASGT and the MICH. The 148:

Many factors have affected the development of personal armor throughout human history. Significant factors in the development of armor include the economic and technological necessities of armor production. For instance full

110:, and occasionally ordinary citizens. Today there are two main types: regular non-plated body armor for moderate to substantial protection, and hard-plate reinforced body armor for maximum protection, such as used by 1359: 1575:

By the 2010s, the development of body armor had been stymied in regards to weight, in that designers had trouble increasing the protective capability of body armor while still maintaining or decreasing its weight.

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manufacturing, field evaluation and life testing both V0 and V50 are used. However, as a result of the simplicity of making V50 measurements, this method is more important for control of armor after certification.

2512: 130: 393:, as it was lengthened downward to protect the back of the neck and the sides of the head. Additionally, several new forms of fully enclosed helmets were introduced in the late 14th century to replace the 1539:, military planners developed a concept of "Casualty Reduction". The large body of casualty data made clear that in a combat situation, fragments, not bullets, were the greatest threat to soldiers. After 2797:

Johnson, W., Collins, C., and Kindred, F., A Mathematical Model for Predicting Residual Velocities of Fragments After Perforating Helmets, Ballistic Research Laboratories Technical Note no. 1705, October

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includes 2-grain (0.13 g), 4-grain (0.26 g), 16-grain (1.0 g), and 64-grain (4.1 g) mass RCC FSP testing. The 2-4-16-64 series is based on the measured fragment size distributions.

2491: 729:). This allows such armor to defeat armor-piercing 5.56×45mm, 7.62×51mm, and 7.62x39mm bullets, among others, with little or no felt blunt trauma. High-end ceramic armor plates typically utilize 2907: 1776:"Celtic military technology was taken over by and incorporated into the Roman Army, particularly chain mail, the iron-clad wheel, two-wheeled chariot, and "battlebowler" style of helmet" 344:

Gradually, small additional plates or discs of iron were added to the mail to protect vulnerable areas. By the late 13th century, the knees were capped, and two circular discs, called

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By about 1400, the full harness of plate armor had been developed in armories of Lombardy Heavy cavalry dominated the battlefield for centuries in part because of their armor.

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to give a surface of harder steel. Plate armor became cheaper than mail by the 15th century as it required much less labor and labor had become much more expensive after the

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and plates were also used. In pre-Qin dynasty times, leather armor was made out of rhinoceros. The use of iron plate armor on the Korean peninsula was developed during the

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World War I personal armor, including a steel cap for wearing under an ordnance cap, French splinter goggles with vision is through thin slits, and a steel dagger gauntlet

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blast under 4 gr (0.26 g) have a velocity of 3,000 ft/s (910 m/s) or less. This established a set of goals for military ballistic vest design.

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Dusablon, L V (December 1972). "The Casualty Reduction Analysis Model for Personnel Armor Systems". U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center.

2701: 1187: 1121:, including metal boots for the lower legs, gauntlets for the hands and wrists, and greaves for the legs. Today, protection of limbs from bombs is provided by a 1259:

and the system parameters for textile-based body armors. Under the assumption that the energy of impact is dissipated in breaking the yarn, it was shown that

1125:. Most modern soldiers sacrifice limb protection for mobility, since armor thick enough to stop bullets would greatly inhibit movement of the arms and legs. 2484:"The Next Revision of the NIJ Performance Standard for Ballistic Resistance of Body Armor, NIJ Standard 0101.07: Changes to Test Methods and Test Threats" 2483: 1963: 1370: 2029: 942:, and up to the modern era. Their materials and construction became more advanced as weapons became more and more powerful. Initially constructed from 3362: 2953: 2121: 1161: 526:. This gave the horse protection and enhanced the visual impression of a mounted knight. Late in the era, elaborate barding was used as parade armor. 2808: 4484: 4383: 3420: 3342: 3293: 2063: 1585: 1214:

immersion tend to have heat-sealed enclosures and those that are tested under NIJ-type water spray methods tend to have water-resistant enclosures.

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spall shield on the other, optimizing ballistic resistance against different projectile threats, including various calibers of shells and bullets.

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suits. Too heavy and restrictive for infantry, most were worn by spotters, sentries, machine gunners, and other troops who stayed in one place.

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quality. Crossbow bolts or quarrels, if still used, would seldom penetrate good plate, nor would any bullet unless fired from close range.

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in many societies after about AD 950. At that time, they were purely military equipment, protecting the head from cutting blows with

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is used in hard plate armor capable of defeating rifle and armor piercing ammunition. The ceramic material is typically structured with a

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returned from the field demonstrated that environmental effects on Zylon resulted in ballistic failures under standard test conditions.

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A variety of methods for improving the protection provided by mail were used as armorers seemingly experimented. Hardened leather and

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Design Information for Construction of Light Personnel Armor. Authors: Willard R. Beye 1950 MIDWEST RESEARCH INST KANSAS CITY MO

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In general a vest's textile material temporarily degrades when wet. Neutral water at room temp does not affect para-aramid or

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rounds, and metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from a

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armored gloves continue to be used by butchers and abattoir workers to prevent cuts and wounds while cutting up carcasses.

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bullets. Metallic components or tightly woven fiber layers can give soft armor resistance to stab and slash attacks from

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The Knight and the Blast Furnace: A History of the Metallurgy of Armour in the Middle Ages & the Early Modern Period

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ballistic and stab documents are examples of broadly accepted standards. In addition to the NIJ, the United Kingdom's

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firearms were fired at a relatively low velocity (usually below 600 m/s (2,000 ft/s)). The full suits of

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Due to the various different types of projectiles, it is often inaccurate to refer to a particular product as "

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V0 is tested again with a second group of 30 shots on the same vest design, the result will not be identical.

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are regional. Around the world ammunition varies and armor testing must reflect the threats found locally.

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Cunniff, P. M. (1999), "Dimensionless parameters for optimization of textile-based body armor systems.",

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Early plate in Italy, and elsewhere in the 13th to 15th centuries were made of iron. Iron armor could be

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A modern equivalent may combine a ballistic vest with other items of protective clothing, such as a

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units discarded their armor, though some heavy cavalry units continued to use it, such as German

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3,330 ft/s (1,010 m/s), implying very high energy (where the energy of a fragment is

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or a variant, suggesting the Celts as the originators. The Romans widely adopted mail as the

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core detonates. After considerable effort measuring fragment size distribution from various

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Metal or ceramic plates can be used with a soft vest, providing additional protection from

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tactics, allowing infantry to defeat armored knights on the battlefield. At the same time

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Metal armor remained in limited use long after its general obsolescence. Soldiers in the

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was developed, an armor made of large plates sewn inside a textile or leather coat.

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In addition to the NIJ and HOSDB standards, other important standards include: the

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The horse was afforded protection from cavalry and infantry weapons by steel plate

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people in Europe about 500 BC: most cultures that used mail used the Celtic word

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are used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist action,

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are the failure stress, failure strain, density and elastic modulus of the yarn

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While many standards exist, a few standards are widely used as models. The US

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designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks. Historically used to protect

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Using dimensionless analysis, Cuniff arrived at a relation connecting the V

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were made more powerful to pierce armor, and the development of the Swiss

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of 42 CE - 562 CE. The iron was mined and refined in the area surrounding

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Measuring the ballistic performance of armor is based on determining the

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floor and pilot seats of gunships. It was used in armor plates like the

4667: 4514: 3924: 3864: 3425: 3112: 3062: 2984: 1172: 1083: 1068: 1064: 1048: 1019: 943: 903: 779: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 718: 703: 523: 479: 402: 345: 305: 279: 235: 4439: 4373: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4252: 4146: 3984: 3974: 3934: 3929: 3533: 3387: 3286: 3276: 3271: 2962: 2636:"Injuries to law enforcement officers: The backface signature injury" 1091: 991: 987: 979: 951: 894: 846:

Another fiber used to manufacture a bullet-resistant vest is Dyneema

835: 808: 734: 687: 656: 636:

assault troops of the Italian army wore body armor in 1916 and 1917.

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Renaissance/Early Modern suits of armor appropriate for heavy cavalry

460: 421: 398: 294: 243: 95: 87: 75: 1620:

Pyke, Andrew J.; Costello, Joseph T.; Stewart, Ian B. (2015-03-01).

416:

Probably the most recognized style of armor in the world became the

733:

fiber composite backing layers, whereas budget plates will utilize

514:

actually worn by generals and princely commanders until the 1710s.

4358: 4348: 4302: 3854: 3806: 1087: 1079: 1060: 1023: 975: 971: 967: 947: 868: 691: 660: 618: 614: 610: 591: 533: 504: 406: 376: 257: 171: 129: 116: 36: 4232: 1545: 955: 829: 811:

is well known as a component of some bullet resistant vests and

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From Sumer to Rome: The Military Capabilities of Ancient Armies

1186:'s Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten, Draft 2173:"New Ceramic Armor Materials - From Boron Suboxide to Diamond" 748: 710:

series, and today in most civilian accessible body armors.

389:

The small skull cap evolved into a bigger true helmet, the

166:

The first record of body armor in history was found on the

3502: 1071:

projectiles, and small fragments from explosives, such as

639:

By the end of the war the Germans had made some 400,000

1117:

Medieval armor often offered protection for all of the

312:. (794－1185) These early samurai armors are called the 2513:"Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten" 2005:"Application of Boron Carbide Ceramics in Body Armor" 1505: 1476: 1436: 1373: 1268: 966:

Ages, they soon came to be made entirely from forged

153:

first appeared in Medieval Europe when water-powered

1179:(and much of the standards were based on ISO 9001). 4633: 4592: 4502: 4417: 4341: 4210: 4049: 4018: 3845: 3749: 3740: 3540: 3474: 3460: 3318: 3259: 3231: 3222: 3215: 2993: 2885:"Body Armor for Law Enforcement Officers: In Brief" 698:ceramics were first used in the 1960s in designing 355:construction were used for arm and leg pieces. The 2925:"Air Force cadet creates bulletproof breakthrough" 1518: 1489: 1460: 1421: 1353: 860:List of personal protective equipment by body area 625:, like the infantry soldiers, who at least had a 222:. In East Asian history laminated armor such as 2691:Kevlar, Twaron, Dyneema, Spectra technical data 1816:(London: Thames and Hudson, 1993) p. 75-9, 114 2731:Army MIL-STD-662F V50 BALLISTIC TEST FOR ARMOR 2722:ARMY MIL-STD-662F V50 BALLISTIC TEST FOR ARMOR 2419:"Ballistic Resistance of NIJ Standard-0101.06" 651:Soldiers use metal or ceramic plates in their 282:of the early medieval age, and the full steel 3518: 2947: 8: 1684:Gabriel, Richard A.; Metz, Karen S. (1991). 94:, today it is also used by various types of 2605:"Bullet-Resisting Equipment: UL 752: Scope" 1526:is the mass per unit area of the projectile 428:, but continuing to the early 17th-century 16:Protective clothing; armor worn on the body 3746: 3525: 3511: 3503: 3315: 3228: 3219: 2954: 2940: 2932: 2743:18th International Symposium on Ballistics 2390:"Overview Of The NIJ Body Armor Standard" 1510: 1504: 1481: 1475: 1461:{\displaystyle \sigma ,\epsilon ,\rho ,E} 1435: 1407: 1387: 1378: 1372: 1336: 1326: 1320: 1303: 1299: 1289: 1273: 1267: 1162:Home Office Scientific Development Branch 795:Learn how and when to remove this message 1913: 1901: 1889: 1877: 1865: 1853: 1586:International Medieval Combat Federation 1135:List of body armor performance standards 996:Modular Integrated Communications Helmet 848:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 731:ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene 178:. The oldest known Western armor is the 2906:Novobilski, Marisa (October 14, 2016). 2235:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps 1612: 982:. Some late medieval helmets, like the 655:, providing additional protection from 2771: 2760: 2413: 2411: 2114:"Advanced Armor Protection | CoorsTek" 1497:is the mass per unit area of the armor 348:were fitted to protect the underarms. 2283:"Short History of Armour and Weapons" 1094:forces, private citizens and private 275:, well-known armor types include the 7: 2396:from the original on 1 November 2013 1171:In January 2012, the NIJ introduced 1059:from explosions, and is worn on the 930:around 900 BC, followed by the 922:, and is known to have been worn in 777:adding citations to reliable sources 467:their product which allowed for the 2611:. December 21, 2006. Archived from 2430:United States Department of Justice 2148:Body Armor News | BodyArmorNews.com 2923:Burke, Kelly David (2 June 2017). 2883:James, Nathan (January 28, 2016). 1783:StFX Humanities Colloquium Lecture 1090:. Soft vests are commonly worn by 1039:equipped with neck and groin armor 438:In the early 15th century, small " 385:helmet with curved back, side view 14: 604:in 1914, thousands of the French 442:" first began to be used, in the 218:has a long history, beginning in 204:, although they also made use of 4722: 4721: 4713: 3421:Body armor performance standards 2464:from the original on 24 May 2017 2344:from the original on 17 May 2008 753: 542:of the 19th century (Drawing by 2910:. Air Force Research Laboratory 2674:from the original on 2012-07-26 2652:10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.02.028 2494:from the original on 2021-01-22 2439:from the original on 2008-09-20 2264:from the original on 2020-12-09 2208:from the original on 2022-05-17 2154:from the original on 2020-12-14 2124:from the original on 2020-12-09 2095:from the original on 2020-12-09 2066:from the original on 2020-11-29 1966:from the original on 2020-12-11 1937:from the original on 2021-01-08 1666:from the original on 2020-07-27 1596:High Risk Modular tactical vest 764:needs additional citations for 617:. The cavalry had to beware of 581:Bulletproof vest § History 471:to be combined with tempering. 2892:Congressional Research Service 2640:Forensic Science International 1717:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1296: 1282: 629:to give them some protection. 42:Improved Modular Tactical Vest 1: 3207:Boiled leather (cuir bouilli) 3182:Kusari (Japanese mail armour) 2488:National Institute of Justice 1832:Korean Archaeological Society 1158:National Institute of Justice 1047:helps absorb the impact from 920:personal protective equipment 918:is among the oldest forms of 340:Components of medieval armour 139: 2228:"Behind Armour Blunt Trauma" 2142:Burton, Scott (2020-01-31). 1785:. Antigonish. Archived from 1711:Gabriel, Richard A. (2007). 1641:10.1016/j.apergo.2014.08.016 1222:Ballistic testing V50 and V0 926:around 1700 BC and the 226:, and styles similar to the 86:or close-fitting hands-free 4753:Military personal equipment 4092:Helmet Steel Airborne Troop 2634:Wilhelm, M; Bir, C (2008). 1749:. Vancouver. Archived from 813:bullet resistant face masks 432:in all European countries. 4774: 4228:Czechoslovak Vz. 53 Helmet 1956:"Boron Carbide | CoorsTek" 1132: 1017: 857: 578: 337: 331: 234:were commonly used. Later 29: 18: 4709: 3500: 2970: 2609:Underwriters Laboratories 2198:"Ceramic Composite Armor" 1192:Underwriters Laboratories 647:Modern non-metallic armor 121:Japanese warrior in armor 3326:Armour of the Kelly gang 3172:Karuta (Japanese armour) 2700:NIJ, HOSDB, US-Army and 2583:"pr EN ISO 14876-3-2002" 2561:"pr EN ISO 14876-2-2002" 2539:"pr EN ISO 14876-1-2002" 2364:"Hard Armor and Helmets" 2056:"Interceptor Body Armor" 1147:is generally preferred. 1031:sailors in 2007 wearing 713:Other materials include 690:layer on one side and a 102:in particular), private 19:Not to be confused with 3224:Bullet-resistant armour 3177:Kikko (Japanese armour) 2994:Historical armour types 2871:Museum Syndicate: Armor 2837:Williams, Alan (2003). 2247:10.1136/jramc-147-01-09 906:, and siege-breaching. 248:Three Kingdoms of Korea 196: 4430:Advanced Combat Helmet 3475:Fictional armour types 2770:Cite journal requires 2704:ballistic test methods 2585:. www.ISO-standard.org 2563:. www.ISO-standard.org 2541:. www.ISO-standard.org 2060:www.globalsecurity.org 1814:The World of the Celts 1520: 1491: 1462: 1423: 1355: 1040: 1037:Modular Tactical Vests 890: 653:bullet resistant vests 597: 547: 510: 478:In the early years of 446:, in combination with 386: 308:armor appeared in the 268: 145: 122: 48: 30:For the beverage, see 4522:Boxing / Martial Arts 3073:Mail and plate armour 2338:"Kevlar PASGT Helmet" 1985:US patent 4824624 1521: 1519:{\displaystyle A_{p}} 1492: 1490:{\displaystyle A_{d}} 1463: 1424: 1356: 1129:Performance standards 1027: 872: 817:PASGT helmet and vest 595: 537: 508: 380: 338:Further information: 261: 133: 120: 40: 4072:M32 (Czechoslovakia) 3331:Brewster Body Shield 1503: 1474: 1434: 1371: 1266: 1190:prEN ISO 14876, and 773:improve this article 430:Age of Enlightenment 420:associated with the 32:Bodyarmor SuperDrink 4243:Romanian M73 helmet 4197:M1918 (Switzerland) 4117:Mk II talker helmet 4082:Stahlhelm (Germany) 3637:Henry VIII's Horned 3216:Modern armour types 3155:Gothic plate armour 3145:Kasten-brust armour 3068:Transitional armour 2318:on 16 December 2007 2312:About.com Education 1856:, pp. 740–741. 1194:(UL Standard 752). 1033:Lightweight Helmets 1003:ballistic face mask 978:, and low-velocity 84:protective clothing 74:, among others, is 4480:Lightweight Helmet 3955:Lobster-tailed pot 3393:Osprey body armour 2876:2011-10-16 at the 2226:Cannon, L (2001). 1931:Mémorial de Verdun 1629:Applied Ergonomics 1516: 1487: 1458: 1419: 1351: 1041: 1029:United States Navy 891: 598: 587:American Civil War 548: 511: 387: 269: 182:, dating from the 146: 123: 92:military personnel 49: 4735: 4734: 4703: 4702: 4542:Gridiron football 4498: 4497: 4152:SSh-39 and SSh-40 4087:M1934/39 (Greece) 3434: 3433: 3416: 3415: 3348:Ranger Body Armor 3314: 3313: 3260:Ballistic fabrics 3160:Maximilian armour 3016:Lorica segmentata 2848:978-90-04-12498-1 2615:on April 21, 2012 2460:. February 2017. 1822:978-0-500-27998-4 1774:Newton, Michael. 1724:978-0-313-33348-4 1714:The Ancient World 1697:978-0-313-27645-3 1601:Osprey body armor 1417: 1416: 1405: 1342: 938:, throughout the 900:ballistic shields 805: 804: 797: 700:bulletproof vests 206:lorica segmentata 174:in today's south 168:Stele of Vultures 4765: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4137:M1940 (Portugal) 3812:Late Roman ridge 3747: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3316: 3229: 3220: 3135:Greenwich armour 2956: 2949: 2942: 2933: 2928: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2889: 2860: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2820: 2811:. Archived from 2805: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2680: 2679: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2622: 2620: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2423: 2415: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2366:. Archived from 2360: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2314:. Archived from 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2285:. Archived from 2279: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2232: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2118:www.coorstek.com 2110: 2104: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2071: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1971: 1960:www.coorstek.com 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1942: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1830: 1824: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1755: 1744: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1681: 1675: 1674: 1672: 1671: 1665: 1626: 1617: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1531:Military testing 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1496: 1494: 1493: 1488: 1486: 1485: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1459: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1360: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1341: 1340: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1311: 1307: 1294: 1293: 1278: 1277: 1251:Cunniff analysis 1145:bullet resistant 800: 793: 789: 786: 780: 757: 749: 600:At the start of 544:Édouard Detaille 426:Late Middle Ages 424:of the European 273:European history 240:Gaya Confederacy 199: 186:around 1400 BC. 144: 141: 25:military uniform 4773: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4762: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4727:Category:Armour 4705: 4704: 4699: 4629: 4620:Riot protection 4588: 4494: 4445:ECH (Australia) 4413: 4337: 4206: 4202:Type 92 Tetsubo 4127:Netherlands M34 4077:M1923 (Denmark) 4045: 4041:Tarleton helmet 4014: 3847: 3841: 3736: 3592:Coventry Sallet 3544: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3496: 3470: 3456: 3430: 3412: 3310: 3306:Ballistic nylon 3255: 3233:Ballistic plate 3211: 3130:Munition armour 3043:Lamellar armour 3038:Lorica squamata 2989: 2966: 2960: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2905: 2896: 2894: 2887: 2882: 2878:Wayback Machine 2867: 2849: 2836: 2833: 2828: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2783: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2751: 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1836: 1831: 1827: 1808: 1804: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1778: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1742: 1738:Ehman, Amy Jo. 1737: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1582: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1533: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1477: 1472: 1471: 1432: 1431: 1397: 1389: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1332: 1322: 1316: 1295: 1285: 1269: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1224: 1137: 1131: 1115: 1096:security guards 1022: 1016: 912: 887:Ferguson unrest 867: 862: 856: 854:Protected areas 801: 790: 784: 781: 770: 758: 747: 723:silicon carbide 681: 649: 583: 577: 575:Late modern use 532: 520: 342: 336: 330: 304:known today as 256: 210:lorica squamata 164: 142: 128: 104:security guards 80:a person's body 46:US Marine Corps 44:fielded by the 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4771: 4769: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4729: 4719: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4683:American fiber 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4643: 4637: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4335: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4218:Bangtan Helmet 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4187:M1937 (Sweden) 4184: 4182:M1926 (Sweden) 4179: 4174: 4172:M1942 Modelo Z 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4067:M36 (Bulgaria) 4064: 4059: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4022: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3727:Witcham Gravel 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3617:Guilden Morden 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3597:Crosby Garrett 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3546: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3432: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3299:Spectra Shield 3291: 3290: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3269: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3122: 3121: 3120: 3118:Muscle cuirass 3115: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3078:Coat of plates 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3048:Laminar armour 3045: 3040: 3035: 3033:Lorica plumata 3030: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2980:Vehicle armour 2977: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2920: 2903: 2880: 2866: 2865:External links 2863: 2862: 2861: 2847: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2800: 2790: 2781: 2772:|journal= 2749: 2733: 2724: 2715: 2706: 2693: 2684: 2626: 2596: 2574: 2552: 2530: 2504: 2475: 2449: 2407: 2381: 2355: 2329: 2299: 2274: 2218: 2204:. 2022-05-10. 2189: 2164: 2134: 2105: 2076: 2047: 2036:. May 16, 2024 2021: 1995: 1976: 1947: 1933:. 2015-11-03. 1927:"Sappenpanzer" 1918: 1916:, p. 916. 1906: 1904:, p. 331. 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1844:Costume Museum 1834: 1825: 1802: 1766: 1730: 1723: 1703: 1696: 1676: 1611: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1532: 1529: 1528: 1527: 1513: 1509: 1498: 1484: 1480: 1469: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1429: 1415: 1412: 1403: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1362: 1361: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1228:kinetic energy 1223: 1220: 1200:modelling clay 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1114: 1111: 1045:ballistic vest 1018:Main article: 1015: 1012: 984:great bascinet 932:ancient Greeks 911: 908: 904:hostage rescue 881:, including a 875:police officer 866: 863: 858:Main article: 855: 852: 803: 802: 761: 759: 752: 746: 743: 715:boron suboxide 680: 677: 669:knife bayonets 648: 645: 579:Main article: 576: 573: 565:Polish hussars 531: 528: 519: 516: 405:and later the 397:, such as the 357:coat of plates 332:Main article: 329: 326: 302:Japanese armor 286:worn by later 255: 252: 228:coat of plates 180:Dendra panoply 163: 160: 143: 1400 BC 127: 124: 58:(also spelled 56:personal armor 21:combat uniform 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4770: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4743: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4610:Firefighter's 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4591: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4465:Hełm wz. 2005 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4394:Hełm wz. 2000 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4238:Hungarian M70 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4192:L'Eplattenier 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:M1934 (Spain) 4165: 4163: 4162:M1926 (Spain) 4160: 4158: 4157:M1921 (Spain) 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 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3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3321: 3319:Armor systems 3317: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3274: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3264: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3241:Ceramic plate 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3098:Mirror armour 3096: 3094: 3093:Splint armour 3091: 3089: 3088:Jack of plate 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3028:Lorica hamata 3026: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2938: 2937: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2909: 2904: 2893: 2886: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2815:on 2019-11-09 2814: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2764: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 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July 2008. 2431: 2427: 2426:NIJ Standards 2420: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2382: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2356: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2289:on 2007-12-19 2288: 2284: 2278: 2275: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2222: 2219: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2190: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2165: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2138: 2135: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2022: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1996: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914:Williams 2003 1910: 1907: 1903: 1902:Williams 2003 1898: 1895: 1892:, p. 66. 1891: 1890:Williams 2003 1886: 1883: 1880:, p. 53. 1879: 1878:Williams 2003 1874: 1871: 1868:, p. 55. 1867: 1866:Williams 2003 1862: 1859: 1855: 1854:Williams 2003 1850: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1803: 1792:on 2013-07-30 1788: 1784: 1777: 1770: 1767: 1756:on 2013-12-03 1752: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1715: 1707: 1704: 1699: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1677: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1616: 1613: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1530: 1511: 1507: 1499: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1430: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1348: 1344: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1323: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1286: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1221: 1219: 1215: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1201: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:German Police 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1136: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1107:combat helmet 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1074: 1073:hand grenades 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1004: 999: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 924:ancient India 921: 917: 916:combat helmet 909: 907: 905: 901: 896: 888: 884: 880: 876: 871: 864: 861: 853: 851: 849: 844: 842: 841:Teijin Aramid 837: 833: 831: 827: 822: 821:United States 818: 814: 810: 799: 796: 788: 785:November 2020 778: 774: 768: 767: 762:This section 760: 756: 751: 750: 744: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:Boron carbide 693: 689: 685: 684:Boron carbide 678: 676: 674: 670: 666: 665:combat knives 662: 658: 654: 646: 644: 642: 637: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 607: 603: 594: 590: 588: 582: 574: 572: 570: 567:, and French 566: 562: 558: 557:light cavalry 553: 545: 541: 536: 530:Gunpowder era 529: 527: 525: 517: 515: 507: 503: 500: 499:breast plates 496: 492: 491:muzzleloading 489: 485: 481: 476: 472: 470: 466: 462: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 433: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 384: 379: 375: 373: 369: 368:case hardened 365: 360: 358: 354: 349: 347: 341: 335: 327: 325: 324: 321: 318: 316: 311: 307: 303: 298: 296: 293: 289: 285: 284:plate harness 281: 278: 274: 267: 264: 260: 253: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 220:Ancient China 217: 216:Eastern armor 213: 211: 207: 203: 202:lorica hamata 198: 193: 189: 185: 184:Mycenaean Era 181: 177: 173: 172:ancient Sumer 169: 161: 159: 156: 152: 137: 132: 125: 119: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 72:coat of armor 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 47: 43: 39: 33: 26: 22: 4658:Heraldic use 4646:Helmet cover 4418:2001–present 4248:Mº 44 E.T.A. 4102:M42 Duperite 4000:Takula tofao 3950:Lamellenhelm 3848:Early Modern 3846:Medieval and 3817:Montefortino 3562:Benty Grange 3167:Lame (armor) 3150:White armour 3140:Almain rivet 3125:Plate armour 3053:Scale armour 2974: 2912:. Retrieved 2895:. Retrieved 2838: 2817:. Retrieved 2813:the original 2803: 2793: 2784: 2763:cite journal 2752: 2742: 2736: 2727: 2718: 2709: 2696: 2687: 2676:. Retrieved 2643: 2639: 2629: 2619:November 13, 2617:. Retrieved 2613:the original 2599: 2589:November 13, 2587:. Retrieved 2577: 2567:November 13, 2565:. Retrieved 2555: 2545:November 13, 2543:. Retrieved 2533: 2523:November 13, 2521:. Retrieved 2517:the original 2507: 2496:. Retrieved 2487: 2478: 2466:. Retrieved 2452: 2441:. Retrieved 2425: 2398:. Retrieved 2384: 2372:. Retrieved 2368:the original 2358: 2346:. Retrieved 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2316:the original 2311: 2302: 2291:. Retrieved 2287:the original 2277: 2266:. Retrieved 2241:(1): 87–96. 2238: 2234: 2221: 2210:. Retrieved 2201: 2192: 2181:. Retrieved 2179:. 2019-07-10 2176: 2167: 2156:. Retrieved 2147: 2137: 2126:. Retrieved 2117: 2108: 2097:. Retrieved 2088: 2079: 2068:. Retrieved 2059: 2050: 2038:. Retrieved 2033: 2024: 2012:. Retrieved 2008: 2003:Rose, Lisa. 1998: 1979: 1968:. Retrieved 1959: 1950: 1939:. Retrieved 1930: 1921: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1828: 1813: 1805: 1794:. Retrieved 1787:the original 1782: 1769: 1758:. Retrieved 1751:the original 1746: 1733: 1713: 1706: 1690:. ABC-CLIO. 1686: 1679: 1668:. 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Fox News. 2914:October 14, 2897:October 14, 2745:: 1303–1310 2646:(1): 6–11. 2202:Adept Armor 2177:DIAMOND AGE 1810:Simon James 1550:Soviet Bloc 1537:Vietnam War 1141:bulletproof 1053:projectiles 958:during the 950:, and then 940:Middle Ages 883:riot shield 606:cuirassiers 602:World War I 569:cuirassiers 518:Horse armor 495:plate armor 456:Pike square 440:hand cannon 418:plate armor 372:Black Death 292:Renaissance 266:plated mail 254:Middle Ages 250:in 562 CE. 151:plate armor 100:riot police 4758:Human body 4748:Body armor 4742:Categories 4569:Motorcycle 4552:Revolution 4537:Equestrian 4364:M90 (Iraq) 3945:Kulah khud 3905:Frog-mouth 3782:Corinthian 3772:Chalcidian 3702:Sutton Hoo 3687:Ribchester 3647:Iron Gates 3642:Horncastle 3612:Gjermundbu 3582:Coppergate 3572:Canterbury 3543:historical 3541:Individual 3461:Components 3282:Kevlar KM2 3083:Brigandine 3058:Chain mail 3001:Linothorax 2975:Body armor 2831:References 2819:2019-11-09 2678:2009-11-25 2498:2021-01-17 2468:1 February 2443:2008-11-13 2293:2009-11-23 2268:2020-11-29 2212:2022-05-10 2183:2020-11-29 2158:2020-11-29 2128:2020-11-29 2099:2020-11-29 2070:2020-11-29 1970:2020-11-29 1941:2021-01-06 1796:2012-05-07 1760:2012-05-07 1670:2020-06-04 1535:After the 1100:bodyguards 739:fiberglass 673:Chain mail 540:cuirassier 497:, or only 484:arquebuses 411:close helm 395:great helm 381:Signature 364:carburized 232:brigandine 112:combatants 108:bodyguards 52:Body armor 4695:Zuckerman 4651:Mitznefet 4600:Custodian 4579:Scrum cap 4547:Eyeshield 4425:A2 Helmet 4342:1980–2000 4328:Swiss M71 4211:1945–1980 4050:1914–1945 3920:Hounskull 3802:Kegelhelm 3453:Stab vest 3448:Bomb suit 3443:Riot gear 3336:Steel Bib 3267:Gold Flex 3103:Klivanion 3011:Buff coat 2660:0379-0738 1649:1872-9126 1635:: 11–15. 1450:ρ 1444:ϵ 1438:σ 1414:ρ 1402:ρ 1394:ϵ 1391:σ 1380:∗ 1291:∗ 1151:Standards 974:, flying 928:Assyrians 885:, during 879:riot gear 552:gunpowder 452:crossbows 448:Wagenburg 236:cuirasses 136:Mycenaean 4673:Tarnhelm 4615:Hard hat 4564:Lacrosse 4503:Athletic 4475:KH-B2000 4450:ECH (US) 4278:M76 Para 4223:CABAL II 3895:Enclosed 3875:Burgonet 3870:Bascinet 3860:Aventail 3837:Shmarjet 3827:Phrygian 3797:Imperial 3792:Illyrian 3767:Boeotian 3722:Waterloo 3717:Venetian 3692:Shorwell 3672:Nijmegen 3667:Newstead 3627:Hallaton 3607:Gevninge 3577:Ciumeşti 3552:Agighiol 3467:Medieval 3383:MTV/IMTV 3197:Haramaki 3006:Gambeson 2874:Archived 2857:49386331 2672:Archived 2668:17434273 2492:Archived 2462:Archived 2434:Archived 2394:Archived 2342:Archived 2259:Archived 2255:11307682 2206:Archived 2152:Archived 2122:Archived 2093:Archived 2064:Archived 2034:Chemshun 1964:Archived 1935:Archived 1661:Archived 1657:25479969 1580:See also 1177:ISO 9001 1123:bombsuit 1057:shrapnel 980:musketry 819:used by 727:spalling 465:tempered 461:quenched 391:bascinet 353:splinted 346:besagews 288:Medieval 224:lamellar 68:armoured 4668:Mahiole 4625:Welding 4532:Cricket 4527:Bicycle 4515:Coolflo 4510:Batting 4404:SPECTRA 4333:Type 66 4026:Dragoon 3990:Secrete 3925:Jingasa 3890:Dragoon 3865:Barbute 3750:Ancient 3682:Pioneer 3657:Meyrick 3652:Lokrume 3545:helmets 3534:Helmets 3426:BA 9000 3353:IBA/OTV 3192:Dō-maru 3187:Ō-yoroi 3113:Cuirass 3063:Hauberk 2985:Barding 2400:12 June 2374:12 June 2348:12 June 2322:12 June 2308:"Galea" 2040:May 30, 2014:May 30, 1842:式正の鎧・大鎧 1562:⁄ 1364:Here, 1173:BA 9000 1084:bayonet 1069:shotgun 1065:handgun 1051:-fired 1049:firearm 1020:Cuirass 944:leather 889:in 2014 877:with a 807:DuPont 719:alumina 704:cockpit 679:Ceramic 561:reiters 546:, 1885) 538:French 524:barding 480:pistols 422:knights 403:barbute 383:Maratha 320:dō-maru 315:ō-yoroi 306:samurai 295:knights 280:hauberk 263:Turkish 162:Ancient 138:armor, 126:History 88:shields 4718:Portal 4690:Winged 4663:Horned 4641:Flight 4605:Diving 4574:Racing 4559:Hockey 4440:QGF-03 4374:M59/85 4323:SSh-68 4318:SSh-60 4308:OR-201 4253:M59/85 4177:SSK 90 4147:SSh-36 4122:Mk III 4062:Brodie 4057:Adrian 4010:Viking 4005:Turban 3985:Sallet 3975:Paseki 3965:Morion 3940:Kettle 3935:Katapu 3930:Kabuto 3777:Coolus 3742:Combat 3677:Peretu 3662:Nemiya 3632:Hellvi 3388:PRU-70 3287:Twaron 3277:Kevlar 3272:Aramid 3202:Tatami 3021:Manica 2963:Armour 2855: 2845: 2666: 2658: 2253: 1991: 1820: 1721: 1694: 1655: 1647: 1211:UHMWPE 1092:police 992:Twaron 988:Kevlar 976:arrows 972:swords 960:Bronze 952:bronze 936:Romans 895:shield 865:Shield 836:Twaron 815:. 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